STATE OF CALIFORNIA

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

DIVISION OF LABOR STANDARDS ENFORCEMENT

AI'llold Schwarzcllcggcr, Governor

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455 Golden Gate Avenue, 9 Flool'

Sail Francisco, California 94102
(415) 703-4863
(415) 703-4806 fax

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ANGELA BRADSTREET, STATE LABOR COMMISSIONER

DAVIn BALTER
Acting Chief Counsel

April 7, 2010
Joseph W. Ambash, Esq.
GREENBERG TRAURlG, LLP
One International Place
Boston, MA 02110
Re: Educational Internship Program
Dear Mr. Ambash:
This responds to your request for an opinion regarding an internship program administered
by your client, Year Up, Inc., which is aimed at developing fundamental job skills and technical
skills in information technology for 18-24 year olds primarily in underserved communities.
Specifically, you seek an opinion from the Division of Labor Standards Enforcement's (DLSE) as
to whether California law requires that the trainee/interns enrollcd in the program are to be treated
as employees subject to California's wage and hour laws.
As more fully discussed below, our analysis of the internship program structure and interns'
specific activities leads us to conclude that such interns enrolled in the internship program are not
employees under California law. Consequently, based upon the representations of the program
structure and practices in your letter, interns in the described program are exempt from coverage
under the State's minimum wage law.
In summary, the internship program is operated by Year Up, Inc., a non-profit 501(c)(3)
organization (the "Program"), that serves 18-24 year olds in primarily underserved communities
who have not progressed beyond a GED or high school diploma. The objective of the program is to
"close the Opportunity Divide by providing urban young adults with the skills, experience, and
support that will empower them to reach their potential through professional careers and higher
education."
The Program is described as providing an II-month intensive educational and training
curriculum designed with the following goals: providing young adults with technical skills in
information technology; developing professional skills for working in an office environment;
offering a support network of social workers, instructors, and mentors; and instilling the
importance of lifelong learning through career development tools and assistance with applying to
college. In the first 5 months enrollees participate in a learning and development phase where they
receive college level classroom instruction. Students are dually enrolled with the Program and local
commlmity college where students can earn up to 14 college credits in approved courses. The

2010.04.07

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April?,2010
Page 2

Program pays the college the cost of tuition for participants. The second phase of the program is
the Internship Phase which is for 6 months with placements made pursuant to agreements with
non-profit or for-profit businesses. It is the latter phase of the program on which you seek an
opinion from this office.

In addition to the overall internship program structure, you have also provided specific
information regarding internship placements with 5 area businesses and site-specific practices at
those business sites.
This letter will initially address your request for clarification of the criteria DLSE uses to
determine the trainee/intern exemption from the minimum wage law for enforcement purposes.
Then, a description of salient aspects of the internship program will be discussed followed by an
analysis of the program under the relevant criteria. The analysis portion generally addresses the
common features of the 5 placement sites described in your letter and will only identifY a specific
placement site where appropriate to the analysis.
California L(IW Regarding Trainees and Interns

There is no state statute or regulation which expressly exempts persons participating in an

internship from the minimum wage and ovettime requirements. The federal courts have noted, as
well, that the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) itself provides little guidance in
distinguishing between trainees/interns and employees. (Reich v, Parker Fire Protection District,
992 F.2d 1023, 1025 (10th Cir. 1993).) Federal courts, however, have long interpreted the
definitional provisions under the FLSA as not including categories of individuals who perform
some work for others, but who are not "employees" and thus not covered under the Act.
The FLSA provides requirements for payment of minimum wages and other protections to
"employees.,,1 The FLSA defines "employee" as "any individual employed by an employer" and
the term "employ" to include "to suffer or pennit to work." (29 USC 203(e)(I)) The Supreme
Court long ago interpreted these definitions to conclude that the language does not make all
persons employees who, without any express or implied compensation agreement, may work for
their own advantage on the premises of another. (Walling v. Portland Terminal Co" 330 U.S. 148
(1947); Wirtz v. San Francisco and Oakland Helicopter Airlines, Inc., 370 F.2d 328 (9th Cir.
1966) [stating same Portland Terminal principle].)
The State minimum wage requirements are set forth in various statutes and in Orders of the
Industrial Welfare Commission. (Labor Code 1171 et seq., IWC Orders I through 17) California
courts long ago recognized that the power of the Legislature and IWC to establish minimum wages
of employees contemplates existence of an employment relationship in order for the minimum
wage law to apply. (Hutchison v. Clark (1944) 67 Cal.App.2d 155, 160-161 [cosmetology students

1 Among the purposes of the FLSA is to establish a national floor under which wage proteetion eannot drop. (Pacific
Merchant Shipping v, Aubly, 918 F.2d 1409, 1421 (9th Cil'. (990), eert den. 112 S.C!. 2956,) The FLSA expressly
allows states to provide higher proteetions, (29 USC 218(a

2010.04.07

Letter to Joseph W. Ambash

April 7, 2010
Page 3

in training are not employees subject to IWC Order 2].) State provisions relating to coverage
similarly define "employee" to mean "any person employed by an employer" and the term
"employ" as meaning "to engage, suffer, or permit to work." (See e.g., IWC Order 4-2001, 2,
Definitions [8 CCR 11040 2].) Based upon the similarity of the definitional provisions for
"employee" and "employ" which relate to coverage under the respective laws, and in view of the
similar purposes for the State and Federal minimum wage law generally, it is reasonable to look to
federal interpretations as guidance for purposes of enforcing the State's minimum wage and
overtime provisions where there is no inconsistency. (DLSE OL 2000.05.17 [DLSE applies federal
case law and interpretations of the FLSA where such interpretation is not inconsistent with state
law]; see also, Bell v. Farmers Ins. Exchange (2001) 87 Cal.AppAth 805, 812-818; Ramirez v.
Yosemite Water Co. (1999) 20 Ca1.4th 785, 798 ["where the language or intent of the state and
federal labor laws substantially differ, reliance on federal regulations or interpretations to construe
state regulations is misplaced"].)
DLSE has historically followed federal interpretations which recognize the special status of
trainees and interns who perform some work as part of an educational or vocational program.
Similar to the federal exemption from coverage, the effect of a sufficient showing that the
intern/trainee is enrolled in a bona fide internship or training program is that the trainee/intern falls
outside the coverage of the State's minimum wage laws. (See, DLSE OLs 1993.1.7, 1993.09.07,
1996.12.30, 1998.11. 12, 1998.11.12-1, 2000.05.17)
The federal Department of Labor (DOL) has articulated six criteria, derived from the
Supreme Court's Portland Terminal case, to be applied to determine whether a "trainee" is exempt
from FLSA's minimum wage coverage. 2 (DOL OL 5/I 7/04 [criteria derived from Portland
Terminal].) The six criteria used by DOL are as follows:
(I) The training, even though it includes actual operation of the employer's
facilities, is similar to that which would be given in a vocational school;

(2) The training is for the benefit ofthe trainees or students;

(3) The trainees or students do not displace regular employees, but work
under their close observation;
(4) The employer derives no immediate advantage from the activities of
trainees or students, and on occasion the employer's operations may be
actually impeded;
(5) The trainees or students are not necessarily entitled to a job at the
conclusion of the training period; and

2 The listed criteria is also contained in DOL's Wage & Hour Manual (BNA) 91 :416 (1975) and in DOLIWH Field
Operations Handbook, See. lObi I (10/20/93).

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Letter to Joseph W. Ambash

April 7, 20 I0
Page 4
(6) The employer and the trainees or students understand that the trainees or
students are not entitled to wages for the time spent in training.
DOL has consistently applied this test for trainees to determine the employment status of
student interns. (DOL OL 5/17/04, citing DOL OLs 5/8/1996, 7/11/95, 3/13/95, and WH
Publication 1297 [Employment Relationship Under the Fair Labor Standards Act].) The above
criteria must be applied in view of "all the circumstances" surrounding the intern's activities.
(DOL OL 5/17/04, 5/8/96 [activities on premises of employer business].) The six criteria thus
provide for a consistent assessment of the "totality of the circumstances" necessary to determine
whether a trainee or intern is an employee or exempt from coverage. (Reich v. Parker Fire
Protection District, supra, 992 F.2d 1023, 1027.)
In the past, DLSE has articulated an "II-factor test" which consisted ofthc 6 factors from
DOL's criteria interpreting federal law, plus 5 additional factors which are identified in Wilcox,
California Employment Law, 104[1](e)3 (See also, DLSE OLs 1998.11.12, 1993.10.21)
However, the 5 additional factors do not appear to be based upon any source statute or regulation
from which they derive nor are the additional factors identified with specific case law. More
recently, DLSE applied a 6-factor test for the trainee/intern exemption under an economic realities
test for determining an employment relationship where the 6 factors differed, in part, from the
above-stated 6 factors used by D01. 4 (DLSE OL 2000.05.17)
The DLSE has consistently applied federal interpretations of statutes, regulations, and case
law under the FLSA where there is no inconsistency with State laws. In this regard, the similar
definitions for "employee" and "cmploy" under the FLSA and State law manifest a consistency
which warrants similar interpretation. Since DOL's 6-point formulation is derived from the early
U.S. Supreme Court's opinion in Portland Terminal case and has been applied (with vmying

The additional factors to be met under the historical II-factor test by DLSE are as follows: (7) Any clinical training
is part of an educational curriculum, (8) the trainees 01' students do not receive employee benefits, (9) the training is
general, so as to qualify the trainees or students for work in any similar business, rather than designed specifically for a

job with the employer offering the program, Le. upon completion of the program, the trainees or students must not be

fully trained to work specifically for only the employer offering the program, (10) the screening process for the
program is not the same as for employment, and does not appear to be for that purpose, but involves only criteria
relevant for admission to an independent educational program, and (II) advertisements for the program are couched
clearly in terms of education or training, rather than employment, although the employer may indicate that qualified
graduates will be considered for employment.
The 6 factor test in the DLSE opinion letter in 2000 stated: (I) whether the student is closely supervised during his
her externship experience, (2) whether records are maintained with respect to on-hands training received, (3)
whether the student's on-hands training activities are directly related to the educational goals, (4) whether the student
replaces regular workers, (5) whether or not the student becomes an integral part of the principal activity of the
business in which the student extern was placed, and (6) whether the business activity derives any consequential
economic benefit from work performed by an individual. (DLSE OL 2000.05.17, citing Marshall v. Baptist Hospital,
Inc., 473 F.Supp 465 (D.C.MD 1979), overruled on other grounds, 668 F.2d 234, and SOlider v. Brennan, 367 F.Supp
808,813 (D.D.C. 1973).)

01'

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Letter to Joseph W. Ambash

April 7, 2010
Page 5

degrees of deference) by the federal appellate courts,5 it is reasonable and appropriate for the DLSE
to look to the factors used by the DOL in determining the exemption for purposes of coverage of
State minimum wage coverage for trainees/interns in the absence of a State statute or regulation on
the matter.
It is, therefore, the 6 criteria derived from the Portland Terminal case that will be utilized
in evaluating the internship program described in your letter. We now turn from our discussion of
the applicable law to a description of the Program followed by an analysis under the applicable 6
criteria.

Initial Learning & Development Phase ofPl'ogl'am

The organization's overall educational program is funded from a variety of sources.

Approximately one half of the funding is from a mix of contributions from individuals, foundation,
or corporations, and in-kind donations. The other half of funding is from the internships where
corporate partners are asked to financially sponsor the interns they take to train. The corporate
partners on average contribute approximately $875 per week per intern and such payment is critical
to the intensive training and guidance students receive during the L&D phase and for the tuition
payments made by the program to the local community college.
The organization recruits students to the overall program based upon word of mouth,
presentations at high schools, distribution of flyers, radio ads, and other media publicity. Students
are selected competitively on the basis of an application for admission, interviews, and learning
assessments to evaluate basic computer, writing, and communication skills.
Students who participate in the internship must first complete the first five-month Learning
& Development phase of the program which consists of 32 hours of college level instruction per
week in classrooms conducted by program-employed instructors. There is no cost to the student for
the educational courses and, upon completion, students receive up to 9 college credits through a
dual-enrollment agreement with a local community college.
Students receive an educational stipend of $1 53/week for the San Francisco Bay Area
which serves two purposes. First, it helps students cover living expenses while learning. The
stipend allows students the option of learning on a full-time basis which is consistent with
overcoming opportunity barriers to individuals from underserved communities who often must
divide their time between work and school.

5 E.g. Reich, supra, 992 F.2d at 1027 [six criteria are relevant but not determinative, affirmed judgment using criteria];
Atkins v. General Motors COIjJ., 701 F.2d 1124, 1127-1128 (5th Cit'. 1983) [substantial deference].

2010.04.07

Leller to Joseph W. Ambash

April 7,2010
Page 6

The stipend is also used as a behavior modification tool throughout both phases of the
program. 6 The stipend amount may be lowered for specific types of infractions of a code of
conduct which all students agree to follow. Under the point system for infractions, students who
are tardy, skip class, dress inappropriately, or behave inappropriately lose points pursuant to a
predetermined matrix which results in reductions to the stipend. Students have the opportunity to
restore their points over time when they do not receive infractions but the stipend cannot be
increased above the original amount. Significantly, reductions in a stipend attributable to
infractions have no effect on the sponsorship payment from the corporate partners who pay a fixed
amount.
As stated previously, under a dual-enrollment agreement with the local community college,
the Program's students earn a total of 9 college credits in courses meeting certain academic
standards required by the educational institution. The Program pays course fees to the college
under the dual-enrollment agreement. Courses during the L&D phase for which credit is earned
include Introduction to Computers, Using PCs, Computer Hardware, Operating System
Technology, Business Communications, and Professional Skills.

The Internship Phase o(Pl'ogntm

Students successfully completing the first L&D phase of the program advance to the
internship component where they are provided work-based experiential training in information
technology (IT) as an application and further development of skills from the classroom instruction
received during the L&D phase.
The Program has "partner agreements" with local business with the purpose of providing
on-the-job training to student interns as a part of their educational experience. The agreements
provide for a (sponsorship) fee payable by the internship partner and invoiced by the program.
The partner agreement further describes the relationship with the student as follows: "The
intern is a full-time student in the [Program] and in a local institution of higher education. Because
the intern is participating in an educational program s/he is not considered an employee of [the
Program] or the Internship Partner. The intern receives a weekly educational stipend, paid directly
by [the Program]. The Intern shall not be expected to, or entitled to, participate in direct
compensation, health or disability insurance, retirement benefits, or other company welfare or
pension benefits (if any) to which employees of the Internship Partner may be entitled."
The partner business designates a supervisor, who is an employee, to train the interns and
the program surveys the supervisors throughout the internship. Internship hours are limited to 36
The point system has three main goals which: (I) ensures the students know the rules of the program and understand
that rule enforcement is predictable and fair, (2) ensures that all interns are working positively towards a common set of
goals, and (3) establishes a tool for learning the expected minimum standards of professional behavior by holding them
accountable for their actions and face consequences for their behavior. Students start with 150 points and gain or lose
points depending on their compliance with established rules of conduct. For example, if a student violates the dress
code on a particular day, slhe will lose 15 points. If a student gets to zero points, slhe is asked to leave the program. A
loss of points ties directly to a loss in dollars from the weekly stipend.

2010.04.07

Letter to Joseph W. Ambash

April 7,2010
Page 7

hours per week but no more than 40 hours. During the internship phase, interns also spend an
additiOlial 2 class hours per week at the non-profit organization at an internship management class
for job skill development and support where pmticipants receive up to 3 hours of college credits
(tuition is paid by the Program). Examples of internship activities include: Installing, repairing,
upgrading pes and printers, virus investigation and removal, assisting with corporate LAN
consolidation and migration efforts, LAN deployments for new hires and internal team transfers,
imaging and configuring desktops and laptops, using diagnostic tools to troubleshoot desktop,
laptop and peripheral hardware to resolve technical issues, and conducting reports using software
programs.
The participating student also signs an internship acceptance form where he or she agrees
to the expectations and consequences under the internship program requirements. The student
agreement states, in pmt: "I understand that I will be placed at a cOl]Joration for an unpaid
Internship as part of my educational experience at [the Program]. This Internship will allow me
on-the-job training to supplement the training and course work at [the Program]. During my
Internship I will continue to be a full-time student of [the Program] and will not be considered an
employee of [the Program] or the corporation. I understand my Internship is a training experience
and that I will not be entitled to a position at the corporation where I train."
The intern is required to submit weekly time sheets (signed by site supervisors) and status
reports describing the type of work done at the partner businesses. If an intern is asked to work
more than a specified number of hours per week, including class hours, they are to contact the
Manager of Internships at the program. The written Internship Procedures allows for 3 personal
days which may be used with appropriate advance notice and may be taken in half-day increments.
Interns can take a personal day six weeks after the start date at their sites.
The interns receive weekly-based educational stipends throughout the internship to assist
with living expenses and motivate participants to adopt professional behaviors through the point
system, as previously discussed. In the San Francisco Bay Area, the stipend rate is increased from
the $153/week amount during the L&D Phase to $250/week during the internship phase. The
stipend in San Francisco is higher than some other programs in other parts of the country to reflect
the higher cost of living in San Francisco.
A student's behavior impacts receiving stipend dollars as it does in the L&D phase. Thus,
points may be lost for violating written standards regarding such matters as arriving and leaving on
time and notification of lateness, regular attendances and notification of absences, business dress,
appropriate use of electronic devices, timely completion of assignments, timely submission of
accurate signed time sheets and status reports, attendance at all planned meetings with the program
and internship partner, respecting the law and the core values of the program and those of the
internship business site. There is no reduction in the sponsorship fee paid by the partner business if
a student's stipend is reduced for infractions.
Students receive up to an additional 4 college credits through the local community college
for participating in the internship program in computer technical support (3 credits) and internship
work experience (l credit).

2010.04.07

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April 7,2010
Page 8

Upon successful completion of the internship phase, students receive a Computer

Networking and Information Technology (CNIT) Computer Technician certificate which is a
marketable credential. The certificate is offered through the local community college which also
issues it to its own students who receive similar training arranged through the college. The
certificate prepares students to take the Computer Technology Industty Certification (CompTIA)
test for A+ industry certification as a next career step.
Application of En(Orcement Criteria to the Educational Internship Program

(1)

The training, even though it includes actual operation of the employer's

facilities, is similar to that which is given in a vocational school.

The overall program describes the participants as "students" who are dually enrolled in the
job skills development program and the local community college. The program further describes
the study program as providing specific training in computer technology training that is beyond the
end-use of computers. The internship phase of the program appears to be a continuation of the
learning and development phase with both phases developing individual discipline, basic job skills,
and applied knowledge in computer technology. The training is tied to earning college level credits
through an academic program with a community college during both core phases of the program.
This criterion contemplates that the training will, to some degree, include operation of the
employer's facilities which recognizes that "hands on" experiential training requires use of the
employer's facilities. Thus, an intern's use of the employer's computers, network systems, and
tools to perform tasks is permissible provided that such use of facilities is directly related to
training and the educational and vocational objectives of the program.
There appears to be a sufficient level of technical training in computer hardware and
software applications in the internship phase of the program which applies previous and on-going
classroom insttuction with focus on real world applications and working environments. Training
includes both "hard skills" of IT systems support and "soft skills" of professional behavior and
etiquette which are more specifically described in your letter and vary amongst placement sites.
The training appears to provide educational experiences not typically available in the classroom
and similar to a vocational school. 7
The fact that the internship is not directly administered by a vocational or educational
institution is not determinative because the criterion addresses the "similarity" of the training with
that given in a vocational school. In this case, the descriptions of the class instruction, the
described activities at the placement sites, and certification for completion of the program are
sufficiently similar to that provided in vocational programs.

7 DLSE does not approve programs under vocational or academic standards for purposes of this analysis. The inquiry

is limited to determining the nature of the training/internship program for purposes of determining whether California's
wage and hoUl' laws apply to these interns.

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Letter to Joseph W. Ambash

April 7,2010
Page 9

Based upon the information provided, the internship program satisfies this criterion.
(2) The training is for the benefit ofthe trainees or students.
DOL has recognized that an internship inures to the benefit of the students who receive
college credit for performing the internship even though it is not a required program. (DOL OL
5/17/04). DOL has also found that a training program "primarily" benefits the students where they
observe the practical application of the classroom instruction in the workplace. (DOL OL 4/6/06
[externship program in various careers].) However, the student must derive more than "some"
benefit from exposure to the workings at the placement site so as to enhance their marketability in
the vocational area. (See DLSE OL 1998.11.12) [journalism interns performing activities beyond
that which would be included in a journalism program].) Conversely, where there is a
"predominant" benefit to the student, there is generally no employment relationship. (DOL OLs
3/13/95 [insufficient information for determination of college interns], 7/7/77 [pharmacy student
clinical externship not employees].)
The educational program serves young adults who have not progressed beyond a high
school diploma or OED certificate. Its core objectives are development of basic job skills and
workplace discipline, and technical training in computer technology. To that end, the internships at
the 5 placement businesses provide each intern with up to 36 hours of training per week and the
program provides two hours per week of a class (Internship Management) for which interns receive
both college credits and a marketable computer technician certificate upon successful completion.
During the internship, the Program continues to provide college and career readiness
resources such as advisors, business mentors, guest speakers, social workers, career counselors,
and assistance with financial aid applications. Some of these services are through partnerships with
other social services organizations as well as a full-time on-site social worker to assist students
with issues that arise during their internship.
The internship phase of the program provides for both observation and application of
classroom instruction for the young adult intems to succeed in a computer vocation. The internship
training activities and additional other services provided by the Program during the internship
appear to be directly tied to the core components of the educational objectives which
predominantly benefit the interns.
(3) The trainees or students do not displace regular employees, but work under
their close observation.
DLSE has, at times, previously interpreted the non-displacement criterion strictly to mean
that any work performed by an employee that could be performed by a regular worker would not
satisfy this factor. s Thus, whenever an intern would perform any described tasks that could be
8 One previous DLSE letter set forth a "but for" test such that "but for" the utilization of interns, the employer would
have to hire additional employees or pay existing employees for tasks performed by the interns. (DLSE OL 1998.11.12
[factor not met for journalism interns performing clerical, research and accounting tasks].)

2010.04.07

Letter to Joseph W. Ambash

April 7, 2010
Page 10

performed by other workers, e.g. minor clerical, incidental administrative work, etc., the test would
not be met and the trainee exemption could not apply. An overly strict interpretation of the factor
which fails to recognize both the dynamic real world environments interns are placed and the
objectives of the internship program could easily operate to render nearly all bona fide training and
internship programs invalid under applicable wage and hour laws. However, if the educational
goals or objectives of an internship program include exposure to real world working environments
(to a similar extent as the recognition that a trainee's activities may result in the operation of an
employer's facilities under the first criterion), occasional or incidental other work by the intern
should not defeat the exemption so long as such work does not unreasonably replace or impede the
educational objectives for the intern and effectively displace regular workers.
A more recent DLSE letter stated that the non-displacement factor requires that the tasks
performed must be "directly pertinent to his or her education only" and the activities performed
should not be "an integral part of the [business'] activities from which the [business] derives a
substantial economic benefit. (DLSE OL 2000.05.17 [applying variation of criteria to determine
employment relationship of culinary externs].) Our office views this formulation as providing an
analytical approach to the non-displacement language under this criterion and not necessarily
separate criteria with independent significance. Consistent with the overall determination to be
made under the totality of the circumstances, no bright line exists and the impact to which minor or
incidental work will have upon the trainee or internship will, of course, depend on the facts. 9
The non-displacement language is joined with "close supervision" language under this
criterion which, taken together, underscores that the actual role of the trainee must be one which
necessarily requires close supervision rather than performing substantial independent work which
can be performed by regular workers. If a trainee or intern is loosely supervised, there is more
likely an employment relationship (DLSE OL 1998.11.12) On the other hand, substantial
supervision may offset any advantage perceived to be received by the employer (DOL OLs
3/13/95, 1/28/88.) and may demonstrate the role of the intern or trainee as the true recipient of the
benefits of experiential training consistent with the Program's educational requirements and
objectives.
The agreement between the Program and its internship partners who provide on-site
placements at the latter's businesses states that interns will not displace regular workers. Your
letter also indicates that each of the business placement sites has confirmed that regular workers
have not been displaced as a result of the placement of interns. Regarding non-displacement,
however, a showing requires more than such representation that no regular employee was replaced
by a trainee. Rather, the nature of the activities to be performed by the intern must be examined to
determine whether the training activities bear a direct relationship with the educational or
vocational objectives and do not unreasonably intrude into activities which could be performed by
regular workers who would be subject to compensation for such work.

9 The impact of other minor tasks or incidental work is also relevant to the fourth criterion as discussed infra.

2010.04.07

Letter to Joseph W. Ambash

April?,2010
Page 11

In addition to the Program's partnership agreements which represent that there will be no
displacement of workers as a result of the intern's activities and the more recent representation by
the businesses confirming those facts, your letter acknowledges that "interns perform services that
may be parallel to the service provided by Company ... employees working in the type of position
for which thc intern is training."
You state that the interns "are not viewcd as employee substitutes and are monitored,
evaluated, reviewed, and considered as the students they truly are." This statement is supported by
the supervision structure at the program sites where both supervisors directly train one-an-one
(ranging up to 10-15 hours per week per intern), serve as a resource for the intern at other times
answering questions, monitor intern's activities, and provide weekly evaluation and feedback on
the interns customer service and business professional skills. In addition to observation by
supervisors, indirect training and mentoring every day is provided by regular employees in the
activity area in which the intern is training.
Except for Company C, the other four business placements generally provide one assigned
supervisor for each intern and also utilize other employees who are shadowed by the intern or
otherwise assigned to train or mentor in activities performed by the intern. Supervisors are required
to attend an orientation session where the Program communicates the requirements for the
educational training and the Program regularly surveys supervisors and visits business partner sites
to ensure students are participating in meaningful internships. 10
Regarding interns placed at Company C who appear to have a larger supervisor to intern
ratio, the supervisor generally spends the same number of hours with each intern and other
employees are delegated to interns to provide mentoring and training as at other placement
businesses in the Program.
Rather than displacing regular workers, the interns at all placements appear to require and
rely upon their supervisors directly and other regular workers indirectly to acquire and learn the
skills necessary for the described activities. Additionally, the extensive level of observation of the
interns by the businesses' employees at the various placement sites demonstrates that the interns
are performing in accordance with the educational objectives and shows that an assigned
supervisor (employee) is required to and actually performs sufficient supervision of the interns
work.
The six month duration of an internship is not unlike a semester-long internship through a
regular educational institution. Since the business sites have their full complement of workers prior
to and after interns are placed, the modest time period interns are placed at the sites for technical
training (most likely in their first real-world experience) makes their contribution to the business'
service somewhat limited and appropriately monitored by the business.
10 Also, the local community college which grants college credits for the Program's interns has representatives make
on-site visits to confirm that the students are performing the types of technical activities required for receiving college
credit. These visits are similar to those which the college makes to veritY training activities for its own non-Program
students earning credits at other companies.

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Letter to Joseph W. Ambash

April 7, 2010
Page 12

Based upon all of the above facts, and in view of the extensive supervision of interns by
assigned on-site employees and monitoring of the interns activities site by the Program and local
college, there is no displacement of regular workers at placement sites where students perform
internship activities.
(4) The employer that provides the training receives no immediate advantage from
the activities of the trainees or students and, on occasion, the employer's
operations may even be impeded.
With regard to this criterion, DOL has indicated that where the "predominant benefit" is to
the student, no employment relationship will exist. (DOL OLs 7/7/77, 3/13/95) On the other hand,
where trainee/interns are placed in a business and the activities performed are directly performing
the main work of the business, such interns are stepping in the place of a worker and the employer
may likely gain an immediate (economic) advantage as a result. (E.g., DOL OL 3/24/94 [interns
assisted in daily operations and general duties in youth hostel; McLaughlin v. Ensley, 877 F.2d
1207, 1208 (4th Cir. 1989) [where trainees are required to work alongside regular employees and
perform all job duties without any learning opportunity, the employer is essentially using trainees
to get work done that they otherwise would have to pay an employee to dO].)11 However, isolated
instances of performing activities not directly related to training (and ordinarily compensable) may
be de minimis. (Atkins v. General Motors Corporation, 701 F.2d 1124, 1129 (5th Cir. 1983)
[isolated instances of activities such as general cleaning and uncrating machinely were de
minimis].)
The key language in this criterion is whether the advantage or benefit the employer receives
is immediate. Where the training activities involved increased responsibility near the end of the
training but trainees are still supervised throughout the period and do not assume the duties of
regular workers, there is no immediate benefit to the employer. (Reich v. Parker Fire Protection
District, supra, 992 F.2d 1023, 1028; see also, DOL OLs 1/28/88,3/13/95 [substantial supervision
may offset any advantage perceived to be received by employer] DLSE OL 1998.11.12. [if interns
are loosely supervised, an employment relationship may be found].)
Additionally, the educational validity of the training program may be relevant to the
calculus of relative benefits under this factor (Reich, supra, 992 F.2d at 476) which serves as a
reminder that the context of the inquily depends upon all the circumstances surrounding the
interns' activities including consideration of the educational and vocational objectives of a
program.
II Both DLSE and federal cases have previously noted that the exemption will not be found where the intern's
activities become an integral part of the business' activities and the business derives any consequential economic
benefit from the intern's activities. (DLSE OL 2000.05.17, citing Marshait v. Baptist Ho;pilat, Inc., 473 F.Supp 465
(D.C.M.D. 1979) [x-ray technician b'ainees perfonned all duties of regular employees and minimally supervised] and
Souder v. Brennen, 367 F.Supp 808, 813 (D.D.C. 1973) [patient workers in mental hospitals performed work for which

they were in no way handicapped and institution derived some consequential economic benefit which indicate an
employment relationship under economic reality test].)

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Letter to Joseph W. Ambash

April 7, 2010
Page 13

Here, the educational validity of the training provided to the Program's interns establishes
that interns predominantly benefit from the training at all business sites since the internship follows
an intensive classroom phase and provides an opportunity for further learning in the application of
previous and continuing instruction for which college credit is earned by the student.
The Program has listed the types of activities performed by interns at the five placement
sites with examples of hardware and software installation/configuration, repair and preventative
maintenance of pes and related systems, trouble shooting, virus detection and removal, etc. The
Program acknowledges that the various businesses may receive incidental benefits from the tasks
interns perform while practicing their skills (especially towards the end of the internship period)
and may indirectly benefit from goodwill generated through corporate social responsibility. It
maintains, however, that any advantage is outweighed by the burden the businesses assume as a
corporate partner in the Program and that any benefit or advantage is not immediate.
The performance of the described tasks performed by interns at the placement sites has
some benefit to the placement business. This is natural and expected insofar as some work is being
done to maintain the business' information technology based systems. The described activities,
however, are consistent with the course curriculum provided in the previous L&D phase and the
Program's overall educational objectives and certification which are transferable within the
industry. It appears that an individual would only be qualified to perform productively as an
employee at the business sites only upon completion of the internship, after which an intern is
issued a computer technician certificate.
Moreover, the described supervision of the on-site activities performed by interns and the
ongoing training and mentoring by other regular employees, as discussed previously, demonstrates
substantial supervision of the intern's activities. Additional monitoring and visits by the Program
and local college to verify the educational training components at the placement contributes to the
educational integrity of the internship program. Such direct supervision of interns and monitoring
of the internship ensures that interns are neither treated nor have the same duties as regular
employees, but simply are regarded as students provided with an opportunity to learn skills in
information technology and professional behaviors which are targeted skills under the Program.
The substantial structured supervision and informal observation of interns by other workers thus
offsets any perceived advantage the businesses receive in the activities performed by the Program's
interns. (DOL OLs 1/28/88,3/13/95 [substantial supervision may offset any advantage perceived to
be received by employer].)
Due to the interns' inexperience, any perceived benefit the businesses receive in
performance of tasks is not likely realized until the latter period of the internship. Yet, the
supervision continues throughout the internship period. (See Reich, supra, [no immediate benefit if
trainees supervised and do not assume duties of regular employees].) Further, any such limited
benefit is counter-balanced by impediments to the employer's operations in both time and
economic costs in teaching the intern the activities, reviewing any work performed as well as
immediate economic costs to the business in participating in the program. Specifically, the
Program asserts that all internship partners incur substantial supervision costs which involves time

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Letter to Joseph W. Ambash

April 7, 2010
Page 14
taken away from and impeding their regular duties. Other employees are also imgeded in their role
in training and mentoring which lowers productivity of the affected employees. 2 Each supervisor
also incurs additional commitments such as attending the Program's orientation sessions for their
training, biweekly calls from the Program's internship team, completion of written surveys twice
per internship cohort for each intern and hosts 1-2 on-site visits from the Program. 13 Additionally,
each partner business contributes over $22,000 to sponsor each intern for the duration of the 6
month internship period. 14
Based upon the above, the partner businesses derive no immediate advantage from the
activities of interns and sponsorship of interns is a clear burden and impediment to the operation of
the partner businesses.
(5) The trainees are not necessarily entitled to a job at the conclusion of the
training period.

The inquily under this factor is aimed toward the time period of the training and up to its
completion. Federal interpretations of this factor, including the seminal case of Portland Terminal
Co. (FLSA not intended to penalize employers for instruction that will greatly benefit trainees),
clearly recognize that employers may offer training programs for reasons which include training of
novices and assessing potential employees. (See, Donovan v. American Airlines, Inc., 686 F.2d
267,272 (5th Cir. 1982); Reich v. Parker Fire Protection District, supra, 992 F.2d at 1028, fn. I.)
The Program here requires participants to sign an acceptance form for both the L&D and
internship phases of the program. The L&D phase acceptance form expressly states that an
internship is not guaranteed and the internship phase acceptance form states that interns are not
necessarily entitled to a position at the corporation where the intern is trained. Additionally, the
partnership agreement between the Program and partner businesses states that "interns are not
necessarily entitled to a job ... at the conclusion of the training period." These pre-program forms

12 In addressing a university externship program where a student "shadows an employee" and is designed to expose
students to various careers, DOL stated: ... the sponsor's need to assign a shadowed employee means the sponsor does

nolreccive any tangible benefit and may in fact lose productive work fi'om the employee assigned the student." (DOL
OL 4/6/06)
13 The pmtner businesses estimate that their employees spend the following totals for supervisor hours due to
participating in the internship program: Company A - 1,249 hours for 14 supervisors (15 interns), Company B - 350
hours for 7 supervisors (8 interns), Company C- 200 hours for I supervisor (5 interns), Company D - 1,320 hours for
4 supervisors (4 interns), Company E - 96 hours for I supervisal' (1 intern). Additional hours spent by other employees

of the businesses who spend time on an ongoing basis training and mentol'ing the Program's interns are not tracked by

the Program.
14 The sponsorship contribution is used to pay both the direct costs of the L&D phase and fees owed to the community
college for college credits under the Program's dual-enrollment agreement.

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Letter to Joseph W, Ambash

April 7, 2010
Page 15

executed by the student participants and the partner businesses make it sufficiently clear that
trainees are not entitled to positions at the conclusion ofthe internship training phase. 15
The Program provides some evidence that some interns are subsequently hired by the
business partners following their internship. This fact, however, does not defeat satisfaction of this
factor which is focused on the time up to completion of the training period. The Program has taken
the above-described steps to make it clear to interns at the outset their non-employment status both
during and upon the completion of the internship period. Additionally, there is no evidence that the
application and criteria for acceptance to the Program itself is in any way intended or perceived as
a mechanism for application and screening by the business partners who have offered employment
to interns subsequent to completion of the Program.

(6) The employer and the trainees or students understand that the trainees or
students are not entitled to wages for the time spent in training.
Generally, students who perform work in the course of their studies, as part of thc
curriculum, are not employees if they receive no remuneration or credit toward fees. (DLSE
Manual, 43.6.8, citing DLSE OLs 1993.10.21, 1993.01.07-1) This factor seeks to determine any
expectation of the trainee to receive payment of wages (or other benefits constituting
compensation) for performing training activities. 16
The Program's materials describe and the student internship acceptance form states that "1
understand that 1 will be placed at a corporation for an unpaid internship as part of the educational
experience at [the Program]." Additionally, each business partner signs an agreement that states
that "the trainees are not entitled to wages for time spent in training" and that the company "shall
have no obligation to pay any amounts to the Program 01' others as a result of the Program except
[the specified sponsorship fees]." The Program further represents that none of the Program's
interns have ever received any wage, commission, salary, or bonus for the time spent during the
internship

IS On the other hand, the Program utilizes some verbage in its program materials (radio ad and Internship Management
Class) which essentially describes the training as an "apprenticeship." However, this word does not appeal' to be used
as a term of art whieh could raise some ambiguity over the student's status during the training period. In any event, the

other program materials and forms executed by students and corporate businesses refer to "internship" and the overall
stl'Ucture of the program is clearly that of an edueation-based internship such that the solicitations are effectively for
training and not for employment.
16 Agreements 01' other statements by trainees that they will not be paid for their activities do not constitute a waiver of
protections under the FLSA but are relevant only insofar as it shows the expectations of trainees for purposes of this
factor. (Donovan v. American Airlines, Inc,. supra, 686 F,2d at 269, fn 3; Reich v, Parker Fire Protection District,
supra, 992 F.2d at 1029, fn. 2). Under State law, the minimum wage law is similarly protected against waiver. (Labor
Code 1194(a).) The inquity in the above discussion seeks only to determine the exemption fi'om coverage of the

minimum wage laws for trainees/interns who arc not regarded as employees.

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Letter to Joseph W. Amhash

April?,2010
Page 16

While the above language is clear with respect to payment of wages, the intern does receive
an "educational stipend" during their internship which must be examined. Such examination is
appropriate to address the source of the stipend and variations in amounts for interns based upon
the described point system. The educational stipend is described as serving two purposes: I) to
help students cover living expenses while learning and 2) as a behavior modification tool where
points are either lost for violations of an established code of conduct or restored over time when
students do not have infractions.
DOL has noted in opinion letters that "the payment of a stipend to the interns does not
create an employment relationship under the FLSA as long as it does not exceed the reasonable
approximation of the expenses incurred by the interns involved in the program. (DOL OLs 5/8/96,
7/17/95.) The stipend is paid to students during both phases of the Program and the amount during
the internship phase is $250 per week 17 and is intended to allow students fi'om underserved
communities to learn on a full-time basis. The educational stipend is established, administered and
paid directly by the Program to the students, i.e., no amounts are paid to the interns by the
corporate employers.
The amount of the stipend can only be lowered by application of the Program's point
system which students are subject to throughout both phases. A critical objective of the point
system is to develop general job skill behaviors to maximize success in job and career endeavors
and to discourage behaviors such as tardiness, skipping class or training, dressing inappropriately,
or behaving inappropriately in violation of an established code of conduct of which all students are
made aware. Significantly, the Program states that while stipend amounts may be lowered for
infractions (and may be restored over time for no infractions), the stipend amount never exceeds
the established amount ($250/week). This effectively ensures that the stipend amount paid to
interns during the internship does not exceed the amount previously established for helping
towards reasonable expenses incurred by interns. Further, it appears that the Program's own
requirements and standards determine the infractions, point values for the types of infractions, and
actual reductions which are directly related to the educational objectives of the Program. 18 Thus,
the corporate partner does not have significant control over administering the point system, nor, in
ultimately determining reductions from the educational stipend amount.
Notably, any decrease in the stipend a student receives does not reduce the amount of the
fee the partner businesses pay to the Program for sponsorship. The sponsorship fee amounts paid
by the corporate partners also do not appear to be directly tied to the educational stipend other than
17 During the L&D phase, the educational stipend is $153/week. The program explains the increase for the internship
phase as necessary to cover increased travel expense and professional dress-related costs while on internships. The
stipend amount is higher in San Francisco than at other Program sites across the country to reflect the higher cost of
living in the area.
18 The point system appears to create a behavior modification tool aimed solely at developing important general work
place behaviors which are not necessarily tied to the interns actual training activities but promote behaviors enabling
students to be disciplined and successful in maintaining a jo". On this basis, the ability of the Program to lower the
educational stipend for an intern should not be considered a form of remuneration for training activities.

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Letter to Joseph W. Ambash

April 7, 2010
Page 17

to provide a significant source of funding for the Program in general. The sponsorship fee amounts
to approximately $22,000 per intern while the entire stipend students receive over the II-month
period is approximately $9,500.
Since the educational stipend amount here is a modest contribution towards living and
other expenses incurred by interns (and is received during both phases of the Program), it neither
constitutes direct nor indirect payment in the form of wages or other remunerationfor the activities
performed by interns at the corporate partner site.
Based upon the above analysis and in view of the totality of the circumstances described in
your letter, DLSE concludes that the Program's internship satisfies the 6 criteria. 19 Thus, the
interns would appear to be exempt from California's minimum wage law. Of course, the facts of
any new intern placement which vary from your letter must continue to be reviewed on a case by
case basis.
This opinion is based exclusively on the facts and circumstances described in your request
and is given based upon your representations, express or implied, that you have provided a full and
fair description of all facts and circumstances that would be pertinent to our consideration of the
questions presented. The existence of any other factual or historical background not contained in
your letter might require a conclusion different from the one expressed herein. You have
represented that this opinion is not sought by a party to pending private litigation concerning the
issues addressed herein. You have also represented that this opinion is not sought in connection
with an investigation or litigation between a client or firm and the Division of Labor Standards
Enforcement.
I hope the above sufficiently responds to your request for an opinion in this potentially
confusing area of employment law and thank you for your interest in ensuring compliance with
California's wage and hour laws.

cc: Angela Bradstreet, Labor Commissioner

19 The above analysis does not include a discussion of the additional 5 criteria previously used by DLSE under the
discontinued historical II-factor test (see, Footnote 3, supra). However, thc ultimate conclusion would be the samc had
the discontinued additional factors been taken into account. The training is part of an educational curriculum since the
students are dually enrollcd in a local college during the intel'llship period and rcceive collegc credits upon completion
(Factor 7); the students do not receivc any employce benefits during the intcrnship (Factor 8); the training is
sufficiently general and, upon completion, students receive a computer technician certification for use in the industly
rather than providing training designed specifically for a job with the corporate partners (Factor 9); the screening
process for enrollment in the Program is not thc same as for cmployment in that the Program selects students on the
basis of an application for enrollment from a population of underserved young adults, interviews, and a learning
assessment for evaluation of basic computer, writing, and communication skills (Factor 10); and advertisements arc
clearly couched in terms of education or training, rather than employment (Factor II; sce also, footnote 15, supra)

2010.04.07