Enercalc 6.0 PDF
Enercalc 6.0 PDF
Enercalc 6.0 PDF
Version 6
ENERCALC, INC
Copyright 1983 - 2014
A product of
ENERCALC, INC.
Table of Contents
Foreword
Part I Introduction
1 Welcome
................................................................................................................................... 3
2 Our History
................................................................................................................................... 4
3 Warning
...................................................................................................................................
& Disclaimer
6
4 License
...................................................................................................................................
& Copyright
7
5 End of ...................................................................................................................................
Service Policy
8
10
1 License
...................................................................................................................................
Types
12
2 Installation
...................................................................................................................................
Overview
13
3 Single...................................................................................................................................
Computer Installation
15
4 Activation
...................................................................................................................................
Types
16
5 Network
...................................................................................................................................
Installation
18
6 Network
...................................................................................................................................
License Manager
19
7 Manual
...................................................................................................................................
Activation
20
8 Moving
...................................................................................................................................
& Maintaining License Activation
22
26
1 Web Update
................................................................................................................................... 27
2 Update
...................................................................................................................................
from Website
30
33
1 Maintenance
...................................................................................................................................
& Support Plan
34
2 Getting
...................................................................................................................................
Assistance
35
3 Viewing
...................................................................................................................................
Enhancements and Changes to the Software
37
39
1 System
...................................................................................................................................
Overview & Design Philosophy
40
2 About...................................................................................................................................
Our Documentation
41
3 Building
...................................................................................................................................
Codes Supported
42
4 Learning
...................................................................................................................................
the Structural Engineering Library
43
5 Introductory
...................................................................................................................................
Videos
44
6 Request
...................................................................................................................................
for Suggestions
45
47
1 Introduction
................................................................................................................................... 48
Contents
II
2 User Information
................................................................................................................................... 50
3 Program
...................................................................................................................................
Settings
51
4 Files &
...................................................................................................................................
File Locations
58
5 Project
...................................................................................................................................
Assistant
59
6 Databases
................................................................................................................................... 61
7 Screen
...................................................................................................................................
Layout
62
8 Generating
...................................................................................................................................
Reports
65
9 General
...................................................................................................................................
Calculation Screen Usage
66
69
................................................................................................................................... 70
2 Settings
................................................................................................................................... 77
Default Values
.......................................................................................................................................................... 78
3 Databases
................................................................................................................................... 79
Steel Section..........................................................................................................................................................
Database
80
Wood Section..........................................................................................................................................................
Database
81
Wood Reference
..........................................................................................................................................................
Design Values Database
82
Masonry Database
.......................................................................................................................................................... 83
Load Combination
..........................................................................................................................................................
Database
84
4 Tools ................................................................................................................................... 88
5 License
................................................................................................................................... 90
6 Help ................................................................................................................................... 91
97
1 General
...................................................................................................................................
Division
103
Building Code
..........................................................................................................................................................
Information
104
Project Information
.......................................................................................................................................................... 105
Client Information
.......................................................................................................................................................... 106
Designer Notes
.......................................................................................................................................................... 107
Revision List.......................................................................................................................................................... 108
2 Loads
...................................................................................................................................
& Forces Division
109
3 Calculation
...................................................................................................................................
List
110
Divisions
.......................................................................................................................................................... 114
Adding, Deleting,
..........................................................................................................................................................
Copying
118
Sorting by Division,
..........................................................................................................................................................
Type & Material
120
Changing Calculation
..........................................................................................................................................................
Order
124
Importing Calculations
.......................................................................................................................................................... 127
4 Project
...................................................................................................................................
Printing
132
136
1 Getting
...................................................................................................................................
Started
137
2 Starting
...................................................................................................................................
the Program
138
3 Project
...................................................................................................................................
Assistant
139
4 Creating
...................................................................................................................................
a Project File
141
5 Entering
...................................................................................................................................
Project Information
143
1983-2012 ENERCALC, INC
II
III
192
1 Loads
...................................................................................................................................
& Forces Division
193
ASCE Seismic
..........................................................................................................................................................
Base Shear
194
ASCE Seismic
..........................................................................................................................................................
Demands on Nonstructural Components
207
ASCE Seismic
..........................................................................................................................................................
Wall Anchorage
208
ASCE Wind Enclosure
.......................................................................................................................................................... 210
ASCE 7-10 Wind
..........................................................................................................................................................
Forces, Chapter 27, Part 1
212
ASCE 7-05 Section
..........................................................................................................................................................
6.4, MWFRS:Simplified Forces
227
IBC 2009 Alternate
..........................................................................................................................................................
All-Heights Wind Method
230
ASCE Snow Loads
.......................................................................................................................................................... 236
ASCE Live and
..........................................................................................................................................................
Roof Live Load Reduction
241
Project Load..........................................................................................................................................................
Group Builder
242
2 Beams
................................................................................................................................... 247
Multiple Simple
..........................................................................................................................................................
Beam
260
General Beam
..........................................................................................................................................................
Analysis
271
Wood Beam .......................................................................................................................................................... 275
Steel Beam .......................................................................................................................................................... 285
Concrete Beam
.......................................................................................................................................................... 290
Beam on Elastic
..........................................................................................................................................................
Foundation
296
Composite Steel
..........................................................................................................................................................
Beam
297
Wood Ledger
.......................................................................................................................................................... 309
Masonry Beam
.......................................................................................................................................................... 315
Steel Beam with
..........................................................................................................................................................
Torsional Loads
322
3 Columns
................................................................................................................................... 327
Column Slenderness
.......................................................................................................................................................... 332
Wood Column
.......................................................................................................................................................... 336
Steel Column
.......................................................................................................................................................... 345
Concrete Column
.......................................................................................................................................................... 351
Masonry Column
.......................................................................................................................................................... 367
4 General
...................................................................................................................................
Walls
373
Concrete Slender
..........................................................................................................................................................
Wall
374
1983-2012 ENERCALC, INC
Contents
IV
Masonry Slender
..........................................................................................................................................................
Wall
388
5 Shear
...................................................................................................................................
Walls
401
Concrete Shear
..........................................................................................................................................................
Wall
402
Wood Shear..........................................................................................................................................................
Wall
418
6 Retaining
...................................................................................................................................
Walls
435
Cantilevered..........................................................................................................................................................
Retaining Wall
436
7 Foundations
................................................................................................................................... 467
General Footing
.......................................................................................................................................................... 468
Combined Footing
.......................................................................................................................................................... 480
Wall Footing.......................................................................................................................................................... 489
Pile Group .......................................................................................................................................................... 498
Pole Footing..........................................................................................................................................................
Embedded in Soil
502
Beam on Elastic
..........................................................................................................................................................
Foundation
509
8 2-D Frame
...................................................................................................................................
Analysis
510
Frame Wizard
.......................................................................................................................................................... 515
Joints & Joint
..........................................................................................................................................................
Loads
520
Joint Data......................................................................................................................................................... 523
Joint Loads
.........................................................................................................................................................
& Results
527
Members & Member
..........................................................................................................................................................
Loads
530
Member Data
......................................................................................................................................................... 532
Member Loads
......................................................................................................................................................... 541
Member Forces
......................................................................................................................................................... 546
Sections & Materials
.......................................................................................................................................................... 548
Section Data
......................................................................................................................................................... 548
Material Data
......................................................................................................................................................... 550
Load Combinations
.......................................................................................................................................................... 553
Wood Design.......................................................................................................................................................... 556
Results
.......................................................................................................................................................... 557
Extreme Values
......................................................................................................................................................... 557
Joint Displacements
.........................................................................................................................................................
& Reactions
560
Member End
.........................................................................................................................................................
Forces
561
Member Details
......................................................................................................................................................... 562
Member Check
.........................................................................................................................................................
Results
563
Sign Convention
......................................................................................................................................................... 565
Frame Sketch
.......................................................................................................................................................... 568
Member Diagrams
.......................................................................................................................................................... 569
Reports
.......................................................................................................................................................... 571
Printout
.......................................................................................................................................................... 572
9 Miscellaneous
...................................................................................................................................
Calculation Modules
578
Torsional Analysis
..........................................................................................................................................................
of Rigid Diphragm
579
Point Load on
..........................................................................................................................................................
Slab
593
General Section
..........................................................................................................................................................
Property Calculator
596
Rebar Development
..........................................................................................................................................................
Table
603
Steel Bolt Group
..........................................................................................................................................................
Analysis
605
Steel Base Plate
.......................................................................................................................................................... 609
10 External
...................................................................................................................................
Items
617
EXCEL Spreadsheet
.......................................................................................................................................................... 618
WORD Document
.......................................................................................................................................................... 622
Adobe Acrobat
..........................................................................................................................................................
PDF
626
Scanned Document
.......................................................................................................................................................... 630
IV
Part
Introduction
Last Revised: 11 August 2014
Introduction
1.1
Welcome
Welcome To The Structural Engineering Library
You've chosen one of the most respected Structural Engineering software packages
available today. In continuous development since 1983, Version 6.0 is the culmination of
years of development and refinement from suggestions of engineers worldwide.
The Structural Engineering Library is developed with the practicing engineer in mind.
Although large complex frames are fun projects, structural engineers spend most of their
time designing and analyzing the components of structures. Because most of the buildings
worldwide rely on simple beams, columns, foundations, walls, and other small items, this
software system will quickly become your best friend. The Structural Engineering
Library remembers the mathematics, building code provisions, and standard materials
you need to perform a detailed and economical design.
Because we feel that simple, repetitive engineering problems are far more common than
extensive 3-D frame analysis, this software package is designed specifically for fast,
interactive engineering design of building components. We've combined the typical working
methods of engineers, national building code provisions, and construction material
databases with the principles of structural mechanics into each "calcsheet" module. You
will find that these modules operate very much like an electronic calculation pad.....simply
fill in the data entries and the entire calculation will be instantly updated for your review.
To add even more power and utility to the system, we've added detailed design sketches
and stress diagrams, automatic design and sizing, an online help system, material
databases, and elegant calculation printing to the Structural Engineering Library.
The Structural Engineering Library is designed around a file of calculations called a
"Project". This single file with the extension "EC6" can hold one or thousands of individual
calculations. You add, edit, and delete the calculations in your Project File during the inoffice design stage. Then, when it's time for submittal to a governing agency, you can print
a complete set of calculations.
Because of the ever-expanding number of modules, we invite you to stay in close contact
www.enercalc.com
1.2
Our History
ENERCALC Engineering Software (now ENERCALC, INC.) originated as one young
engineer playing with his new T.I. programmable calculator in 1980. In 1981, a set of Lotus
1-2-3 spreadsheet templates was developed to automate the repetitive design of
components of tilt-up and small office buildings. The software proved so productive and
time saving that it was decided to market it in the newly founded microcomputer industry.
The entire set of 26 spreadsheet "templates" was named the Structural Engineering
Library and shipped on three 360K 5 1/4" diskettes, running on a 4.77 MHz 8086 IBM PC.
Typical cost of this state of the art engineering hardware and software system was
$6,000!
As years went by, sales of the product increased. For engineers to purchase a technical
software system based as a pre-programmed spreadsheet "template", it was a testament
both to the intelligence of the users and to the easy and simple design of the spreadsheet
based software package.
In 1986, Lotus Development introduced a tool for programmers to link programs written in
"C" to the very guts of 1-2-3. Called the "Add-In Toolkit", it offered a unique opportunity for
ENERCALC software designers. A decision was made to rewrite all of the current
engineering spreadsheet "templates" into the "C" language, and link these powerful
programs to simple 1-2-3 "templates". The Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheets would become data
entry/output screens driving powerful "C" language compiled processing programs. This
solved the major problem with a spreadsheet.....lack of iteration capability that was critical
to engineering tasks.
Our first application of this technology was FastFrame 2-D introduced in 1987. FastFrame
transformed a simple, off-the-shelf spreadsheet program into a powerful finite-element
analysis system with full graphics. Prior to founding RISA Technologies, Bruce Bates
worked on a "lightning fast" 16 MHz PC to develop the FastFrame solver. That solver
would later become the guts of the first version of RISA 2-D. Users were amazed that the
previously complex batch processed frame analysis systems were reduced to entering a
number in a spreadsheet and INSTANTLY the entire frame was recalculated. At the 1987
Lotus Developers Conference in Boston, MA, the actual software authors of Lotus 1-2-3
were stunned to see their "business tool" doing complex analysis for multi story buildings!
With the decline of DOS and Lotus 1-2-3 , ENERCALC rewrote the entire "user interface"
portion that provided the calculation screens and printing. Keeping the same "look and feel"
to ease the change for users, our programmers wrote our own user interface program, as
simple and fast as 1-2-3, complete with support for hundreds of printers. Version 4.4 for
DOS was released in August of 1994, and produced a large increase in ENERCALC's
user base. Version 4.4 for DOS has become known as the "Volkswagen of structural
engineering software"... simple, enduring, yet designed to get you almost anywhere.
The Structural Engineering Library 5.0 for Windows was introduced in 1996 as a
completely new rewrite of the legacy systems of the previous 15 years. Although much of
the proven "C" language engineering calculation processes were retained, the rest of the
system was redesigned and written from scratch for the modern Windows based
computer systems. The days of a spreadsheet based program were now gone, and a new
1983-2012 ENERCALC, INC
Introduction
1.3
Introduction
1.4
1.5
Part
II
10
Version 6.0 has a new license security system that activates the software.
1983-2012 ENERCALC, INC
11
For users who have a Flex License this involves a copy & paste of the Product Control
Code (PCC) into the activation section of the program and then using an [Internet
Activate] button to obtain activation permission from our Internet Activation server.
You can install the SEL on ANY computer that you may wish to use it on, BUT
before you can have it work in "Licensed & Activated Mode" you must Activate it.
This means you can easily move the activation of the software around between all of your
computers. You can just use this Internet based activation and deactivation ability to use
the software wherever you wish.
For network users, the Product Control Code only activates the Network License
Manager (NLM) (see below). You then install the SEL on all computers where you will use
the software. When the NLM is used it is not necessary to enter the PCC on all of the
workstations where the SEL is installed. When the SEL is launched on the workstations, it
simply gets permission to run from the Network License Manager.
12
2.1
License Types
There are four licensing modes that the Structural Engineering Library can operate in:
Licensed & Activated Mode
When you have purchased a software license you will receive a Product Control Code that
will allow you to activate the software. After you have entered your Product Control Code
and performed an activation, the product will be completely operational. Your user
registration number and licensee name will appear on all printouts and you will see a
Maintenance & Support Plan expiration date on the licensing screen.
Short Term License
This is a limited time license that expires several months after purchase. When you have
purchased a software license you will receive a Product Control Code that will allow you to
activate the software. After you have entered your Product Control Code and performed an
activation the product will be completely operational. Your user registration number and
licensee name will appear on all printouts and you will see a Maintenance & Support Plan
expiration date on the licensing screen. At the end of the term the software stops
operating, but all Project Files remain intact.
Academic Mode
This is a special version/mode for students. Each time an Academic license is granted an
expiration date is set after which time the software stops operating. In addition the printouts
have a watermark stating that it is an educational version and the student's name and
registration number are printed.
Click here
Click here
2.2
13
Installation Overview
General
For the more current installation information you need to review this document located on
our website:
http://www.enercalc.com/pdf/EC_V6_Install_Info.pdf
The Structural Engineering Library Version 6.0 (SEL) must be installed on each
computer where it will be used. But it must be activated to be used in "Licensed" mode.
Click here for a video on installation:
Installation
You have two main options for how you obtain that activation. The preferred option is to
use our Internet Activation system. The other common option is to use the Network
License Manager. The activation method is chosen at the time the software is ordered,
and the Product Control Code that you are issued is coordinated with that activation
method. We'll cover activation shortly, but at this point it is important to understand that
your chosen activation method has some influence over exactly what steps you must take
during the installation process.
When using our installation program you have two choices: Structural Engineering
Library and Network License Manager. You will always install the Structural
Engineering Library on all computers where it will be used. You will only install the Network
License Manager if you have chosen the option of a Network License. Flex Licenses never
require the installation of the Network License Manager.
For users who have chosen the Flex License option, Version 6.0 has a new security
system that activates the software. This involves entering a Product Control Code
(PCC) and then using an [Activate] button to obtain activation permission from our Internet
Activation server. You can easily move the activation of the software around between all of
your computers with the Internet activation and deactivation ability.
For Network License users, the PCC only activates the Network License Manager
(NLM) (see below). You then install the SEL on all computers in your network that might
like to use the software. No Internet activation is needed on those computers. When they
launch they simply get permission to run from the Network License Manager.
Remember: You can always install the SEL on any computer where you might want to use
it. But whether you have chosen a Flex License or a Network License, the SEL must
reside on the actual computer to be used.
15
With a Flex License you will install the SEL, paste in your Product Control Code and then
click a button to perform an Internet Activation. You can then Deactivate and Activate
1983-2012 ENERCALC, INC
14
the software to easily move the usage between the computers that you use. Click here for
a video on Internet Activation:
Internet Activation
18
Network License installations require that the SEL be installed on each computer where it
will be operated, but you do not enter your Product Control Code into the SEL. Instead,
for this type of installation, the SEL gets permission to run from the Network License
Manager. So in summary, if you have chosen the Network License option:
Install the Network License Manager on one of the computers on the local network
with which all the other computers can communicate. Paste in the Product Control
Code and use [Internet Activate] to activate the NLM.
Install the Structural Engineering Library on all computers where you wish to use the
software. DO NOT enter your Product Control Code on those computers. The
software seeks and obtains permission to run from the NLM.
2.3
15
For documentation on the installation of previous versions, please use the following link:
http://www.enercalc.com/users.html
16
2.4
Activation Types
When Internet activating a Flex License, the following activation types will be offered:
Automatic Activation/Deactivation:
This option automatically activates the program when it is launched (if a seat is available),
and it automatically deactivates when the user exits the program.
This option is useful in situations where the number of users is greater than the number of
available seats, such that there is need to share seats among multiple computers.
17
Deactivate on Exit:
This option automatically deactivates the program when it is closed.
This option can be a useful way to ensure that the activation is returned to the "pool" for
others to use when your session is done, but it requires that the user click to activate the
program each time it is launched. Given the extra step involved with this option, it may be
more efficient to use the "Automatic Activation/Deactivation" option.
18
2.5
Network Installation
Use this section when you install a Network License for the Structural Engineering
Library.
For the most current installation information, please review this document located on
our website:
http://www.enercalc.com/pdf/EC_V6_Install_Network.pdf
For documentation on the installation of previous versions, please use the following link:
http://www.enercalc.com/users.html
2.6
19
20
2.7
Manual Activation
If you cannot activate the software using the simple [Internet Activate] method (because
you have no connection, restricted access to the Internet due to a firewall, or your
company prefers not to activate your installation this way), you can activate your software
using the [Manual Activation] method:
Latest Manual Activation Information on Web
Click the [Manual Activation] button, and the instructions will be provided to you using the
screen shown below:
21
NOTE: When using the Manual Activation method, the Manual Activation Code that you
receive from ENERCALC can only be used to activate the specific machine that was used
to make the Manual Activation Code request, because the request and the code actually
contain the Computer Name and other data that is specific to that particular machine.
However, you can still use the Internet Deactivate function to return a manually activated
seat to your pool. And then you would be able to use that available seat from your pool to
perform a normal Internet Activation on a different computer if desired.
22
2.8
When you originally activated the software, if you used the [Internet Activate] capability of
the software, then you can use [Internet Deactivate] to return this activation to our
server, so that it can be available to another computer.
Follow these steps:
Start the Structural Engineering Library. You will probably see the Project Assistant
screen as shown below:
23
Click the [Close] button. Click License > Software Activation from the main menu as
shown below:
You will now see the User Info & Licensing Information dialog as shown below:
.
1983-2012 ENERCALC, INC
24
Click the [Internet Deactivate] button to return your activation to our server.
Note! You must allow the ENERCALC file EC6.EXE Internet access through your firewall
or anti-virus software.
After a moment, the system will indicate that the installation has been successfully
deactivated by offering an [Internet Activate] button in the User Info & Licensing
Information dialog as shown below:
Your activation has now been returned to our server, and you can go to another computer
where the Structural
Engineering Library is installed, and activate it by clicking License >Software
Activation > [Internet Activate] from the main menu.
For the most current installation information, please review this document located on our
website:
http://www.enercalc.com/pdf/EC_V6_Install_Info.pdf
Part
III
26
Software Updates
Software Updates
3.1
27
Web Update
At ENERCALC we are continually improving and enhancing our software. It is fairly simple
to make changes to the software here in our offices, however it can be overwhelming to
ship thousands of CDs to our user base. To distribute the latest software builds to the
entire user base, we depend on a Web Update system. The update is provided in two
ways:
Web Update System: This system is built into your Structural Engineering Library
software package. It will check with our server to see if a newer version of the software is
available and prompt you with an option to install it if available. See What Actually Happens
below for a description of how it works.
The Web Update system uses Internet protocol HTTP on port 80 to check if a newer
version of the software is available and to transfer those files from our server to your
computer as needed. You can configure the program to perform this check automatically
every time you start the software, but it can also be performed on an on-demand basis if
desired.
Select Settings > Web Update Settings from the main menu to display the web update
screen as shown below:
28
What actually happens during an update check: What actually happens during an
update check is that the software runs a program in the ENERCALC program folder
named EC6WebUpdate.exe. This program connects to our Internet servers using the
"HTTP" protocol on port 80. It compares the version number you have installed with the
current build of the software stored on our servers. If there is a newer build available, you
are notified and upon approval, a small update installation program named
EC6_WebUpdate.exe is transferred from our server to your computer. This file then
executes to complete the file download and software updating/installation process.
EC6WebUpdate.exe and EC6_WebUpdate.exe are digitally signed applications that are
secure to run and are virus free.
The actual updating program EC6_WebUpdate.exe that is downloaded from our server will
need "write" access to the program installation folder. (It contains a Windows Vista/
Windows 7 manifest with this information.)
Click here to check for updates: This button will download the updating program from
our server. This program will check your computer for a non-expired Maintenance &
Support Plan and update the software to the latest allowed version.
Software Updates
29
Note: The "WebUpdate" procedure may send information to ENERCALC, Inc. about your
installation and use of the software licensed from ENERCALC, Inc. This may include any
of the following: your ENERCALC assigned User Registration Number, the Installed Build
Number of your ENERCALC software, Internet IP address of the computer that will receive
the updated files, time usage for the various portions of the software, and potentially other
information only related specifically to the use of the software license. Absolutely no files,
configurations, settings, or other information not specifically regarding the usage of the
ENERCALC license will be sent. If you are concerned about this, please contact us for
information on what is being sent. We have an open policy on providing you with
information showing what might be included.
Check For Updates Automatically at Startup: This checkbox allows you to control
whether or not your software will perform the automatic check for updates each time it is
started. Even if an available update is detected, the user will still have the ability to decide
whether or not to install it.
30
3.2
Note:
There are times where a more recent build will be available on the website than is offered/
detected by the built-in Web Update system. The reason for this is as follows. The built-in
Web Update system offers those updates that are regarded as "major" or that have a
significant impact on a majority of the users. On the other hand, the website will always
offer an update for the absolute latest available build of the Structural Engineering Library,
1983-2012 ENERCALC, INC
Software Updates
31
Part
IV
33
34
4.1
4.2
35
Getting Assistance
There are several ways to get assistance with using the Structural Engineering Library.
Click here for a video:
Getting Assistance
HOWEVER, with the exception of referring to the program documentation and reviewing
the FAQ section on the website, all options require that your Maintenance and Support
Plan is current.
Refer to the program documentation.
Contact ENERCALC Technical Services by email:
From the main menu:
36
4.3
37
This window is dynamically built by calling all subsystem modules in the software. In this
manner the subsystems themselves contain the information on the changes that have been
made.
This list can be set to display enhancements only, or it can display enhancements and
changes/corrections. When the list is set to display both enhancements and changes/
corrections, it can be sorted by version or by module.
Part
Getting Started
Getting Started
39
40
5.1
Getting Started
5.2
41
http://www.enercalc.com/pdf/SEL60_DOCS.PDF
www.enercalc.com/sel_help
.
.
Printed Documentation
Printed documentation is not provided with ENERCALC products. This is in keeping with
the nearly universal industry move away from printed documentation.
Updating your Documentation
The most up-to-date documentation for our software products is always available in
electronic form. Whenever the software is updated with the built-in Web Update system,
part of the process includes transferring the latest documentation to your computer. This
ensures that the content that you view by clicking Help > Dynamic Help from the main
menu is current and coordinated.
42
5.3
Getting Started
5.4
43
44
5.5
Introductory Videos
We continue to add topics to a series of videos that discuss all portions of the software.
To access nearly 40 videos please click here:
http://www.enercalc.com/training_videos.html
Getting Started
5.6
45
Part
VI
Program Overview
Program Overview
47
48
6.1
Introduction
The Structural Engineering Library is a collection of modules (also referred to as
"calcsheets") that provide functionality for the analysis and design of components of
buildings. Walls, columns, beams, footings, diaphragms, frames, and other common
elements can be thoroughly engineered through the use of the modules in this package. If
you are a typical engineer, whose work consists of a monthly flow of small and mediumsized projects, this package is designed especially for you.
As an engineer, you will find that each module combines the governing code provisions,
mathematical analysis processes, and commonly available construction materials into a
simple and effective "calcpad" style fill-in-the-blanks program. You can feel partially
relieved that the software will consistently perform all the required checks that may be
skipped over when doing repetitive hand calculations. You can enjoy the time to do more
exhaustive design studies, come up with safer and more economical designs, and enjoy
clearly documented calculations for review and archiving.
This software is not a "black box" program. Each calculation is designed to be a "visible
calcpad" where you can work with the data and immediately view the resulting
calculations. Automatic design is provided in most modules, and is intended primarily to
automate tedious iterative tasks.
You, as an experienced structural engineer or architect, can quickly enter and change
member sizes and other design parameters and view the results. In this way, the
Structural Engineering Library maximizes the use of your time and design skills by
enabling you to quickly define a concept and then make necessary modifications to refine it
into a final design.
The "Calcpad" Approach
When the Structural Engineering Library was designed in 1983, our concept was
revolutionary.....design it like an engineer's calculation pad. When an engineer prepares a
calculation, the finished product is a neat and organized sheet of paper that follows the
design flow from load tabulation, force and stress calculation, to the final adequacy check
of the structural component that will satisfy the task.
At the time, all other competing programs were aging versions of mainframe programs that
had been modified to run on microcomputers. Many of those programs executed "batch"
design, where the user entered all the data, told the computer to run the program, and then
opened a crude file to review the results. ENERCALC was unique in that the input and
output was mixed on the same screen....easy to see at a glance. But the most
revolutionary aspect was the tremendous speed it offered to prepare calculations.
This great speed was due to the fact that you could change a number and instantly see all
the updated results on the screen.
Moving forward, the current Version 6 for Windows maintains that same fill-in-the-blanks
approach with instant recalculation of results. When using any of the approximately 30
calculation modules, all input data and output results are presented on the same screen
1983-2012 ENERCALC, INC
Program Overview
49
and viewed just by selecting a tab that groups the information. Whenever you change an
input value, the entire module is recalculated and the results are immediately
visible. Thanks to efficient programming and fast modern computers, incredibly complex
structural analysis and design is performed in a split second.
This instant updating also happens when you are viewing graphical sketches of designs or
stress diagrams.....after any change, the graphics are instantly updated.
A Typical Worksession
In order of occurrence, here are the steps in using the software:
1. Start the program.
2. The Project Assistant is displayed where you can choose to use the last calculation,
the last project, a recent project, or create a new project.
3. A project is selected and you view the Project Manager. Here you can add new
calculations, edit existing calculations, insert non-calculation items into the project
(such as Microsoft Word or Excel files, Adobe Acrobat PDF files, or scanned images),
and initiate project printing capabilities.
4. Editing or adding a calculation takes you to the calculation sheet for one of the
modules.
5. Using the calculation sheet, you enter data on the top set of tabs while reviewing
results and graphics on the bottom set.
6. When the structural calculation is complete, you can print it and/or save it to the
project.
7. You can always return to the Project Manager where you can add/edit/delete/print
other items within the current project, or save the current project and open a new one.
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6.2
User Information
It is important that you enter information about yourself and your company into the
program. You can access the entry dialog by clicking Settings > User Information from
the main menu.
Please note that the "License Owner Name" you see in the above screen was
automatically generated after the Product Control Code was entered.
This information is used in the Technical Support forms and emails to automatically fill in
your identifying information when using those methods for contacting us.
Program Overview
6.3
51
Program Settings
The Settings item in the main menu provides access to several selections that control
how various aspects of the Structural Engineering Library operates. A selection of one
of the first four items will open the Program Settings window and preselect the appropriate
tab for the chosen item.
52
Default Project File Location: Specifies the default location where the program will point
when using File > Open or File > New from the main menu. This location can be
wherever you desire, however we ask you to remember that Windows XP, Windows Vista,
and Windows 7 have introduced new suggested locations for storing user data.
The path to the Default Project File Location shown on the screen capture above is: C:
\Users\Chris\Documents\ENERCALC Project Files\.
Because modern operating systems allow multiple users per computer, Microsoft
suggests that software manufacturers create their own folder under Documents and set
that as the default location for user-created files. The program conforms to this
recommendation by suggesting an appropriate directory during the installation process.
Database File Location: Specifies where the program should look for the steel database,
wood database, and other files that contain the databases of standard values. This location
needs to be accessible to all users on a specific computer. Microsoft suggests that
software manufacturers set the following as the default location for data files that are
referenced by the software, but not modified by the user: C:\Users\Public\Documents.
Program Overview
53
The path to the Database File Location shown on the screen capture above is: C:\Users
\Public\Documents\ENERCALC Common Data Files\.
Load Database File Location: Specifies where the program should look for the load
combination database file and other files that are potentially edited by the user. Because
this is a file that can be customized by the user, the default location for this file is the same
as the default location offered for storing Project Files.
The path to the Load Database File Location shown on the screen capture above is: C:
\Users\Chris\Documents\ENERCALC Data Files\.
Automatically create backup files: With this box checked the software will automatically
create a backup file with the EC6_BKUP file extension in the same folder as where the
original master file is located. The backup file is created when a file is OPENED.
Automatically create & save calculation reports when saving a calculation: When
this option is selected, the program will produce and store a report for each calculation
when it is saved. This offers the convenience of instant Project Printing, but requires
some additional disc space. The alternative is to deselect this option, in which case the
reports will need to be compiled by issuing a Regenerate All command at the time of
Project Printing. This method will conserve a little disc space, but will require some
additional time to regenerate when a Project Print command is issued.
Use memory mapped Project Files during program operation: This option is
particularly oriented toward users who store Project Files on network drives, USB memory
sticks, or other storage locations that are not on the local hard drive. When storing files in
this way, some users experience slow performance within the Structural Engineering
Library. This is not an issue with the Structural Engineering Library, but rather with the file
handling system of the network or attached storage device. If this applies to you, try
selecting the option to "Use memory mapped Project Files". When this option is selected,
the program reads an entire Project File into RAM (Random Access Memory) on your
computer, and it can greatly improve the performance of your computer when running the
Structural Engineering Library. When this option is deselected, Structural Engineering
Library Project Files continued to be saved only to the source drive and location.
Calculations added at current highlight, highlighted calc moved down: This applies
to the way calculations are inserted when using the Project Manager. When this box is
checked and you use the [+Add] button, it adds a new calculation to the project, and the
calculation is inserted directly above that position. What you see is that the new calculation
takes that spot in the list, and the highlighted item is moved down. If this box is unchecked
and you use the [+Add] button, the new calculation is inserted BELOW the highlighted
item.
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Display Size
Display Settings: Provides options to set the display resolution.
Disable Sketch Sub-system: Provides a checkbox to disable the sketch sub-system
within the Structural Engineering Library. This is provided for the specific purpose of
addressing a rare problem that occurred only with the Windows Vista operating system.
Title Block: These six entries correspond to the six lines in the upper-left corner of the
printout.
Program Overview
55
Logo File: Provides an option to specify a graphics file to be printed at the LEFT edge of
the title block. If used, the six lines of Title Block information will be printed immediately to
the right of the logo. Logos can be Windows BMP, JPEG, GIF, and WMF formats.
When a logo is specified, the height is adjusted to fit into the title block area and the rightside "floats" according to the width of the image.
What to Print - Title Block: Check this box to print the title block at the top of the report.
With this item unchecked the printout begins with the calculation title bar (shown as
"Masonry Column" in the image above)
What to Print - Date & Time: Check this box to print the computer date and time on the
report as shown below:
Select Printing Color Mode: This sets the default mode for printed reports created from
the Structural Engineering Library.
1983-2012 ENERCALC, INC
56
Web Update
Click here to check for updates: This button will download the updating program from
our server. This program will check your computer for a non-expired Maintenance &
Support Plan and update the software to the latest version.
Click Here for web update overview
27
Internal Values
Internal Filenames: Displays folder names and file names for the current configuration.
Program Overview
57
58
6.4
Database Files
A number of database files are supplied with the Structural Engineering Library. These
files contain AISC section properties, NDS stress grades, wood section properties,
seismic acceleration data, USA cities & Zip Codes, and other files. These files are not to
be edited or modified in any way by the user.
Program Overview
6.5
59
Project Assistant
When you launch the Structural Engineering Library the Project Assistant is displayed
by default, as shown below.
Click here for a video:
Project Assistant
This single dialog allows you instant access to prior Project Files, the last Project File, the
last-used calculation, or other functions to create or manage Project Files.
Please see the numbered references below the graphic for specific descriptions.
(1) Click to immediately open the last Project File that you worked on.
(2) Click to immediately open the last Project File that you worked on and open the last
calculation you worked on.
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(3) This list shows the most recent Project Files that you opened on this computer, with
the most recent Project File at the top of the list. Double-click on any item in the list to open
that Project File.
(4) Click to open the highlighted Project File in the list.
(5) Click to remove the highlighted file from the Recent Projects list.
(6) Click to open a Pick List that displays ALL Project Files in the various folders that you
have used in the past. See the section Main Menu > File 70 for a description of the Pick
List.
(7) Click to open a Windows File Open dialog that allows you to navigate through disks and
folders to locate and open a Project File.
(8) Click to open the Windows File Create dialog that allows you to navigate through disks
and folders and create a new ENERCALC Project File.
(9) Click to choose an ENERCALC calculation module and create a single calculation for
quick preparation and printing only. NOTE: Calculations created in this way CANNOT be
saved.
(10) Uncheck this box if you do not wish to automatically display the Project Assistant at
startup. To again have the Project Assistant automatically displayed at startup, click File >
Display Project Assistant and then activate the checkbox to Show Project Assistant at
program startup.
(11) Indicates the Allowed Version and the Installed Build and provides a quick help link to a
dialog that explains these terms.
(12) Link to a help video on the Project Assistant.
Program Overview
6.6
61
Databases
The Structural Engineering Library contains several databases that you can use in the
various modules.
To view the databases click Databases > (database) from the main menu. See below.
Specific information on each of the databases is provided here: Databases item in Main
Menu 79
62
6.7
Screen Layout
The ENERCALC Structural Engineering Library user interface is divided into a Main
Menu and a Working Area. Click here for a video:
General Layout
The Working Area is used to display the calculation module that you are currently editing.
When you choose to view the Project Manager, it is displayed on the left side of the
Working Area. See more to follow.
The Main Menu is described in much more detail here: Main Menu description
69
Program Overview
63
After a calculation is selected for editing, the Project Manager automatically collapses, and
the window fills with the user interface for that particular calculation module as shown
below:
64
NOTE: It is normal for the Project Manager to hide while a calculation is being edited.
For a review of using a typical calculation screen click here
66
Program Overview
6.8
65
Generating Reports
In the Structural Engineering Library, the term "report" refers to the results documents
created by the program in either printed or PDF format.
For each of the ENERCALC modules, a report can be generated in different ways,
depending on your intent.
The report creation buttons at the top of a module offer options for the common methods
of generating a report from the currently loaded module for immediate review. See below:
Clicking either of these buttons causes a full report for the current module to be created
and saved into the Project File along with all of the input data for that module. This is how
the printouts are prepared for instant viewing and batch printing in the Project
Printing system.
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6.9
Program Overview
67
Create a new calculation: Uses the current calculation data to create a new
calculation item in the Project Manager.
Save Only: Saves the current Project File (to capture all the data entered into this
module), creates a report (which can be printed at a later time), and keeps the module
open for further editing.
Save & Exit: Saves the current Project File (to capture all the data entered into this
module), creates a report (which can be printed at a later time), closes the module,
and returns to the Project Manager.
(5) Data input tabs: Click these tabs to move to various categories of data input.
(6) Major Result Category Tabs: Select between major categories of result data to view;
numerical values, sketches or diagrams.
(7) Numeric Result Tabs: Click these tabs to view the various components of calculated
results.
Part
VII
Main Menu
69
Main Menu
The main menu of the Structural Engineering Library is always displayed.
The menu offers the following selections. Click an item below to jump to that help section
page, or click here for a video:
File 70
Settings 77 :
Databases 79
Tools 88
:
License 90 :
Help 91
:
:
To create, load, close and print Project Files.
To establish settings, user information and default values
:
To view the various databases supplied with the software
To access utilities provided with the software
To directly access the licensing control window
To access the help system, technical support options, Knowledge
Base with FAQs, Enhancement/Change History and the ENERCALC
website.
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7.1
File
Last Project: Opens the last used Project File.
Recent Projects: Provides a list of Project Files that were recently opened.
Pick Project: The software remembers all prior folders on your computer (and other
computers) that were accessed to load Project Files. This item opens a window that
shows those folders and the ENERCALC Project Files contained within them to allow you
one-stop selection of a Project File from your commonly used locations.
Main Menu
71
Open Project: Opens a standard Windows File Open dialog allowing you to navigate your
disk drives and open a Project File.
72
New Project: Opens a standard Windows File Create dialog allowing you to navigate your
disk drives and specify the name of a Project File to create.
Quick Calc: Allows you to open a calculation module to perform a calculation that WILL
NOT be saved. After making this selection you will see the typical ENERCALC module
selection window. Simply click on your selection and the module will be loaded. Your
entered data cannot be saved, so it will need to be printed if a permanent copy is needed.
Main Menu
73
74
Close Project: Closes the currently open Project File (making sure any unsaved data is
purged).
Print Setup: Displays a typical Windows Printer Selection dialog to specify the printer to
be used for this work session.
132
Manager.
Main Menu
75
Display Project Assistant: This option displays the Project Assistant which offers a
convenient way of beginning work with a Project File.
76
Exit: Offers the option to save any pending work, then closes the currently open Project
File, and exits the software.
Main Menu
7.2
77
Settings
Most of these items are covered in another section of this help document. Please click on
an item in the list below to jump to that section.
General Settings 51 : Defines file locations, backup file creation and behavior items in the
Project Manager.
Printing & Title Block
block.
54
: Provides the ability for the user to define the look of their title
Engineer's Stamp: Allows the user to upload a graphic image of their Professional
Engineer's stamp for inclusion on printed reports.
Display Settings: Provides options to configure the software for the resolution of the
monitor being used.
Web Update Settings 27 : Allows control over behavior of web update system and direct
access to the update installation program on the web.
Default Values 78 : Provides control over the values that serve as the defaults for each
individual calculation module. Note that a particular calculation module must be open in
order to use the functions provided by this item.
User Information
50
Utilities: This selection provides items that are mostly used for support and maintenance of
the software. At the time of this documentation writing, the only Utility item available is to
start a process of registering components used by the S.E.L. with the operating system.
78
7.2.1
Default Values
Most of the user input values in the individual calculation modules have a default value or
setting that is stored within the program. Many of these default values can easily be
changed by the user. The procedure is as follows:
1. Open a new calculation of the particular module of interest.
2. Revise all of the initial values and settings as desired so that they represent the desired
default values or settings.
3. Click Settings > Default Values > Save.
The current values will be saved as the new default values for that module, and these initial
values and settings will be used when a new instance of this calculation module is added
to any Project File.
Main Menu
7.3
Databases
This menu allows viewing of various databases supplied with the software.
Please see the specific subtopics in this section for more detailed information on the
databases.
79
80
7.3.1
Note that it is also possible to create User Defined entries that can be referenced in
calculations.
Main Menu
7.3.2
81
The wood section database is available in all applicable wood modules. It contains typical
wood sections available in the United States. These sections are also shown in the 2005
NDS. Also included are manufactured sections, however the list of those sections is only
updated occasionally. Note that it is also possible to create User Defined entries that can
be referenced in calculations.
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7.3.3
The Wood Reference Design Values database contains typical wood stress grades as
defined in the 2005 NDS. Also included are manufactured sections, however the list of
those sections is only updated occasionally. Note that it is also possible to create User
Defined entries that can be referenced in calculations.
Main Menu
7.3.4
83
Masonry Database
Masonry Database
This is a reference table only. It consists of data for common hollow concrete masonry
units:
84
7.3.5
A named load combination set can be established as a default and will be used whenever
a new calculation is created in the Project File. Note that it is also possible to create new
load combination sets and/or revise the load combinations that are in the existing sets.
The Load Combination Database is used to manage the load combinations that you can
use across all of your Project Files.
The load combinations specified in this section are stored in a
separate file and ARE NOT specific to a particular Project File.
With the Load Combination Database you can create many load combination sets. These
are listed in the Code Reference column.
For each set, you can then specify the individual load combinations for both factored load
and service load cases, which are used for LRFD and ASD respectively (also referred to
as strength design and allowable stress design).
Please see the descriptions for the numbered keynotes on the screen capture below.
Main Menu
85
(1) This area lists the load combination sets that you have specified. We have named the
column Code Reference because typically the load combinations specified to be run for a
particular project or design are specified by the governing building code for the project
location.
(2) Use these buttons to add, delete, copy or edit the name of load combination sets. The
button with the triangle symbol means "Change" or "Edit" and is used to edit the displayed
reference name for the set.
(3) This is the area that displays all the load combinations for the Factored or Service level
load analysis types.
(4) Use these buttons to add or delete individual load combinations. The button with the
triangle symbol means "Change" or "Edit" and is used to edit the numeric factors applied to
each type of load for the load combination that is highlighted.
When clicking the [Add] or [Edit] button, the following dialog is displayed:
86
Use this dialog to specify the reference name and the values for each load factor.
(5) Click the [Factored Combinations] or [Service Level Combinations] buttons to
select the category of load combinations to display.
(6) Use the
button to make the highlighted name in the Code Reference
column the default combination set that will be used in all new ENERCALC calculations.
Main Menu
87
88
7.4
Tools
This menu item provides access to useful tools that are supplied with the Structural
Engineering Library.
Calculator: We supply a Reverse Notation Calculator (RPN) for engineers to use for
intermediate calculations when entering data. RPN calculators are the most commonly
used among engineers because they allow faster mathematics solutions when nested
(parenthetical) calculations are used. It also includes a Copy button, which allows a result
value to be copied to the clipboard and then pasted into an input field in the Structural
Engineering Library.
Main Menu
89
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Polish_notation
http://www.hpmuseum.org/rpn.htm
Reset Calc Defaults: This command resets the default values for the current calculation
to the hard-coded internal default values. It may be a useful tool in some troubleshooting
situations.
Remove Saved Reports from Project File: This command removes any reports that
have been saved in the current Project File. It can be helpful in terms of reducing file size if
a Project File is to be emailed, but it will require that the reports be regenerated before they
can be printed.
Optimize file by removing abandoned records: This command removes lost records in
a Project File which could occur if the program is terminated abnormally (perhaps from a
power outage, lockup, network failure, lockup of another program, etc).
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7.5
License
The License item displays the licensing and activation menu.
Please use this link to jump to a section with a detailed description: Licensing
15
Main Menu
7.6
91
Help
The Help item displays the Help menu.
Dynamic Help: Displays the help system for the software that is installed on your
computer.
Web Documentation (most up-to-date): Displays the most up-to-date help information
located on our website.
92
Web FAQ Pages: Provides a direct link to the Frequently Asked Questions section at
www.enercalc.com.
Download PDF Docs: Downloads the PDF version of the documentation for the software
currently available at our website. The documentation on our website will always be for the
latest available version.
"For Our Users" Web Page: Provides a link directly to the "For Our Users" page of our
website, which offers information on current builds, Customer Information, Version 6
Software Installation & Update Links, Version 6 Installation Info & FAQ links, info on
Maintenance Plans & Upgrades, Documentation Links, Links to PDF Files of Relevant
Information and Useful Forms, and links for Prior Version Software Reinstallation.
"Training Videos" Web Page: Provides a link directly to the "Training Videos" page of our
website, which offers videos on topics such as Installation, General Operation, Using
Project the Manager, Designing Beams, Columns, Foundations, Slender Walls, working
with some of the Miscellaneous modules, and working with External Files.
Main Menu
93
Create Tech Support Email: Provides you with a Tech Support form to fill out. When
finished, the data is transferred to an email form to send to our Tech Support Group. (Note:
Some computers and email software will not be able to paste the information into your
email program. This is not an ENERCALC issue. In those situations, feel free to compose
an email to support@enercalc.com directly from your email program, and please
remember to indicate your "KW" User Registration number on all correspondence.)
Create Tech Support Fax: Provides you with a form that you can fill out, print and fax
directly to ENERCALC (or transmit electronically).
94
Check for Updates: Immediately runs the update check program named
EC6WebUpdate.exe, which resides in the ENERCALC program installation folder. If a
newer build is found, a window will be displayed prompting you to decide if you want to
continue to update your software. If there is no newer build of the software available, then
you will be informed that your installation is currently up-to-date.
RSS News Feed: Opens the RSS News Feed dialog where users can receive
announcements and other pieces of information that are distributed to all users via the
feed.
Enhancement/Change History: Opens a window that lists revisions and enhancements
that have been performed on the software. Click here 37 to access a specific section with
additional information.
Allowed Version Description: Provides a thorough description of the terms "Installed
Build" and "Allowed Version" now reported by the Structural Engineering Library.
Licensing: Displays the licensing and activation system window. Click here
90
to access
Main Menu
95
Part
VIII
Project Manager
97
Project Manager
The Project Manager is displayed on the left side of the ENERCALC screen when a
Project File has been opened. Click here for a video:
Project Manager
The Project Manger provides the ability to create and modify a single Project File that can
contain a set of calculations and external items for a specific project. The layout, which will
be ever-improving, is designed to allow an ENERCALC Project File to be a single
collection point for documents relating to the load development and structural design of a
building or other structure.
The behavior of the Project Manager has been enhanced by introducing the ability to
display and hide the Project Manager on-demand. This offers the following advantages:
Larger area is available for use in the Project Manager when it is displayed.
More verbose calculation descriptions can be provided with fewer cryptic
abbreviations.
Greater selection of "project level" operations buttons can be displayed.
More efficient organization of GENERAL Division, LOADS & FORCES Division and
custom Divisions within the Project Manager.
Larger area available for the display of input and results when Project Manager is
hidden.
More verbose descriptions of input variables can now be provided.
Less on-screen congestion and less need for horizontal scroll bars in results tables.
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Storage locations (folders) for organizing user-generated calculations and external items.
Can be created, named, copied, organized, expanded, collapsed, and deleted.
Are typically named in ways that are meaningful to the designer and that suit the
specific project.
Are generally populated with calculations and external items.
Provide a convenient way to selectively control project printing operations for logical
sets of calculations.
Every new Project File is automatically populated with one Division named
"Calculations".
Calculations (An unlimited number can exist in a Project File)
User-generated calculations that are created using the built-in ENERCALC modules and
are stored in the Custom Divisions.
Can be created, moved between Divisions, and deleted.
Can be copied to serve as the basis for a new calculation with similar input data.
Can be imported from one Project File to another.
Can be printed singly or in batch mode using the Project Printing Manager.
External Items (An unlimited number can exist in a Project File)
User-generated external files that are created using external programs and then stored in
the Custom Divisions.
Can consist of MS Word documents, MS Excel spreadsheets, Adobe Acrobat PDFs,
and scanned documents/images.
Can be embedded within the Project File for maximum portability, or can be linked to
the Project File to minimize file size.
Can be created, moved between Divisions, and deleted.
Please see the descriptive keynotes on the following screen capture for information on
various areas of the Project Manager.
Detailed descriptions are contained in the sections of this topic.
Project Manager
99
100
(1) Project Printing: These buttons allow you to print the report for the selected
calculation, or open the Project Printing system, which allows you to review all report
pages for all calculation items in the entire project. Click here 132 to review the specific
section on Project Printing.
(2) Buttons to Add, Copy, Edit & Delete Individual Calculations: These buttons allow
you to add, copy, edit and delete ENERCALC calculations or external source items (such
as Excel sheets) in the selected Division. Click here 118 to review specific section.
(3) Sort Options: These three tabs sort your Project File content by Division grouping,
Type of calculation (Steel Beam, Concrete Column, Excel sheet, etc.) or Material
(Concrete, Steel, Wood, etc.). Click here 120 to review specific section. Note that the [Add],
[Copy], and [Delete] options are not available in the Type view or the Material view.
(4) Expand & Contract Tree: These two buttons fully expand or fully contract the tree
structure to display or hide the full contents of the Project File.
(5) GENERAL Division: The GENERAL Division is automatically created in each new
Project File. There can only be one GENERAL Division, and its purpose is to contain and
organize certain hard-coded pieces of general information that apply to the Project as a
whole. Click here 103 to review the section describing these items. The screen capture
below shows a view of the Project Manager with the GENERAL Division expanded to
display its contents:
(6) LOADS & FORCES Division: The LOADS & FORCES Division is also automatically
created in each new Project File. There can only be one LOADS & FORCES Division, and
its purpose is to contain and organize load related calculations. The screen capture below
shows a view of the Project Manager with the LOADS & FORCES Division expanded to
display its contents:
Project Manager
101
(7) Calculation Division: The Calculations Division is also automatically created in each
new Project File, but it is created merely as a user-convenience. It can be thought of as a
"custom" Division, because its name can be changed and it can be moved or deleted. The
user is free to create as many custom Divisions as the Project warrants, and to name
them as best suits the Project.
(8) Calculation List: This is the main list that displays all the calculation items that you
have added into your project. It allows you to organize your calculations into Divisions. See
image below for another look at two Divisions labeled "Beams" and "Columns". Columns
shows a [+] button to its left, indicating that the tree containing the calculations in that
Division is compressed. Click here 110 to review the section describing these items.
102
(9) Move Item in List: These buttons move the highlighted calculation up and down within
the list. Click here 124 to review specific section.
(10) Import Calculations from other Project Files: Click here
section.
127
to review specific
Project Manager
8.1
103
General Division
This Division contains a list of items that describe the entire project. Click here for a video:
General Division
Building Code Information 104 : Allows entry of information relating to the building code,
jurisdiction and building official's contact information.
Project Information
Client Information
105
106
Designer Notes 107 : Allows entry of up to 18 specific notes assigned by a specific person
on a certain date.
Revisions 108 : Allows entry of up to 18 specific revisions assigned by a specific person on
a certain date.
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8.1.1
Project Manager
8.1.2
105
Project Information
This form allows you to enter information specific to your project. This data is specific to
your Project File.
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8.1.3
Client Information
This form allows you to enter information on your client for a specific project. This data is
specific to your Project File.
Project Manager
8.1.4
107
Designer Notes
This form allows you to enter up to 18 distinct notes on the project, each with a specific
author and creation date. This data is specific to your Project File.
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8.1.5
Revision List
This form allows you to enter up to 18 distinct revision explanations on the project, each
with a specific author and creation date. This data is specific to your Project File.
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Project Manager
8.2
See specific descriptions under Calculation Modules > Loads & Forces Division
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110
8.3
Calculation List
The Calculation List is the main Project Manager view that you will use when building your
calculation sets for projects. Click here for a video:
Calculations Division
Most of a normal work session consists of adding and editing calculations in the list.
Please see the notes below as well as the following sections to learn what each button
provides and how to manage the list of calculations.
Project Manager
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112
Divisions: Divisions are the main organizational category for calculations. These are the
left-most text item in the calculation list and will display either a [+] or [-] to the left of their
name. Divisions can be created, copied, renamed, moved, and deleted. Calculations must
always exist within a Division, but they can be moved freely between Divisions. Click Here
114 for the specific information section. The screen capture below illustrates an example of
how a Division can be renamed with a title that is meaningful to your project:
Adding, Deleting, Copying: The four buttons shown below allow you to add, copy, edit, or
delete calculations and external items. Click here 118 for the specific information section.
Sorting by Division, Type and Material: Click one of these tabs to change the sorting
view of the calculations in your project. Click here 120 for the specific information section.
Changing Calculation and Division Order: The buttons you see below are used to
move the highlighted calculation or Division up or down in the list. When moving a
calculation downward, if moving a calculation would tend to replace a Division name, then
the calculation item is moved into that Division. When moving a calculation upward, if
moving a calculation would tend to replace a Division name, then the calculation item is
moved into the Division above. Click here 124 for the specific information section.
displays the
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Project Manager
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113
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8.3.1
Divisions
Divisions are used to organize calculations. The image below has custom Divisions
named Beams, Columns, Analysis, etc.
Project Manager
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116
Clicking the [-] icon to the left of the Division name will compress the Division tree. See
image below...note how only the Division names are displayed, but their contents are
currently not visible.
Project Manager
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118
8.3.2
Add: Clicking [Add] displays the dialog below, where you can select the type of item to add
to your Project File. The window contains two categories of items: Calculations and
External Items.
The available Calculations are listed in the top portion of the dialog (and there will be
more as the product matures). These are ENERCALC-created structural engineering
calculations that you can use. The lower portion of the dialog lists the available External
Items that can be created externally from the ENERCALC software package and then
Project Manager
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Copy: For the currently highlighted item in the calculation list, clicking [Copy] creates a
new calculation of the same type using all of the information in the current calculation to
make the new calculation. The copy is added to the list and is automatically opened for
editing.
Edit: For the currently highlighted item in the calculation list, clicking [Edit] opens the
calculation for editing.
Delete: Deletes the item that is currently highlighted in the calculation list. You are
prompted to confirm before the deletion is made.
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8.3.3
Division: Organizes the calculation list by the Divisions you created, and sorts the
calculations within each Division in the order that you established. See below.
Project Manager
121
122
Material: Organizes the calculation list by the materials to which they refer, and sorts the
calculations within each material in the order that you established. See below.
Type: Organizes the calculation list by calculation type, and sorts the calculations within
each type in the order that you established. See below.
Project Manager
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8.3.4
In the images below, note the button that is used to move the item upward in the list:
>
>
Project Manager
125
Now we will show that moving the last item in a Division downward will move the item to
the top of the next Division. Notice how the Wood Column calculation moves from the
bottom of Floor Framing to the top of Analysis.
>
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Project Manager
8.3.5
127
Importing Calculations
Clicking the
Importing Calculations
Please see the descriptions following the numbered keynotes. The order of the notes
follows the order of usage.
(1) Specify the source ENERCALC Project File from which you will import calculations
into the current (destination) Project File.
Clicking the [Select Source File] icon will display a standard Windows File Open
dialog:
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Clicking the [Use File Pick List] icon will open a window that lists all the ENERCALC
Project Files contained in the last few folders you have accessed:
(2) After identifying the source Project File, area (2) will show the calculations in that
source file in a tree-structure list.
(3) Click on the desired calculation in the source file to select it. It will become highlighted.
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Project Manager
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(4) Click in the current (destination) Project File to highlight a line where the calculation
should be imported. (The only restriction is that calculations cannot be imported into the
GENERAL Division or the LOADS & FORCES Division, so be sure to select a location
other than those two Divisions or any of their contents.)
(5) Click the [Copy Calc Into Project at Highlight] button.
Notice in the image below the [Concrete Beam] calculation is now highlighted in green in
the current (destination) file to indicate the location where it will be inserted.
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Project Manager
131
Note: If you made a mistake and want to cancel the selection, just highlight the calculation
in green on the left and click the [Remove Added Calc] button (6).
button.
button.
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8.4
Project Printing
The Project Printing system allows you to print a complete project full of reports in one
simple process. Click here for a video:
Project Printing
You can review all the reports in your project and then select which reports to print.
To open the Project Printing system, click the button shown bubbled in the screen capture
below:
The screen will change to display the Project Printing Manager window.
On the left will be listed all of the calculations and external items in the Project File. The
items in the GENERAL Division are placed at the top and the items in the other Divisions
are placed on the bottom. When you highlight an item the full report appears on the right
side of the screen.
See the numbered keynotes on the image below as we describe how to use the various
controls on the screen. The information is given in order of typical usage.
Project Manager
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(1) List of project items for which reports are available : This area is similar to the
item list in the Project Manager. All available report items are listed here. Simply click an
item and the report for that item will be displayed in area (4). Please REMEMBER that the
reports shown were created when you clicked [Save Only] or [Save & Exit] in the specific
calculation.
Note: If your software is licensed and activated, and if you see Evaluation Version
watermarks on any reports, use the [Regenerate] button (6) to have all the reports
regenerated WITHOUT the watermark.
(2) Print / No-print check mark: This column contains a check mark
to denote whether that particular report item is scheduled for printing.
or an X
(3) Clear All / Select All / Invert Selection buttons: These three buttons perform bulk
changes to the print/no-print status of all items in the project.
is
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is
75
(7) Print selected reports to printer: Displays the Windows standard Print dialog box
and begins printing all selected project items.
(8) Create single PDF file for selected reports: Displays a Windows Open File dialog
box to request a filename for a PDF file and then creates a PDF of all selected project
items.
Part
IX
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Sample Session
Sample Session
9.1
137
Getting Started
Getting Started
This section will guide you through a session of preparing and printing a calculation. We
will use the Wood Beam calculation because it contains all the features available in the
Structural Engineering Library.
This sample session will cover these topics. If you are viewing this in the HTML help
system, just click on an item to jump right to the section.
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9.2
The Structural Engineering Library will now open, and you will be viewing the Project
Assistant as described below.
Sample Session
9.3
139
Project Assistant
The Project Assistant
This dialog gives you the ability to instantly choose how you wish to begin your work
session. All of these options can also be easily chosen from the main menu, and the
Project Assistant can also be reopened from the main menu after the program has already
started.
For this Sample Session we want to create a new Project File, so the next step will be to
click the [Create Project File] button.
The next window to be displayed (see below) will allow you to define the file name and
select the drive & directory where the file should be placed.
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We will use the filename Sample Session and place it in a folder named ENERCALC
Project Files that we created specifically to hold Project Files.
Note: You could place the file in other directories, but keep in mind that Microsoft
is now recommending specific locations for saving user-generated files with the
newer operating systems, and the default ENERCALC data folder conforms to
these new best-practice recommendations. The important thing to recognize is
that an ENERCALC Project File can hold thousands of calculations, so it is likely
that there will only need to be a single ENERCALC Project File for each design
project in the office.
Sample Session
9.4
141
When a new Project File is created, the new Project File is immediately opened and
displayed in the Project Manager window. You can see in the screen image below that the
new Project File looks rather plain and simple.
142
Notice that the ONLY items appearing in the calculation list are the words "GENERAL",
"LOADS & FORCES" and "Calculations".
These items are called Divisions. You can create as many Divisions as you like. They
serve as a way to organize your calculations into logical groups for your convenience .
All newly created Project Files will contain these three Divisions by default. The
"GENERAL" Division and the "LOADS & FORCES" Division cannot be renamed or
deleted, and they serve specific purposes, which we will see shortly. But the
"Calculations" Division is just created for convenience. It can be renamed, deleted, copied,
etc.
Before we add any calculations to this Project File, the next step will be to enter some
general information about the project itself.
Sample Session
9.5
143
For this sample session you can fill in anything you like, just to see how the Project
Information fields can be used. Then click the [Save & Exit] button and click [OK] in the
Reminder dialog. The purpose of the Reminder dialog is to alert us to the fact that some
data just changed in the title block. Under normal conditions, the Structural Engineering
Library generates the report for a single calculation at a time, and it does that when the
Save command is issued while a calculation is open. This makes for a very efficient use of
time by generating reports only on an as-needed basis. However, because we just made a
change to title block data, it is likely that we want all reports regenerated and brought up to
date at this time. This Reminder dialog guides us to the command in the main menu that
manually forces all reports to be immediately regenerated.
NOTE: This Project Information is printed in the upper-right corner of your printouts. All
Structural Engineering Library printouts have a Title Block area that contains your
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company's information in the upper-left corner and the Project Information in the upperright corner. The above project information (and the title block information described in the
next section) will look like this on the printouts:
Sample Session
9.6
145
The Printing & Title Block tab of the Program Settings dialog will be displayed. Here you
can use six lines to customize the printout with your own company information. This
information will be printed in the upper-left corner of ALL printouts (see sample previously).
146
The Logo File area of this dialog also offers the option to identify a graphic file of your
company's logo and specify that it be printed as part of the Title Block. Clicking the
button lets you use a file selection dialog to select a Windows Bitmap (BMP), GIF, JPG, or
WMF file.
At this time, please enter some information in all six lines so you can see it printed later in
this sample session. Click the [Close] button when finished, and then click the [OK] button
in the Reminder dialog.
Sample Session
9.7
147
Adding a Calculation
Adding a Calculation
To add a calculation in the Project Manager, first highlight the location where you would like
the new calculation to be inserted. At present we have no calculations in the Division
named "Calculations", so we will click on "Calculations" to highlight it as shown below:
button.
The next dialog will allow you to select exactly which calculation type you wish to add:
148
For this sample session we will use the Wood Beam module, so click the [Wood Beam]
button as shown below.
Sample Session
149
A Wood Beam calculation will be added in the Project Manager, and it will automatically be
opened for editing. The screen will reconfigure itself to display the graphical user interface
that is specific to the Wood Beam module.
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9.8
The data entry tabs on the top half of the screen are where you enter your input values.
The results and graphics tabs on the bottom half of the screen are where you review the
calculated values, sketches, and graphs that result from calculations based on your input
values.
This screen layout is consistent throughout the majority of the Structural Engineering
Library calculation modules. This enables you to display the tab of interest on the bottom
and see how changes to input data on the top affect it.
Sample Session
9.9
151
152
9.10
Entering Data
Entering Data
Below is a diagram for a wood roof beam we wish to design.
The following steps will guide you through the process of setting the span lengths and
entering the loads as shown. (In a subsequent step we will select the member section size
and reference design values from the internal databases.)
The top portion of the screen should currently look like this:
The first thing we will do is add the left cantilever. To do this, click the [+/-] icon at the left
end of the beam as shown bubbled below:
This opens the dialog named Select Add or Delete. It is currently set up to allow us to add
a new beam span, which is exactly what we want to do. There are some additional
settings offered at the bottom of the dialog in the form of checkboxes. We don't need to
worry about these at this point, but it's good to know that they are available, because they
can offer some time-saving conveniences in certain modeling situations. See the image of
the Select Add or Delete dialog shown below:
Sample Session
153
For our purposes, all we need to do is click the [OK] button. This inserts a new beam span
to the left of the original beam as shown below:
At this point, don't be concerned about the fact that the new span is not a cantilever and
that it is not the intended length. We'll correct both of those items in just a moment. For
now, let's repeat a similar process to add a new beam span on the right. First click the
[+/-] icon that appears above the right-most support. The following dialog appears:
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This is very similar to the Select Add or Delete dialog we saw before, except that it now
has an extra option to delete the span that is to the left of the support. Although we don't
want to do this, it's good to know that this is the way that you would delete a span if
necessary. What we want to do is add a new beam span, and that is the option that is
currently selected (highlighted in yellow), so we can just click the [OK] button. The screen
should now display a 3-span continuous beam as shown below:
Now that we have three spans to work with, let's modify the support conditions to create
the cantilevered spans at the left and the right. To do this, click on the left-most support
icon shown bubbled below:
Sample Session
155
This will open the following pop-up menu that offers many options for defining the support
condition at that location:
Click the Free End option to remove all restraint from the left end, creating a cantilever.
Repeat the same process at the right-most support, but leave the remaining two supports
as they are currently configured. (They represent pinned conditions that prevent
translation in all directions but offer no moment restraint.) The result will be the doublecantilevered beam as shown below:
Now that the support conditions have been established correctly, we can wrap up this
exercise by modifying the span lengths to match the problem definition. Start by clicking
the Beam Span Data tab shown bubbled below:
The screen layout will change to display the Beam Span Data tab as shown below:
Now, we just need to adjust the span lengths for each of the three spans.
First, note that the graphical depiction of the beam helps us to make the association
between the three individual spans and the span numbers. Click any of the three span
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number buttons in the Select Span area and notice that a corresponding span becomes
highlighted in the large graphic at the top of the view. Using this method, we can confirm
that the spans are logically ordered from number one on the left to number three on the
right. (Note that you can also click the highlighted rectangles shown above each beam
span, and they act in exactly the same way that the numbered buttons do.)
So to finish things off, click the button for span [1] and verify that the left span becomes
highlighted. According to the problem statement, this span is supposed to be 7'-3", so you
can highlight the value that is presently displayed in the Span Length field, manually edit it
to say 7.25, and then press the [Tab] key to enter that value. The display will update to
show the proper span length for the left beam span as shown below:
Repeat the same process to set the Span Length for the middle span to 24'-0" and to set
the Span Length for the right span to 9'-6", at which time the display should appear as
shown below:
The next step will be to enter the loads on the beam. Let's begin by entering the
concentrated load at the free end of the left beam span. Click the Span Loads tab to
display the following screen:
Sample Session
157
This screen contains tools to apply loads to a selected span at a time. (Shortly, we will
see a convenience tool that will allow us to apply loads to ALL spans of a beam at one
time.)
Since we want to start by entering the concentrated load at the free end of the left beam
span, click the [1] button in the Select Span area to put the focus on Span 1.
The blue highlighted band in the table now represents the first load on Span 1. But it
currently indicates Load Type = None, because we have not defined the load yet. Click the
button indicated in the screen capture below to identify the load as being a concentrated
load:
This will reconfigure the screen with the appropriate input fields to fully define the
magnitude, direction, and location of the concentrated load as shown below:
The Load Source input field provides a location where you can add some descriptive text
for your own use to identify this particular load item. The use of this field is optional, so for
this sample session we will leave it blank.
Select the checkbox for the Auto add beam weight option. This will trigger the program to
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determine the self weight of the beam that we eventually choose, and apply it as dead load
when the analysis is performed.
Select the checkbox for the Auto Unbalanced Live load Placement option. This will initiate
the generation of additional loading conditions to ensure that all possible permutations of
live load placement are properly examined. Note that selecting this option can lead to
longer analysis times because of the number of different conditions that must be analyzed.
However, with the double-cantilevered beam configuration, it would be important for us to
have the module examine all of these potential loading permutations.
When defining the magnitude of the concentrated load, note that the module is set up to
receive this kind of load in units of kips, and notice that it has input fields for the common
load cases, such as Dead, Live, Snow, etc.
Click in the input field for Dead, enter a magnitude of 3.03, and then press the [Tab] key.
This enters the Dead load magnitude and moves the cursor to the next input field.
Note: For convenience this module is configured such that loads with positive magnitudes
are assumed to act downward, since the majority of the load items are typically gravity
loads of some sort.
The cursor is currently in the Lr input field, which represents Roof Live load. We don't
need to enter any magnitude for Roof Live, so press the [Tab] key once again to place the
cursor on the Live load input field. Enter a magnitude of 2.824, and then press the [Tab]
key.
The final step in specifying this concentrated load is to identify its position using the
Location input field. Always specify the distance from the left end of this span to the
position of the concentrated load. In this case, the correct value is zero, which also
happens to be the default value for the Location field, so the Location field can be left as-is.
The screen should now appear as shown below:
The next step will be to define the other concentrated load, which occurs at the free end of
the cantilever on the right end of the beam, by following a very similar process.
Sample Session
159
Click the [3] button in the Select Span area to put the focus on Span 3.
Click the
The magnitudes of this load are the same as those used at the opposite end of the beam,
so click in the input field for Dead, enter a magnitude of 3.03, and then press the [Tab] key
twice.
In the Live load input field enter a magnitude of 2.824, and then press the [Tab] key.
This concentrated load is to be positioned at the extreme right end of this span, so click in
the Location input field, enter a distance of 9.5 (9'-6" from the support at the left end of
Span 3), and then press the [Tab] key. The screen should now appear as shown below:
The next step in defining loads is to apply the uniformly distributed load across all three
spans. This could be done by using the Uniformly Distributed Loading Type here on the
Span Loads tab. But this would require some repetition, because the Span Loads tab is
specifically set up to facilitate the application of loads to one span at a time.
To apply this load in a more efficient manner, click the Loads All Spans tab shown bubbled
below:
The screen will reconfigure itself to display different tools for applying various types of
loads to all spans of the beam. The one that is most appropriate for our application is the
one shown bubbled below:
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Click that tool and note that the screen displays input fields for Tributary Width and load
magnitudes for the various Load Cases as shown below:
Note: When using this tool, you can either leave the Tributary Width input field at its default
value of 1.0, and then enter the magnitudes for the various load cases in units of kips per
foot, or you can specify a Tributary Width magnitude other than 1.0 foot, and then enter the
magnitudes for the various load cases in units of kips per square foot, which will be
multiplied by the Tributary Width to determine the magnitude of the effective line load in
units of kips per foot.
For the purposes of our exercise, we will leave the Tributary Width input field at its default
value of 1.0.
Click in the Dead load input field, enter a magnitude of 0.036, and press the [Tab] key
twice.
In the Live load input field, enter a magnitude of 0.24, and press the [Tab] key once more.
The last item to take care of is to observe the load combinations that will be used for
design. Click the Load Combinations tab shown bubbled below:
Sample Session
161
This will display the Load Combinations screen. On this screen, the first step is to make
sure that we are referencing the correct set of load combinations. To do this, click the
"Change Load Combination Set" button shown below bubbled below:
This will open a pop-up menu offering choices of load combination sets that exist on the
current machine, similar to the one shown below:
Choose the option named IBC 2009. This will set up the calculation to use load
combinations based on IBC 2009.
Next, click the
162
convenient option for wood designs, because it automatically sets the CD value based on
the shortest duration load case within each load combination. Note the various values of
CD that result.
The final step in this section is to ensure that all of the listed load combinations will be used
in the analysis and design. To do this, click the
button. This will open a pop-up menu
offering options for marking and clearing the Run status of all of the load combinations in
the list, as shown below:
Simply click the [Mark All] option, and all of the load combinations in the list will be marked
for use in the analysis and design.
Sample Session
9.11
163
In the Design Values category, click the [Display Wood Material Database] button
. The Wood Stress Database will be displayed as shown below:
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By default the last selection of stress grade is displayed. We want to display ONLY the
glued-laminated sections for Douglas Fir.
In the Size Classes to Show category, click the [Glulam Table 5A Beams] button:
Click the [+] in front of the DF/DF item to expand the Douglas Fir list:
Click the 24F-V8 item as shown, and then click the [Select] button. The stress information
area on the General tab will immediately be updated to reflect your selection:
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Sample Session
165
Next, let's retrieve the section property data for a 6.75" x 30" glulam beam
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Sample Session
167
Click the
button. The beam size information area on the Beam Span Data
tab will immediately be updated to reflect your
selection:
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9.12
Displaying a Sketch
Displaying a Sketch
We now have a calculation with span lengths, loads, allowable stresses, and a beam size.
It's time to review the sketch to confirm that we have entered the critical span and load
information correctly. Click the Sketch tab, and the working area of your screen will be
replaced with a simple diagrammatic representation of the beam.
Sample Session
9.13
169
Displaying Diagrams
Displaying Diagrams
In addition to the Sketch of the beam, we can also display several types of diagrams.
Selecting the Diagrams tab will display the Shear/Moment/Deflection diagram as shown
below.
Of special interest are the checkboxes that control the location of live load for the analysis
shown in the graphic. Because this program automatically moves the live load around on
the beam to obtain the governing values of shear, moment, and deflection on each span
for the final calculation results, there really is no single load case that represents the entire
beam analysis.
By selecting the live load locations here you can view the detailed shear/moment/deflection
variations produced by each load application.
Note: In the previous steps, we turned on the option to have the program automatically
handle unbalanced Live load placement. While this is a helpful feature for design, it tends
to produce an abundance of results. If you'd like to view shear, moment, and deflection
diagrams that are similar to those shown below, click the Span Loads tab and temporarily
turn off the option to have the program automatically perform unbalanced Live load
placement.
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Sample Session
9.14
171
When the screen displays the Calculations environment, click the Summary Results tab
as shown bubbled below:
Take a look at the stress and deflection ratios bubbled in the screen capture below:
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We can see that our 6.75" x 30" size guess may not be an optimum use of the section. It
would be interesting to see if we could find a more efficient section. Rather than manually
trying other sizes from the database, we will use the Automatic Design function to select
an optimum member size for us. Click the [Design] button on the Beam Span Data tab
shown bubbled below:
The Wood Member Design dialog is displayed, and it allows you to set the design criteria:
On the Wood Member Design dialog, click the [Glu-Lam - Western] section type, set the
Maximum Stress Ratio to 1.0, and the Minimum Total Deflection Ratio to 180, then click
the [Start Design] button.
The software will automatically search the built-in Wood Section Database for all sections
that satisfy this criteria using the beam span, stress grade, and loading you have specified.
In a few moments the following dialog will be displayed:
Sample Session
173
Notice how the listed members can be sorted in different orders based on: Weight,
Bending Ratio, Shear Ration, LL Deflection Ratio,Total Deflection Ratio, Depth, etc. This
allows you to review the beam sizes that pass your criteria in different ways.
Click on the 5.125 x 27 beam and then click the [Select] button. The final design (with
Summary Results tab showing) looks like this:
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9.15
Printing a Calculation
Printing a calculation
Okay...congratulations! You've created a Project File, added a calculation, entered data,
retrieved database information, performed an automatic design, and viewed some
graphics. It's time to print this calculation and take a look at what the software provides for
documentation.
Please remember that you have previously entered project information, title block
information, and of course now you have a valid engineering calculation to print.
You have three printing options in the Structural Engineering Library:
The
icon that looks like a printer sends the report report directly to the printer. The
icon that looks like a printer with a page symbol displays the print preview in a
window and allows you to review it before sending it to the printer. The
Adobe logo creates an Adobe Acrobat PDF file of the report.
Sample Session
175
To continue, simply click the [Print] button and the standard Windows print dialog will be
displayed. Select your printer and you will receive a printout looking very similar to the one
below:
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Sample Session
9.16
177
Saving a Calculation
Saving a Calculation
With as much as we have accomplished in this short period of time, it is very important to
remember that we have not yet SAVED this calculation. Everything associated with this
calculation is still stored in the computer's RAM. A power outage or severe system lockup
would cause a loss of your current calculation.
So to save this new calculation to the Project File, click the [Save & Exit] button
. The current calculation will be saved and the display will return to the
Project Manager. In the image below, you can see that a Wood Beam calculation has
been added to the Division named "Calculations":
Congratulations! You calculation is now saved and you have a real Project File with an
actual calculation.
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9.17
In the Enter New Division Name dialog, revise the Division name to "2nd Floor Framing" as
shown below:
Click [Save]. You will notice that the Division name has been revised from "Calculations"
to "2nd Floor Framing", but it still contains the Wood Beam calculation.
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Now we will add a NEW Division named "3rd Floor Framing". To do this, click on the
Division named "2nd Floor Framing" and then click the [Add] button
. In the
Select Item to Insert dialog, click the [Insert Division] button shown bubbled below:
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Note: There is also an option in the right-click pop-up menu named Add Division.
Then enter the name "3rd Floor Framing" and click [Save]. Your Project calculation list
should look like this:
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Next click the [Save & Exit] button to save this new calculation to the Project File and
close the calculation. The Project Manager will appear as follows:
The final step is to move this new calculation into the 3rd Floor Framing Division. This is
easily done by using these buttons:
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While the new calculation is highlighted, click the Move Highlighted Item Down
button to move it down to the 3rd Floor Framing Division. The Project Calculation list will
appear like this:
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When finished, click the [Send] button to transfer the completed message (with
attachments) to your email program:
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To create a FAX:
Click Help > Create Tech Support FAX from the main menu to use the form shown
below to enter your question.
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When finished, the completed message can be printed for faxing (or it can be sent directly
from your computer-based fax software).
Here's the printed form, ready for transmission:
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9.20
Part
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10
Calculation Modules
Calculation Modules
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There is only one LOADS & FORCES Division for each project, and it is always prepopulated with specific load-related calculation items. Their use is optional, but these
calculation modules cannot be moved out of the LOADS & FORCES Division, nor can
other calculation modules be moved into or added to the LOADS & FORCES Division.
In particular, the LOADS & FORCES Division includes modules that assist with the
development of snow, wind, seismic, and reduced live load calculations.
As the Structural Engineering Library is enhanced, the LOADS & FORCES Division will
contain more and more tools to assist with developing your project load calculations.
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The module currently supports calculations based on ASCE 7-05 and ASCE 7-10. All of
the references to ASCE 7 are given on the module screens. Above each screen capture
are notes as needed to call attention to entries or explain usage.
The module is designed to allow you to work downwards through the tabs on the left side
of the screen. ASCE 7 skips all around in its definitions of things to check. This module
simplifies the process by properly ordering the items and the necessary decisions to be
made in working toward a final seismic base shear value.
The program includes a complete national zip code database and USGS databases of
seismic ground motion specifically for use with ASCE 7. Using city names or zip codes,
you can look up the latitude and longitude of the representative center of the zip code.
The seismic ground motion databases consist of "gridded" values for small increments of
latitude and longitude. Given the latitude and longitude for the city or zip code of interest,
the surrounding grid data points are located and those seismic ground motion values are
used to interpolate a value for the latitude and longitude specified. For this reason the
values may not match the web-based USGS database values exactly, however the grid
point interpolation is proper.
General
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Redundancy Factor
Depending on the Seismic Design Category determined from the prior selections of
Occupancy, Seismic Ground Motion and Building System, the Redundancy Factor per
ASCE will be shown here.
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Diaphragm Forces
Using the information entered above (on the prior tab) the force distribution results are
shown here.
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The module currently supports calculations based on ASCE 7-05 and ASCE 7-10. Input
parameters are taken directly from the nomenclature presented in ASCE 7.
The calculation sheet is set up to permit up to ten different analyses to be documented
within a single Project File. This can be useful when a project includes multiple buildings,
or in situations where multiple scenarios are being evaluated.
The data collection is presented in such a way as to guide the user through the module in
a logical progression.
Values of gross area and area of openings are provided for walls on four sides of the
building (arbitrarily designated "North", "South", "East", and "West"). Once these values
are provided, the module can determine if the structure qualifies as "Open" or not. If the
structure is determined to be "Open", then the module will indicate that result and stop
there. If the structure does not qualify as an "Open" structure, then input fields for Roof
Gross Area and Roof Opening Area will be displayed, and a set of four tabs will appear in
the bottom half of the screen. Once the Roof areas are populated, the four tabs thoroughly
present the calculations to determine whether the structure qualifies as "Enclosed" or
"Partially Enclosed" when each of the four respective walls receives positive external
pressure.
The results of this determination are useful for project documentation requirements, as
well as in guiding the user to read the appropriate results values from other modules within
the Structural Engineering Library.
Note: The provisions of the ASCE Wind Enclosure module are already incorporated into
the ASCE 7-10 Wind Loads module. So it is not necessary to run the standalone version
of this module if the ASCE 7-10 Wind Loads module will be used.
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Limited documentation is provided here, because all of the references to ASCE 7-10 are
given on the module screens.
General
The General tab provides an input field for a general description of the project and/or the
wind calculations that are being performed.
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This tab provides access to a series of Calculation tabs that can be used to store up to ten
separate wind calculations. These might be useful for studying different project sites,
different architectural concepts, or even evaluating separate buildings in a project.
The Description field can be used to distinguish from among the different wind load
calculations that might be defined in a single Project File.
The Print checkbox specifies whether or not the particular wind load calculation will or will
not be included when a Print command is clicked or when a Project Print is performed.
The Risk Category is only for reference in documenting the design. It no longer influences
the importance factor, but it does dictate which Wind Speed map to use to determine the
Basic Wind Speed.
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Story Data
This tab collects the data required to define the vertical locations of the stories with respect
to finished grade.
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The development of the story data table is controlled by the three buttons: Add Level, Edit
Level, and Delete Level, which perform their respective operations on the table of story
data.
Clicking Add or Edit opens the Story Information pop-up dialog as shown above. Two
items are worthy of note on this dialog. First, the Height to Story is always referenced from
grade, so it is looking to collect the height from grade to the story of interest, not the story
to story height. Second, the values of eRx and eRy are only used if a building is determined
(or defined) to be "Flexible" (< 1 Hz) in a particular direction. So if a building turns out to be
"Rigid" in one or both directions, then the values of eRx and eRy are not required in those
directions, and the values can be left at zero or a value can be entered, but the program
will ignore it.
Frequency (Only displayed if the option is selected on the General tab to "Calculate
Frequency")
This tab displays the story data that was previously collected, and it requests the Building
Construction Type and the values of Li necessary to complete the check to determine if
the approximate methods of frequency determination are applicable.
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If the approximate methods of frequency determination are found to be applicable, this tab
reports the approximate frequency. Otherwise, a message will be displayed to indicate
that the approximate methods are not applicable, and that the building frequency must be
determined another way.
Gust Factor
This tab displays the results of the Gust Factor determination for each of the four
elevations, in turn, being the face of the building that receives positive external pressure.
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The North, South, East, and West tabs present the calculation and the resulting Gust
Factor that will be used in subsequent calculations when the respective building elevation
receives positive external pressure.
When the building is categorized as "Rigid" in a particular direction, the program offers the
checkbox option to force the value of the Gust Factor to 0.85 when the referenced
elevation receives positive external pressure.
When the building is categorized as "Flexible" in a particular direction, the program
requires one more value, which is the damping ratio. This value is collected in an input box
on the respective direction tab when appropriate, and the value is incorporated into the
Gust Factor to be used when the referenced elevation receives positive external pressure.
It is worth noting that many of the parameters used in the calculation of the Gust Factor are
dependent upon the Exposure category. Since the Exposure category can vary for each of
the four cardinal directions, it is possible that the Gust Factor for use when the North
elevation of the building receives positive external pressure may actually be different than
the Gust Factor for use when the South elevation of the building receives positive external
pressure.
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Enclosure
This tab displays the results of the Enclosure determination for each of the four elevations,
in turn, being the face of the building that receives positive external pressure.
The upper half of this tab is dedicated to evaluating the building to determine whether or not
it qualifies as an "Open" structure. The module collects the gross areas of each of the four
walls along with the areas of opening in each of the four walls. Based on the data provided
by the user, the module performs the calculations and checks the criteria to see if the
building qualifies as an "Open" structure. If it does, then the module reports that result. If
the building does NOT qualify as an "Open" structure" then additional input fields are
displayed to collect the gross area of the Roof, and the area of openings in the roof, and
the workflow continues to determine whether the building qualifies as "Enclosed" or
"Partially Enclosed". This evaluation takes place four times, considering each of the four
walls to be the windward wall, in turn. The intermediate calculations are performed and the
results are reported on each of the four wall tabs.
It is worth noting that a building could potentially be considered "Partially Enclosed" when
some of its elevations receive positive external pressure, and "Enclosed" when its other
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Velocity Pressures
This tab displays the results of the Velocity Pressure determination for the various walls
when each wall is under leeward, sidewall, and windward wall conditions.
The first row of data reports the values of Kh that are applicable when each of the walls
experiences leeward or sidewall pressures.
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The second row of data reports the resulting values of qh that are applicable when each of
the walls experiences leeward or sidewall pressures.
Next, a table is presented that reports the values of Kz and the resulting values of qz that
are applicable, as a function of height, when each of the walls experiences windward wall
pressures.
Pressure Coefficients
This tab reports the values of GCpi that are applicable when each of the respective
elevations receives positive external pressure. The remainder of this tab is dedicated to
collecting the values of Cp or Cn as appropriate for the various surfaces of the building.
Wall values are collected first, and the input fields collect values of Cp that will be used
when each of the four walls is a windward wall, a sidewall, or a leeward wall.
At the bottom of the tab is a customizable table that is set up to receive many lines of Cp
or Cn values pertinent to the roof. A convenience button is provided to display the figures
that define the Cp or Cn values for various conditions. A glance at the tables reveals that
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the factors for roofs are frequently dependent upon the wind direction with respect to the
ridge, and also dependent upon whether pressures are desired for the windward or
leeward surfaces of the roof. So some planning will be required to set this table up to yield
the desired results. To make the downstream results most applicable and easy to read,
the program has been set up so that a roof pressure value will only be calculated for
situations where nonzero values of Cp or Cn have been specified. To put this another
way, referring to the table above, there are no values of Cp defined for the North or South
elevations for the "Perpendicular: Windward" or "Perpendicular: Leeward" conditions. This
is because the ridge is assumed to run in the North-South direction in the hypothetical
building being considered. As such, it would not make sense to ask the program to report
windward or leeward roof pressures when the wind acts in the north or south directions.
So to avoid overpopulating the output with meaningless results, the blank fields will be
interpreted by the program as an indication that the corresponding calculation is not
required. We will see the benefit of this when we move to the Wind Pressures tab and see
how concisely these results are reported.
On a related note, it is worth mentioning that the Cp and Cn tables occasionally report
values of zero for certain conditions. These are typically provided for interpolation
purposes. But if a situation is ever encountered where a value of zero for Cp or Cn is
actually required for design purposes, the user is advised to enter a small nonzero value.
Wind Pressures
This tab reports the values of wind pressures that occur on the various surfaces of the
building when the named elevation receives positive external pressure.
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Looking at the screen capture above, we see that the North Wall tab is currently selected.
Let's work through this tab thoroughly as an example. As indicated in the on-screen note,
we interpret all of the results on this tab as being the pressures that occur on the named
surface of the building when the North Wall receives positive external wind pressure.
So when we are focused on the North Wall tab:
The "Windward Wall Pressures" are those that would apply to the North Wall when the
North Wall receives positive external pressure.
The "Leeward Wall Pressures" are those that would apply to the South Wall when the
North Wall receives positive external pressure.
The "Sidewall Pressures" are those that would apply to the East and West Walls when
the North Wall receives positive external pressure.
The "Roof Pressures" are those that would apply to the identified areas measured from
the North edge of the roof when the North Wall receives positive external pressure.
Just to drive home the proper interpretation of the values reported on the Wind Pressures
tab, let's work through the East tab, so we can interpret some windward and leeward roof
pressures. Remember that this hypothetical building is assumed to have a North-South
oriented ridge. So when we are focused on the East Wall tab:
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The "Windward Wall Pressures" are those that would apply to the East Wall when the
East Wall receives positive external pressure.
The "Leeward Wall Pressures" are those that would apply to the West Wall when the
East Wall receives positive external pressure.
The "Sidewall Pressures" are those that would apply to the North and South Walls
when the East Wall receives positive external pressure.
The "Perp: Windward Roof Pressures" are those that would apply to the windward
(East) portion of the roof when the East Wall receives positive external pressure.
The "Perp: Leeward Roof Pressures" are those that would apply to the leeward (West)
portion of the roof when the East Wall receives positive external pressure.
Note that all surfaces report pressures based on both the positive and the negative internal
pressure conditions, and the algebraic sign convention follows that of ASCE 7, which is to
say that positive values are interpreted to act toward the named surface and negative
values act away from the named surface. Work this logic through an example such as a
windward wall and see that it all makes sense. The negative internal pressure condition
produces higher total pressures toward the windward wall, than the positive internal
pressure condition does, because the negative internal pressure works in the same
direction as the external pressure on a windward wall. Similar logic can be applied to all
other surfaces to demonstrate that the mathematics are proper.
Story Forces
This tab reports the values of wind forces tributary to each story in the building.
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Using the story heights determined on the Story Data tab, the Story Forces tab determines
the tributary heights for each floor by assuming a simply-supported wall construction that
spans between adjacent floor/roof levels. Wind pressures are applied to the tributary
heights and multiplied by the perpendicular dimension of the building to arrive at forces for
each story.
The option is provided to either display or hide the forces tributary to the lower half of the
lowest level. In some construction types, this component of load is delivered to a slab on
grade and is not a design consideration for the Main Wind Force Resisting System.
The program reports results for each of the four "Cases" as presented by Figure 27.4-8 of
ASCE 7-10. Cases 2 and 4 also incorporate a design torsional moment as defined in
Figure 27.4-8. In all situations, the program reports the force magnitude. In situations
where a torsional moment applies, the program reports the moment arm that is being
considered for each component of force, as well as the resulting net moment.
The final item in the results on this tab is based on the minimum required wind loads per
Section 27.4.7 of ASCE 7-10. That section requires that the wind load to be used in the
design of the Main Wind Force Resisting System for an enclosed or partially enclosed
building shall not be less than 16 psf multiplied by the wall area of the building (and 8 psf
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multiplied by the roof area of the building projected onto a vertical plane normal to the
assumed wind direction). So in this last item in the results list, the program reports story
forces assuming 16 psf applied to each wall of the building. As of build 6.12.4.24, the
program does not collect enough information to consider the 8 psf on the projection of the
roof area, so this additional load may need to be considered with supplemental hand
calculations on buildings with other than flat or low-slope roofs.
Although "Base Shears" are not technically a part of the ASCE 7-10 design procedure for
wind loads, the summation of all story forces is often of interest to designers for a variety
of reasons. Some designers like to see how the wind "base shear" compares to the
seismic base shear. For some designers, the summation of the wind forces is useful in
the checking process to get a confidence level that the calculated pressures are
reasonable. Whatever the reason, the values are reported on this tab if they are of
interest.
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As with the Story Forces tab, the Base Shears & Torsions tab provides the option to either
include or exclude the component of shear and torsion that is tributary to the bottom half of
the lowest level.
Print Properties
Finally, the complexity of this wind method and its requirements to examine multiple cases
and conditions can lead to voluminous output. In recognition of the fact that different
designers have different needs, the Print Properties dialog has been provided for this
module to enable the output to be tailored to suit.
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Limited documentation is provided here, because all of the references to ASCE 7-05 are
given on the module screens.
General
Applicability Checks
Please see ASCE 7-05 references for descriptions. This module performs wind load
calculations for the "Simplified" method. ALL boxes must be checked for module to give
results on the Analysis Values tab.
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Analysis Values
See ASCE 7-05 sections noted for description of values and other references.
The lower portion of this tab gives the resulting calculated wind pressures for the main
wind force resisting system and for components & cladding.
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MWFRS - Wall
This tab reports design pressures on windward walls, leeward walls, sidewalls and
parapets. Pressure values are distinguished for Enclosed and Partially Enclosed
structures, and values are reported for the positive internal pressure condition and for the
negative internal pressure condition.
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MWFRS - Roof
This tab reports design pressures on roof surfaces. Pressure values are distinguished for
the conditions of wind perpendicular to the ridge and wind parallel to the ridge. In the case
of wind perpendicular to the ridge, pressure values are reported for flat roofs as well as for
various slope angles. In all cases, results are presented for Enclosed and for Partially
Enclosed structures, and values are reported for the positive internal pressure condition
and for the negative internal pressure condition.
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You can type in a Category name (discussed in more detail below), a Load Name, choose
the Load Type, and specify the Load Value, and then click "Add as New Load". The newly
added Load Item will appear in the Load Items List below. To edit an existing Load Item,
click on the item of interest in the Load Items List, edit the values in the individual fields
above, and then click "Save Changes"
Load Items are very flexible in their definition. A Load Item could represent the weight of a
particular building construction material, such as the Dead Load of 3/4" plywood floor
sheathing in units of PSF. A Load Item could also represent an allowance of 5 PSF Dead
Load for ceiling & lights. But Load Items can also take the form of load types other than
Dead Load as well. For instance, you could define a Load Item consisting of 100 PSF Live
Load, or 30 PSF Snow Load. In this way, the Project Load Group Builder is capable of
tracking loads of all types that may be applicable to a particular area of a building.
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One of the powerful features of the Project Load Group Builder is that it takes the Load
Item data that you enter and it saves that data in a file that is separate and distinct from
your Project File. (The file is named LoadDbase.tps, and it is saved in the folder that you
have identified as your default Project File location.) In this way, the system continues to
accumulate more and more of your commonly specified materials and loads as you work
on different projects. And that ever-growing database of your custom Load Items is always
available to you on future projects.
In order to bring some organization to the many load items that you may eventually
accumulate, the Project Load Group Builder introduces the concept of the "Category". A
Category can contain one or more Load Items. Here again, the way you use Categories
can be extremely flexible. Some users may prefer to organize their Load Items into
Categories that represent different types of materials or loads. For example, the
organizational hierarchy might take on a form like this where the bullet items represent
Load Items within the indicated Category:
Category: Roof Sheathing
1/2" sheathing
5/8" sheathing
3/4" sheathing
7/8" sheathing
1" sheathing
Category: Roof Framing
2x6@16" o/c
2x8@16" o/c
2x10@16" o/c
2x12@16" o/c
Category: NW Concrete Slab
4.5" total with 2" deck
5.0" total with 2" deck
5.5" total with 2" deck
6.0" total with 2" deck
5.5" total with 3" deck
6.0" total with 3" deck
6.5" total with 3" deck
Category: LW Concrete Slab
4.5" total with 2" deck
5.0" total with 2" deck
5.25" total with 2" deck
5.5" total with 2" deck
6.0" total with 2" deck
5.5" total with 3" deck
6.0" total with 3" deck
6.25" total with 3" deck
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And so on...
So remember that your Load Items and your Categories are being stored in a separate file,
and they are continuing to accumulate from one project to the next as you enter more data.
Consider this as you decide on a system of organization that will work best for you.
Now that we have covered Load Items and Categories, we can introduce the real purpose
for this module, which is the "Load Group". Very simply, a Load Group is a group of Load
Items that will be summed together.
Load Groups are defined and manipulated on the right-hand side of the screen as indicated
in the screen capture below:
The Load Groups in the current Project File are listed in the "Group Name" list in the upper
left corner of the module. The toolbar buttons above the list perform the following
functions:
Adds a new Load Group
Creates a copy of the selected Load Group
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Removes the selected Load Item from the current Load Group
Finally, the Print function will automatically include all defined Load Groups and provide a
nice tabular summary of the Load Items that combine to produce each Load Group.
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Beams
Overview
There is one main module for designing Steel, Concrete and Wood beams. There are
separate modules for Composite Steel Beams, Steel Beams with Torsional Loads, and
one for Masonry Lintels.
This section deals ONLY with typical single- or multi-span Steel, Concrete & Wood
beams.
The presentation screen is divided into three areas: Beam representation &
modification, Data Entry & Calculation Results as illustrated in the screen capture
below:
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(1) Beam representation & modification: This area allows you to create and modify the
beam layout.
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Click on the beam representation to change the beam specific data on the Beam Span
Data and Span Loads tabs.
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(2) Data Entry: This set of tabs is where you enter all information for the beam. These
tabs will show different information according to material type selected. See the specific
chapters for the items provided for each material. Click one of the following to jump:
Wood
Steel
Concrete
Beam Material
Clicking one of these buttons changes the material type used for the beam.
Compression Edge Lateral Bracing
These selections control how the module will evaluate the lateral compression edge
bracing for the design. When Define Bracing Span-by-Span is selected, the
unbraced length is defined on a span-by-span basis on the Beam Span Data tab.
When any of the other options are selected, the unbraced length is defined here on the
General Data tab, and that definition is applied to all spans of the beam.
Analysis Method
For wood & steel you can select ASD or LRFD design methods. Concrete design is
always ultimate strength (LRFD).
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Select Span
These buttons allow you to select which span the values in the data entry area apply
to.
Span Length
This is where you define the length of the currently selected span.
Deflection Ratios
These are used as the basis for the deflection design check and also as the starting
point for automatic member selection.
Section Name & Buttons
For steel and wood you can enter the standard beam section designation. You can
also type in the section name and the module will search the built-in database for a
match. If a match is found, the section properties will be loaded from the database and
they will appear on the Properties tab.
Click the button indicated below to open the section database for rolled steel shapes:
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the USA.
Click the button indicated below to display the Steel Member Design dialog:
This provides control over the type of member to be selected and various stress ratio,
deflection ratio and size limits to respect during the automatic member selection
process.
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The Quick-List provides a fast way to select a member section from the database.
Just select the type of member, scroll through the list and click on your selection.
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These selections control how the module will evaluate the lateral compression edge
bracing for the beam span selected above.
The top row has common selections for fully-braced conditions as well as options to
divide the selected span into segments of equal braced length.
The Define Spacing option lets you set a starting point and subsequent spacing for the
bracing within the selected span:
The Define Locations option lets you set up to three specific bracing locations
referenced from the left end of the selected span:
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Span Loads
This tab is used to specify loads FOR THE SELECTED SPAN ONLY (except as noted
below) using the tools shown on the following screen capture:
Use the [Add Load], [Copy Load] and [Delete Load] buttons to add, copy, or delete loads
on the selected span.
Use the Load Type selections to specify the type of load that will be added. This selection
affects the currently highlighted item in the table of loads. The data entry areas on the
right will change based on the type of load selected.
The Auto Add Beam Weight option will calculate the weight of the beam and add it to your
applied loads as a uniform dead load on the beam. Note that this option applies to the
FULL LENGTH of the beam...it is NOT a setting that can be set on a span-by-span basis.
The Auto Unbalanced Live Load Placement option is a VERY powerful selection. When
you have two or more beam spans, you can select this item and the module will
automatically generate load combinations for all possible permutations of patterned live
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load being placed on alternate spans. For instance, on a two-span beam, it would create
conditions that place live load on both spans, live load on the left span only and live load on
the right span only. That is a total of three permutations of live load, and it will do this for
ALL of the load combinations that are selected to run.
NOTE: This can significantly increase recalculation time needed for beams with many
spans.
Load classifications are: D: Dead, Lr: Roof Live, L: Live, S: Snow, W: Wind, E:
Earthquake, H: Earth Pressure
Click the load type button on the left and the appropriate load entry items will appear to
allow you to define the magnitude, location and extent of the load. With all load items set to
[None], the tab will be almost entirely blank.
Start Dist and End Dist defines the application distance from the FAR LEFT end of the
beam. For a beam with two 20' spans where you want to apply a uniform load 5' in from
each end use Start Dist = 5.00 and End Dist = 35.00.
The third item allows you to define repeating point loads or moments. You define the
position of the first load and the spacing increment thereafter.
The last item allows you to define repeating loads on EACH span. Load specification is for
the load in EACH span. For example, consider a two-span beam where the first span is
25' and the second span is 45'. Selecting [1/3 Points] will place loads at 8.33', 16.66' from
the left support of the first span and at 15' and 30' from the left support of the second span.
The "Specify" option allows you to provide a unique spacing measured from the left end of
each span.
Although this tab is not typically used for single-span beams, the tools are perfectly
applicable to single-span beams.
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Load Combinations
This tab is used to specify the load combinations that will be run for the analysis of this
beam, as shown in the screen capture below:
The [Change Load Combination Set] button is used to retrieve load combinations sets
from the Load Combination 84 database.
The lock symbol is used to enable editing of the load combination values. Click on the lock
symbol, and the multipliers for the load types will change to data entry items. After you
change an item's value and press [Tab], you will see the Load Combination description at
the left end of the line change to reflect your entered values.
[Use Add'l...] button, when clicked, displays a data entry item where you can specify the
magnitude of SDS to use as an additional internal factor in the load combinations.
[Auto Reverse Wind Factors] and [Auto Reverse Seismic Factors] buttons trigger the
module to create additional load combinations with the "W" and "E" factors set to negative
values. This has the effect of reversing the direction of application of the wind and seismic
loads that have been applied to the member.
(3) Calculation Result: This set of tabs provides detailed results for the current
calculation.
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The vertical tabs on the left edge of the screen allow you to select the three major areas
available for review:
Calculations provides several tabs that let you review the numeric detail of the
calculation. The left-most tab is always the Summary where the concise design is
given.
See the individual sections for each material type for specific discussions of these
result sections.
Sketch provides a scale illustration of the item you are designing, including an
indication of support conditions and applied load magnitudes.
Diagram provides a moment, shear, or deflection diagram for the item you are
designing.
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Note: In this module, the beam span length is always specified on the beam layout
graphic.
Clicking on the right [Add Cant] button in the image above adds a single cantilever at the
right support as shown below:
Clicking on the left support icon in the image above displays a selection box so you can
select a fixed end. Doing this sets the left support to fixed as shown below:
Clicking on the left [Add Cant] button in the image above adds a single cantilever at the left
support, resulting in the double cantilever as shown below:
Note that adding the cantilever on the left also had the effect of automatically revising the
left support back to a pinned condition.
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Properties Tab: This tab provides a [View Section Properties] button that when
clicked displays all of the design values for the AISC section you have selected.
Bracing Tab: This tab allows you to select how your beam is braced against lateraltorsional buckling. Defined brace points are automatically assumed to brace both the
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The first line offers the most basic options.....fully unbraced or fully braced.
The next line offers uniform brace spacing options.
The last two buttons offer the ability to specify brace spacings from a starting point or
enable you to specify selected brace points, as shown below:
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Quick-List Tab: This tab provides quick access to the database of wood sections.
Clicking a section type button like [Sawn-General] or [TJ:Microllam] in the Select
Type category will display all the sections of that type in the list to the right.
Properties Tab: This tab provides the values for the wood section you have chosen.
You can enter different numbers here to modify the section.
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Bracing Tab: See information provided above in the Steel section for a summary of
bracing options.
Span Data
When a concrete beam is chosen, a new tab named Span Data will be added to the
user interface (see below). This tab is where you specify the beam cross section and
reinforcing. This tab will only be shown when the material is set to concrete.
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On the right side of the tab you can specify up to 6 bars set (quantity, size, vertical
location and start/stop endpoints).
Each bar set is referenced on the sketch with a color shown as a dot to the left of the
set description.
The column highlighted in light blue titled "Dist of bar center....from...." is how you set
the vertical position of the bars set in the beam.
When you look at the top one you can read it as "The top bar set is 3 inches from the
bottom of the beam". Note that the module will know whether the bars are in tension or
compression and handle the calculations properly.
The item named Bar Position This Span defines the starting and ending location of the
bar's ends with respect to this span's left support.
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The data in the screen capture below shows that bar set #1 runs from the left end (0.0
ft) to 10.0 ft from the left support.
Using these starting and ending locations you can fine tune the bar layout and end
cutoffs.
Results Tabs
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And for concrete beams these two additional sub-tabs are also visible:
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Sketch
Diagrams
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Beams
Beams
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The Load Combinations tab provides a view of the load combinations that will be analyzed.
It also offers the ability to:
Select a different set of load combinations,
Modify the values used as load factors, and
Turn certain combinations on and off.
Refer to the
Beams
The General Beam Analysis module offers output options that are analogous to the output
options provided by the other beam modules, with the exception that no design results are
provided.
The lower half of the screen is dedicated to the display of results. The vertical strip of tabs
on the left side of the display allow you to choose between Calculations, Sketch, and
Diagram as explained below:
Calculations:
The Calculations tab offers four sub-tabs:
Summary Results: Displays extreme moments, maximum shear, extreme deflections and
extreme reactions.
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M-V-D: Summary: Displays moment, shear, and deflections at small increments along all
spans. Moment and shear are displayed for all load combinations. Deflection is displayed
for service load combinations only.
Support Reactions: Displays support reactions for all supports, for all load combinations.
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Sketch:
Displays a sketch of the beam, indicating span lengths, support conditions, and applied
loads.
Diagram:
Displays a graphic depiction of the beam with superimposed graphs of Moment, Shear, or
Deflection for a selected load combination, or for an envelope of all load combinations.
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Wood Beam
For general information on the typical data input for all beams see the Beams
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topic.
This module offers complete design of single and multi-span wood members. Among its
capabilities are:
Single or multi-span beams.
End fixity can be pinned, fixed, free or a combination thereof.
Analysis is according to 2005 NDS.
ASD or LRFD design methods can be selected. Values of KF and phi are
automatically determined and applied for the LRFD method.
A complete wood section database is provided. This includes sawn, gluedlaminated and selected manufactured sections.
A complete wood species database is provided. All values are per 2005 NDS.
Unbraced compression edge lengths can be specified in a variety of ways.
Automatic member selection is provided.
You can specify values for CM, Ct and Cr. CF or CV is automatically provided. In the
case of CF , the value is also based on species stress grade.
General Data
Beam Material
Clicking one of these buttons changes the material type used for the beam.
Design Method
For wood & steel you can select ASD or LRFD design methods. Concrete design
always uses ultimate strength design (LRFD).
Design Values
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This section is used to specify the type of wood that will be used. Use the
button to access the standard wood reference design values database and select a
material.
These values can be edited right on the screen. HOWEVER there are other pieces of
information, such as size factors for certain sizes of members, that are stored
separately.
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The button shown bubbled in the screen capture below is used to display the
Wood Section Database.
The button shown bubbled in the screen capture below is used to display the
Wood Member Design dialog.
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The Wood Member Design dialog allows you to choose the type of member to be
selected and to specify limits on the permissible stress ratio, deflection ratio and
selected member size.
Note: The factor named Maximum Stress Ratio does not act as a multiplier on the
specified deflection ratios.
Span Loads
No differences from other materials.
Loads All Spans
No differences from other materials.
Load Combinations
For wood members you will see entries for load duration factors. When ASD is used, the
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Load Duration Factor is referred to as CD. When LRFD is used, the Load Duration Factor
is referred to as .
Note that CD and
actually appear on the button at the top of the column of values. When
that button is clicked, the program will automatically determine the proper value for CD or
according to the NDS based on the shortest duration load type included in each of the load
combinations.
Results Tabs: This set of tabs provides detailed results for the current calculation. The
vertical tabs on the left edge of the screen allow you to select the three major areas available
for review: Calculations, Sketch, and Diagram.
The Calculations tab offers the following results options:
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Summary Results provides details for shear, moment and deflection for the governing
load combinations.
Max. Combinations provides detailed results for each beam segment for each load
combination. The leftmost column lists the load combinations and the unbraced length
being considered.
These results are a consolidation of the highly detailed incremental results presented
on the M-V-D Summary tab.
M-V-D Summary- Stresses shows highly detailed moment and shear information for
each beam and for each load combination. For multi-span beams using Automatic
Unbalanced Live Load Placement there may be thousands of lines of results.
M-V-D Summary - Deflections shows highly detailed deflection results for all load
combinations.
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Support Reactions shows reactions for each support for each load condition.
The Sketch tab provides a graphic representation of the beam currently being designed:
The Diagram tab offers the ability to view shear, moment, and deflection diagrams for
selected load combinations:
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Steel Beam
For general information on the typical data input for all beams see the Beams
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topic.
This module offers complete design of single and multi-span steel members. Among its
capabilities are:
Single or multi-span beams.
End fixity can be pinned, fixed, free or a combination.
Steel member analysis and design are according to AISC 360-05.
ASD or LRFD design methods can be selected.
A complete steel section database is provided.
Unbraced compression edge lengths can be specified in a variety of ways.
Automatic member selection is provided.
General Data
When steel is used, this tab includes input fields to set the values for yield stress and
elastic modulus, as well as an option to set the Cb factor equal to 1, as shown in the
screen capture below:
If Cb is not forced to 1, the program automatically calculates Cb based on the moment and
direction of curvature at various locations along the beam.
For convenience the module includes a built-in steel database. Click the
button to
the right of the Fy entry and you will see the following table, which offers a number of
commonly used steel grades:
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Span Loads
No differences from other materials.
Loads All Spans
No differences from other materials.
Load Combinations
No differences from other materials.
Results Tab
This set of tabs provides detailed results for the current calculation. The vertical tabs on
the left edge of the screen allow you to select the three major areas available for review:
Calculations, Sketch, and Diagram.
The Calculations tab offers the following results options:
Summary Results provides details for shear, moment and deflection for the governing
load combinations.
Max. Combinations provides detailed results for each beam segment for each load
combination. The leftmost column lists the load combinations and the unbraced length
being considered.
These results are a consolidation of the highly detailed incremental results on the M-VD Summary tab.
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M-V-D Summary- Stresses shows highly detailed moment and shear information for
each beam and for each load combination. For multi-span beams using Automatic
Unbalanced Live Load Placement there may be thousands of lines of results.
M-V-D Summary - Deflections shows highly detailed deflection results for all load
combinations.
Support Reactions shows reactions for each support for each load condition.
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The Sketch tab provides a graphic representation of the beam currently being designed:
The Diagram tab offers the ability to view shear, moment, and deflection diagrams for
selected load combinations:
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Concrete Beam
General Data
The concrete beam module handles single- and multiple-span beams using ONE cross
section shape. That shape can have up to six groups of reinforcing per span, and the
reinforcing can vary on a span-by-span basis.
This module also has a beam on elastic foundation option for single-span beams. In the
screen capture below you can see the two large selection boxes. Selecting Single Span
Beam on Elastic Foundation will remove the ability to select end support conditions, and it
will provide an entry for the Modulus of Subgrade Reaction of the supporting soil.
On the right side of this tab are all the required rebar, concrete strength and elastic
modulus entries, shear stirrup data, strength reduction factors and deflection criteria to
check.
NOTE: It is important to know how this module operates with regard to beam stiffness
along the span, and how this affects multi-span beams. This module divides each span
into a series of segments. The effective moment of inertia for each segment (for each load
combination) is calculated using the actual unfactored moment on that segment. Thus the
module creates a very accurate variable stiffness model of the beam based on actual
moments. For multiple-span beams, this will affect the relative stiffness of each beam
span. Thus the moment distribution across multiple spans will be properly performed. This
will affect factored load moments and shears and service load level deflections and
reactions.
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The cross section shape and dimensions are the same for all spans.
When you click on a span (for multi-span beams) in the topmost section of the window,
the span length and rebar layout will update to display the arrangement that is specific to
that span.
On the right side of this tab you can specify up to 6 bar sets (quantity, size, vertical location
and start/stop endpoints). Each bar set is referenced on the sketch with a color shown as
a dot to the left of the set description.
The column highlighted in light blue titled "Dist of bar center....from...." is how you set the
vertical position of the bar sets in the beam. When you look at the top one, you can read it
as "The top bar set is 3 inches from the bottom of the beam". Note that the module will
know whether the bars are in tension or compression and will handle the calculations
properly.
The item labeled Bar Position This Span defines the starting and ending location of the bar
ends with respect to the left end of each respective span. The data in the screen capture
below shows that bar set #1 and #2 run from the left end (0.0 ft) to 25.0 ft from the left end
of Span 1. Using these starting and ending locations you can fine tune the bar layout and
end cutoffs.
Note: The module will report an error message if any beam segments are found to be
completely unreinforced. Therefore, it is imperative that the rebar be defined in such a way
as to prevent completely unreinforced segments. This includes the short segments at the
extreme ends of a beam, where rebar is typically terminated. Remember that this module
is an analysis tool, not a detailing tool, so don't be tempted to define rebar as starting or
ending short of the physical end of the beam. The button labeled "FL" adjacent to each
rebar definition has been provided as a convenient way to indicate to the program that the
selected rebar runs the Full Length of the span.
Span Loads
No differences from other materials.
All Span Loads
No differences from other materials.
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Load Combinations
No differences from other materials.
Results Tabs
This set of tabs provides detailed results for the current calculation. The vertical tabs on
the left edge of the screen allow you to select the three major areas available for review:
Calculations, Sketch, and Diagram.
The Calculations tab offers the following results options:
Summary Results provides details for shear, moment and deflection for the governing
load combinations. Shear results are not shown here...they are summarized on a
separate tab that gives the required stirrup layout.
Max. Combinations provides detailed results for each beam segment for each load
combination.
These results are a consolidation to the highly detailed incremental results on the M-VD Summary tab.
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M-V-D Summary - Cross Section Values shows the moment capacities and
moment of inertia for all of the identified cross sections. The module has examined all
of the spans you defined and looked for identical reinforcing layouts. It has eliminated
the duplicates, and for simplicity, it only lists the unique reinforced cross sections
here.
M-V-D Summary - Design Shear shows the shear stirrup requirements along the
span(s) as required by the governing load combinations that generate the highest
shear at each section.
The column labeled Comment indicates the ACI code condition that governs the
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Support Reactions shows reactions for each support for each load condition.
The Sketch tab provides a graphic representation of the beam currently being designed:
The Diagram tab offers the ability to view shear, moment, and deflection diagrams for
selected load combinations:
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When you click the checkbox for Slab on Metal Deck, the associated input fields appear to
allow the selection of a manufactured deck product, or the manual specification of the
required deck properties.
Click the
button to display the metal deck selection window as shown below, or
simply enter the deck cross section data in the dimension input fields:
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Results Tabs: This set of tabs provides detailed results for the current calculation. The
vertical tabs on the left edge of the screen allow the user to select the three major areas
available for review: Calculations, Sketch, and Diagram.
The Calculations tab offers the following results options:
Summary Results tab presents the maximum/governing ratio values from all of the results
presented on the Max. Combinations tab. The module looks for the maximum bending
stress ratio and presents the components that are calculated to create that ratio.
For the bending stress item the module reports the Construction bending ratio which
considers all loads specified to be applied to the beam before curing. The resulting
moment is compared to the capacity of the steel section acting alone (non-compositely).
For the item reported as Governing Values, the module considers all loads specified to be
applied to the composite section. That moment is then compared to the full composite
section moment capacity for the percentage of shear connection specified.
The results indicate the load combination that creates the governing values along with the
span id and location at which the governing ratio was found to occur.
The module calculates the maximum total deflection as the sum of the deflection of the
non-composite steel section resisting all of the loads that are specified as Pre & Post
Composite (Always applied) plus the deflection of the composite section resisting all of the
loads that are specified as Post Composite Only (Applied after curing).
Note! The screen shown below which gives information for Construction loads is only for
unshored beams. For shored beams the Construction portion of moments is not
applicable, so it is not shown.
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Max Combinations tab presents in more concise detail the bending and shear values for
all load combinations. The display varies depending upon which Stress Method is selected.
Here is a view of the summary of unshored result values when "AISC 360-05" is selected
in the Stress Method category:
Ma Applied is the moment demand on the section due to the referenced load combination.
Mn/Omega is the moment capacity of the section at the stage of loading indicated by the
referenced load combination (either pre-composite or post-composite condition).
(When LRFD is used, the allowable nomenclature will change to the Mn value times Phi.)
Here is a view of the summary of shored result values when "AISC 360-05" is selected in
the Stress Method category:
Studs tab presents the shear connector requirements for all span sections. When point
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loads are present, this chart may list more detailed spacing requirements because of the
shear change between applied point loads.
M-V-D Summary presents moment, shear, and deflection results. Four screen captures of
this tab are shown below. Depending upon the Analysis Method selection (ASD or LRFD)
and the shoring selection (shored or unshored), these lists will present different values and
headings.
Note: There will also be subtle differences in these displays depending on which option the
user has selected for the Stress Method ("AISC 360-05" or "Prior Method"). Since the
"Prior Method" is being offered as a transition aid for a limited time, the screen captures
below are all based on the AISC 360-05 Stress Method:
ASD/Service Stress Combinations - SHORED:
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Deflections tab has two versions, one for shored and one for unshored construction. The
only differences are the load combinations and the explanations of load applications listed.
Service Deflections - SHORED:
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In the Unshored Service Deflections table, the columns warrant some detailed
explanation:
The column labeled "Pre-Composite"shows the deflection of the bare steel beam
subjected to all loads that are specified to act on the bare steel beam. This would include
all loads defined using the "Non-Composite (Construction)" option and all loads defined
using the "Pre & Post Composite (Always Applied)" option on the Span Loads tab.
The column labeled "Construction Loads Removed" shows the deflection of the bare steel
beam due all loads defined using the "Non-Composite (Construction)" option on the Span
Loads tab. Since these loads are removed before the beam reaches its service condition,
these construction load deflections are removed from the total deflection, so that the Total
deflection represents a correct net total deflection in the service condition.
The column labeled "Added Post Composite" shows the deflection of the composite
section due to the loads that are superimposed on the section after it has achieved
composite action. This would include all loads defined using the "Post Composite Only
(Applied after curing)" option on the Span Loads tab.
The column labeled "Total" is calculated by adding the value in the "Pre-Composite"
column to the value in the "Added Post Composite" column and then netting out the value
in the "Construction Loads Removed" column. This way, the "Total" deflection represents
the full anticipated in-service deflection considering all permanent loads and properly
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Reactions tab has two versions, one for shored and one for unshored construction. The
only differences are the load combinations and the explanations of load applications listed.
Properties tab shows the calculations for transformed section properties calculated in
increments of 1% shear connection, from 100% down to the code minimum 25%. "I Lower
Bound" and "I Constant Stiffness" are terms described in AISC 360-05.
The Sketch tab provides two ways to view a graphic representation of the beam currently
being designed:
Span & Loads tab:
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The Diagram tab offers the ability to view shear, moment, and deflection diagrams for
selected load combinations:
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General Tab
This tab collects information on the ledger size and stress grade, and bolt information. If
the ledger in
Ledger Data: Enter the actual dimensions (not nominal) and the wood species of the
ledger. The specific gravity will be retrieved from the internal databases (you can also
revise the specific gravity).
Wood Stress Grade: Use the [Browse] button to access the built-in NDS reference
design values database and retrieve the Fb and Fv values. You can also edit these values
separately.
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Bolting Data: Enter the bolt diameter and spacing. The yield strength of the bolt is fixed at
45 ksi in this module to remain consistent with the assumptions in the NDS.
ASD or LRFD: Select the design method to be used. Load factoring and allowable stress
calculations will applied accordingly. Values of KF and phi are automatically determined
and applied for the LRFD method.
The following sketch clarifies the width dimension required for a wood supporting
member:
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Loads Tab
This tab allows you to apply vertical and horizontal loads to the ledger. All loads are
assumed to act in the plane of the wall. Vertical loads might come from gravity loading on
supported members. Horizontal loading might come from diaphragm action, such as the
floor system dragging lateral wind or seismic load into the ledger. When both vertical and
horizontal loads are applied, the resulting load will be at an angle to the bolt that is
somewhere between 0 degrees (for purely horizontal loading) and 90 degrees (for purely
vertical loading).
One set of uniform load values can be specified, and it will be considered to act
consistently along all areas of the ledger. For calculations purposes, this module considers
the ledger a continuous beam over multiple supports.
One set of repeating point loads can be specified, where the input collects the magnitude,
the starting location, and the spacing between subsequent loads. The module will consider
all locations of the point loads over enough ledger spans between bolts to determine the
governing case. For example, say your ledger bolting is set to 36" and the point load is set
to 15". There will be multiple point loads between bolts, and on the NEXT span, the point
loads will be in different relative positions with respect to the bolts. The module analyzes all
conditions of that bolt pattern over enough ledger spans to determine the governing point
load offset.
One set of horizontal (lateral) shear loads is allowed, in order to simulate wind or seismic
load applied to the ledger and acting in the plane of the supporting wall.
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Results Tabs
This set of tabs provides detailed results for the current calculation. The vertical tabs on the
left edge of the screen allow you to select the two major areas available for review:
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M & V Details tab summarizes the design values according to load combination for
moment, shear and bolt forces.
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Allowable Bolt Capacity tab provides the details of the bolt capacities according to the
chosen NDS calculation method.
The Sketch tab provides a graphic representation of the ledger currently being designed:
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Unique Features
This module calculates all vertical and lateral moments and shears and combines
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them for all possible stress ratios. This provides a thorough evaluation of combined
stresses for seismic and wind design.
The module also provides the ability to modify the material weight, automatically
reverse seismic and/or wind loadings, and model both fix-fix and pin-pin end fixity
conditions.
Assumptions & Limitations
When the beam's fixity is set to Fixed, both vertical and lateral bending are considered
fixed.
General Tab
This tab provides data entry for the lintel dimensions, material properties and lateral loads.
Clear Span and Lintel Depth are used to calculate the beam bending and shears.
Thickness is the nominal masonry thickness. The true thickness is determined from
internal tables.
End Fixity controls whether the analysis will consider the lintel to be pinned or fixed.
Calculate & Include Vertical Lintel Weight tells the module to calculate the lintel
self-weight and add it as a uniform vertical load across the full span.
Material Data defines the allowable stresses for masonry and reinforcing steel.
Wall Weight Multiplier allows the user to factor the lintel self-weight that is pulled
from internal tables.
Block Type selects the density of the CMU used for self-weight.
Lateral Loads allows you to specify wind and seismic loads that are applied
horizontally, perpendicular to the span of the lintel. Seismic Weight factor is a
multiplier applied to the lintel self-weight to create a laterally applied uniform load.
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Reinforcing Tab
This tab allows you to specify the longitudinal reinforcing in the lintel.
Rebar Size
Enter the rebar size used for all longitudinal bar sets to be used in the lintel.
Bars Each Face
Selected implies that the lintel is reinforced with two layers of reinforcing separated by
the value specified in the "Bar Spacing" input.
Deselected implies that the lintel is reinforced with one layer of reinforcing located at
the middle of the width of the lintel.
The lintel below DOES have bars each face:
does NOT have bars each face:
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Rebar Distance from Top & Bottom of Lintel to Centerline of rebar group
Distance from the top and bottom of the lintel to the center of area of the respective
bar set. These distances will be used as "d" for vertical bending strength calculations.
# Bar Sets
Enter the number of bar sets in the lintel. A value of one indicates that the lintel has
bottom reinforcing only.
The lintel below has one bar set:
below has three bar sets:
The lintel
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Bar Spacing
This is the clear distance between the bars on each face in a bar set. It is assumed
that the bar set is centered within the width of the lintel. The value of "d" used for
lateral bending strength calculations is calculated as: Spacing Between Bars + (Actual
Thickness - Spacing Between Bars) / 2
Shear Reinforcement
When you click [Yes] you can specify the vertical shear reinforcement used in the
lintel. The results will then reflect the allowable & actual shear stress ratios.
Vertical Load Tab
This tab allows you to specify point loads and distributed loads applied to the lintel.
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Sketch Tab
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same way that this information is provided in the other beam modules. Refer to the
topic for additional explanation, but remember that this particular module is limited to singlespan conditions. In addition to these pieces of data, the General Data tab also provides input
fields for the compression edge lateral bracing condition, the design method, material
properties, and an option to force the Cb value to 1.0, as shown below:
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Refer to the
Beams
The Steel Beam with Torsional Loads module offers output options that are analogous to
the output options provided by the other beam modules, with the exception that the results
include torsional design considerations.
The lower half of the screen is dedicated to the display of results. The vertical strip of tabs
on the left side of the display allow you to choose between Calculations, Sketch, and
Diagram as explained below:
Calculations:
The Calculations tab offers four sub-tabs:
Summary Results: Displays extreme flange normal stress, extreme flange and web shear
stress, extreme deflections, extreme rotations, and extreme reactions.
Maximum Combinations: Displays maximum stress ratio, extreme moments and shears,
flange normal stresses due to bending and due to torsion, flange shear stress due to
torsion, web shear stress due to bending and due to torsion, for all load combinations.
M-V-D: Summary: Displays moment, shear, unbraced length, flange normal stress, flange
shear stress, web shear stress, and deflections at small increments along all spans.
Moment, shear, and stresses are displayed for all load combinations. Deflection is
displayed for service load combinations only.
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Support Reactions: Displays support reactions for all supports, for all load combinations.
Sketch:
Displays a sketch of the beam, indicating span lengths, support conditions, and applied
loads.
Diagram:
Displays a graphic depiction of the beam with superimposed graphs of Moment, Shear,
Deflection or Rotation for a selected load combination, or for an envelope of all load
combinations.
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Columns
The Structural Engineering Library has a single basic column design module that
supports Wood, Steel, Concrete and Masonry material types.
There are some portions of the graphical user interface that remain consistent for all
materials, and this topic will focus on those items. For detailed information about each of
the material-specific calculation modules, please review the respective topics below.
Note: The Column modules are not intended for the design of tension members. Column
modules should not be applied in situations where the member experiences net tension.
General Information
The screen capture below shows the portions of the General tab that remain constant for
all four material types.
You can easily select a different column material by clicking one of the four material
buttons. When you do, the program will load the user interface that is specific to the
chosen material.
Overall Column Height is the total height of the column and does not have anything to do
with slenderness lengths. This length is used for three things:
to describe the overall height of the column for the purpose of calculating self weight
(if specified),
to locate the topmost point of load application, and
to perform the bending analysis when lateral loads are applied.
Rotational End Fixities let you specify how the ends of the columns are or are not
attached to boundary conditions. Each condition explicitly describes the translational and
rotational boundary conditions at both the top and bottom of the column.
Vertical Loads
Vertical loads can be applied to any location along the height of the column. You use this
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tab to build a table of applied loads with the [Add], [Copy] and [Delete] buttons.
Include Self Weight option tells the module to automatically calculate the weight of
the column and add it as an additional dead load (which will be factored per "D" load
combination factor and applied at the top of the column).
Description lets you describe each load you are applying.
Load Eccentricity has "X" and "Y" eccentricity locations so the loads can create Y-Y
and X-X axis moments respectively.
Location from Base is where you specify the vertical location of the axial load with
respect to the bottom of the column.
Lateral Loads
On this tab you can specify loads that will be applied along the X or Y axes of the column
(non-axial loads).
Applied Load Type & Values has a drop-down list box where you can choose Full
Uniform, Partial Uniform, Point Load and Moment load types.
Description lets you describe each load you are applying.
Moment Axis is where you specify about which column axis the load creates its
applied moment.
Location from Base is where you specify the vertical location of the lateral load with
respect to the bottom of the column.
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Steel LRFD
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Concrete LRFD
Wood ASD
Wood LRFD
Masonry ASD
Calculation Modules
Masonry LRFD
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Column Slenderness
It is important to understand that the settings on the Slenderness tab serve double-duty.
When the column has applied bending forces, these slenderness settings also define the
unbraced compression edge lengths, and therefore they affect the calculation of allowable
bending stresses.
In most of the column modules there are two tabs: "X-X" and "Y-Y Axis Column
Slenderness". Let's start with the all-important definition of the axis reference for
slenderness.
Buckling failure of a column can be thought of as an uncontrolled and excessive deflection
in the direction of a particular axis. When defining slenderness, one of the important
values is the distance between points that brace the column against movement (or failure)
along a particular axis.
The column modules ask you to specify the distance between points of bracing that
prevent buckling along the column's local X-X or Y-Y axis.
The X-X axis is always parallel to the "width" dimension of the column. The Y-Y axis is
always parallel to the "depth" dimension of the column.
For example, the "X-X" axis of a steel W14 section is parallel to the flanges. The "X-X Axis
Column Slenderness" defines the distance between points that prevent the column from
buckling along its "X-X" axis.
In the Structural Engineering Library, slenderness is entered as the distance
between points bracing a member against buckling in the direction of the specified
axis.
In the screen capture immediately below, we have selected [Fully braced "X" Axis]. This
means that the column is fully braced against buckling along its X-X axis, which is parallel
to the width dimension. If this was a steel "W" section, then the column is fully braced
against buckling parallel to the flanges.
All materials, column fully braced
This selection sets the column as fully braced, and no slenderness effects will be
evaluated.
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Wood Column
The user can select ASD or LRFD design methods and has access to a large built-in
database of wood sizes and NDS species stress grades. Values of KF and phi are
automatically determined and applied for the LRFD method.
All calculations are according to the 2005 NDS code.
The screen capture below shows the full screen for wood column design. See items below
for descriptions of items that are specific to the Wood Column module.
For general description of the module, end fixity, loads, and load combinations click here
327 . For slenderness description click here 332 .
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General Tab
The Design Stresses area bubbled in the screen capture below is unique to the wood
column selection. This area enables you to specify the base design values for the wood
species and grade of interest.
You can either enter these values manually, or you can click the
Wood Stress Database.
The area bubbled in red is where you specify the column cross section. Use the
button to display the built-in database of wood sections (solid-sawn, glulam, and
manufactured sections are available). You can also enter the values manually.
The area bubbled in blue provides allowable stress modification factors that you can
specify. Please note that CF or CV values are automatically filled in. CF values are
determined from the size and stress grade of the member (No. 1 and Utility grades have
different values). CV values are calculated when a glu-lam section is specified.
The area in green provides quick access to the built-in wood section database. Simply
click the button of the section type and the list on the right will be populated automatically
from the appropriate database. Then just click on a section to have its data loaded into the
entries in the red area.
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Results Tab
This tab provides a summary of the stress ratios, reactions and deflections for the column.
Max Axial + Bending Stress Ratio is the governing load combination for the column.
Listed is the governing load load combination, the NDS formulas that is used and the
location of the maximum stress ratio above the base of the column. Please note maximum
stress ratio is what is being reported because it governs the design.....not necessarily the
highest axial or bending stress.
Max Shear Stress Ratio will probably never govern for a column design but is presented
here with the governing load combination, location and allowable/actual stress values.
Lateral Load Reactions and Deflections are the result of applied lateral loads.
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Sketch Tab
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Axial-Shear-Moment Diagrams
This tab provides comprehensive charting capability to view graphs of Axial load, Shear,
Moment, and Deflection along the length of the member. Note that the graphs are oriented
such that the right end of the graph represents the column base, and the left end of the
graph represents the column top. This was done to maximize the scale of the graph based
on the screen area available.
Pn-Pnx-Mny Diagrams
This tab allows you to see the moment capacities about each axis given a certain
allowable axial load.
This is mostly for reference and can be considered a reverse application of the load
capacity calculations.
In the screen capture below we have selected a 30 degree angle. For a 1.1 kip axial load
you can see the moment capacity values, Mnx and Mny.
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Steel Column
The user can select ASD or LRFD methods and has access to a complete database of
steel section sizes.
All calculations are according to AISC 360-05.
The screen capture below shows the full screen for steel column design. See items below
for descriptions of items that are specific to the steel column design module.
For general description of the module, end fixity, loads, and load combinations click here
327 . For slenderness description click here 332 .
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General Tab
The area shown bubbled in the screen capture below is specific to the steel column
selection. Here you can specify ASD or LRFD design procedure and specify the yield
strength and elastic modulus of the steel member to be used.
Click the
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The button circled in pink will display the Steel Member Design dialog (see below).
This tool checks all of the steel sections for the selected type (W is selected in this case).
A section will be judged to pass if the maximum stress ratio entered is not exceeded
and the depth measurements and depth class are not exceeded.
We use the term "Depth Class" to refer to the nominal dimension of the family to which the
section belongs (ex: W14). It does refer to the actual depth of the section. All sections
starting with "W14" are of the "14" depth class.
Results Tab
This tab provides a summary of the stress ratios, reactions and deflections for the column.
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Max Axial + Bending Stress Ratio is the governing load combination for the column.
Listed is the governing load load combination, the AISC formulas that are used, and the
location of the maximum stress ratio above the base of the column. Please note that the
maximum stress ratio is being reported (along with its location) because it governs the
overall design, even though it may not necessarily be the highest axial stress or the highest
bending stress experienced anywhere in the column.
Max Shear Stress Ratio will probably never govern for a normally loaded column design.
But it is presented here with the governing load combination, location and allowable/actual
stress values.
Lateral Load Reactions and Deflections are the result of applied lateral loads.
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For consistency, all of the column headings are taken directly from AISC.
Note! This list scrolls to the right to display more information.
Reactions Tab
This tab provides the sideways (non-axial) reactions for individual load cases and for a set
of built-in service load combinations, along each axis.
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Sketch Tab
Axial-Shear-Moment Diagrams
This tab provides comprehensive charting capability to view graphs of Axial load, Shear,
Moment, and Deflection along the length of the member. Note that the graphs are oriented
such that the right end of the graph represents the column base, and the left end of the
graph represents the column top. This was done to maximize the scale of the graph based
on the screen area available.
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Concrete Column
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General Tab
The area circled in red in the screen capture below is specific to the concrete column
selection.
Concrete Shape
This tab is specific to the concrete column selection. It allows you to select from 12
different column shapes. Simply click the button surrounding the column shape icon and
the screen below will change to allow specific data input for measurements and reinforcing
layout.
Following the screen capture below we will show ALL the data input areas for ALL the
column shapes with descriptions as needed.
Note that this module does a very detailed biaxial analysis of the column cross section
using exact numerical methods.
Circular Column
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Square Column
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Rectangular Column
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Trapezoidal Column
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Octagon Column
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Results Tab
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Note: The value of Euler Buckling load (Pc) is calculated using the following formula from
ACI 318-11 Section R10.10.6.2: EI = 0.25Ec Ig.
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P-Mx-My Capacities
Section Properties
Reactions
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Sketch
P-M Diagrams
A-V-M-D Diagrams
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Theoretical Basis
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Masonry Column
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General Tab
The area circled in red below is specific to the masonry column selection. You have the
choice of using Working Stress or Strength Design methods.
The column capacity is determined by creating a P-M interaction diagram, so that the
effect of compressive force is included in the calculation of allowable moment capacity.
For working stress this will result in significantly higher capacities than the older methods
that calculated an actual stress ratio using (fa/Fa + fb/Fb).
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Masonry Tab
All of the information on this tab is specific to masonry column design.
The input items in the red bubble define the material properties of the column and
reinforcing used.
The input items in the blue bubble let you define the cross section size, reinforcing, and
orientation of the column.
Under Specify Column Dimensions we've made it easy by providing buttons for the
common nominal dimensions of a masonry column. Click the Width and Depth buttons
and you will see the actual dimension appear in the bottom of the area. Note that "Width" is
parallel to the "x-x" axis and "Depth" is parallel to the "y-y" axis.
In the lower right you can specify the bar size and bar count to be used on each face of the
column.
The graphic will change accordingly as your input changes.
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Reactions
This tab reports axial reactions and lateral reactions due to lateral loads or due to axial
loads that have an eccentricity.
Sketch
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A-V-M Diagrams
Pn-Mnx-Mny Diagrams
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10.4
General Walls
General Introductory Video:
Click Here for Video
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The wall panel is analyzed using strength design procedures. Out-of-plane moments
within the wall are created by eccentric axial loads, applied lateral loads, lateral self weight
loads and moments induced due to the wall weight acting at an eccentricity when it
deflects (P-Delta moments).
The ACI slender wall procedure, introduced in ACI 318-99, was first adopted by the IBC
2000 and subsequent code editions. As quoted in ACI 318R-05 Commentary, Section 14.8
is based on the corresponding requirements in 1997 UBC and experimental research
presented in the 1982 "Test Report by SCCACI-SEAOSC". Analytical study of the current
IBC/ACI provisions for concrete wall panels showed the ACI procedure does not
correspond to a bilinear load-deflection characteristic observed in the SEAOSC tests and
significantly underestimates the service load deflection.
The ENERCALC Concrete Slender Wall program uses basic principles of structural
mechanics to model the wall as a series of beam segments. For each segment the actual
moment is used to calculate member stiffness using the Ief f ectiv e equations developed by
Peter H. Bischoff. Since these changes to wall stiffness affect the wall deflection profile,
the program performs an iterative analysis of calculating moments (including P-Delta
effects). The results are deflection curves almost exactly matching the SCCACI-SEAOSC
test results. This makes this program far more accurate at calculating wall deflections and
P-Delta effects than the simple equations in the ACI code.
Capabilities
This module provides these capabilities:
One or two story slender tilt-up concrete walls
Optional parapet
Axial loads with optional eccentricities
Wind, seismic and user defined lateral loads creating bending on the wall panel
Variable strip width to model the wall panel
Rebar location at center of wall or two layers of reinforcing at each side
Temperature differential can be specified across thickness of wall to add curvature
Bottom of wall can be fixed or pinned for moment resistance
Top of wall can be pinned or free
A reveal can be defined and cross section properties modified for reduced thickness and
optionally add rebar
The effects of wall openings can be addressed by modeling the solid panel between or
adjacent to openings and then using superposition to apply the loads above and below
openings.
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General Tab
Material Properties
f'c
28-day compressive strength of the concrete.
Fy
Yield point stress of reinforcing
Fr: Rupture Modulus
Multiplier used in the expression to define the modulus of rupture for the concrete. 5.0
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is the original recommended multiplier that was developed as a result of the SEAOSC
slender wall tests of the early 1980s. 7.5 is the multiplier provided by ACI 318-05, -08,
and -11.
Lambda
Factor to account for lightweight concrete.
Ec
Modulus of elasticity of concrete. You can enter the value or click the
["57"] button to set Ec = 57000 * sqrt(f'c), or click the
["33"] button to set Ec = 33 * sqrt(f'c) * ConcWeight1.5.
Concrete Wt
Weight of concrete in pounds per cubic foot.
Max Pu/Ag = f'c * <entry>
Enter a multiplier less than 1.0 which will be applied to f'c to determine the maximum
allowable factored axial stress.
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Bar Size
Enter the US customary rebar size number.
Analysis Settings
Ieff used for Deflection
The module offers the option to use Ief f ectiv e based on the moment in the individual wall
elements or to use Icracked for the full height of the wall.
Temperature Differential across Thickness
This input is used to describe the temperature change between each face of the wall.
A temperature change induces a slight curvature into the wall because the hotter side
expands, resulting in a slightly higher out-of-plane deflection.
Enter temperature differentials as positive values. The effects of a specified
temperature differential are always additive with the bending and deflection resulting
from other applied loads.
Minimum Vertical Steel: %/100
Minimum steel as a percentage of the gross wall area.
Minimum Allowed (Span/Deflection) Ratio
This setting establishes the minimum allowable ratio of span length to service load
deflection. If a lower actual Span/Deflection ratio occurs (meaning greater deflection),
a warning message will be displayed.
Apply 0.75 Factor used in ACI Eq. 14-5 & 14-6
Please see the code reference for an explanation of this factor. It is typically not used
in this module because it is a calibration factor used to curve fit deflection calculations
with ACI approximate formulas.
Number of wall elements for FE solver to use
This module divides the wall design strip into segments from the base to the top for
analysis purposes. Use this entry to define the number of segments to use.
Experience demonstrates that approximately 30 segments gives a good balance
between the iterative P-Delta analysis reaching convergence and excessive
calculation time.
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Fixity Conditions
Controls how the top and bottom of the wall are restrained for moments and lateral
movement.
[Top & Bottom Pinned]
Base of wall is restrained against movement out of plane and vertically, rotates freely.
Top of wall restrained against out of plane movement and can move vertically and
rotate freely.
[Top Pinned, Bottom Fixed]
Base of wall is restrained against movement about all three axes. Any lateral loading
will create a moment at the bottom of the wall, which is not designed in this module.
Top of wall restrained against out of plane movement and can move vertically and
rotate freely.
[Top Free, Bottom Fixed]
Base of wall is restrained against movement about all three axes. Any lateral loading
will create a moment at the bottom of the wall, which is not designed in this module.
Top of wall is completely free making this a cantilevered wall.
Clear Height
Span of the wall between the base and the first lateral support. For one story walls this
is the top support. For 2 story walls this prompt will change to be "1st story height".
Parapet Height
Distance the wall extends (without a topmost lateral support) above the topmost
lateral support (i.e. extension above the clear height for one story wall, extension
above the 2nd story height for 2 story walls).
Initial Lateral Displacement @ Roof Attachment
You may use this entry to specify an initial movement of the top support laterally with
respect to the bottom support. Limit this values to 4 inches. This value affects the PDelta moments because of the additional offset of the wall.
Reveal Data
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A reveal is a portion of the wall that is recessed from the rest of the surface. It is
formed by placing thin blockout material (typically styrofoam) in the forms prior to
concrete placement. It is used to create architectural effects. The reveal reduces the
structural thickness of the wall. This module calculates section properties for this
reduced section in the portion of the wall where the reveal has been formed.
Reveal Depth
Depth of reveal measured from outside face of wall. A 1" reveal in a 6" wall gives a net
structural thickness of 5".
Reveal Start Location, Reveal End Location
Distances measured upwards from bottom of wall that define the start and end points
of the reveal.
Reveal Rebar
This selection defines how the module should consider the reveal area to be
reinforced.
No Change means that the reinforcing stays where it is as defined by the "Rebar 'd'
Distance" entered on the General tab. This option results in an offset rebar location
within the remaining structural thickness, because the reveal takes away part of the
concrete.
Drape Bars tells the module to move the rebar inward to give the same dimension
between the rebar and face of wall. For walls with bars at "Center" this moves the bar
to the center of the remaining structural thickness. When bars are specified on each
face, this option moves only one of the bars inwards.
Add Bars enables you to add additional reinforcing in the area of the reveal. The
location of the main rebar is as described in the "No Change" option above.
Strip Width: Width of wall portion for analysis
This module performs its analysis for this width. Results are for either this width or a
12" width as noted where the results are provided.
Note that applied loads either are applied to the entire strip width (as for concentrated
vertical and lateral loads) or are entered on a per-foot basis when they are uniform
loads.
Two Story...
When a two story wall is selected, this tab changes slightly to provide the 2nd story
height and remove the Fixed-Free support option.
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Ledger Load
This is a per-foot vertical load applied to the wall at an optional eccentricity. So if you
have a 48" strip width and specify a 1 k/ft dead load then the strip will have a total of 4
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Enter Wall Weight Factor: Enter a number that will be multiplied by the self-weight of
the wall. For example, if you enter 0.25 and the wall weighs 80 psf, then a 20.00 psf
out-of-plane load will be calculated and applied to the wall using the load combination
factors for "E".
Enter SDS per ASCE-05: Enter the (SDS * I) value as prescribed by the ASCE code for
the building location. The minimum calculated load value of 10 psf or (0.4 * Value
Entered * Wall Weight) will be applied to the wall using the load combination factors
for "E".
Fp
This is the actual seismic load applied perpendicular to the plane of the wall, which
represents the wall's seismic self weight load.
Concentrated Lateral Loads
This is an added lateral load applied perpendicular to the plane of the wall. It acts on
the full "Strip Width" and is factored by the load combination factors corresponding to
the type of load.
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Summary Tab
This tab presents the critical results as calculated by the module.
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Reactions Tab
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This tab gives a summary of out-of-plane and vertical base reactions for each service load
combination.
Notes Tab
Included are some excerpts from ACI regarding slender concrete wall design.
Sketch Tab
Diagram Tab
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This method lifts the restriction on H/t ratios, and performs wall analysis using the
principles of ultimate strength design. The design method is very similar to that of the
Concrete Slender Wall module.
This module uses a variable width strip of wall section to represent a typical section of
wall. The module has the ability to apply a lateral wind load, seismic load, partial length
uniform lateral load, and a lateral point load to the clear span of the wall section. This
variety of loadings should take care of almost every lateral loading case possible.
The user may specify masonry and reinforcing strengths, seismic factor, wind load,
vertical and lateral loads, vertical load eccentricities, and wall construction. The module
determines the wall capacity, actual deflections considering P-Delta effects, and solves for
the final moments obtained through iteration of the P-Delta effects. Deflection analysis is
provided for both service and factored load cases.
The user reaches a final design by modifying wall thickness, rebar size, and rebar spacing
until no overstress condition exists and the deflection limits prescribed in the code are
satisfied.
This module uses basic principles of structural mechanics to model the wall as a series of
beam segments. For each segment the actual moment is used to calculate member
stiffness using the Ief f ectiv e equations developed by Peter H. Bischoff. Since these changes
to wall stiffness affect the wall deflection profile, the program performs an iterative analysis
of calculating moments (including P-Delta effects). The results are deflection curves
almost exactly matching the SCCACI-SEAOSC test results. This makes this module far
more accurate at calculating wall deflections and P-Delta effects than the simple equations
in the ACI code.
Capabilities
This module provides these capabilities:
One or two story slender masonry walls
Optional parapet
Axial loads with optional eccentricities
Wind, seismic and user defined lateral loads creating bending on the wall panel
Variable strip width to model the wall panel
Temperature differential can be specified across thickness of wall to add curvature
Calculation Modules
General Tab
Material Properties
f'm
Enter the allowable masonry strength to be used in the analysis. The allowable
bending and axial stresses calculated from f'm are outlined in a later section.
fy
Yield point stress of reinforcing.
fr - Rupture & Fr-Table
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Analysis Settings
P-Delta Deflection Method
The module always performs an iterative analysis for moments and deflections using
progressively greater wall deflections due to increasing P-Delta effects.
Temperature Differential across thickness
This input is used to describe the temperature change between each face of the wall.
A temperature change induces a slight curvature into the wall because the hotter side
expands, resulting in a slightly higher out-of-plane deflection.
Enter temperature differentials as positive values. The effects of a specified
temperature differential are always additive with the bending and deflection resulting
from other applied loads.
Minimum Vertical Steel: %/100
Minimum steel percentage as a portion of the gross wall area.
Minimum Out-of-Plane Deflection Ratio
This setting establishes the minimum allowable ratio of span length to service load
deflection. If a lower actual Span/Deflection ratio occurs (meaning greater deflection),
a warning message will be displayed.
Number of wall elements for FE solver to use
This module divides the wall design strip into segments from the base to the top for
analysis purposes. Use this entry to define the number of segments to use.
Experience demonstrates that approximately 30 segments gives a good balance
between the iterative P-Delta analysis reaching convergence and excessive
calculation time.
Dimensions Tab
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Fixity Conditions
Controls how the top and bottom of the wall are restrained for moments and lateral
movement.
[Top & Bottom Pinned]
Base of wall is restrained against movement out of plane and vertically, rotates freely.
Top of wall restrained against out of plane movement and can move vertically and
rotate freely.
[Top Pinned, Bottom Fixed]
Base of wall is restrained against movement about all three axes. Any lateral loading
will create a moment at the bottom of the wall which is not designed in this module.
Top of wall restrained against out of plane movement and can move vertically and
rotate freely.
[Top Free, Bottom Fixed]
Base of wall is restrained against movement about all three axes. Any lateral loading
will create a moment at the bottom of the wall which is not designed in this module.
Top of wall is completely free making this a cantilevered wall.
Clear Height
Span of the wall between the base and the first lateral support. For one story walls this
is the top support. For 2 story walls this is this prompt will change to be "1st story
height".
Parapet Height
Distance the wall extends (without a topmost lateral support) above the topmost
lateral support (clear height for one story wall, 2nd story height for 2 story walls)
Initial Lateral Displacement @ Roof Attachment
You may use this entry to specify an initial movement of the top support laterally with
respect to the bottom support. Limit this values to 4 inches. This value effects the PDelta moments because of the additional offset of the wall.
Strip Width: Width of wall portion for analysis
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This module performs its analysis for this width. Results are for either for this width or
a 12" width as noted where the results are provided.
Note that applied loads either are applied to the entire strip width (as for concentrated
vertical and lateral loads) or are entered on a per-foot basis when they are uniform
loads.
Two Story...
When a two story wall is selected this tab changes slightly to provide the 2nd story
height and remove the Fixed-Free support option.
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Ledger Load
This is a per-foot vertical load applied to the wall at an optional eccentricity. So if you
have a 48" strip width and specify a 1 k/ft dead load then the strip will have a total of 4
kip applied due to the 1 k/ft entry.
Concentric Load
This is a per-foot vertical load applied concentrically to the wall. So if you have a 48"
strip width and specify a 1 k/ft dead load then the strip will have a total of 4 kip applied
due to the 1 k/ft entry.
Mid-Height Vertical Uniform Load
This load entry is only shown for 2-story walls. It allows you to specify two uniform
loads applied at the "1st Story" height, one of which can have an eccentricity from the
wall center.
Concentrated Loads
These are single concentrated vertical loads applied to the wall "strip width" with an
optional eccentricity.
Distance from Base is the height at which the load is applied.
Eccentricity
Describes an offset from the mid-thickness of the wall panel, which is the default
location of application of a vertical load. Enter this value as a positive number when
the load is shifted toward the inside of the wall.
Loads Tab - Lateral Loads
Lateral loads are applied perpendicular to the plane of the wall and are almost always
seismic or wind. These loads create out-of-plane deflection of the wall, which the module
will use to develop P-Delta effects to calculate secondary moments in the wall. Recall from
other explanations that the module divides the wall into small segments and calculates the
allowable and actual forces and deflections for each small segment. In this way the lateral
loads are properly modeled on what is a beam with variable stiffness due to the state of
cracking in each segment.
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Enter all loads as service level loads, meaning the load intensity is calculated using all
code provisions EXCEPT load factors used for LRFD or ASD.
Enter Wall Weight Factor: Enter a number that will be multiplied by the self-weight of
the wall. For example, if you enter 0.25 and the wall weighs 80 psf, then a 20.00 psf
out-of-plane load will be calculated and applied to the wall using the load combination
factors for "E".
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Enter SDS per ASCE-05: Enter the (SDS * I) value as prescribed by the ASCE code for
the building location. The minimum calculated load value of 10 psf or (0.4 * Value
Entered * Wall Weight) will be applied to the wall using the load combination factors
for "E".
Fp
This is the actual seismic load applied perpendicular to the plane of the wall, which
represents the wall's seismic self weight load.
Concentrated Lateral Loads
This is an added lateral load applied perpendicular to the plane of the wall. It acts on
the full "Strip Width" and is factored by the load combination factors corresponding to
the type of load.
Distributed Lateral Loads
This is an added lateral uniform load applied perpendicular to the plane of the wall. It
acts on the full "Strip Width" and is factored by the load combination factors
corresponding to the type of load.
You also enter the start and end distance of the load extent above the base of the wall.
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Maximum Combinations
This tab provides a summary of the governing values for each load combination for both
factored load axial & bending and service load deflections.
Factored Load Maximum Moments for Load Combinations: The module looks
through the result set for each load combination and identifies the location above the
base of the wall at which the maximum condition is found. Note that "Aseff" is the
effective area of steel and is influenced by the axial compression in that segment.
Service Load Maximum Deflections for Load Combinations: The module looks
through the result set for each load combination and identifies the location above the
base of the wall at which the maximum out-of-plane deflection is found. The value for
"Ieff" is specific to the segment at that location and is based on the actual moment and
Bischoff's equation for calculating effective moment of inertia.
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Reactions
This tab gives a summary of out-of-plane and vertical base reactions for each service load
combination.
Notes
Included are some excerpts from ACI regarding slender masonry wall design.
Sketch
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Diagram
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Shear Walls
Please select a material chapter.
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The analysis starts at the top of the wall and moves downwards. Applied loads and wall
self weight (if selected) are determined in each pier and the forces and moments are
calculated.
The module can distribute loads from a single pier above to multiple piers below (or
multiple piers at the same level to a single connecting pier) either by proportional rigidity of
the piers or by tributary length. The Results tab provides you with a good view of how the
load distribution progresses. In the screen capture below note that for the load combination
each pier is listed, the proportional shear value for a pier and the applied, self weight and
loads from above to that pier are shown.
In the two screen captures above take a look at P4. It will transfer load to piers P6 and P7.
Note that the table shows that P6 will take 10.1% of the shear load and P7 will take 89.9%
of the shear load. Those values were arrived at from the relative rigidities of P6 and P7.
When considering the distribution of vertical loads to piers P6 and P7 in the image above,
the load is distributed in proportion to the tributary width from the pier above. For vertical
loads, the program arrives at a distribution of 30% to P6 and 70% to P7.
General Tab - Multi Story Solid
If you wish to design a wall up to five levels high but without openings, click the [MultiStory Solid] button. The tab will change to display the entries shown below:
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Height specifies the total height of the wall. On the next tab you can divide that total
height into up to five different wall portions.
Ec is the bending modulus of elasticity and Ev is the shear modulus of elasticity.
Length, Height & Thickness define the overall wall dimensions. The length you
enter is used for the length of the bottom-most portion of the wall. Within those
dimensions you will specify the openings on the next tab labeled Openings.
SDS is used to calculate the in-plane portion of the wall weight to be applied as a
seismic load.
Ec is the bending modulus of elasticity, and Ev is the shear modulus of elasticity.
The Default Rebar Size & Spacing are used in the calculated bar requirements
when the reinforcing due to shear is less than code minimums.
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Analysis Height locates the bottom edge of the wall section and is where the
maximum shear and bending stress will be calculated.
Wall Offset is the distance that this wall section is offset from the left-most edge of
the bottom-most wall section.
Wall Length is the length of the wall section. Maximum length is the overall wall length
- offset.
Wall thickness is the thickness of this wall section.
Effective Depth locates the tension rebar in the panel, and is used to calculate
"shear depth" for calculation of actual shear stresses
Checkboxes
Analysis Height
This is the user-defined height at which the analysis of a particular wall section will be
performed. All moments, shears, and vertical loads at this height will be calculated
using all applied lateral and vertical loads and the wall self weight above this point. The
other wall data items specified in the same column will be used between this analysis
height and the next higher level indicated in the column to the right.
ALWAYS WORK WITH THE HIGHER ANALYSIS HEIGHT IN THE COLUMN TO THE
RIGHT OF A LOWER HEIGHT. This is needed due to the manner in which the module
calculates the heights by comparing heights of adjacent sections.
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Use the [Add] and [Edit] buttons to specify the dimensions of the opening. Clicking either
button displays this window:
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used for values at the analysis height, for the effect of that level's seismic weight on the
levels below, and for footing overturning and sliding calculations.
Vertical Point Loads
Use this tab to apply point loads to the wall. You can specify an "X" and "Y" distance
from the lower-left corner of the lower wall so that the load can be located anywhere
on the defined walls.
Use the [Add] and [Edit] buttons to change the values of applied loads. Clicking either
button displays this window:
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Use the [Add] and [Edit] buttons to change the values of applied loads. Clicking either
button displays this window:
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Use the [Add] and [Edit] buttons to change the values of applied loads. Clicking either
button displays this window:
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Use the [Add] and [Edit] buttons to change the values of applied loads. Clicking either
button displays this window:
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the wall center to calculate shear and overturning due to that portion of the wall. This is
used for values at the analysis height, for the effect for that levels seismic weight on the
levels below, and for footing overturning and sliding calculations.
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Footing Tab
You also have the option to specify a footing under a shear wall by selecting the Specify a
Footing
checkbox.
The dimensions of the footing are specified using Distance @ Left and Distance @ Right.
Distance @ Left is the distance that the footing projects past the left edge of the wall
(meaning the lower wall level for a multi-story type wall).
Distance @ Right is the distance that the footing projects past the right edge of the wall
(meaning the lower wall level for a multi-story type wall).
Rebar is assumed to exist only at the bottom of the footing to resist tensile forces from the
vertical loads and increased pressure due to overturning forces. Tension in the top of the
footing in cases where no upward soil pressure exists and the footing weight creates a
downward net force IS IGNORED.
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Force Transfer Shear Walls and Perforated Shear Walls allow the designer to use more
favorable analysis assumptions, and offers some benefits in terms of construction details.
But it comes at a cost of the designer having to perform more calculations and designs to
follow the load path through all of the headers, jambs, sills, etc., and their connections.
At present, the Wood Shear Wall module implements the Individual Full-Height Wall
Segment Shear Walls method. This is the most straightforward method from the design
standpoint. This method still requires the evaluation of h/b ratios to decide whether to
eliminate slender segments or suffer the imposed reduction on the nominal shear capacity
based on the slenderness of each panel in the wall. (Section 4.3.5.1 refers back to
Section 4.3.4, which includes this reduction.) But this method does not require
consideration of the reduction factor (Co) that applies to Perforated Shear Walls.
The implementation within Structural Engineering Library goes a little further by allowing
the user to specify openings. The module then takes the defined openings and considers
only the solid stacked portions of remaining wall as being effective at resisting lateral loads.
Section 4.3.3.4 provides the justification for summing the resistance of multiple Individual
Full-Height Wall Segments because, by our definition within the module, all segments will
be sheathed with the same materials and construction.
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Overview
The Wood Shear Wall module allows the user to define overall geometry, openings (if
any), sheathing type, chord member species, grade, and size, applied loads, and a
footing (if desired). The module then evaluates the resulting shear panels, chords, and
footing (if defined).
Sheathing is evaluated for aspect ratio and unit shear due to load combinations that
include either wind or seismic. The module considers the selected sheathing type,
sheathing thickness, fastener size, blocking condition, and the species of the supporting
framing. It then automatically incorporates any necessary adjustments to the nominal
unit shear values from the 2008 Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic on the
basis of sheathing type, aspect ratio, and the species of the supporting framing. The
result is a required fastener spacing for each panel in the wall.
Chords are evaluated for tension and compression due to load combinations that include
either wind or seismic. The moment in a given shear panel is assumed to be coupled out
at the location of the chords, resulting in tension and compression forces. Any applied
vertical loads that may be present are combined with the wind or seismic chord forces,
and the resulting loads on the chords are evaluated as per the requirements of the NDS.
Footings (if defined) are evaluated for soil bearing pressure, overturning, and one-way
shear and flexure of the cantilevered end projection.
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There are certain items that are not explicitly evaluated by this module, and the user
should be aware of the following exclusions: bending or shear in the top plate, bearing on
the top plate, out of plane design of the wall sheathing or framing, gravity-only loading on
the common studs or chords, bearing on the bottom plate, design of anchorage
hardware or connections.
Workflow Process
The general workflow proceeds as follows:
1. The overall height and length of the shear wall are defined on the General tab, along
with selections such as the Seismic Design Category, the Design Method, and the
Framing and Chord Species and Grade.
2. The sheathing type, thickness, fastener size and blocking conditions is selected on the
Sheathing tab. This tab also allows for the specification of sheathing on the second
side of the framing when necessary.
3. The chord size is specified on a level-by-level basis on the Chords tab. This tab also
allows for the specification of the bracing assumption to be applied in the compression
design of the chords.
4. If openings are present in the wall, they can be defined on the Openings tab.
5. Loads of many types can be defined and applied on the Loads tab.
6. If a continuous footing design is desired, the footing geometry and material properties
can be entered on the Footing tab.
7. The Load Combinations tab allows for the definition of the load combinations that will be
used for the design.
8. The results for the shear panels, chords, and footing (if designed) can be reviewed in
the Results panel in the lower portion of the screen.
General tab
Description: Enter a freeform description of the current wall design for reference.
Total Wall Length: Enter the overall length of the shear wall in units of feet.
Story Heights: Enter the heights of up to five stories in units of feet. Whenever a value
is entered, the input field for the next story height is displayed in case it is needed. The
total accumulated height is automatically reported.
Seismic Design Category: Enter the appropriate Seismic Design Category for the wall
being designed. This is used to check the selected sheathing type to be sure it is
permissible for use in that SDS according to the Special Design Provisions for Wind and
Seismic.
Design Method: Select ASD or LRFD to dictate which method will be applied when
designing shear panels and chords. Footing design (when requested) is always by LRFD
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methods.
Framing & Chord Material: Use the icon to access the Wood Reference Design Values
database in order to select the species and grade of wood used for the chords and
common framing in the wall.
Sheathing tab
Select SDPWS Construction Table: Choose the table from which the sheathing will be
selected.
Select Main Sheathing: Select a tabular entry to represent the sheathing type, sheathing
thickness, fastener size/penetration, and in some cases the blocking condition.
Nominal Shear Capacities: The program displays the nominal shear capacities for seismic
design and for wind design directly from the selected table. These are nominal values
which still need to be modified for use in design, such as with a phi factor or factor of
safety and with any applicable adjustments such as for aspect ratio or specific gravity of
the supporting framing.
Sheathing is Blocked: (Only visible for some tabular selections) Use this checkbox to
indicate if the sheathing is blocked or not. This setting has an effect on some of the
allowable aspect ratios.
Table 4.3A Footnote 2 is applicable: (Only visible for some tabular selections) Use this
checkbox to indicate if a specific condition exists as described in detail in the referenced
footnote in Table 4.3A of the 2008 Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic.
Sheathing on 2nd Side: Use this checkbox to indicate that there is a sheathing of some
sort on the other side of the framing.
Use Same as Main Sheathing: A convenience option that automatically sets the
Sheathing on 2nd Side to be identical to the sheathing on the Main side.
Note: If sheathing is specified on the second side, and if the sheathing comes from the
same Construction Table as the Main Sheathing, then the blocking setting for the 2nd
side will automatically be assumed to be the same as the blocking setting for the Main
side.
Chords tab
The Chords tab will automatically display one row of chord definition data for each story
that was defined on the General tab.
Chord Size: Use the drop-down list box to select the size of the sawn lumber member(s)
that will be used at the chord locations for the given level. Note that the program will
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automatically determine the num ber of chord members required at each location. So for
example, if the wall was generally going to be constructed of 2x4 framing, then this input
should be set to "2x4". Once the analysis and design has been completed, the program
will report how many 2x4s should be ganged together to safely resist the imposed chord
forces at each location.
CF: Size Factor: Enter the appropriate Size Factor for the chord member size, species,
and grade being entered.
Area per Chord: The program reports that cross sectional area of one member of the
selected size for reference.
Maximum Chord Stress Ratio: Enter the maximum permissible chord stress ratio.
Typically 1.0 using current design methods and load combinations.
Chord Strength Calculation: This setting offers two options for defining the bracing of
chord members when the allowable compression stress is calculated.
The option named " T reat all chords as fully braced about both ax es" implies that all
chords are braced against column buckling. The physical model for this option might be
a situation where chord members always occur at "L" or "T" shaped intersections, such
that the sheathing prevents buckling in the plane of the shear wall, and the intersecting
wall prevents buckling out of the plane of the shear wall. (These conditions are
probably not common.)
The option named " Assum e all chords unbraced out of plane of wall for story height"
implies that the sheathing prevents buckling in the plane of the shear wall, but nothing
prohibits column buckling of the chord member out of the plane of the wall. This is
Openings tab
The Openings tab allows openings to be defined in the shear wall.
Add: The Add button opens the Add Opening dialog. The dialog automatically numbers
the openings that are added, and it collects the geometric information necessary to locate
and size the opening. The Add Opening dialog also checks the alignment of defined
openings to ensure that all jambs are aligned.
Edit: By selecting an existing opening in the list, the Edit button allows the selected
opening to be revised.
Delete: By selecting an existing opening in the list, the Delete button allows the selected
opening to be removed.
Renumber: The Renumber button allows existing openings to be renumbered in a logical
order by working from left to right and then from bottom to top.
The graphic display offers checkboxes to independently display or hide:
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Openings
Shear Panel callouts
Chord graphics and callouts
Panel and opening dimensions
All loads
Note: This module is predicated on the design assumptions of the Individual Full-Height
Wall Segment Shear Walls method. This method disregards the shear resistance of
portions of shear walls above and below openings. This leads to two important
considerations regarding the use of openings:
1. In multi-story models, any opening in one story must not partially overlap an opening in
a different story. Envision vertical lines at the jambs of an opening, and project them
to the top and bottom of the entire wall. Those jamb reference lines must not cross
any other opening. The Add Opening dialog will warn if this condition is being violated
by having partially-overlapping openings in any story. This may require enlarging some
openings so that they respect the jamb locations of adjacent openings, or it may
require applying the module only to the solid portions of the wall that remain after the
openings have been omitted.
2. The presence of an opening within a given story, creates a panel that is ineffective at
resisting shear. The ineffective panel is defined by the width of the opening and it
extends for the full height of that story. This means that it is not necessary to model
stacked openings within a given story. In fact, doings so will cause an error.
See the following diagrams for some acceptable and unacceptable opening geometries:
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Note: When using the self-weight functions for Dead Load and for seismic load, the
program does not deduct any weight for openings. In other words, the program
assumes that the unit weight of the window, door, louver, etc. in the opening, is
approximately the same as the unit weight of the wood-framed construction it is
replacing.
Footing tab
Specify a Footing: If this checkbox is selected, then the input fields for defining a footing
are displayed. Note: This checkbox also causes some footing-related input to be shown
or hidden as appropriate on the Loads tab.
Allowable Soil Pressure: Specify the allowable soil bearing pressure in units of ksf.
f'c: Specify the compressive stress of concrete in units of ksi.
Fy: Specify the yield stress of rebar in units of ksi.
Rebar Cover: Specify the cover over rebar in units of inches. The program will use this
value and an allowance for the rebar size to calculate the effective depth of the concrete
section.
Minimum Steel Reinforcing Percentage Based on Thickness: Specify the minimum
permissible ratio of rebar area to gross area of concrete.
Concrete Density: Specify the density of concrete in units of pcf.
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Footing Width: Specify the width of the footing in units of ft. This is the dimension
perpendicular to the wall length.
Footing Thickness: Enter the thickness of the footing in units of inches.
Projection @ Left: Enter the projection of the footing beyond the left end of the wall in
units of ft.
Wall Length: The program reports the shear wall length in units of ft for reference.
Projection @ Right: Enter the projection of the footing beyond the right end of the wall in
units of ft.
Footing Length: The program reports the footing length in units of ft for reference.
Loads tab
The Loads tab provides several sub-tabs for the convenient definition of many different
types of loads that could potentially act on a shear wall system.
General sub-tab
The Wall Self Weight category offers inputs for the following:
Consider Wall Weight: This category provides options to automatically consider the wall
self-weight:
As vertical Dead load - a way to request that the program use the unit weight described
above to calculate a dead load
As Seismic load - a way to request that the program use the unit weight described
above to calculate a lateral seismic load using the value of Cs described below
Weight: (Only displayed when one of the options above has been selected.) Enter the
unit weight of shear wall construction in psf.
Cs: Seismic Response Coefficient: (Only displayed when the "As Seismic load" option
above has been selected.) Collects the value of Cs by which the unit weight would be
multiplied to determine the seismic load due to the self-weight of the wall if that option is
selected.
The Soil over Footing category is only displayed if the "Specify a Footing" option is
selected on the Footing tab. This category offers inputs for the following:
Soil depth over footing: Enter the depth of soil above the top of the footing in units of
inches. This value is used to determine loading on concrete footings when one is
designed. This value will affect the reinforced concrete design, the soil bearing pressure,
and the overturning ratio.
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Soil density: Enter the density of soil above the top of the footing in units of pcf. This
value is used to determine loading on concrete footings when one is designed. This value
will affect the reinforced concrete design, the soil bearing pressure, and the overturning
ratio. If no footing design is requested, this value has no influence on the remaining
calculations.
The Added Overburden Load over Footing category is only displayed if the "Specify a
Footing" option is selected on the Footing tab. This category allows the user to specify
superimposed load on the top of the footing for all of the common load cases. This
value will affect the reinforced concrete design, the soil bearing pressure, and the
overturning ratio.
Vertical Point sub-tab
Add: The Add button opens the Add Point Load dialog. The dialog allows vertical point
loads of all load cases to be defined and located with respect to the lower left corner of
the wall. Note: Positive magnitudes are assumed to act downward.
Edit: By selecting an existing load in the list, the Edit button allows the selected load to be
revised.
Delete: By selecting an existing load in the list, the Delete button allows the load opening
to be removed.
Vertical Uniform sub-tab
Add: The Add button opens the Add Uniform Load dialog. The dialog allows vertical
uniform loads of all load cases to be defined and located with respect to the lower left
corner of the wall. Note: Uniform loads can be specified as partial-length loads by
specifying the start and end locations of the load with respect to the left edge of the wall.
Positive magnitudes are assumed to act downward.
Edit: By selecting an existing load in the list, the Edit button allows the selected load to be
revised.
Delete: By selecting an existing load in the list, the Delete button allows the load opening
to be removed.
Lateral Point sub-tab
Add: The Add button opens the Add Point Load dialog. The dialog allows lateral point
loads of all load cases to be defined and located with respect to the lower edge of the
wall. Note: Positive magnitudes are assumed to act to the right.
Edit: By selecting an existing load in the list, the Edit button allows the selected load to be
revised.
Delete: By selecting an existing load in the list, the Delete button allows the load opening
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to be removed.
Lateral Uniform sub-tab
Add: The Add button opens the Add Uniform Load dialog. The dialog allows lateral
uniform loads of all load cases to be defined and located with respect to the lower edge of
the wall. Note: Uniform loads can be specified as partial-height loads by specifying the
start and end locations of the load with respect to the bottom edge of the wall. Positive
magnitudes are assumed to act to the right.
Edit: By selecting an existing load in the list, the Edit button allows the selected load to be
revised.
Delete: By selecting an existing load in the list, the Delete button allows the load opening
to be removed.
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Auto Reverse Wind: Select this button to instruct the module to also consider the
algebraic negative of the defined Wind loads. (This may be useful for quickly creating a
load combinations that reverse the direction of application of applied wind loads by
creating a "sister" load combination that uses the negative version of the wind component
for each load combo that normally incorporates +W.)
Auto Reverse Seismic: Select this button to instruct the module to also consider the
algebraic negative of the defined Seismic loads. (This may be useful for quickly creating
a load combinations that reverse the direction of application of applied seismic loads by
creating a "sister" load combination that uses the negative version of the seismic
component for each load combo that normally incorporates +E.)
The lower portion of the screen offers the following options for reviewing results:
Shear Panel Design
Summary
On a panel-by-panel, level-by-level basis, the Summary tab presents the following
information:
Max Shear: Reports the maximum shear force and the load combination associated with
that maximum shear force.
# of Sides: Indicates the number of sides to which sheathing has been applied. Will
either be 1 or 2.
Shear Summary & Attachment: Reports the actual unit shear, the allowable unit shear,
the design status, and the required attachment pattern.
Height/Width Ratio: Reports the actual height-to-width ratio, the allowable height-to-width
ratio for Side 1 (Main Sheathing), the allowable height-to-width ratio for Side 2 (2nd Side
Sheathing), and notes regarding the status of the height-to-width ratio and any necessary
adjustments.
Detail by Panel ID
On a panel-by-panel, load combination-by-load combination basis, the Detail by Panel ID
tab presents the following information:
Panel Data: Reports the story in which the panel exists, the distance from the left edge
of the overall wall to the left edge of the panel, the width of the panel, the distance from
the bottom edge of the overall wall to the bottom edge of the panel, the height of the
panel, and the height-to-width ratio of the panel.
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Chord Design
Chord Data
For each chord in the wall, the Chord Data tab presents the following information:
Location: Reports the Level in which the chord occurs and the distance from the left
edge of the overall wall to the chord.
Chord Design: Reports the chord force associated with the controlling design ratio, the
load combination responsible for producing the controlling design ratio, then number of
chord members required to resist the applied load, the size of the chord member
indicated by the user, the governing design ratio, the governing design consideration
(tension or compression), and the design status.
Chord Compression Stress: Reports the maximum chord compression force, the load
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combination responsible for producing the maximum chord compression force, the
maximum compressive stress, and the allowable compressive stress.
Chord Tension Stress: Reports the maximum chord tension force, the load combination
responsible for producing the maximum chord tension force, the maximum tensile stress,
and the allowable tensile stress.
Chord Forces by Chord ID
For each chord in the wall, on a load combination-by-load combination basis the Chord
Forces by Chord ID tab presents the following information:
Story: The story in which the chord occurs.
ID: The identification label assigned to the chord.
Axial: Reports the load in the chord due to the sum of applied vertical loads, the load in
the chord that can be added or subtracted due to the overturning moment in the panel,
the force with the largest (tendency for) tension, and the force with the largest
(tendency for) compression.
Chord Location: Reports the distance from the left edge of the overall shear wall to the
chord location, the distance from the bottom edge of the overall shear wall to the bottom
of the chord, and the distance from the bottom edge of the overall shear wall to the top
of the chord.
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Sketch
The sketch tab provides a convenient graphical view of the shear wall with options to
selectively view or hide the following:
Openings
Shear Panel callouts
Chord graphics and callouts
Panel and opening dimensions
All loads
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Retaining Walls
Please select a subtopic.
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Retained Height
This is the height of retained earth measured from top of footing to the top of soil
behind the stem (over the heel). When the backfill is sloped, the soil will slope away
and upwards from this height. The actual retained height used for overturning and soil
pressure calculations will be the retained height projected at the vertical plane of the
back of the heel, but for stem moments, no such increase will be made.
Using the spin-buttons you can vary the retained height in 3-inch increments. You can
also type in any number. After each entry, you can press [Tab] to advance to the next
entry, or use your mouse to reposition the cursor.
Wall Height above Retained Soil
Use this entry to specify if the wall extends above the retained height. This entry is
typically used to define a "screen wall" projection above the retained soil. This
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buttons you can increment in 50 psf steps. Typical values vary from 1,000 psf to 4,000
psf or more.
Soil Density (heel side)
Enter the soil density for all earth (or water if applicable) above the heel of the footing.
This weight is used to calculate overturning resistance forces and soil pressures
using the weight of the soil block over the projecting heel of the footing. When
surcharges are applied over the soil, the surcharges are transformed to equivalent
uniform lateral loads acting on the wall by the ratio force = (Surcharge/ Density)
*Lateral Load. Input this value in lbs. per cubic foot. Usual values are 110 pcf to 120
pcf. More if saturated soil. Water is usually assumed to be 64 pcf.
Soil Density (toe side)
Enter the soil density on the toe side, which may be different than the heel side. When
surcharges are applied over the soil on the toe side, the surcharge is transformed to
equivalent uniform lateral loads acting on the wall by the ratio force = (Surcharge/
Density)*Lateral Load. Input this value in lbs. per cubic foot. Typical values are 110 pcf
to 120 pcf.
Lateral Pressure Method
Here you can choose between E.F.P. (Equivalent Fluid Pressure), Rankine formula or
Coulomb formula. Based on your choice for Lateral Pressure Method, you will be
offered the following input fields to fully define the lateral forces acting on the wall and
footing.
When the EFP Method is selected:
Active Soil Pressure - Heel Side
Enter the equivalent fluid pressure (EFP) for the soil being retained that acts to
overturn and slide the wall toward the toe side. This pressure acts on the stem for
stem section calculations, and on the total footing+wall+slope height for overturning,
sliding, and soil pressure calculations.
Commonly used values, assuming an angle of internal friction of 34, are 30 pcf for a
level backfill; 35 pcf for a 4:1 slope; 38 pcf for a 3:1 slope; 43 pcf for a 2:1 slope; and
55 pcf for a 1.5:1 slope. These values are usually provided by the geotechnical
engineer.
When the retained soil is sloped, a vertical component of the lateral earth pressure
over the heel can be applied vertically downward in the plane of the back of the footing.
You can choose to apply this force for overturning resistance, sliding resistance, and/
or for soil pressure calculations, by checking the boxes on the Options tab.
Active Soil Pressure - Toe Side
Enter the active pressure to be used on the toe side of the wall. This active pressure
is used along with the "Soil Height over Toe" value (entered on the Sliding tab) to
calculate a stabilizing soil force on the wall. This front side of the wall is assumed to
be level. The active pressure from soil over the toe counteracts the heel-side active
pressure to reduce net overturning and net sliding force.
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This action is arguable, therefore the default is set to not use this counteracting force.
Passive Pressure
This is the resistance of the soil in front of the wall and footing to being pushed against
to resist sliding. Its value is in psf per foot of depth (pcf). This value is usually obtained
from the geotechnical engineer. Its value usually varies from 100 pcf to about 350 pcf.
APPLIED LOADS
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This tab allows you to enter all the loads that will be applied to your retaining wall in
addition to lateral earth pressure.
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designs.)
Surcharge over Toe
This surcharge is treated as additional soil weight if the surcharge is 240 psf and the
density is 120 pcf, then the module uses two feet of additional soil. Similarly, if 50 psf
is added for the weight of a slab over the footing, this will be equivalent to 0.41 feet of
soil (50 / 120). This surcharge will affect sliding resistance and active toe pressure.
Keep this in mind if modeling a point load toe surcharge.
Use TOE Surcharge to resist sliding & overturning
Checking this box will include the weight of soil overburden on the toe to resist
overturning and add to its weight for frictional resistance.
Surcharge over Heel
This surcharge is considered uniformly applied to the top surface of the soil over the
heel. It may be entered whether or not the ground surface is sloped, but it is unlikely a
surcharge could apply to a sloped backfill. This surcharge is always taken as a vertical
force. This surcharge is divided by the soil density and multiplied by the Active
Pressure to create a uniform lateral load applied to the wall. You can choose to use
this surcharge to resist sliding and overturning by clicking the box on the Options tab.
Typical live load surcharges are 100 psf for light traffic and parking, and 250 psf for
highway traffic.
Use HEEL Surcharge to resist sliding & overturning
Checking this box will include heel surcharge. If the surcharge includes live load, then
using it to resist sliding and overturning could be non-conservative. In this situation, it
might be advisable to deselect this checkbox.
Vertical Load Applied to Top of Stem
These loads are considered uniform load along the length of the wall. They are applied
to the top of the topmost stem section and affect the design of masonry stems only.
The dead and live loads are used to calculate stem design values and factored soil
reaction pressures used for footing design. Only the dead load is used to resist
overturning and sliding of the retaining wall.
If a wall is subjected to a high axial load (say more than 3 kips/ft) it could cause a
reversal of the bending moment in the heel. Under these conditions, it might be
advisable to investigate the design with and without the high axial load, to be sure that
an acceptable design is found for all conditions.
Since slenderness ratios (h/t) for retaining walls are generally small, usually less than
10, and axial stresses are low, slenderness effects are checked but usually have a
small effect.
If a point load is applied to the top of a wall, such as a beam reaction, the point load is
typically assumed to distribute itself laterally at a rate that is based on engineering
judgment for the materials under consideration. As a result of this distribution, the
point load will result in a uniformly distributed load of some relatively low magnitude by
the time it reaches the base of the stem. This module does not have an explicit input
field for point loads, so they must be represented as uniformly distributed loads. To
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properly account for the lateral distribution that is characteristic of an axial point load
applied to a wall, the magnitude that is entered to represent the point load should
consider this distribution effect. The top of the wall may also need to be checked by
appended calculations for the localized effects of the full magnitude of the
concentrated load.
Axial Load Eccentricity
This is the eccentricity of the axial load with respect to the centerline of the uppermost
stem section. Positive values of eccentricity move the load toward the toe, causing
bending moments that are additive to those caused by the lateral soil pressure over
the heel. Negative eccentricities are not accepted.
Vertical Adjacent Footing Load
This entry gives you the option of placing a footing (line or square) adjacent and
parallel to the back face of the wall, and have its effect on the wall included in both the
vertical and horizontal forces on the wall and footing. Refer to the General Reference
Diagram for locations where input measurements should be taken.
For "Line (Strip) Load" the entry is the total load per ft. parallel to the wall (not psf). If
the adjacent footing is specified as "Square Footing" (not line load), the load entered
should be the adjacent footing load divided by its dimension parallel to the wall, giving
a pounds per lineal foot value, as for a continuous (line) footing.
A Boussinesq analysis is used to calculate the vertical and lateral pressures acting on
the stem and footing. The module uses equation (11-20a) in Bowles Foundation
Analysis and Design, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, pages 630. When the Boussinesq
analysis is used, the module may require additional computing time, depending upon
the speed of your computer (hundreds of internal calculations are done after each
entry). To avoid this delay (which occurs any time any entry is changed) we suggest
you use a vertical load of zero until your data entry is nearly finalized. Then enter the
actual footing load and modify your final values.
For adjacent truck or highway loading, it may be preferable to use a heel surcharge
(uniform) of 250 psf (or more), instead of treating it as an adjacent footing.
It is generally not necessary to use this feature if the adjacent footing load is farther
from the stem than the retained height, less the depth of the adjacent footing below the
retained height, since at this distance it will not have significant effect on the wall.
Wall to Footing Centerline Distance
This is the horizontal distance from the center of the adjacent footing to the back face
of the stem (measured at the top of retaining wall footing). The nearest edge of the
footing should be at least a foot away from the wall face otherwise it is suggested to
use an equivalent heel surcharge instead.
Note: If the horizontal distance from the center of the adjacent footing to the back face
of the stem is greater than the vertical distance from the top of the retaining wall
footing to the bottom of the adjacent footing, then the effect on the retaining wall will be
insignificant.
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Footing Width
Width of the adjacent footing measured perpendicular to the wall. This is necessary to
create a one-foot long by Width wide area over which the load is applied.
Height of Base Above (+) or Below (-) Retained Height
Use this entry to locate the bottom of the adjacent footing with respect to the Retained
Height. Entering a negative number places the footing below the Retained Height. A
positive entry would typically only be used when the soil is sloped and the adjacent
footing resides uphill. To insert a negative number, first type the number, then press
the "-" (minus) sign.
Note: If the Adjacent Footing is another retaining wall at a higher elevation, the
Boussinesq analysis may be used for the vertical load applied to the soil from the wall,
however the design must also consider the lateral (sliding) loads from that adjacent
wall. This load could be applied as Added Lateral Load, however this is at the
discretion of the designer and is not within the scope of the module. Caution is urged
for this condition. See discussion in the companion book: Basics of Retaining Wall
Design. For questionable soil or site conditions a global stability analysis is advised.
Eccentricity
This entry is provided in case the soil pressure under the adjacent footing is not
uniform. Enter the eccentricity of the resultant force under the adjacent footing from
the centerline of the adjacent footing. Positive eccentricity shifts the load toward the
toe, resulting in greater pressure at the side of the adjacent footing closest to the stem
of the retaining wall. The module will use the vertical load and eccentricity and create a
trapezoidal pressure distribution under the adjacent footing for use with the
Boussinesq analysis of vertical and lateral pressures.
Footing Type
This drop-down list box allows you to enter either an isolated footing using the "Square
Footing" selection, or a continuous footing using the "Line Load" selection.
Poisson's Ratio
Since the resulting pressures are sensitive to Poissons Ratio, there is an entry
allowing you to select a ratio from 0.30 to 0.55. This value should be provided by the
geotechnical engineer. A value of 0.50 is often assumed.
Lateral Load on Stem
This input allows you to specify an additional uniformly distributed lateral load applied
to the stem.
This is for an impact point load, such as due to an impact of a car or similar force.
Enter the load as a one-foot high increment, separating the "Height to Bottom" and
"Height to Top" by one-half foot (or meter).
Note: This load is not factored. To apply a load factor (such as for an impact load),
increase the applied load proportionately (e.g. an impact load of 1000 lbs requiring a
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load factor of 2.0 would be entered as 2,000 lbs). You may need to do several designs
to check load factor combinations.
Keep in mind that when considering a concentrated lateral load, it may be possible to
reduce the magnitude to account for the fact that the load distributes horizontally at
levels below the point of application.
Height to Top
This dimension defines the upper extent of the added lateral load measured from the
top of the footing. Do not enter a dimension that exceeds "retained height" plus "Wall
height above retained soil".
Height to Bottom
This dimension defines the lower extent (or bottom) of the added lateral load
measured from the top of the footing.
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Material
Use the buttons to select Masonry, Concrete, or Fence. Fence is only allowed on top
of the wall, higher than the Retained Height, and is considered weightless.
Thickness
Use the drop-down list box to input the wall thickness. If masonry is chosen, you will
be given standard masonry thickness (e.g. 6", 8", 12"). If concrete is chosen, you can
increment in one-inch steps. If Fence is chosen, this entry is unavailable since the
fence is assumed to be weightless.
Wall Weight
This displayed value is based upon the wall data entered earlier. For concrete stems,
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the unit weight of concrete can be specified on the Stem tab. For masonry stems,
140 pcf grout is assumed, and the unit weight of the completed stem is a function of
the specified thickness, CMU Type, and the status of the Solid Grouting checkbox, all
of which are located on the Stem tab. A multiplier is also available on the Options tab
to modify the tabular weights for masonry walls.
The industry standard masonry unit weight values used by this module may be
modified by clicking Databases > Concrete Masonry Unit Data from the main menu
and then clicking the [Change] button.
Design Method
When a masonry stem section is chosen, this allows a choice of ASD or LRFD
methods. When the latter is selected the input notations change (e.g. fs to fy) and all
calculations are based upon LRFD.
Rebar Size
Make your selection from the pull-down menu for bar sizes #3 to #10. Soft Metric
sizes will be displayed in parentheses alongside.
Rebar Position
Chose between Center or Edge. If Center is chosen, the rebar d distance will be 1/2
the actual wall thickness. If Edge is chosen it will be located at the heel side of the
stem.
For masonry design, the module contains a table of the appropriate "d" values to use
for various block sizes and center/edge locations, as shown in the table below.
Rebar Position Depth for Masonry, Default Values.
Nominal Thickness
Edge
6"
2.75"
2.75"
8"
3.75"
5.25"
10"
4.75"
7.25"
12"
5.75"
9.0"
14"
6.75"
11.0"
16"
7.75"
13.0"
For concrete, the edge rebar depth is always stem thickness less 1.5" for #5 and
smaller bars (or 2" for #6 or larger), less one-half the bar diameter.
Specify Position Box
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Toe Width
This is the width of the Toe of the footing, and is measured from the front edge of the
footing to the front face of the stem. Can be set to 0.00 for a property line condition. All
overturning and resisting moments are taken about the bottom-front edge of the toe.
Heel Width
Distance from front face of stem to back of heel projection. If a dimension is entered
that is less than the stem width at the base, the module will automatically reset the
heel dimension to at least the stem width. For a property line at the rear face of the
stem, this dimension would be the stem width.
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Total Width
The calculated width of the footing, Toe Width + Heel Width.
Thickness
Total footing thickness, NOT including the key depth (if used). For bending and shear
design of the footing, the rebar depth "d" is taken as Footing Depth - Rebar Cover - "
(to account for the rebar radius). If footing thickness is inadequate for shear capacity a
red warning indicator will appear.
The footing thickness must be sufficient to allow for rebar development (for hooked
dowels) plus rebar cover (adjacent to the soil). If you enter a dimension less than
required for stem bar development, a red message will appear at the top of the
screen. If the thickness is inadequate, increase the footing thickness, or change the
stem dowels, until this message disappears.
f'c
Enter concrete compressive stress for footing.
Fy
Allowable rebar yield stress to be used for design of footing bending reinforcement.
Footing Density
This option is necessary since, if there is any buoyancy effect, it will reduce the
effective weight of the footing concrete.
Min "As" Ratio
Enter the absolute minimum steel percentage to be used to calculate rebar spacing
requirements (commonly 0.0018 Ag for Fy=60,000 psi, but code applicability for
footings is arguable). If the % steel required by stress analysis is less that 200/Fy, the
minimum of (200/Fy or 1.333 * bending percentage required) is calculated and
compared with the Minimum As% entered here, and the greater of the two is used to
calculate rebar spacing requirements.
Key Depth
Depth of the key below the bottom of footing. The bottom of the key is used as the
lower horizontal plane for determining the size of the passive pressure block from the
soil in front of the footing. Adjust this depth so the sliding safety factor is acceptable
(typically a value of 1.5 is used).
Key Width
Width of the key, measured along the same direction as the footing width. This is
usually 12"-14", but generally not less than one-half the key depth so flexural stress in
the key is usually minimal.
Key Location
Enter the distance from the front edge of the toe to the beginning of the key. Do not
enter a distance greater than the footing width minus key width.
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The upward pressure tends to reduce the moment caused by the weight of the soil
and the self-weight of the heel itself.
The program is reporting the actual net moment found to exist in the heel.
When the user SELECTS the option to Neglect Upward Pressure at Heel for Footing
Moment and Shear:
The program is NOT considering the upward pressure at heel.
The program determines the heel moment caused by the weight of the soil and the
self-weight of the heel itself.
The program then applies the following logic:
- The calculated heel moment is conservative when the upward pressure at
heel is neglected.
- The calculated heel moment would act in the same direction as the toe
moment.
- The sum of the heel moment and the toe moment cant be any greater than
the stem design moment, which is delivering the moment to that joint in the first place.
- So the program conservatively assumes that the heel design moment is the
calculated heel moment but not to exceed the stem design moment.
If you choose the option to use this force to resist sliding, then the sliding calculation
will incorporate the additional frictional force that can be generated as a result of the
additional vertical force.
If you choose the option named "Soil Bearing Pressure", then the the effect of this
vertical component at the back of the heel will be considered in the calculation of the
soil bearing pressures.
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Load Factors
For each type of load (DL, LL, etc) the default factor will be displayed. You can change
them and set new defaults, but remember to review them for a new design since they
may have been changed.
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Stability Ratios
These are displayed for both overturning and sliding.
Soil Pressure @ Toe and Heel
This is the resulting unfactored soil pressure for both the toe and heel. If the
eccentricity is outside the middle third, the heel pressure will show 0.00. (Note: when
the resultant is outside the middle-third, the module calculates the toe pressure
assuming no tension at heel).
Allowable Soil Pressure
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This screen presents in tabular form each component acting horizontally to overturn
the wall/footing system. The centroid of each force is multiplied by its distance up from
the bottom of the footing. The Heel Active Pressure includes the effect of surcharges
and water table, if applicable, and its Distance is to the centroid of the total lateral
force.
The total overturning moment is displayed, along with the Resisting/Overturning ratio.
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The overturning moment is reduced by the toe side active pressure, if this option is
selected on the Options tab.
SLIDING TAB
STEM TAB
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SKETCH TAB
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LOADING TAB
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10.7
Foundations
Please select a subtopic.
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General Footing
The module allows you to move the axial load application position off-center of the footing,
and provides automatic calculation of allowable soil bearing pressure increases based on
footing dimensions and/or depth below surface.
The module checks service load soil pressure, overturning stability, sliding stability, flexure
at each of the four pedestal faces, 1-way shear at 'd' from each of the four pedestal faces,
and punching shear along a perimeter located 'd/2' from the pedestal faces.
General
f'c
28-day compressive strength of the concrete.
fy
Yield point stress of reinforcing.
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reinforced.
Note: This check is performed assuming that only one mat of the defined rebar will be
provided. If the design has net uplift, such that a top mat is warranted, or if a top mat
will be provided anyway, then be aware that the program will still only consider the
contribution of one mat toward meeting the Temperature & Shrinkage requirement. In
this case, it may be more convenient to set the T&S ratio to a value that represents
one-half of the total, knowing that the two mats will be sufficient to provide the full
amount required.
Minimum overturning safety factor
Enter the minimum allowable ratio of resisting moment to overturning moment. If the
actual ratio is less than the specified minimum ratio, it will trigger a message that
overturning stability is not satisfied.
Minimum sliding safety factor
Enter the minimum allowable ratio of resisting force to sliding force. If the actual ratio
is less than the specified minimum ratio, it will trigger a message that sliding stability
is not satisfied.
Consider ACI 10.5.1 & 10.5.3 as minimum reinforcing
Select this checkbox if you wish to have the module consider ACI 318 Sections 10.5.1
and 10.5.3 in the determination of minimum reinforcing.
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Footing Dimensions
This tab is where you enter the footing and pedestal dimensions.
Width, Length & Thickness: defines the overall dimensions of the footing
Load Location: defines the offset from the center of the footing where the axial load is
applied. If a biaxial analysis is NOT being used, then only one direction can be used.
Pedestal dimensions: If a concrete pedestal bears on the footing, its dimensions can
be specified here. The px and pz dimensions are used to define the locations on all
four sides where one-way shear, two-way shear and bending moment are calculated.
If you enter a nonzero height, then you can choose to have the weight of that prism
calculated and added as dead load. Any applied overburden loads will be omitted from
the area defined as the pedestal dimension along the xx and yy axis, regardless of the
specified height of the prism.
Note: If no pedestal is defined, then the center of the footing will be treated as the face
of the pedestal when determining the critical locations to check shear and flexure.
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Consider Pedestal Weight When Determining: This option allows the user to
specify whether or not the self-weight of the pedestal is to be considered when
determining the soil bearing pressure, and separately, whether or not the self-weight
of the pedestal is to be considered when performing the checks for sliding,
overturning, and uplift.
Footing Reinforcing
This tab allows you to specify the reinforcing in each direction of the footing.
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Results Tab
This tab provides a summary of all calculated values. The stress ratios, applied &
allowable values and load combination for those governing values are reported.
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This tab provides the calculations for overturning and resisting moment stability of the
footing about each axis and for each load combination. Please note that the load
combinations used here are internally generated and are NOT from the Service Load
Combinations you have entered for the purpose of evaluating soil bearing pressures.
Note that the program is set up to look for overturning and resisting forces individually. For
example, take the situation where the footing is subjected to equal and opposite shears at
a given elevation. Common sense dictates that these forces cancel each other, and the
footing experiences no net applied overturning moment from them. But the program treats
one of the two equal and opposite forces as an overturning force, and the other as a
resisting force. So for these two forces, there IS a net overturning moment reported, but
the resisting moment ALSO considers the effect of the opposing load, so the accounting
used to determine the overturning ratio is proper.
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Note: In cases where tension occurs on the top of the footing, the flexural check will be
based on the assumption that the defined rebar mat is provided on the top surface of the
footing. The user must review the results and determine if any load combinations actually
require a top mat of reinforcing, or if the footing could be reinforced with a bottom mat only.
Sketch Tab
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General
f'c
28-day compressive strength of the concrete.
fy
Yield point stress of reinforcing.
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Soil Allowables
Allowable Soil Bearing
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Enter the allowable soil bearing pressure that the soil can resist. This is a service load
resistance and will be compared to calculated service load soil pressures (loads not
factored as in strength design).
Increase Bearing by Footing Weight
Click [Yes] to tell the module to calculate the weight of one square foot (plan view) of
footing and add it to the allowable soil bearing value. This has the effect of not
penalizing the soil for the self weight of the footing, and is useful for situations where
the geotechnical engineering report provides allowable net bearing pressures.
Soil Passive Sliding Resistance
Enter the value of passive soil pressure resistance to sliding. This value will be used
to determine a component of sliding resistance that is generated by the passive
pressure of the soil. The sliding resistance due to passive pressure is then added to
the sliding resistance due to friction to determine the total resistance to sliding for
each load combination.
Coefficient of Soil/Concrete Friction
Enter the coefficient of friction between soil and footing to use in sliding resistance
calculations.
Soil Bearing Increase
This section allows you to specify some dimensions that, when exceeded, will
automatically increase the allowable soil bearing pressure.
Footing base depth below soil surface: The distance from the bottom of the footing
to the top of the soil. This value is used to determine allowable soil bearing pressure
increases and soil passive sliding resistance, but it is not used in any other
calculations in this module.
Increases based on footing depth: Provides a method to automatically apply
increases to the basic allowable soil bearing pressure based on footing depth below
some reference depth. Collects the following parameters:
Allowable pressure increase per foot: Specifies the amount that the basic
allowable soil bearing pressure can be increased for each foot of depth below
some reference depth.
When base of footing is below: Specifies the required depth in order to start
realizing incremental increases in the allowable soil bearing pressure on the basis
of footing depth.
Example: Assume the following: Basic Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure = 3 ksf.
Footing base is 6'-0" below soil surface. The Geotechnical report specifies that a 0.15
ksf increase in bearing pressure is allowed for each foot of depth when the base is
deeper than 4' below top of soil. Since you've indicated that the footing is 6' below the
soil surface, the module will automatically calculate the adjusted allowable soil bearing
pressure to be 3 ksf + (6' - 4') * 0.15 ksf = 3.30 ksf.
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Note: Any applied overburden loads will be omitted from the area occupied by the
pedestals.
Reinforcing tab
Reinforcing parallel to the Length dimension can be defined separately for the left and
right projections of the footing and for the area between the columns. Input fields are
provided to define top bars and bottom bars separately.
Note: Bars are assumed to be fully developed at the locations where they are required.
It is the engineer's responsibility to validate that assumption. The program is not
taking rebar development length into consideration.
Applied Loads
The Applied Loads tab provides sub-tabs for Column #1 (the column on the left), Column
#2 (the column on the right), and Overburden. The two column load tabs offer input fields
for vertical loads, moment about the Width axis, and shear in the Length direction. The
Overburden tab provides input fields for a uniform vertical pressure that will be applied to
the entire surface area of the footing with the exception of the areas occupied by the
pedestals.
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Load Combinations
The Load Combinations tab is used to specify the load combinations to be used in the
design. The Service Combinations tab controls the load combinations that are used to
perform the serviceability checks for Soil Bearing, Overturning, Sliding, and Uplift. The
Factored Combinations tab controls the load combinations that are used to perform the
strength checks for Flexure, One-Way Shear, and Two-Way Punching Shear.
These tabs allow the user to select from load combination sets that are supplied with the
program or to select from custom load combination sets that have been created and
saved on the user's machine. It is also possible to unlock the selected load combination
set and make edits to the factors directly in this view. The user has control over which
combinations are run and which are ignored. A Soil Increase factor can be applied on a
load combination by load combination basis, as permitted by the geotechnical engineering
report.
Finally, this tab allows the user to specify whether the program should consider the
algebraic sign of the specified load factors on wind loads and seismic loads to be
reversible or not. This can be a convenient way to ensure that these loads are investigated
as acting in both positive and negative directions, if that is the design intent. Note,
however, that if selected, the algebraic sign reversal will be applied to ALL wind loads and/
or ALL seismic loads including horizontally AND vertically applied loads.
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Calculations
Results tab
This tab summarizes the controlling values (highest utilization ratio) for each design
consideration, from all of the load combinations that have been run. For the controlling
load combination, it presents the Applied load, the Capacity or available resisting load,
the ratio of the Applied to the Capacity, and the governing load combination that
produces this controlling ratio.
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the program treats one of the two equal and opposite forces as an overturning force,
and the other as a resisting force. So for these two forces, there IS a net overturning
moment reported, but the resisting moment ALSO considers the effect of the
opposing load, so the accounting used to determine the overturning ratio is proper.
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Sketch tab
This tab provides a plan view and a longitudinal section view of the footing with rebar
callouts and overall dimensions.
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General
This tab collects material property values, strength reduction factors, and other settings
that influence the design.
f'c
28-day compressive strength of the concrete.
fy
Yield point stress of reinforcing.
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Soil Allowables
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure
Enter the allowable soil bearing pressure. This is a service load resistance and will be
compared to calculated service load soil pressures (loads not factored as in strength
design).
Increase Bearing by Footing Weight
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Click [Yes] to tell the module to calculate the weight of one square foot (plan view) of
footing and add it to the allowable soil bearing value. This has the effect of not
penalizing the soil for the self weight of the footing, and is useful for situations where
the geotechnical engineering report provides allowable net bearing pressures.
Soil Passive Sliding Resistance
Enter the value of passive soil pressure resistance to sliding. This value will be used
to determine a component of sliding resistance that is generated by the passive
pressure of the soil. The sliding resistance due to passive pressure is then added to
the sliding resistance due to friction to determine the total resistance to sliding for
each load combination.
Coefficient of Soil/Concrete Friction
Enter the coefficient of friction between soil and footing to use in sliding resistance
calculations.
Soil Bearing Increase
This section allows you to specify some dimensions that, when exceeded, will
automatically increase the allowable soil bearing pressure.
Footing base depth below soil surface: The distance from the bottom of the footing
to the top of the soil. This value is used to determine allowable soil bearing pressure
increases and soil passive sliding resistance, but it is NOT used in any other
calculations in this module.
Increases based on footing depth: Provides a method to automatically apply
increases to the basic allowable soil bearing pressure based on footing depth below
some reference depth. Collects the following parameters:
Allowable pressure increase per foot: Specifies the amount that the basic
allowable soil bearing pressure can be increased for each foot of depth below
some reference depth.
When base of footing is below: Specifies the required depth in order to start
realizing incremental increases in the allowable soil bearing pressure on the basis
of footing depth.
Example: Assume the following: Basic Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure = 3 ksf.
Footing base is 6'-0" below soil surface. The Geotechnical report specifies that a 0.15
ksf increase in bearing pressure is allowed for each foot of depth when the base is
deeper than 4' below top of soil. Since you've indicated that the footing is 6' below the
soil surface, the module will automatically calculate the adjusted allowable soil bearing
pressure to be 3 ksf + (6' - 4') * 0.15 ksf = 3.30 ksf.
Increases based on footing width: Provides a method to automatically apply
increases to the basic allowable soil bearing pressure based on footing width greater
than some reference dimension. Collects the following parameters:
Allowable pressure increase per foot: Specifies the amount that the basic
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allowable soil bearing pressure can be increased for each foot of width greater
than some reference dimension.
When maximum length or width is greater than: Specifies the required
dimension in order to start realizing incremental increases in the allowable soil
bearing pressure on the basis of footing width.
Example: Assume the following: Basic Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure = 3 ksf.
Footing measures 6'-0" wide. The Geotechnical report specifies that a 0.15 ksf
increase in soil bearing pressure is allowed for each foot when the width of the footing
is greater than 4'-0". The module will automatically calculate the adjusted allowable
soil bearing pressure to be 3 ksf + (6' - 4') * 0.15 ksf = 3.3 ksf.
Note: Increases based on footing depth and width are cumulative.
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Reinforcing tab
Reinforcing Bar Size: Indicate the rebar size to consider for the bars that run
parallel to the footing width.
Rebar Spacing: Provides an option to either specify an explicit value for the rebar
spacing, or to specify the number of bars in a 12-inch length.
Rebar Center to Concrete Edge @ Bottom: Specify the clear cover plus 1/2 the
diameter of the rebar.
Applied Loads
Vertical Loads tab
Provides input fields for vertical loads and overburden pressures. Vertical loads are
specified in units of kips per foot, and they are considered to act at the center of the
width of the wall. Overburden loads are specified in units of kips per square foot, and
they are considered to act on the top surface area of the footing, excluding the area
occupied by the wall.
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Load Combinations
The Load Combinations tab is used to specify the load combinations to be used in the
design. The Service Combinations tab controls the load combinations that are used to
perform the serviceability checks for Soil Bearing, Overturning, Sliding, and Uplift. The
Factored Combinations tab controls the load combinations that are used to perform the
strength checks for Flexure and One-Way Shear.
These tabs allow the user to select from load combination sets that are supplied with the
program or to select from custom load combination sets that have been created and
saved on the user's machine. It is also possible to unlock the selected load combination
set and make edits to the factors directly in this view.
The user has control over which combinations are run and which are ignored. A Soil
Increase factor can be applied on a load combination by load combination basis, as
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permitted by the geotechnical engineering report. Finally, this tab allows the user to
specify whether the program should consider the algebraic sign of the specified load
factors on wind loads and seismic loads to be reversible or not. This can be a convenient
way to ensure that these loads are investigated as acting in both positive and negative
directions, if that is the design intent. Note, however, that if selected, the algebraic sign
reversal will be applied to ALL wind loads and/or ALL seismic loads including horizontally
AND vertically applied loads.
Calculations
Results tab
This tab summarizes the controlling values (highest utilization ratio) for each design
consideration, from all of the load combinations that have been run. For the controlling
load combination, it presents the Applied load, the Capacity or available resisting load,
the ratio of the Applied to the Capacity, and the governing load combination that
produces this controlling ratio.
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It also reports the sliding force, the resisting force, and the ratio of the resisting to
sliding force.
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Sketch tab
This tab presents plan and section views of the footing:
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General Tab
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NOTE! Establish an X & Y Coordinate system prior to entering pile and load
locations. Module requires a 2-dimensional pile group to be defined. It will not
report results for a collinear group, i.e. a single line of piles.
Total Applied Axial Load
Enter the total vertical load to be distributed to the piles in the pile group using the
coordinate system you have defined.
Note: Only vertical loads are allowed; no lateral shears.
X & Y Distance to Load
Enter the distance from the X & Y datum (0,0) to the location of the applied vertical
load.
Number of Piles
This entry defines the number of piles in the group. As you change the number of
piles, the number of data entry locations will match the specified number of piles.
Pile Locations: distance from Datum to the pile
Enter the distance from the X & Y datum (0,0) to the center of each pile location.
Load Combination to use
This selection will switch the load combinations shown on the Load Combinations tab
between Service and Factored design combinations.
Load Combination Tab
This tab allows you to specify the load combinations to be considered.
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Results Tab
This tab summarizes the overall calculated values for the pile group and lists the
maximum factored load for each pile and the load combination that produced the
maximum load.
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Sketch Tab
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502
This module determines actual soil pressures and required depths for pole footings
primarily supporting lateral loads. Such footings are commonly called "flagpole footings".
Click here for a video:
Since applied top moment generates lateral soil pressures that usually govern the design,
these footings typically have a depth/width ratio of 2:1 and greater.
Cases with and without lateral restraint at the ground surface are allowed. Evaluation of
actual and allowable pressures is in accordance with the IBC Section entitled "Embedded
posts and poles".
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Limit only by "Max. Passive": Solves for a design that allows the passive pressure
to approach the value specified in the Allowable Lateral Passive Pressure field below
(limited to the value specified in the Maximum Lateral Pressure Limit field).
Example: Assume allowable lateral passive pressure is 200 psf/ft with an upper limit
of 3000 psf.
When the Limit only by "Max. Passive" option is selected, the solution will progress
as follows:
The program will start with a shallow assumed depth and calculate the 1/3
embedment depth.
Then it will calculate an allowable lateral passive pressure for that 1/3 embedment
depth.
Next, the program will compare this calculated allowable lateral passive pressure
value to the specified upper limit on the allowable passive pressure and select the
smaller of the two.
The IBC formula is then used to determine the actual pressure for the assumed
embedment depth.
If the actual pressure is higher than the allowable pressure, the program increments
the length and repeats the above process.
For illustration, assume that the iterations have progressed to the point where the
embedment depth is now 42 feet.
The program will calculate the 1/3 embedment depth as (42 feet / 3) = 14 feet.
Then it will calculate an allowable lateral passive pressure of (200 psf/ft * 14 ft) =
2800 psf.
Next, the program will compare this calculated allowable lateral passive pressure
value to the specified upper limit on the allowable passive pressure and determine
that 2800 psf < 3000 psf, therefore it will use 2800 psf as the Allowable Lateral
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Passive Pressure.
When the program finds an embedment depth for which the actual pressure is
lower than the allowable pressure, it rounds the embedment depth up slightly and
reports that value.
Use limit of 12 ft (per IBC): Solves for a design that achieves a passive pressure
that does not exceed the Allowable Lateral Passive Pressure, where the Allowable
Lateral Passive Pressure is calculated based on 1/3 of the embedment depth but not
to exceed 12 feet (and limited to the value specified in the Maximum Lateral Pressure
Limit field).
Example: Assume allowable lateral passive pressure is 200 psf/ft with an upper limit
of 3000 psf.
When the Use limit of 12 ft (per IBC) option is selected, the solution will progress as
follows:
The program will start with a shallow assumed depth and calculate the 1/3
embedment depth.
Next, it will compare the 1/3 embedment depth to 12 feet and base the allowable
lateral passive pressure calculation on the smaller of the two.
Next, the program will compare this calculated allowable lateral passive pressure
value to the specified upper limit on the allowable passive pressure and select the
smaller of the two.
The IBC formula is then used to determine the actual pressure for the assumed
embedment depth.
If the actual pressure is higher than the allowable pressure, the program increments
the length and repeats the above process.
For illustration, assume that the iterations have progressed to the point where the
embedment depth is now 42 feet.
The program will calculate the 1/3 embedment depth as (42 feet / 3) = 14 feet.
Next, it will compare the 1/3 embedment depth to 12 feet and determine that 14 feet
> 12 feet, therefore it will base the allowable lateral passive pressure calculation on
12 feet.
Then it will calculate an allowable lateral passive pressure of (200 psf/ft * 12 ft) =
2400 psf.
Next, the program will compare this calculated allowable lateral passive pressure
value to the specified upper limit on the allowable passive pressure and determine
that 2400 psf < 3000 psf, therefore it will use 2400 psf as the Allowable Lateral
Passive Pressure.
When the program finds an embedment depth for which the actual pressure is
lower than the allowable pressure, it rounds the embedment depth up slightly and
reports that value.
Allowable Lateral Passive Pressure
The allowable lateral passive pressure that the soil can withstand. This value is
entered as pounds per square foot per foot of embedment depth.
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This module allows many types of loads to be applied to a pole footing embedded in
soil.
Lateral Concentrated Loads
Module allows one concentrated load with various load types to be applied at a
specified distance above the surface of the soil.
Lateral Distributed Loads
You can apply a uniform lateral load to the pole by specifying the magnitude of the load
and the starting and ending locations.
Applied Moments
You can apply a concentrated moment. No "height" entry is required, because it is
purely a rotational force.
Vertical Load
You can also apply a vertical load so that the module can calculate the vertical bearing
load on the footing for each load combination.
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Results Tab
The results tab provides a summary of the calculations.
The table reports the resulting forces, moments and required depth for each load
combination.
The Controlling Values area provides information for the most severe load combination.
Sketch Tab
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10.8
The frame you create can be general in nature...the module is not limited to trusses or
frames with rigid connections. You have the ability to specify the connection between all
members in terms of axial, shear and bending restraints or releases.
Here are the highlights of this module:
Use the Frame Wizard to automatically create common trusses and frames.
Generic joint & member method of specifying the geometry of the frame.
Completely flexible way to specify how the X, Y & Z degrees of freedom for joints are
connected to the earth and how the members are connected to the joints (three degrees
of freedom are available at each end of each member).
Apply forces and moments directly to joints. You can also specify joint start
temperatures.
All loads can have dead, live, roof live, snow, wind, seismic and earth types.
Apply concentrated and distributed loads to beams. These loads can be Global or local
in direction and can be applied as forces, moments or temperature changes.
Members are easily linked to section properties. For stress analysis you can set
unbraced length, slenderness factors, Cb & Cm for members.
Loads and members can be deactivated for quick modeling of alternatives.
Complete AISC and NDS section databases are available.
Specify material properties used by sections.
Specify an extensive set of load combinations.
Complete graphics of frame with deflected shapes.
Complete stress & deflection diagrams of members individually.
Extensive reporting capability and control.
Module uses beam elements and a very fast matrix solver. With each change of the
input data, the frame can be completely recalculated in an instant. (For convenience with
large models or when running many load combinations, this module has been enhanced
with the ability to turn the Automatic Recalculation feature off, and to trigger manual
recalculations only when desired.)
Note: This module is intended to be a simple alternative to complex frame programs. The
intent is to provide a simple and fast tool to perform simple indeterminate analysis &
member design. No P-Delta effects, exotic elements, or non-linear analysis will ever be
added to this module.
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Program Limitations
Maximum Number of Allowed:
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Warren Truss
Vierendeel Truss
Howe Truss
Continuous Member
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Multi-Story Frame
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Simply enter the overall length and height of the truss and the number of panels the
truss will have. The sample image shown has 6 panels.
The next entries allow you to easily specify a member size for the three main
members that are typically the same on a truss like this (Verticals, Horizontals, and
Diagonals).
The button to the right of each data entry area provides access to the built-in section
database in the Structural Engineering Library.
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If you DO specify a database section, all of the associated section properties will be
brought into the frame model for you.
If you DO NOT specify a database section, then the members will be assigned a
name of "Vertical", "Diagonal" or "Chord" as a section group. Then all you need to do
is enter property values for those three sections.
To finish just click [Finish]. The model will be instantly created.
Example: Using the Frame Wizard to create a Continuous Beam
The Frame Wizard is an extremely efficient way to model a continuous beam. Just
start by selecting [Continuous Member] and then click [Next].
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Note: This wizard allows just one beam to be entered BUT you can easily change that
beam specification for each span after the model is built.
Enter the Number of Spans first.
The next entry allows you to easily specify a member section name. The button to the
right of each data entry area provides access to the built-in section database in the
Structural Engineering Library.
If you DO specify a database section, all of the associated section properties will be
brought into the continuous beam model for you.
If you DO NOT specify a database section then the members will be assigned a
name of "Beam" as a section group. Then all you need to do is enter property values
for that section.
For specification of span lengths you can either use [Equal Spacing]:
-or- [Specify Spacing] which allows you to enter the span lengths for each span.
Then just click [Finish], and the model will be instantly created.
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generation popup is self explanatory....just select from the mode of generation, specify a
label increment, the number of joints to generate, and the x and y distance increments to
use. The "Grid Irregular X & Y" can generate some very complex joint layouts.
Another powerful tool is the Also Generate Members option, which will generate members
to interconnect between the joints for the generation grid or arc/circle you have specified.
JOINT RESTRAINTS
These interconnections are extremely important, and when set incorrectly, they lead to the
majority of the instabilities and other unexpected results when using this 2-D Frame
Analysis module. The connections between members and the connections to "ground"
have a significant effect on structural behavior, and as such, they warrant a thorough
discussion and complete understanding. Always keep in mind the following concepts
related to joint boundary restraints and the end releases of the member(s) connecting to
the joint:
Joints have Degrees of Freedom (DOF) associated with them.
In the 2-D Frame Analysis program, each joint has two translational and one rotational
DOF.
An individual DOF may be restrained or released.
DOF can be defined as Boundary Restraints or as Member End Releases.
When the degrees of freedom are defined as Boundary Restraints, they are defined with
respect to the global coordinate axis system.
When the degrees of freedom are defined as Member End Releases, they are defined
with respect to the member local coordinate axis system.
The term Degrees of Freedom refers to the capability of a joint to move in the X and Y
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Joint Label
The label for a joint can be up to 25 characters long. They are CASE INSENSITIVE
meaning the module internally converts all joint names to all lower case for internal
usage.
Location
This is the X and Y location of the joint in a Cartesian coordinate system.
Boundary Restraints
These specify how the joint is connected to the boundary. The boundary is an infinitely
rigid item and is typically earth. See the Joints & Joint Loads 520 topic for more
information.
When you click on these items (or use [Tab] to move between them) the entry turns
into a drop-down list box with the available selections.
Temperature
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This specifies the base temperature for the joint. It is only used when you are defining
temperature loads for the members.
[+Add Joint]
Prompts you for the label to assign to the newly added joint. Joint labels can be up to
25 characters long.
[- Delete Joint]
Deletes the highlighted joint after your confirmation. Keep in mind that members
depend upon joints for connectivity. So if there are any members connected to a joint,
the members will be deleted if the joint is deleted. Any joint loads that were assigned to
a joint will also be deleted if the joint is deleted.
Generate
See bottom of this section.
Joint Sketch/Full Frame Sketch
The Joint Sketch displays a graphic representation of the individual joint that is
currently selected in the list of joints. The Full Frame Sketch displays a graphic
representation of the entire model with the currently selected joint highlighted for easy
recognition.
Editing Joint Information
Click on any data item when the joint list first appears, and the list will switch into an editing
mode. See the image below where we have clicked on the "X Loc" for joint 1.
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You can type in a numeric value or use the "spin" buttons to change the value by a fixed
decimal amount.
To finish the entry either press [Tab], [Enter] or click on another data item in the list.
When your entry is completed the entire frame will be recalculated if the Auto
Calculate option is selected.
Automatic Joint Generation
You can use the [Generate] button to initiate the automatic generation of joints. Just select
from the mode of generation, and you can specify the label and the x and y distance
increments to use. The "Grid Irregular X & Y" can generate some very complex joint
layouts.
Another powerful tool is the Also Generate Members option, which will generate members
to interconnect the joints for the generation grid or arc/circle you have specified.
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You can type in a numeric value or use the "spin" buttons to change the value by a fixed
decimal amount.
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To finish the entry either press [Tab], [Enter] or click on another data item in the list.
When your entry is completed the entire frame will be recalculated if the Auto
Calculate option is selected.
Note: If a load is applied in the same direction that a Joint Restraint is specified, that load will
immediately be "absorbed" by the joint restraint, so it will not have any effect on the frame.
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joint. To connect two members rigidly together you must specify the two connecting ends
as "fixed" conditions for all three degrees of freedom. That locks each beam end to the
joint.
For each member you can specify the section to use for its properties, and values to be
used when stress analysis is performed (unbraced length, slenderness factor, Cm and
Cb).
You can also set the member to be inactive to test force distributions and stresses for
alternate framing conditions.
Editing Member Information
Click on any data item when the member list first appears, and the list will switch into an
editing mode. See the image below where we have clicked on the "X" degree of freedom
for the I: end of member 1-2.
You can type in a numeric value or use the "spin" buttons to change the value by a fixed
decimal amount.
To finish the entry, either press [Tab], [Enter] or click on another data item in the list.
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Note: Each column in the Member Data table can have its own type of editing mode. The
Active column turns into a checkbox for yes/no selections. The Section Name column
turns into a button so you can select or add a section from the Section list. See
descriptions for each item below.
Adding & Deleting Members
To add a member click the [Add Member] button. You will be prompted for three pieces of
information:
1) A label for the member.
2) The member's "I" joint number.
3) The member's "J" joint number.
In the screen capture below you will notice a button to the right of the joint label entries.
Just click in the "I" or "J" joint entry and click the [Lookup Joints] button
.
This will display a window where you can scroll through the list of created joints and select
one. Simply click on one of the listed joints and then click [Select].
To delete a member, select the member and click [Delete Member]. After you approve
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the deletion, that member and all loads applied to that member will be deleted.
Generating Members
You can use the [Generate] button to initiate the automatic generation of members. This
is a simple process that automates member creation by generating members between
existing nodes in the specified order.
Note: This tool will generate new members, but it will not generate new nodes.
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Section Name
This establishes what section is to be used for that member. When you click on it or
[Tab] to it, the entry changes to a button labeled Lookup.
When you click the [Lookup] button, a selection window appears as shown below:
On this window you can scroll through the sections you have already added to the
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section list.
Note that the sections are listed with both Section labels and Group labels. A Group
label is used when you want to have more than one member have the same section
properties. In the screen capture above, notice that there are groups named "Chord",
"Diagonal", and "Vertical", all of which have the same section assigned to them. This
offers two convenient benefits:
First, it provides a handy way to manage multiple sets of members, some of which
may have the same section.
Second, by assigning a group name to the appropriate members in the model, it is
possible to change the AISC or NDS section assigned to all members of that group
by simply assigning a new section to the group, rather than having to assign the new
section to many individual members.
The [+Add Section] button provides access to the built-in section property databases.
It displays the screen below, which allows you to either type in a typical section name
or click a button and display the database to select the desired section from the
database.
Joints
These two columns let you specify and change the i and j end joints of a member.
When you click on these columns, the entry will change to a [Lookup] button as
shown below:
Clicking that button displays a window where you can scroll through the joint list and
click to identify the desired joint.
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In order to most efficiently describe the I & J End Conditions, it helps to introduce the
concept of the member local axis system. Each member can be thought of as having
its own x, y, and z coordinate axes that are mutually perpendicular and follow the righthand rule. The orientation of the member local axes can be determined as follows:
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1. The local x axis is always parallel to a vector from the "I" node to the "J" node.
(This axis is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the member.)
2. The local z axis is always parallel to the Global Z axis and points out of the plane
of the screen.
3. The local y axis can be found by taking the vector cross product of local z cross
local x. (Envision using the right hand to rotate the local z axis into the local x axis,
and the right thumb will automatically indicate the positive direction of the local y
axis.)
Note: It is important to understand that I & J End Conditions are defined with respect to
the member local axes, not the Global axis system.
A "Fixed" status for a particular end of a member, for a particular degree of freedom
(X, Y or Z) means that end of the member is locked to the joint for that degree of
freedom. A "Free" or "Pinned" status means that end of the member is disconnected
from the joint for that degree of freedom. Here are some examples:
X, Y, Z Setting
Fixed, Fixed, Fixed
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Along the bottom of the list is a set of buttons that allows you to quickly set the Z-axis
rotation end conditions. Clicking one of these buttons will set the end releases for both
ends of the member that is currently selected in the list.
NOTE! A truss connection is unique. You must look at the joint where the truss
members intersect. If they are all free to rotate, you will set the "X" and "Y" conditions
of all member ends at that joint to "Fixed". And for all "Z" conditions you will set them to
"Pinned" so they can rotate freely. For that joint you will set its "X" and "Y" restraint to
"Free" (assuming it is not a support location) and set its "Z" restraint to "Fixed", so that
the joint will be stable.
Length
This value is automatically calculated for you from the distance between the I and J
joints.
Unbraced Length
Enter the unbraced compression edge length that should be used for allowable stress
analysis of this member. Entering a "-1" means to use the full length of the member.
Any other number (0.00 or greater) is used as the unbraced length. Note that the
unbraced length can be assigned a value that is greater than the node-to-node length
of a member.
Lu-y is used as the unbraced compression edge length for flexural design. It is also
used in K-y * Lu-y to define the unbraced length for column buckling in the y direction
(buckling about the z axis of the member).
Lu-z is used in Kz * Lu-z to define the unbraced length for column buckling in the z
direction (buckling about the y axis of the member).
Slenderness
This entry is a simple multiplier to be applied to the Unbraced Length you have
entered.
Cm & Cb
You can specify these values for use in allowable stress calculations.
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When you click on any item in the two load entry lists, that location in the list will change
into a data entry item. The columns in the list have their own specific entry types that will
be described below.
Point Loads Entry List
Active
This is a Yes/No checkbox that allows you to turn the load on and off. This is useful
when you want to quickly see the effect of removing the load without actually having to
delete the load and then potentially have to redefine the load at a later time.
Direction
This specifies the direction of application of the load. Here is a description of each
direction:
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Global X: This point load acts in a direction parallel to the Global X Axis. Entering a
positive value will apply the load to the right (in the positive X direction).
Global Y: This point load acts in a direction parallel to the Global Y Axis. The algebraic
sign on the magnitude will affect the direction of application based on the Applied
Global Y Load Sign Convention setting on the General tab as follows:
When the Applied Global Y Load Sign Convention is set to "Global +Y Loads act
towards +Y (Upward)", then loads applied in the Global Y direction with a positive
algebraic sign act upward, and loads applied in the Global Y direction with a
negative algebraic sign act downward.
When the Applied Global Y Load Sign Convention is set to "Global +Y Loads act
towards -Y (Downward)", then loads applied in the Global Y direction with a
positive algebraic sign act downward, and loads applied in the Global Y direction
with a negative algebraic sign act upward.
In order to most efficiently describe the direction of application of the "Local" load
types, it helps to refer to the member local axis system. Each member can be thought
of as having its own x, y, and z coordinate axes that are mutually perpendicular and
follow the right-hand rule. The orientation of the member local axes can be determined
as follows:
1. The local x axis is always parallel to a vector from the "I" node to the "J" node.
(This axis is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the member.)
2. The local z axis is always parallel to the Global Z axis.
3. The local y axis can be found by taking the vector cross product of local z cross
local x. (Envision using the right hand to rotate the local z axis into the local x
axis, and the right thumb will automatically indicate the positive direction of the
local y axis.)
Local x: This point load acts parallel to the member's local x axis. If this load is
specified with a positive magnitude, the load will act in the positive direction of the local
x axis. If this load is specified with a negative magnitude, the load will act in the
negative direction of the local x axis.
Local y: This point load acts parallel to the member's local y axis. If this load is
specified with a positive magnitude, the load will act in the positive direction of the local
y axis. If this load is specified with a negative magnitude, the load will act in the
negative direction of the local y axis.
It should now be obvious that it is VERY important to have a thorough understanding of
member orientation when using "Local" load types.
Moment: This specifies that the load is a concentrated moment. Positive moments
follow the right-hand rule and apply a counter-clockwise rotational force to the member
(when viewing the model from the positive Z direction).
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Location
This specifies the distance from the "I" joint where the point load is located.
Load Type & Magnitude
You can enter seven different types of loads on the frame and combine them using the
factors on the Load Combinations tab.
Distributed Load Entry List
Active
This is a Yes/No checkbox that allows you to turn the load on and off. This is useful
when you want to quickly see the effect of removing the load.
Direction
This specifies the direction of application of the load.
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of as having its own x, y, and z coordinate axes that are mutually perpendicular and
follow the right-hand rule. The orientation of the member local axes can be determined
as follows:
1. The local x axis is always parallel to a vector from the "I" node to the "J" node.
(This axis is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the member.)
2. The local z axis is always parallel to the Global Z axis.
3. The local y axis can be found by taking the vector cross product of local z cross
local x. (Envision using the right hand to rotate the local z axis into the local x
axis, and the right thumb will automatically indicate the positive direction of the
local y axis.)
Local x: This distributed load acts parallel to the member's local x axis. If this load is
specified with a positive magnitude, the load will act in the positive direction of the local
x axis. If this load is specified with a negative magnitude, the load will act in the
negative direction of the local x axis.
Local y: This distributed load acts parallel to the member's local y axis. If this load is
specified with a positive magnitude, the load will act in the positive direction of the local
y axis. If this load is specified with a negative magnitude, the load will act in the
negative direction of the local y axis.
It should now be obvious that it is VERY important to have a thorough understanding of
member orientation when using "Local" load types.
Temperature: This is used to specify temperatures at particular locations along the
length of a member. The module then uses these spot temperatures, in conjunction
with the joint temperatures specified in the Joint Data list, to establish temperature
gradients along the member(s). The module will calculate the effects of the specified
temperature gradient from the end joint to the location along the member at which the
temperature was specified. If you apply more temperature loads, the gradients are
developed between each adjacent point of temperature load.
Location - Start, End
This specifies the distance from the "I" joint to the beginning and end of the load.
Leaving BOTH values as zero (0.0) will cause the load to be applied to the full length
of the member.
Load Type & Magnitude
You can enter seven different types of loads on the frame and combine them using the
values on the Load Combinations tab.
This tab allows you to review the final calculated forces for a member.
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To review member forces, first click the member of interest in the Select Member list.
Next, click on a load combination in the Select Load Comb. list. The member end forces
will be displayed for the chosen load combination, and a table of member forces at
increments along the length of the member will be shown.
This tab provides a more simplified view of member forces than the large tables displayed
on the Results tab.
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The SECTION DATA tab allows you to specify sections to be used for the frame.
Section Label vs. Group Label
These two ways of labeling a section are very helpful and should be understood.
The Section Label is the actual name of the section, whether it is an AISC section name
like W14x22 or a wood section like 4x10. The Section Label always represents something
that can be retrieved from the internal databases.
It can also be the name of a section that you create by entering a name and some
properties.
The Group Label lets you associate a section name with a label that is meaningful to you
and that can be used on multiple members. This makes it so you can easily revise the
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section that is assigned to a set of members without the need to change the section name
individually for all the members where it is used.
For example, say that members 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15 and 17 will all use the same section.
You don't know which AISC section will be selected, but you DO know it will be the same
section. You can assign a preliminary section name of HSS 3x3x1/4 and a group label of
"diagonal_1". If the frame analysis shows that the HSS section fails, you can simply
change it to a different section (with new properties). Because that section is linked to
those members with the group label, it simplifies the section assignment and modification
for the entire group.
Adding and Deleting Sections
When you click the [Add Section] button, the following window appears:
To select a section from the built-in AISC or NDS databases, just click the appropriate tab
and either type in the section name or click the [Lookup] button.
If you want to add your own section name and type in the properties, click the Undefined
tab, type in the desired section name, and click [OK].
[Delete Section] will delete the section you've highlighted in the list. Any members using
that section will be changed to reference the Default section.
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This screen provides the ability to define the material values used by the sections you
define.
Clicking [Add General Material] displays the following input box for you to enter the
material name:
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To add a new material, enter the name of the material and then click [OK]. The new
material will appear in the Materials list on the Material Data tab.
Clicking [Add Wood Material] displays the Wood Reference Design Values database
where you can select a wood species and grade combination:
To select a wood material to use in the current calculation, click on the desired material in
the Wood Reference Design Values database and then click [Select]. The new wood
material will appear in the Materials list on the Material Data tab as shown below:
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Clicking on the Elastic Modulus, Density, Yield Stress and Thermal Coefficient entry items
will change them into numeric entry boxes where you can type in a value and press [Tab]
or click off of the value to complete the data entry.
Elastic Modulus
The elastic modulus defines how the members will react to forces by defining the
relationship between stress and strain.
Density
The density entry is used only when the module calculates and applies member self
weights using the Member Self Weight entry column on the Load Combination tab.
Yield Stress
The use of this column and additional allowable stress information will be enhanced
as the module matures. For steel members this property is used to perform the AISC
member allowable stress evaluation. When wood stress evaluation is added, the
module will store other pertinent values from the built-in database.
Thermal Coefficient
This defines the rate of thermal expansion per degree of temperature change. This
value is only used when temperature loads are defined for a member.
Wood-Specific Values
The Wood-Specific Values are only populated when the selected material comes from
the Wood Reference Design Values database.
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Run LC
Clicking on this entry changes it to a checkbox, which controls whether that load
combination is used or ignored.
This button allows you to change the Run setting for all the load combinations at once
using several options.
Group Multiplier
This value acts as a multiplier on the entire load combination.
Lets say your values describe a combination of 1.0D + 0.7L + 0.3E and you want to
reduce that entire combined loading by 50%. You would enter a value of 0.5 for the
Group Multiplier. The resulting load combination would be 0.50 * (1.0D + 0.7L + 0.3E).
Individual Load Factors
Enter the numeric value to be applied to each type of load.
Member Self Weight
When either of these two values is non-zero, the module will calculate the weight of
each member (as cross sectional area * density * length) and consider that weight
during the analysis.
A "-1" value for "Global Y" will apply the member self weight downward (in the -Y
direction). A value of "1" for "Global X" will have the member self weight applied to the
right (the +X direction).
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10.8.7 Results
Need more? Ask Us a Question
The RESULTS tab provides extensive lists of detailed and summarized results from the
frame analysis.
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Member Forces
This table summarizes the extreme forces that occur anywhere along the length of each
member. (The detailed forces ALONG the length of the member are given in another list
within this Results section.)
For each member there is a four-line result display. The first line shows the member label
and the maximum member force values that occur anywhere along the length of the
member. The second line indicates the load combinations that create the maximum
values. The third line indicates the minimum (most negative) member force values that
occur anywhere along the length of the member. The fourth line indicates the load
combinations that create the minimum values.
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Stress Checks
The Stress Checks tab is only displayed when the Member Stress Check Status item on
the General tab has been set to ASD or LRFD stress checks.
For each member this list shows the following information:
member label
section or group label
material
governing load combination that results in the maximum Axial plus Bending stress ratio
maximum stress ratio for the Axial plus Bending check
pass/fail status for the Axial plus Bending check
location along the member length where the critical Axial plus Bending result was found
to occur
governing load combination that results in the maximum Shear stress ratio
maximum stress ratio for the Shear check
pass/fail status for the Shear check
location along the member length where the critical Shear result was found to occur.
The image below shows the results for the steel members used in this frame:
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This list summarizes the joint displacements resulting from each load combination.
Joint displacements are reported with respect to the global coordinate system.
Clicking on the [+] icon to the left of each combination will expand the sub-list to show the
detailed values.
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This list summarizes the member end forces resulting from each load combination.
Clicking on the [+] icon to the left of each combination will expand the sub-list to show the
detailed values.
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This list gives a very detailed presentation of the member forces and member deflections
at small increments along the member length.
Note that the Member Deflections provided in this list are reported relative to the
straight-line chord drawn between the deflected position of the two end nodes of
the member. In other words, these Member Deflections will ALWAYS report a
value of zero at both ends of all members.
The list is a tree with two sub-levels:
The main level allows a choice of the load combination.
The next level down offers the choice of which member to observe.
Click on the [+] icons to expand the list to show more details. Click on the [-] icon will
compress the level.
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The Member Check Results tab is only shown when the Member Stress Check Status
item on the General tab has been set to ASD or LRFD stress checks.
Stress Check Results
For each member this list shows the following information:
member label
section or group label
material
governing load combination that results in the maximum stress ratios
maximum stress ratio for the Axial plus Bending check
pass/fail status for the Axial plus Bending check
location along the member length where the critical Axial plus Bending result was found
to occur
maximum stress ratio for the Shear check
pass/fail status for the Shear check
location along the member length where the critical Shear result was found to occur.
The image below shows the results for the steel members used in this frame:
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Steel Details
This list pertains only to the stress checks for steel members, and it provides detailed
information about the stress checks at small increments along the length of each member.
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Joint Displacements
Joint Displacements are reported with respect to the Global Coordinate Axis system. A
positive displacement indicates a displacement in the direction of the positive corresponding
axis. A positive rotation indicates a positive rotation about the Global Z axis. (Using the
thumb of the right hand, point the thumb in the direction of the positive Global Z axis, and the
natural curl of the right fingers will indicate the direction of a positive rotation.)
Reactions
Reactions are also reported with respect to the Global Coordinate Axis system. A positive
force reaction indicates a force in the direction of the positive corresponding axis. A positive
moment reaction indicates a positive moment about the Global Z axis. (Using the thumb of
the right hand, point the thumb in the direction of the positive Global Z axis, and the natural
curl of the right fingers will indicate the direction of a positive moment.)
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Tabs All, A, V, M, D
These tabs let you explore the force details for the selected member and load
combination in different ways.
When the All tab is selected, the extreme values of axial load, moment, shear, and
deflection are presented for the currently selected member.
The other tabs provide detailed list of the values for the currently selected which are
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10.8.10 Reports
This tab lets you select what data to print from the frame analysis.
Under Output Data you have the choice of compressing the output to an Envelope Only
status. If Envelope Only is not checked the full details will be printed which can results in
many pages of output. It is advisable to look at a print preview to see what it generates.
Using Envelope Only will examine each table and print only the extreme values for each
load combination.
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10.8.11 Printout
Here is a sample printout for the current frame:
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10.9
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The lateral shear force is applied to the rigid diaphragm, and that force is distributed to all
elements after the rotational stiffness analysis has been completed.
All lateral forces are distributed to each element on the basis of relative rigidities and
resisting element locations. Lateral shear forces, induced torsional forces, and minimum
eccentricity are considered after determining the location of the center of rigidity.
The module provides analysis for one level only. For structures where elements are
symmetrically placed on many levels, a calculation may be performed for each level and
results added to determine shears and overturning moments for each element. When
determining center of mass (where the lateral force is applied) on successively lower
levels when elements are NOT all aligned vertically, a new center of mass position should
be calculated based upon element forces acting from the diaphragm from the level above
and combined with the force at that level.
A very unique capability of this module is to have the applied lateral load applied at angular
increments for a full 360 degree rotation. The prior version of this module in our Version 5.8
software only applied the lateral load at 90 degree increments. Because seismic or wind
loads can occur at any angle, we provide the ability for the user to define the angles at
which the lateral load is applied to the rigid diaphragm for distribution to the resisting
elements.
When the lateral force is rotated around the specified number of angular increments, the
user has two options for specifying the magnitude of the force to consider at each angular
orientation. One option is to specify the magnitude of the applied lateral force and an
optional orthogonal force magnitude that will be considered to act concurrently. When this
option is selected, the program uses the same magnitude for the resultant lateral force at
all angular increments, and that magnitude is calculated as the SRSS of the applied lateral
force and the orthogonal force. The second option is to specify the magnitude of the
applied lateral force in the X direction and the magnitude of the applied lateral force in the Y
direction. When this option is selected, the program considers the lateral force to vary in
an elliptical manner as the angular orientation of the force changes. When the force is
considered to act at the zero-degree orientation, the magnitude will be exactly equal to the
specified lateral force in the X direction. As the angular orientation changes, the lateral
force will vary in that elliptical manner. When the force is considered to act at the 90degree orientation, the lateral force will be exactly equal to the specified force in the Y
direction, and so on.
Another feature is the handling of the minimum force eccentricity. The code specifies that
a minimum eccentricity must be used to increase the torsional effect created by the
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moment arm between the point of load application and the center of rigidity. The minimum
eccentricity is typically specified as 5% of the building dimension measured perpendicular
to the direction of load application. To thoroughly address the eccentricity requirements,
this module creates an ellipse measuring 5% (or the specified value) of the building
dimension on each axis, around which the lateral load is applied.
So to recap.....the applied lateral load is applied at the angular increments you specify for a
full 360 degrees, and this is performed for the number of angular locations you specify
around the minimum eccentricity ellipse. This means if you use 15 degree angular
increments for load direction and 15 degree increments for accidental eccentricity, then
the lateral load is actually applied in (360/15+1) * (360/15+1) = 625 locations. This can
provide a very accurate calculation of applied torsions and direct shears to all resisting
elements connected to a rigid diaphragm.
Basic Usage
The most important step for successful use of this module is to properly enter the X
and Y location of the center of rigidity of each resisting element and its angle in
degrees counterclockwise from a normal Cartesian "0" degree orientation.
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For each resisting element, its center of rigidity will be at the centroid of the wall or
column section.
The angle is measured with respect to the centerline of the length measurement (long
dimension). 0 degrees and 180 degrees defines a wall's angle as parallel to the Xaxis. 90 degrees and 270 degrees defines a wall as being parallel to the Y-axis. The
angle increases positively in a counterclockwise direction.
Lateral shears are typically the force at the diaphragm level due to wind or seismic
forces at that level. Distance to Center of Mass specifies the X-Y coordinates of the
center of the load ellipse where the lateral shears act. If lateral forces must be added
to the diaphragm from the level above or below, you must combine all forces to
calculate an adjusted mass application point. Maximum Dimensions are used to
calculate the minimum additional eccentricity that will be added to and subtracted
from the inherent eccentricity to calculate governing forces for each resisting
element.
When defining walls as resisting elements, the thickness, length, and height are
required for each wall providing lateral support to the diaphragm. These values are
used with the elastic modulus to establish the relative stiffness of each wall. For other
resisting elements you can enter the section information or just enter the resisting
element deflection under the same load for all elements.
The Elastic Modulus does not have to be an exact value if all of the elements are of
identical construction. In this situation, it may be simpler to just use a value of 1.
X & Y Distances for each resisting element define the location of the center of
stiffness of each element in plan view. This location will be used when combining all
stiffnesses and calculating the overall center of rigidity for all elements acting as a
system.
When using walls or columns as resisting elements, an inclination angle can be
entered for each element. For walls, this angle describes the orientation of the long
axis of the wall, measured in degrees counterclockwise from a normal Cartesian "0"
degree orientation. For columns, this angle describes the orientation of the X axis of
the column, measured in degrees counterclockwise from a normal Cartesian "0"
degree orientation. Enter all angles as positive.
Enter the fixity condition that best describes the element's top and bottom restraint
against rotation about the longitudinal and transverse axes. Fix-Pin would be
appropriate for an inverted pendulum condition (where walls or columns cantilever up
from a fixed base condition, but are free to rotate at their tops). Fix-Pin would also be
appropriate for a moment frame structure with pinned column bases (a structure that
behaves like a table). Fix-Fix would be appropriate for conditions where both the tops
and the bottoms of the columns and/or walls are fixed against rotation about their
longitudinal and transverse axes. This setting results in double curvature in the
vertical lateral force resisting elements.
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Unique Features
This module uses a numerical approach to determine center of rigidity location and to
distribute lateral forces to each resisting element. Because resisting elements may be
located at any angle, a rigorous stiffness analysis is performed, calculating each element's
stiffness about both axes and combining the stiffnesses of all the elements to determine a
center of rigidity location.
Assumptions & Limitations
Because this program performs a very complex stiffness matrix analysis for all resisting
elements, the traditional method of listing separate components of direct and torsional
shears is not applicable. Also, the module internally adds and subtracts the additional
accidental eccentricity (based on both maximum dimensions) about each axis to calculate
the maximum force for each element. This results in one final force value being displayed
for each wall.
Coordinate System
Please note that a strict X-Y coordinate system should be used to ensure that the analysis
is properly carried out. When setting up an X-Y coordinate axis, please follow the standard
Cartesian model with the diaphragm located such that X increases to the right and Y
increases up the screen. Unless another method is necessary, this will perform very well
(but the module can handle variations).
General Input Tab
Loading
Specify Primary & Orthogonal Force
Applied Lateral Force
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This is the main force applied to the rigid diaphragm. The location of
application is defined by the load ellipse, the center of which is specified in
the input item labeled Location of Shear Application.
Additional Orthogonal Force
This is an optional force that is applied at a 90-degree angle to the main
force. Some codes specify that this force must be applied concurrently
with the main force.
Maximum Load Used for Analysis
This is the resultant force applied to the diaphragm, calculated as
sqrt(Main2 + Orthogonal2).
Specify Nonconcurrent X & Y Forces
Applied Lateral Force X Direction
This is the magnitude of the lateral force applied to the rigid diaphragm
when the load is oriented at exactly zero or 180 degrees.
Applied Lateral Force Y Direction
This is the magnitude of the lateral force applied to the rigid diaphragm
when the load is oriented at exactly 90 or 270 degrees.
When the load orientation is anywhere between the cardinal directions, the
magnitude of the applied lateral force is determined by assuming that the
lateral force follows a smoothly varying elliptical function.
The location of application is defined by the load ellipse, the center of which
is specified in the input item labeled Location of Shear Application.
Load Angular Increment
This module allows the force to be applied to the rigid diaphragm in almost all
angular directions.
According to the entry for angular increment, the module will apply the load to the
diaphragm at multiple angular increments. For example, if you select "15 deg", the
module will apply the lateral load at 0, 15, 30 degrees, etc. When the Load Angular
Increment is set to smaller values, it will result in slightly longer calculation times, but
it wall also allow the module to "zero in" more accurately on the actual maximum
shear forces in all of the resisting elements.
Note that there is also an option named "Specify". This allows you to very precisely
specify a singular direction for the application of load.
Accidental Eccentricity Angular Increment
Most building codes require the consideration of an "accidental eccentricity". This is
a prescribed additional amount of moment arm that must be compounded with the
inherent eccentricity that already exists in the system; i.e. the distance between the
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center of rigidity and the center of mass for seismic loads or the distance between
the center of rigidity and the center of exposure for wind loads. This additional
eccentricity accounts for the variability of the exact location of the center of rigidity in
normal as-built conditions.
Normally an "X direction" and a "Y direction" accidental eccentricity would be
determined as a function (typically 5%) of the overall building dimension
perpendicular to each direction. Then, the X directed force would be applied at two
locations:
center of mass PLUS "Y direction" eccentricity, and
center of mass MINUS "Y direction" eccentricity.
And the Y directed force would be applied at two locations:
center of mass PLUS "X direction" eccentricity, and
center of mass MINUS "X direction" eccentricity.
However, in this module the "X direction" and "Y direction" eccentricities are used to
specify the dimensions of an ellipse that encircles the center of mass. This ellipse
creates a continuous path that smoothly incorporates the "X direction" and "Y
direction" eccentricities. In this way, it defines all possible locations where the load
should be applied to account for all possible accidental eccentricity locations.
The entry for Accidental Eccentricity Angular Increment specifies the angular
increment that will be used to subdivide the ellipse into a number of locations where
the force will be applied to the diaphragm.
Summary of Angular Increment & Accidental Eccentricity Angular Increment
The module applies the lateral load at the "Load Angular Increments" at each location
of "Accidental Eccentricity Angular Increment" to generate an extensive set of results
from which the maximum force values for each resisting element may be inspected.
For example, setting both "Load Angular Increment" and "Accidental Eccentricity
Angular Increment" to 15 degrees tells the module to run (360/15 + 1) * (360/15 + 1)
= 625 separate analyses of force distributions to the resisting elements. This is not
the highest degree of detail that the program can provide, but it may offer a good
balance of accuracy versus analysis time.
Location of Shear Application
This specifies the X and Y location of the center of mass. The Accidental
Eccentricity ellipse will be circumscribed around this location.
Accidental Torsion Values
Accidental torsion is defined as a percentage of overall constructed diaphragm
dimension in each of two orthogonal directions. Therefore enter the necessary
eccentricity percentage and both maximum diaphragm dimensions here.
When Stiffness deflections are 0.00, assume completely flexible
Note the option named "When Stiffness deflections are 0.00, assume completely
flexible". This option can be used if your intent is to specify that an element is
completely flexible in a certain direction. In this situation, you would need to specify
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Sketch Tab
588
Analysis Procedure
Please see the following description for the procedure used to calculate the system
stiffness matrix and resolve the forces for each resisting element.
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The above equation assumes that the load acting on the slab is unique and no other nearby
loads are affecting the calculation.
To assist in the evaluation of slabs-on-grade, this module also provides a calculation of the
distance that the closest load may be without affecting the calculated slab capacity. The
calculation given below is based on research of Packard, Pickett & Ray and more recently
by Spears and Panarese. It is also discussed in ACI 360R-92(4).
In this module the distance is calculated as 1.5 * "Radius of Relative Stiffness" given by the
following equation:
b = [ Ec d3 / (12 * (1-u2) * ks )] 0.25
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Where
b is the radius of relative stiffness
Ec is the concrete elastic modulus, psi
d is the slab thickness, inches
u is Poisson's ratio which is set to 0.15 in this module
ks is the modulus of subgrade reaction of the soil, pci
Additionally this module allows the user to enter a Factor of Safety that is used when the
module reports the adequacy of each applied load.
Tabular Entry Screen
This module is designed to allow the user to create a table of loads applied to a particular
concrete slab and supporting soil with one set of material properties.
You can then use the [Add], [Edit] and [Delete] buttons to add a set of applied loads and
base plate dimensions. From this data all load combinations are used to determine the
maximum axial force. For the plate dimension you specify, the maximum load capacity for
the point load application is calculated and compared with your required factor of safety.
The option for ASD or LRFD analysis only changes the load combination set used.
Because this is a non-ACI design process, you need to enter a Factor of Safety to
determine the final design status. Research material suggests a F.S. of 3.0.
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AISC sections can be recalled from the database files and can be included in the built-up
section. All sections from the 13th Edition AISC Steel Construction Manual are available,
and can be reoriented as necessary.
The calculated section property values include: area, moments of inertia, center of gravity
location, extreme fiber distances, section moduli, and radius of gyration.
Basic Usage
Before starting data entry, be sure you have set up an X-Y coordinate system to
consistently reference all component locations.
For each rectangular shape, enter the height, width, and center of area measured from
the datum.
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Hollow circular sections are entered by specifying the outside radius and thickness. Solid
circular sections are entered by specifying the outside radius and setting the thickness to
zero.
For AISC sections, you can use the Xcg and Ycg input fields to locate the section's
centroid position with respect to the datum. The module knows the centroid location of
AISC members with respect to their own extreme fiber locations. However, you need to
enter the location of the member's centroid in relation to the other members in the builtup section. Be careful, as this can be tricky when entering channels, angles, and tee
sections that are rotated.
A unique feature allows the user to specify that AISC sections can be rotated in 90degree increments, and steel angle sections can also be mirrored about their Y axis.
This tab enables you to specify up to 10 sections from the AISC 13th Edition database to
use in a built-up member.
The square buttons across the top of the tab are used to represent the component
sections that comprise your built-up shape. When a section has been specified for a
particular button, a small green upward facing triangle will be shown under the
corresponding button. Click on any button to add a section or view and modify the section
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This tab allows you to specify simple rectangular and circular shapes.
The square buttons across the top of the tab are used to represent the component
sections that comprise your built-up shape. When a section has been specified for a
particular button, a small green upward facing triangle will be shown under the
corresponding button. Click on any button to add a section or view and modify the section
that has already been assigned to that button.
Not Used / Rectangular / Circular
Select the shape you wish to use for this item.
600
This tab allows you to select from a number of common polygonal shapes. With each
selection the reference drawing and data entry prompts will change.
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The square buttons across the top of the tab are used to represent the component
sections that comprise your built-up shape. When a section has been specified for a
particular button, a small green upward facing triangle will be shown under the
corresponding button. Click on any button to add a section or view and modify the
section that has already been assigned to that button.
Xcg & Ycg
Enter the location of the section's centroidal axis measured from the datum (the origin
of your assumed X-Y Cartesian coordinate system).
Rotation Angle: Counter-Clockwise
For these shapes you can rotate the section in one-degree increments. Positive
angles represent counter-clockwise rotation.
Results Tab
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Sketch
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Item Descriptions
Print This Information
Check this box if you want the development calculation on the current tab to appear on
the printout.
This Bar
Enter a description for the current development calc.
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Bar Details
Enter the basic stress info for this bar. You can also select to perform the calculation
according to ACI 318-91.
Straight Development
This section performs tension & compression bar development according to ACI
section 12.2 and 12.3. Please refer to the ACI code for the proper definitions of these
entries.
Hooked Development
This section performs tension hooked rebar development according to ACI section
12.5. Please refer to the ACI code for the proper definitions of these entries.
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General Tab
Specify the locations up to 16 bolts. Use the Total Number of Bolts entry to indicate bolt
quantity. The correct number of data entry locations will be displayed.
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Loads Tab
Enter the magnitude of the applied loads, the angle of load application measured CCW
from Cartesian zero degrees and the location of the point of load application relative to the
Datum point. The module now accepts applied moments as well.
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Results Tab
On the left side of this tab are the calculated Center of Bolt Group location, calculated
moment applied to the group from the load combination that creates the extreme moment
and the eccentricity of the load application from the Center of Bolt Group.
In the table on the right are presented the calculated of force for each bolt due to direct and
torsional shears for each axis (after the applied load is reduced to X & Y components).
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Sketch
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This module handles base plate design for the following conditions:
where the resultant eccentricity is zero,
where the resultant eccentricity is within the middle third for full bearing pressure,
where the resultant eccentricity is outside the middle third resulting in a triangular
pressure distribution on part of the base plate, and
extreme eccentricity conditions where anchor bolts are required.
This module does not handle conditions where NET UPLIFT is present. When the
summation of factored axial loads in a load combination is negative, then uplift controls and
the module will not calculate. Under these conditions, a red error message will be
displayed at the bottom of the window to notify you of this condition.
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The right side of this tab will look slightly different for LRFD:
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Type the AISC section name in the entry and press [Tab]. The module will look up the
section in the Steel database and, if found, will retrieve the values. The name must be
typed just as it appears in the 13th Edition AISC Steel Construction Manual.
buttons to quickly
Concrete Support
Enter the support dimensions that will be used to calculate the allowable bearing
pressure increase, A1 * sqrt(A2/A1).
Py - Axial Load
This column of entries specifies the axial load applied to the base plate. Note that
positive values represent downward loads.
Vz - Shear
This column of entries specifies the shear applied parallel to the plate and to be
resisted by the anchor bolts.
Mx - Moment
This column of entries specifies the moment that the column applies to the plate.
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Description
Description of the bolt for your reference. Not used by module.
Tension Capacity
Net tension capacity of bolt after all capacity factors are applied.
Shear Capacity
Net shear capacity of bolt after all capacity factors are applied.
Edge Distance
Distance from edge of plate to center of bolt closest to edge.
Number of Bolts in a Row
The "Row" referred to is a row of bolts at the plate edge that will take any tension
force.
Number of Bolt Rows
Number of rows of bolts.
Row Spacing
Spacing of rows when more than one row is used.
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Sketch Tab
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Adding a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to the project requires that you already have
Excel loaded on your computer.
To add an Excel spreadsheet to your Project, click on the Division where you would like to
insert the spreadsheet, click the [Add] button, and then click [MS Excel Spreadsheet]:
The screen will appear like this, ready for you to load the spreadsheet of your choice:
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(1) Use the [Open/Retrieve] button to load the desired Excel spreadsheet.
(2) Use the [Print Document] button to print this item using the Excel printing functionality.
(3) Use the [Clear Document] button to remove the currently loaded Excel spreadsheet
from the Project File.
(4) Use the [SaveAs] button to save the currently loaded Excel spreadsheet to a new
filename.
(5) The Storage Method buttons are used to specify how the Excel spreadsheet will be
stored for use within ENERCALC.
[Embed] saves a copy of the item in the Project File. (Easiest for portability, results in
larger Project File size, changes to original item will not be visible.)
[Link] saves a link to the item in Project File. (Changes to original item will be visible,
keeps Project File size small, not easily portable.)
(6) This area is used to define the name of the Excel spreadsheet when it is stored
externally from the Project File.
(7) Enter a description of this item as needed. It will be displayed in the Descriptions
column of the Project Manager for reference.
(8) This is the area where the Excel spreadsheet is loaded, as shown below:
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The last step is to click the [Save & Exit] button. The display will return to the Project
Manager, and you will see an indication that the selected spreadsheet has been attached
as shown in the image below:
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Adding a Microsoft Word document to the Project requires that you already have
Word loaded on your computer.
To add a Word document to your Project, click on the Division where you would like to
insert the document, click the [Add] button, and then click [MS Word Document]:
The screen will appear like this, ready for you to load the document of your choice:
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(1) Use the [Open/Retrieve] button to load the desired Word document.
(2) Use the [Print Document] button to print this item using the Word printing functionality.
(3) Use the [Clear Document] button to delete the currently loaded Word document from
the Project File.
(4) Use the [SaveAs] button to save the currently loaded Word document to a new
filename.
(5) The Storage Method buttons are used to specify how the Word document will be stored
for use within ENERCALC.
[Embed] saves a copy of the item in the Project File. (Easiest for portability, results
in larger Project File size, changes to original item will not be visible.)
[Link] saves a link to the item in Project File. (Changes to original item will be visible,
keeps Project File size small, not easily portable.)
(6) This area is used to define the name of the Word document when it is stored externally
from the Project File.
(7) Enter a description of this item as needed. It will be displayed in the Descriptions
column of the Project Manager for reference.
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(8) This is the area where the Word document is loaded, as shown below:
The last step is to click the [Save & Exit] button. The display will return to the Project
Manager, and you will see an indication that the selected document has been attached as
shown in the image below:
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Note: When using Adobe Reader X, it is necessary to disable Protected Mode if PDFs are
to be used as External Items in the Structural Engineering Library. To disable Protected
Mode in Adobe Reader X, go to Edit > Preferences > General > Application Startup, and
disable the option named Enable Protected Mode at startup.
To add an Adobe Acrobat PDF file to your Project, click on the Division where you would
like to insert the document, click the [Add] button, and then click [Acrobat PDF]:
The screen will appear like this, ready for you to load the PDF file of your choice:
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(1) Use the [Open/Retrieve] button to load the desired PDF file.
(2) Use the [Print Document] button to print this item using the PDF printing functionality.
(3) Use the [Clear Document] button to delete the currently loaded PDF file from the
Project File.
(4) The Storage Method buttons are used to specify how the PDF file will be stored for use
within ENERCALC.
[Embed] saves a copy of the item in the Project File. (Easiest for portability, results in
larger Project File size, changes to original item will not be visible.)
[Link] saves a link to the item in Project File. (Changes to original item will be visible,
keeps Project File size small, not easily portable.)
(5) This area is used to define the name of the PDF file when it is stored externally from
the Project File.
(6) Enter a description of this item as needed. It will be displayed in the Descriptions
column of the Project Manager for reference.
(7) This is the area where the PDF file is loaded, as shown below:
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The last step is to click the [Save & Exit] button. The display will return to the Project
Manager, and you will see an indication that the selected PDF file has been attached as
shown in the image below:
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The Structural Engineering Library now offers you the ability to use your scanner to create
items and insert them into your Project File. To scan an item and add it to your Project File,
click on the Division where you would like to insert the scanned item, click the [Add] button,
and then click [Scan a Document]:
When the module is loaded you will see the screen below:
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Options:
Reset Scanner: Send signals to the scanner to reset itself to its default state.
Preview/Crop/Scan: Perform a fast, low resolution "preview" scan and display it for your
use in defining the final region that will be used for the high resolution scan.
Delete Page: Remove the current scan from this viewer.
Image Manipulation buttons: Allow you to change the way you view the scans in this
document.
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To create a scanned item, place the item on the scanner and click the [Scan Page]
button. If desired, enter text in the Description field. Then, click the [Save & Exit]
button. The display will return to the Project Manager, and you will see an indication that
the scanned item has been attached as shown in the image below: