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7.2 Natural Logarithms

The document defines the natural logarithm function and describes its key properties: - The natural logarithm function, ln x, is defined as the integral from 1 to x of 1/t dt for x > 0. - The domain of ln x is all positive real numbers and the range is all real numbers. - ln x is positive when x > 1 and negative when 0 < x < 1, with ln 1 = 0. - Properties of logarithms including product, quotient, power and reciprocal rules are presented. - Examples are provided to demonstrate computing logarithms using these rules and properties of ln x.

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301 views19 pages

7.2 Natural Logarithms

The document defines the natural logarithm function and describes its key properties: - The natural logarithm function, ln x, is defined as the integral from 1 to x of 1/t dt for x > 0. - The domain of ln x is all positive real numbers and the range is all real numbers. - ln x is positive when x > 1 and negative when 0 < x < 1, with ln 1 = 0. - Properties of logarithms including product, quotient, power and reciprocal rules are presented. - Examples are provided to demonstrate computing logarithms using these rules and properties of ln x.

Uploaded by

AladdinSultanAlTamimi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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7.

2 Natural Logarithms

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

The Natural Logarithm Function


DEFINITION
From Calculus I:

n 1
x
n
x
dx n 1 C,

n 1

To investigate case for n = -1, we will define the integral as a

new function.
x

1
f ( x) dt ,
t
1

x0

f(x) is called the natural logarithm f(x) = ln x

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

The Natural Logarithm Function


Domain is set of all positive real numbers.

Range is all reals


For x > 1, ln x is positive.
For 0 < x < 1, ln x is negative
ln 1 = 0

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

The Natural Logarithm Function


5

1/t

1
ln x dt ,
t
1

x0

1
t

Represents the area under the curve when x > 1.


Represents the negative of the area under the curve when 0 < x <1
When x = 1, the natural log is 0.
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

Properties of Logarithms
THEOREM
For any numbers a > 0 and x > 0, the natural logarithm satisfies
the following rules:
1. Product Rule:

ln ax = ln a + ln x

2. Quotient Rule:

ln

a
ln a ln x
x

3. Reciprocal Rule:

ln

1
ln x
x

4. Power Rule:

In xr = r ln x

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

r rational
5

Example 1
Using ln 2 and ln 3, express the following logarithms:

3
3
a )ln 0.75 ln ln 2
4
2
ln 3 ln 22 ln 3 2ln 2
b)ln 9 ln 9
3

1
3

1
1
2
2
ln 9 ln 3 ln 3
3
3
3
1
2

1
c)ln 3 2 ln 3 ln 2 ln 3 ln 2 ln 3 ln 2
2

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

Characteristics of graph of y = ln x
dy 1

dx x

d2y
dx

1
x2

ln x is an antiderivative of 1/x .
Since x is positive, 1/x is also positive so the slope of ln x is
always positive and ln x is increasing.

The second derivative of ln x is

d2y
dx 2

1
x2

The second derivative is always negative. ln x is always

concave down.
So, ln x is increasing, concave down and goes through (1, 0).

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

Characteristics of graph of y = ln x
The graph of y = ln (x) and its
relation to the function y =
1/x, x > 0. The graph of the
logarithm rises above the x-

axis as x moves from 1 to the


right, and it falls below the
axis as x moves from 1 to the
left

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

y=ln x
ln 1 = 0
ln e = 1
8

Differentiation of Natural Log Functions


d
1
[ln x] , x 0
dx
x

d
1 du u
[ln u ]
, u0
dx
u dx u

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

Example 2
x 2 15
dy

Find
for y ln
1 x
dx

Solution:
x 2 15
1
5
2
ln x 1 ln 1 x 2
y ln
1 x

1
5ln x 2 1 ln 1 x
2
dy
1
1 1
10x
1
5. 2
.2x .
. 1 2

dx
x 1
2 1 x
x 1 2 1 x

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

10

Example 3
dy
Find if y
dx

ln t dt
x

Solution:
3x

ln t dt
x

dy
ln 3 x .
dx

x ln x x

1
ln x x
3

2
3

1
3

'

'

by F .T .C

1 1
2
ln x
3 ln x

2 x

1. 1
3 2
x3

1 ln x . 1
1
2
2x 2

1 1
1 1
. 2 .ln x . 1 .ln x
9 3
4 2
x
x
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

11

Integration involving the natural log function


1
u du ln | u | C

f ( x)
dx ln | f ( x) | C
f ( x)

whenever f (x) is a differentiable function .

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

12

Example 4
Evaluate

tan x dx

Solution:

sin x
tan x dx
dx
cos x

du
Let u cos x du sin x dx dx
sin x
sin x du
1
tan x dx
du ln u c
u sin x
u
ln cos x c

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

13

Example 5
Evaluate

dx
2 x 2x

Solution:

dx

2 x 2x

2 x 1 x
dx

1
u 1 x du
dx dx 2 x
2 x

2 x du

2 x u

du
ln u c
u

ln 1 x c
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

14

Example 6
Evaluate

sec x dx
ln sec x tan x

Solution:

sec x dx

u sec x tan x

ln sec x tan x

du sec x tan x sec 2 x dx

sec x
du

sec
x
tan
x

sec
x
ln u

v ln u dv

1 dv
u
v u

du
dx
2
sec x tan x sec x
1
du
.
ln u u

1
du udv du
u

1
2

1
2

1
2

dv 2v c 2 ln u c
1
2

2 ln sec x tan x c
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

15

Logarithmic Differentiation
Example 7
If y (3x 1)(5x 2)(7 x 2 4), find

dy
.
dx

Solution:
y = (3x + 1)(5x - 2)(7x2 +4)

Take natural log of each side


ln y = ln ( (3x + 1)(5x - 2)(7x2 +4))

Use the properties of logs to rewrite


ln y = ln (3x + 1)+ ln(5x - 2)+ ln(7x2 +4)

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

16

Example 7 cont.
Differentiate both sides

y
3
5
14 x

2
y 3x 1 5 x 2 7 x 4
Solve for y

5
14 x
3

2
y
3x 1 5 x 2 7 x 4
Replace y with function of x.

3
5
14 x

2
y

2
(3
x

1)(5
x
2)(7
x
4)

3x 1 5 x 2 7 x 4
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

17

Example 8
If y 3

x x 1 x 2

1 2 x 3

, find

dy
dx

Solution:

x
x

x 2 x x 2

ln y ln 2
2
x 1 2x 3
1 2x 3

x x 2

1
3

1 2
ln y ln x x x 2 ln x 2 1 2x 3

3
1
ln x 2 x ln x 2 ln x 2 1 ln 2x 3
3
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

18

Example 8 cont.
1 dy 1 2 x 1
1
2x
2
2

y dx 3 x x x 2 x 1 2 x 3
dy 1 2 x 1
1
2x
2
y 2

dx 3 x x x 2 x 1 2 x 3
1 x x 1 x 2 2 x 1
1
2x
2
3 2

3 x 1 2 x 3 x x x 2 x 1 2 x 3

M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.2 PPU

19

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