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Computer Assign

A hardware abstraction layer (HAL) hides differences in hardware from operating systems and allows instructions from higher level languages to communicate with lower level components while preventing direct hardware access. Many operating systems, including BSD, Mac OS X, Linux, CP/M, DOS, Solaris, have a HAL to allow portability across hardware. This is important for embedded systems that run on various hardware platforms.

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36 views2 pages

Computer Assign

A hardware abstraction layer (HAL) hides differences in hardware from operating systems and allows instructions from higher level languages to communicate with lower level components while preventing direct hardware access. Many operating systems, including BSD, Mac OS X, Linux, CP/M, DOS, Solaris, have a HAL to allow portability across hardware. This is important for embedded systems that run on various hardware platforms.

Uploaded by

taz_taz3
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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A hardware abstraction layer (HAL) is an abstraction layer, implemented in software, between

the physical hardware of a computer and the software that runs on that computer. Its function is
to hide differences in hardware from most of the operating system kernel, HAL can basically be
considered to be the driver for the motherboard and allows instructions from higher level
computer languages to communicate with lower level components, but prevents direct access to
the hardware.
BSD, Mac OS X, Linux, CP/M, DOS, Solaris, and some other portable operating systems also
have a HAL, even if it is not explicitly designated as such. Operating systems having a defined
HAL are easily portable across different hardware. This is especially important for embedded
systems that run on dozens of different platforms.
Memory management
The kernel has full access to the system's memory and must allow processes to safely access this
memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is virtual addressing, usually achieved
by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given physical
address appear to be another address, the virtual address. Virtual address spaces may be different
for different processes; the memory that one process accesses at a particular (virtual) address
may be different memory from what another process accesses at the same address. This allows
every program to behave as if it is the only one (apart from the kernel) running and thus prevents
applications from crashing each other.
n computing, the kernel is a computer program that manages input/output requests from
software and translates them into data processing instructions for the central processing unit and
other electronic components of a computer. The kernel is a fundamental part of a modern
computer's operating system.
When a computer program (in this case called a process) makes requests of the kernel, the
request is called a system call. Various kernel designs differ in how they manage system calls
(time-sharing) and resources. For computer programmers, the kernel's interface is a lowlevel abstraction layer.
Management information system (MIS) provides information that organizations require to
manage themselves efficiently and effectively. Management information systems are distinct
from other information systems, in that they are used to analyze and facilitate strategic and
operational activities. Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the study of how
individuals, groups, and organizations evaluate, design, implement, manage, and utilize systems
to generate information to improve efficiency and effectiveness of decision making, including
systems termed decision support systems, expert systems, and executive information systems
Transaction processing system (TPS) is a style of computing that divides work into individual,
indivisible operations, called transactions.

Transaction processing system (TPS) or transaction server is a software system, or


software/hardware combination, that supports transaction processing.
Office automation Refers to the varied computer machinery and software used to digitally
create, collect, store, manipulate, and relay office information needed for accomplishing basic
tasks. Raw data storage, electronic transfer, and the management of electronic business
information comprise the basic activities of an office automation system. Office automation helps
in optimizing or automating existing office procedures.
A quality management system (QMS) can be expressed as the organizational structure,
procedures, processes and resources needed to implement quality management. Early systems
emphasized predictable outcomes of an industrial product production line, using simple statistics
and random sampling.
A Decision Support System (DSS) is a computer-based information system that supports
business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the management, operations,
and planning levels of an organization (usually mid and higher management) and help to make
decisions, which may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance (Unstructured and
Semi-Structured decision problems). Decision support systems can be either fully computerized,
human or a combination of both.
An executive information system (EIS) is a type of management information system that
facilitates and supports senior executive information and decision-making needs. It provides easy
access to internal and external information relevant to organizational goals. It is commonly
considered a specialized form of decision support system (DSS
In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that emulates the decisionmaking ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by
reasoning about knowledge, like an expert, and not by following the procedure of developer as is
the case in conventional programming. The first expert systems were created in the 1970s and
then proliferated in the 1980s. Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms
of AI software
Computer-based information system is a complementary network of computer-based hardware
or software used to collect, filter and process data or other relevant information. These systems
make it easier for users to generate, analyze and use necessary information from computers as
individuals or within organization spheres.

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