Compiler Design

Introduction: The tasks of a compiler, Analysis of the Source Program, Phases and Passes in
compilers, cousins of compilers, compiler construction tools.

Lexical Analysis: Review of Regular Expressions, Finite State Machines, Finite Automata based
Pattern Matching. Specification and recognition of tokens, a language for specifying lexical
analyzer, Design of lexical analyzer generator. Programming assignment on lex.

Syntax Analysis: Review of grammars, Chomsky Hierarchy, Context Free Grammars.

Ambiguity, Grammar Transformations, Top-down Parsing: Left recursive grammars, Left
factoring, LL (1) Parsing, LL (1) grammars, error recovery in Top down parsers.
Bottom Up Parsing: Overview of Shift reduce parsing, Operator precedence parsers, Finite
automata of LR(0) items and LR (0) parsing, SLR parsing, Canonical LR Parsing, LALR Parsing.
Compaction of LR parsing table, Using ambiguous grammars, Error recovery in bottom up
parsers, Yacc: an LALR(1) Parser generator, Abstract Syntax trees, Optimizing a grammar,
Programming assignment.

Semantic Analysis: Syntax Directed Definitions and translations, Attributes and Attribute
grammar, construction of syntax trees, bottom up evaluation of S attributed definition, L-
attributed definition, Top down translation, Bottom up evaluation of inherited attribute, Assigning
space at compiler construction time, analysis of syntax directed definitions.

Type Checking: Type systems, Specification of simple type checker, equivalence of type
expressions, type conversions, overloading of functions and operators, Polymorphic functions, an
algorithm for unification.

Run Time Environments: Storage Organization, Storage allocation strategies, access to non
local names, memory allocation in block structured language, various algorithms for Garbage
collection, Parameter passing.

Symbol Table Organization, Symbol attributes and Symbol table entries, Local Symbol Table
management, Global Symbol table structure, language facilities for dynamic storage allocation,
dynamic storage allocation techniques. Symbol Table for block structured language.

Code Generation: Issues in the design of a code generator, The target machine, Run-time storage
management, Basic blocks and flow graphs, Next-use information, A simple code generator.

Code Optimization: Early Optimizations: Constant-Expression Evaluation (Constant Folding,

Algebraic Simplifications and Reassociation, Value numbering, Copy Propagation. Redundancy
Elimination: Common-Subexpression Elimination, Loop-Invariant Code Motion, Partial-
Redundancy Elimination, Redundancy Elimination and Reassociation, Code Hoisting. Loop
Optimizations: Induction-Variable Optimizations, Unnecessary Bounds – Checking Elimination.
Procedure Optimizations: Tail-Call Optimization and Tail-Recursion Elimination, Procedure
Integration, In-Line Expansion, Leaf-Routine Optimization and Shrink Wrapping.

Books:
• Aho, Sethi and Ullmann “Compilers: Principles, techniques and tools”, Pearson
Education Asia
• Appel, "Modern Compiler Implementation in C", Cambridge University press
 Software Project Management

UNIT 1:
Introduction to Project Management: Project Management Life Cycle

UNIT 2:
Software Project Planning, Project Activities and Work Breakdown Structure

UNIT 3:
Project Management Plan, Project Scheduling and Tracking Techniques

UNIT 4:
Project Economics: Project Costing, Project Estimation Techniques,
Automated Estimation Tools

UNIT 5:
Project Control and Closure, Project Management Issues with regard to New Technologies

Books:
• Mathur , S.S Principles of Management
• Robbin .S.P. , “ Organizational Behavior”
• Prof: K.K Aggarwal & Yogesh Singh :SOFTWARE ENGG:
• Pankaj Jalote, “An Integrated Approach to software Engg” Narosa publishing
house, new delhi.
• Pressman “Principles of software Engg” TMC, 5th ED.2005.
 Computer Graphics

UNIT –I
Overview of Graphics Systems: Video Display Devices, Refresh cathode ray tubes,
Refresh scan displays, Random scan displays, color CRT Monitors, DVST, Flat- Panel
displays, Three Dimensional viewing devices, Raster scan systems, Input Devices:
Keyboards, Mouse, Track ball, Joysticks, Data Glove, Touch Panels, Light pens.
UNIT - II
Curves and Surfaces: Line Drawing Algorithm, DDA Algorithm, Bresenham’s Line
Drawing Algorithm, Bresenham’s Circle Drawing Algorithm, Ellipse Drawing
Algorithm, Bezier Curves, 4 point and 5 point Bezier curves using Bernstein
Polynomials, B-Spline Curves, Computing control points given end slopes for a specified
curve segment.

UNIT - III
Geometric Transformation: Homogeneous Coordinate System for 2D and 3D, Various
2D, 3D Transformation matrices (Translation, Scaling, Rotation, Shear), Rotation about
an arbitrary point (2D), Rotation about an arbitrary axis (3D), Computing location of V.P,
Clipping Algorithms, Sutherland-Cohen Clipping Algorithm.
 
UNIT – IV
Shading and Hidden Surface Removal: Shading, Illumination Model for diffused
Reflection, Effect of ambient lighting, distances, Specular Reflection Model, Computing
Reflection Vector, Curved Surfaces, Polygonal Approximations, Gourard Shading, Phong
Model, Hidden Surface Removal, Floating Horizon Method, Back Face Detection, Depth
Buffer (Z-Buffer, A-Buffer) Method, Scan Line Method, Depth Sorting Method, Area
Subdivision Method.

UNIT – V
Illumination Model and Surface Rendering: Illumination models,Shading models for
curve surfaces, Half tone Pattern and Dithering Techniques, Rendering, Color Models:
XYZ Color Model, RGB, YIQ, CMY, HSV, HLS.

BOOKS:
• D. Hearn and P. Baker, “Computer Graphics”, Prentice Hall 2nd Edition, 19999.
nd
• R. Plastock and Z.Xiang, “Computer Graphics”, 2 Edition Schaum’s Series,
McGraw Hill, 2001.
• Foley et. al., “Computer Graphics Principles & practice”, Addison Wesley, 1999.
 Parallel and Distributed system
Basic Concepts: Introduction to parallel processing, parallel processing
terminology,decomposition,complexity,throughput,speedup,measures,data dependence,
resource dependence, Bernsteins conditions levels of parallelism in programs, Program
flow control ,data flow, Distributed systems-Introduction, advantages, tightly coupled,
loosely coupled systems, Hardware and software requirements ,design issues.

Parallel Processing-Structure and organization: Taxonomy of parallel processes:

granularity, basic architectures, multiprocessors, vector processors, pipeline-both linear
as well as non linear ,optimal design, Arithmetic pipeline, Instruction pipeline, Pipeline
hazards and their solution ,reservation table, scheduling: array ,systolic, wave front array,
cube architecture, hypercube, CCC, pyramid, prism, network architecture-binary tree,
hypercube, butterfly, shuffle, exchange, dataflow architecture, connection machine.
System attributes to computers, clock rate, CPI, MIPS rate, throughput rates. Uma,
NUMA, COMA models Performance laws, Amdahl, Gustafson, Sun and Ni laws.

Distributed Systems: Introduction, definition, its history, Distributed computing system

definition and its evolution, reasons for its popularity, Strength and weaknesses of
distributed computing, Different forms of computing, Minicomputer model, workstation
model, workstation server model, Processor pool model, Cluster: definitions, reasons for
its popularity, cluster computer system architecture, Windows cluster, Solaris cluster,
Linux cluster, Using cluster distributed computing system models: Distributed operating
system, Introduction to DCE, architecture of distributed applications, toolkits,
frameworks, and components, Introduction to UML.

Distributed Operating system, Resource sharing, Message passing, example system,

Synchronization aspects, clocks, algorithms, Mutual exclusion, co routines, CSP, DSM,
Deadlocks, Distributed deadlock detection, Modeling-Petri Nets, Election algorithms.

Parallel Algorithms: PRAM model of computation, Elementary parallel algorithms-

Broadcast, prefix sums, permutation, parallel selection, merging, sorting, Odd Even,
Bitonic Merge, dictionary operations, clliss, algorithm graphs, Matrix transportation,
multiplication, SIMD algorithm for matrix multiplication, solving linear systems.

Parallel and Distributed programming: Parallel programming environments, models,

synchronous programming, modulla-2, occamm, FORTRAN, DAP FORTRAN,C-Linda,
Actus, data flow programming, VAL etc., MPI, Open MP

Books:
• Michael J Quinn “Parallel Computing-Theory and practices”, 2nd Edition, TMH
• Kai Hwang, “Advanced Computer Architecture” McGraw hill.
 Artificial Intelligence

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION
AI problems, foundation of AI and history of AI intelligent agents: Agents and
Environments, the concept of rationality, the nature of environments, structure of agents,
problem solving agents, and problem formulation.
UNIT 2: SEARCHING
Searching for solutions, uniformed search strategies – Breadth first search, depth first search,
Depth limited search, Iterative-deepening depth first search bi-direction search - comparison.
Search with partial information (Heuristic search) Greedy best first search, A* search, Memory
bounded heuristic search, Heuristic functions. Local search Algorithms: Hill climbing, simulated,
annealing search, local beam search, genetical algorithms. Constrain satisfaction problems:
Backtracking search for CSPs local search for constraint satisfaction problems.
UNIT 3: GAME PLAYING
Adversial search, Games, minimax, algorithm, optimal decisions in multiplayer games,
Alpha-Beta pruning, Evaluation functions, and cutting of search.
UNIT 4: KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION & REASONS LOGICAL AGENTS
Knowledge – Based Agents, the Wumpus world, logic, propositional logic, Resolution patterns in
propos ional logic, Resolution, Forward & Backward. Chaining. First order logic. Inference in
first order logic, propositional Vs. first order inference, unification & lifts forward chaining,
Backward chaining, Resolution.
UNIT 5: PLANNING
Classical planning problem, Language of planning problems, Expressiveness and
extension, planning with state – space search, Forward states spare search, Backward
states space search, Heuristics for stats space search. Planning search, planning with state
space search, partial order planning Graphs.
UNIT 6: LEARNING
Forms of learning, Induction learning, Learning Decision Tree, Statistical learning methods,
learning with complex data, learning with Hidden variables – The EM Algorithm, Instance Based
learning, Neural Networks.

Books:
• Introduction to Artificial Intelligence – Rajendra Akerkar, PHI
• Artificial Intelligence – A Modern Approach. Second Edition, Stuart Russel, Peter
Norvig, PHI/Pearson Education.
• Artificial Intelligence, 3rd Edition, Patrick Henry Winston., Pearson Edition,
• Artificial Intelligence , 2nd Edition, E.Rich and K.Knight (TMH).
• Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems – Patterson PHI
• Expert Systems: Principles and Programming- Fourth Edn, Giarrantana/ Riley,
Thomson
• PROLOG Programming for Artificial Intelligence. Ivan Bratka- Third Edition –
Pearson Education.