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(Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Mit Opencourseware)

This lecture discusses receiving antennas and how they interact with incident electromagnetic waves. When an electromagnetic wave encounters a receiving antenna, it induces currents within the antenna. The antenna can be modeled as a Thevenin equivalent circuit with a voltage source equal to the incident electric field multiplied by an effective length. The power delivered by the antenna is equal to the square of this induced voltage divided by the radiation resistance. Short dipole antennas have a maximum gain of about 3/2. Typical parameters for wireless communication systems using receiving antennas are discussed, such as transmission distances and data rates achievable for different frequency bands and transmitter powers. Optical communication using visible light is also compared to radio frequency communication.

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118 views7 pages

(Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Mit Opencourseware)

This lecture discusses receiving antennas and how they interact with incident electromagnetic waves. When an electromagnetic wave encounters a receiving antenna, it induces currents within the antenna. The antenna can be modeled as a Thevenin equivalent circuit with a voltage source equal to the incident electric field multiplied by an effective length. The power delivered by the antenna is equal to the square of this induced voltage divided by the radiation resistance. Short dipole antennas have a maximum gain of about 3/2. Typical parameters for wireless communication systems using receiving antennas are discussed, such as transmission distances and data rates achievable for different frequency bands and transmitter powers. Optical communication using visible light is also compared to radio frequency communication.

Uploaded by

asitiaf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MIT OpenCourseWare

http://ocw.mit.edu
6.013/ESD.013J Electromagnetics and Applications, Fall 2005

Please use the following citation format:


Markus Zahn, 6.013/ESD.013J Electromagnetics and Applications, Fall
2005. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare).
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Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike.
Note: Please use the actual date you accessed this material in your citation.
For more information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
http://ocw.mit.edu/terms

6.013 - Electromagnetics and Applications

Fall 2005

Lecture 21 - Receiving Antennas


Prof. Markus Zahn

December 6, 2005

I. Review of Transmitting Antennas (Short Dipoles)


A. Far elds (r )

z
v

I (0)

dl eff

I (0)

+ dl 2

I (z) dz

dl 2

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.


2

= H
= E0 sin()ejkr , E
0 = Idle k , =
E
jkr
4

B. Intensity Sr
Sr =

1
H
= 1 |E
|2
Re E
2
2
0 |2
1 |E
=
sin2 ()
2 k 2 r 2
e |2 k42 2
1 |Idl
=
sin2 ()
2 r2
2 16 2
k
e |2 k 2
|Idl
=
sin2 ()
32 2 r2

C. Total time average power P



P =
d
0

d Sr r2 sin()

e |2 k 2
|Idl
=
12

1 2
2 dle 2
= |I| R R =
2
3

radiation resistance

D. Gain
G(, ) =
=
=

Sr
P /(4r2 )

2 sin2 () 12(4r
2
e
|Idl
|2
k

2 |Idl
2

r
|2
k
32
2
e
8

3
sin2 ()
2
1

II. Receiving Antennas


Z

inc = E
0 , H
inc =
In absence of receiving antenna: E

H0 . With d1 , over size scale of antenna, E0 and


0 are approximately spatially uniform. In presence
H
of receiving antenna, electric and magnetic elds are
and normal H
are zero
perturbed so that tangential E
along the perfectly conducting length of the antenna.

S1
c

d1

Eo

+ a _I1
_1
V
_ b

For d1 <<

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

=E
0 + E
1
E
=H
0 + H
1
H

(1)
(2)

Surface S1 above intimately hugs the antenna so that

da
0 + E
1 n
E
=
da E
=0
S1

= 0)
(tangential E

0 + H
1) =
da n
(H

S1

=
da K

S1

+d1 /2

dz I1 (z) = I1 deiz

(4)

d1 /2

Another useful relationship:

da (E0 H0 ) n
= (E0 H0 )
S1

da n
=0

(5)

S1

Integral of normal over closed surface is zero:

dV f =
da f n,

Take f = 1, f = 0 =
da n
=0
V

(3)

S1

(6)

Scalar Triple Product Identity:


(
a b) c = a
(b c)

(7)

(Interchange of cross and dot)


Complex power supplied by receiving antenna

n
P =
da S

(8)

S1

+ H
)
H
) = 1 (E
0 + E
1 ) (H
S = (E
0
1
2
2

) + E
(H
+ H
)

=
E0 (H0 + H
(9)

1
1
0
1

1
(H
n
0 (H
0 + H
1 ) n
0 + H
1 ) n
P =
da S
=
da E
+
da E

(10)

1
2
S1
S1
S1
2

0 (H
0 + H
1 ) n
da E
=

(H
+ H
) n
da E

0
0
1
S1

+ H
) n
0
=E
da (H

0
1

S1

S1

0 I1 deiz
= E
(from (4))

H
n
H
n
1 (H
0 + H
1 ) n
da E
=
da E

+
da
E

1
1
0
1
S1
S1
S1

(11)
(12)

|I1 |2 (R+jX)

where R is the radiation resistance

and X is the antenna reactance

0 E
da E1 H0 n
=
da H

1
S1
S1

(E
+ E
) n

=
da H

0
1
0
S1

=
da H0 (E0 + E1 ) n
= H0

S1

+ E
1 n
da E

S1

= 0 (from (3))
1
1
P =
E0 I1 deiz + |I1 |2 (R + jX) = V1 I1
2
2

(13)

Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

0 de
VT H = Voc = E

(de = deiz )

III. Transmitting and Receiving Antennas


A. Circuit Description

^
I1

I2

V1

V2

Two port network

Z12 =

V1

I2 I1 =0

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

V1 = I1 Z11 + I2 Z12
V2 = I1 Z21 + I2 Z22
V2
Z21 =

I1 I2 =0

Reciprocity Theorem: Z12 = Z21


Z11 = R1 + jX1
B. Antenna Thevenin Equivalent
I1 Circuits
Vth1

I2

Z*22

V1

Z22 = R2 + jX2

Vth2

V2

Receiver (Balanced load Z*22 to cancel


reactance X2)

Transmitter

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Vth1 = I2 Z12 =

dl = E
dl
E
1
1
e

dl
Vth2 = I1 Z21 = E
2
e

P2 =

2 dle sin()|2
1 |Vth2 /2|2
1 |Vth2 |2
1 |E
=
=

2 R2
8 R2
8 2 dle 2
3

2
2
2
2

1 |E
1 |E
2|
2 | sin () 3
P2 = Arec (, ) Sr = Arec (, )
=
8
2
2
2
2

Arec (, ) = sin2 ()
= Grec (, )
2
4
4

C. Representative Parameters
1. Minimum received power 1020 watts
For total transmitted power of 1 watt, how far away can the receiver be at f = 1
GHz?
Prec =

Ptrans
2
G
G
trans
rec
2
4r
4
Sr

f = c =

Arec (,)

108

3
c
=
f
109

= .3 m

3
sin2 () (for short dipoles) (identical transmitting and receiving antennas)
2

Take = Gtrans = Grec =


2
2
2

Ptrans

2
r =
Gtrans Grec
Prec
4
2
1
9
.3
= 20
10
4
4

Gtrans = Grec =

= 1.28 1017 m2
r = 3.58 108 m = 3.58 105 km 200, 000 miles
2. For data transmission, receivers need Eb > 4 1020 Joules/bit

Power received = M Eb where M is the data rate, bits/s

9
9
109 watts received power allows M = 10Eb = 4101020 = .25 1011 bits/s

1 CD = 700 106 bytes = 5600 106 bits (1 byte = 8 bits)

M = .25 1011 bits/sec 4.5 CD/sec

3. Distance is not a barrier to wireless communications

r = 1 lightyear = 3 108 m/s 3 107 s/yr = 9 1015 m/yr

Ptrans =?
c
= .1 m
f
M = 1 bit/s, Eb = 4 1020 Joules/bit
f = 3GHz =

Prec = M Eb = 4 1020 Watts


Gtrans = Grec = 107
5

Ptrans

2
Prec 4r

=
Gtrans Grec

2
4(91015 )
20
4 10
.1
=
14
10
= 512 Watts

For M = 2.4 kb/s Ptrans 1.2 MW (with a 1 year delay each way)
4. Optical Communications: E = hf, h = 6.625 1034 Joule-sec (Plancks Constant)
a. Radio Photons
f = 1 GHz E = 6.625 1025 Joules/Photon
Eb
EN = Eb N =
photons/bit
E
4 1020
=
6000 photons/bit
6.625 1025
b. Optical Photons
c
3 108
=
6 1014 Hz
.5 106
.5 106
Eb
4 1020
N=
=
.1 photon/bit
hf
6.625 1034 6 1014

= 0.5 m f =

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