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Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

The document discusses atomic structure and interatomic bonding. It covers topics like what promotes bonding, types of bonds, and properties inferred from bonding. It defines atomic structure and properties, discusses electronic configurations and quantum numbers, bonding mechanisms like ionic and covalent bonding, and how bonding affects material properties like melting temperature and coefficient of thermal expansion.

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putriyusairah_91
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341 views32 pages

Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

The document discusses atomic structure and interatomic bonding. It covers topics like what promotes bonding, types of bonds, and properties inferred from bonding. It defines atomic structure and properties, discusses electronic configurations and quantum numbers, bonding mechanisms like ionic and covalent bonding, and how bonding affects material properties like melting temperature and coefficient of thermal expansion.

Uploaded by

putriyusairah_91
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 2: Atomic Structure &

Interatomic Bonding
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
What promotes bonding?
What types of bonds are there?
What properties are inferred from bonding?

Chapter 2 - 1

Atomic Structure (Freshman Chem.)


atom

electrons 9.11 x 10-31 kg


protons
1.67 x 10-27 kg
neutrons

atomic number = # of protons in nucleus of atom


= # of electrons of neutral species
A [=] atomic mass unit = amu = 1/12 mass of 12C
Atomic wt = wt of 6.022 x 1023 molecules or atoms
1 amu/atom = 1g/mol
C
H

12.011
1.008 etc.
Chapter 2 - 2

Atomic Structure
Valence electrons determine all of the
following properties
1)
2)
3)
4)

Chemical
Electrical
Thermal
Optical

Chapter 2 - 3

Electronic Structure
Electrons have wavelike and particulate
properties.
This means that electrons are in orbitals defined by a
probability.
Each orbital at discrete energy level is determined by
quantum numbers.
Quantum #

Designation

n = principal (energy level-shell)


l = subsidiary (orbitals)
ml = magnetic

K, L, M, N, O (1, 2, 3, etc.)
s, p, d, f (0, 1, 2, 3,, n-1)
1, 3, 5, 7 (-l to +l)

ms = spin

, -
Chapter 2 - 4

Electron Energy States


Electrons...

have discrete energy states


tend to occupy lowest available energy state.
4d
4p

N-shell n = 4

3d
4s
Energy

3p
3s

M-shell n = 3
Adapted from Fig. 2.4,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

2p
2s

L-shell n = 2

1s

K-shell n = 1
Chapter 2 - 5

Chapter 2 - 6

Chapter 2 - 7

SURVEY OF ELEMENTS
Most elements: Electron configuration not stable.
Atomic #
Element
Hydrogen
1
Helium
2
Lithium
3
Beryllium
4
Boron
5
Carbon
6
...
Neon
10
Sodium
11
Magnesium
12
Aluminum
13
...

Electron configuration
1s 1
1s 2
(stable)
1s 2 2s 1
1s 2 2s 2
1s 2 2s 2 2p 1
1s 2 2s 2 2p 2
...

Argon
...
Krypton

1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6
(stable)
...
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6 (stable)

18
...
36

Adapted from Table 2.2,


Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

1s 2 2s 2 2p 6
(stable)
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1
...

Why? Valence (outer) shell usually not filled completely.


Chapter 2 - 8

Electron Configurations
Valence electrons those in unfilled shells
Filled shells more stable
Valence electrons are most available for
bonding and tend to control the chemical
properties
example: C (atomic number = 6)
1s2 2s2 2p2
valence electrons

Chapter 2 - 9

Electronic Configurations
ex: Fe - atomic # = 26 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d 6 4s2
4d
4p

N-shell n = 4 valence
electrons

3d
4s
Energy

3p
3s

M-shell n = 3
Adapted from Fig. 2.4,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

2p
2s

L-shell n = 2

1s

K-shell n = 1
Chapter 2 - 10

give up 1egive up 2egive up 3e-

Columns: Similar Valence Structure

accept 2eaccept 1einert gases

The Periodic Table

He

Li Be

F Ne

Na Mg

Cl Ar

K Ca Sc
Rb Sr

Cs Ba

Se Br Kr
Te

Adapted from
Fig. 2.6,
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.

Xe

Po At Rn

Fr Ra

Electropositive elements:
Readily give up electrons
to become + ions.

Electronegative elements:
Readily acquire electrons
to become - ions.
Chapter 2 - 11

Electronegativity
Ranges from 0.7 to 4.0,
Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.

Smaller electronegativity

Larger electronegativity

Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the
Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.
Chapter 2 - 12

Chapter 2 - 13

Chapter 2 - 14

Ionic bond metal

donates
electrons

nonmetal
accepts
electrons

Dissimilar electronegativities
ex: MgO

Mg

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2


[Ne] 3s2

Mg2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6


[Ne]

1s2 2s2 2p4

O2- 1s2 2s2 2p6


[Ne]
Chapter 2 - 15

Ionic Bonding

Occurs between + and - ions.


Requires electron transfer.
Large difference in electronegativity required.
Example: NaCl
Na (metal)
unstable

Cl (nonmetal)
unstable
electron

Na (cation)
stable

+
Coulombic
Attraction

Cl (anion)
stable

Chapter 2 - 16

Ionic Bonding
Energy minimum energy most stable
Energy balance of attractive and repulsive terms

EN = EA + ER =

A
r

B
rn

Repulsive energy ER

Interatomic separation r
Net energy EN
Adapted from Fig. 2.8(b),
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Attractive energy EA
Chapter 2 - 17

Chapter 2 - 18

Chapter 2 - 19

Examples: Ionic Bonding


Predominant bonding in Ceramics
NaCl
MgO
CaF 2
CsCl

Give up electrons

Acquire electrons

Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the
Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.
Chapter 2 - 20

Covalent Bonding
similar electronegativity share electrons
bonds determined by valence s & p orbitals
dominate bonding
Example: CH4
C: has 4 valence e-,
needs 4 more
H: has 1 valence e-,
needs 1 more
Electronegativities
are comparable.

CH 4
H

shared electrons
from carbon atom

H
shared electrons
from hydrogen
atoms

Adapted from Fig. 2.10, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Chapter 2 - 21

Chapter 2 - 22

Chapter 2 - 23

Primary Bonding
Metallic Bond -- delocalized as electron cloud
Ionic-Covalent Mixed Bonding
% ionic character =

(X A X B )2

4
1
e

x (100%)

where XA & XB are Pauling electronegativities


Ex: MgO

XMg = 1.2
XO = 3.5

( 3.5 1.2 )2

4
% ionic character 1 e

x (100%) 73.4% ionic

Chapter 2 - 24

Chapter 2 - 25

SECONDARY BONDING
Arises from interaction between dipoles
Fluctuating dipoles
asymmetric electron
clouds

+
secondary
bonding

ex: liquid H 2
H2
H2

H H

H H
secondary
bonding

Adapted from Fig. 2.13,


Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

Permanent dipoles-molecule induced


-general case:
-ex: liquid HCl
-ex: polymer

H Cl

secondary
bonding

secondary
bonding

H Cl

Adapted from Fig. 2.15,


Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

secondary bonding
Chapter 2 - 26

Summary: Bonding
Comments

Type

Bond Energy

Ionic

Large!

Nondirectional (ceramics)

Covalent

Variable
large-Diamond
small-Bismuth

Directional
(semiconductors, ceramics
polymer chains)

Metallic

Variable
large-Tungsten
small-Mercury

Nondirectional (metals)

Secondary

smallest

Directional
inter-chain (polymer)
inter-molecular
Chapter 2 - 27

Properties From Bonding: Tm


Bond length, r

Melting Temperature, Tm
Energy

r
Bond energy, Eo

ro

Energy

r
smaller Tm

unstretched length
ro

Eo =
bond energy

larger Tm
Tm is larger if Eo is larger.

Chapter 2 - 28

Properties From Bonding :


Coefficient of thermal expansion,
length, L o
coeff. thermal expansion
This image cannot currently be
display ed.

unheated, T1

L
= (T2 -T1)
Lo

heated, T 2

~ symmetric at ro
Energy
unstretched length
ro

E
o

E
o

is larger if Eo is smaller.

larger
smaller
Chapter 2 - 29

Summary: Primary Bonds


Ceramics
(Ionic & covalent bonding):

Metals
(Metallic bonding):

Polymers
(Covalent & Secondary):

Large bond energy


large Tm
large E
small

Variable bond energy


moderate Tm
moderate E
moderate

Directional Properties
Secondary bonding dominates
small Tm
small E
large

Chapter 2 - 30

Chapter 2 - 31

Chapter 2 - 32

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