CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATION

2.1 The General Integration or Antiderivative of a Function

Rules for Integrating Common Functions

The constant rule:

kdx kx C

k and C are constant

x n 1
C
n 1

n 1

The logarithmic rule:

x dx ln x C

x0

The exponential rule:

The power rule:

n
x dx

kx

dx

1 kx
e C
k

k 0

Algebraic Rules for Indefinite Integration

kf xdx k f ( x)dx

The constant multiple rule:

The sum rule:

f ( x) g ( x)dx f ( x)dx g ( x)dx

The difference rule:

f ( x) g ( x)dx f ( x)dx g ( x)dx

Example:
1.

3dx

3x+C

2.

dx

x18 / 18 C

3.

dx

2 x C

4.

3 x

5.

2x

6.

x3 2x 7
x dx

17

1 / 3e 3 x C

dx

8x 3 3x 2 5 dx

1 / 3x 6 2 x 4 x 3 5x C
1 3
x 2 x 7 ln x C
3

7.

3e

5t

t dt

3 5t 2 3 2
e t C
5
3

8. Find the function f(x) whose tangent has slope 3x 2 1 for each of x and
whose graph passes through the point (2,6).
Ans: x 3 x 4
9. A manufacturer has found that marginal cost is 3q 2 60 q 400 dollars per
unit when q units have been produced. The total cost of producing the first
2 units is $900. What is the total cost of producing the first 5 units?
Ans: C q q 3 30 q 2 400 q 212 , C(5)=1587
Exercise:
1.

x dx

x 6 / 6 +C

2.

4 t C

3.

3t

dt

5t 2 dt

t3

2 5 32
t 2t C
3

ex

4. x x dx
2

e x 2 52
x C
2 5

x 2 2x 1

5.
x2

x ln x 2

6.

7.

8. t

2 x 2 5 dx
x

5 4 11 3
x x x2 C
4
3
1 2t
e 2e t t C
2

1 dt

1
C
x

t 2 dt

1
2 52 2 32
t t 4t 2 C
5
3

9. Find the function f(x) or y for questions below.

(a)

dy
3x 2
dx

where y = 2 when x = -1

3 2
3
x 2x
2
2

(b)

dy 2 1

dx x x 2

(c) f ' ( x) x 3

y ln x 2

where y = -1 when x = 1

2
2
x2

(d) f ' ( x) e x x 2

1
2
x

x4 2
5
2x
4 x
4

(1,3)

f ( x)

(0,4)

f ( x ) e x

x3
5
3

10. A biomass is growing at the rate of M ' (t ) 0.5e 0.2t g/hr. by how much does
the mass change during the second hour?
Ans: 5 / 2e 0.4 e 0.2
11. A manufacturer estimates that the marginal cost of producing q units of a
certain commodity is C ' q 3q 2 24 q 48 dollars per unit. If the cost of
producing 10 units is $5,000, what is the cost of producing 30 units?
Ans: 22,360

2.1.2 Integration by Substitution

Example 1:

u8
3 x 5
C
C
C
3
3 8
24
24
du
du 3dx so that dx
3

1 u
1 7
7
7
71
3x 5 dx u dx u du u du
3

Assume u 3x 5

Example 2:

2 x 7 dx

3
1 1
1 u 2
1 u 2
1 1 12
u dx u du u du
C
2 1 1
2 3
2 2
2
2
1

C 1 u 32 C

3
1
2 x 7 2 C
3

Assume u 2 x 7

du 2dx so that dx

du
2

Example 3:

u6
4x 2 3
1

5
8x 4 x 3 dx u 8xdx u 8x 8x du u du 6 C 6 C
1
Assume u 4 x 2 3
du 8xdx so that dx du
8x

Example 4:

x e
3

x4 2

1
1 4 2
du
1 1
dx e u x 3 dx e u x 3 3 e u du e u du e u C e x C
4
4
4x
4 4

Assume u x 4 2

du 4 x 3 dx so that dx

du
4x 3

Example 5:
5x
5 x2
5x 2
2
5x
2 e

e
dx

e
e
dx

e
e
dx

Example 6:
ln x2 dx u 2 1 dx u 2 1 xdu u 2 du u 3 C ln x3 C
x
x x

3
3
1
Assume u ln x
du dx so that dx xdu
x
Example 7:
x
u 1
u 1
1
x 1 dx u dx u du 1 u du u ln u C x 1 ln x 1 C
Assume u x 1 so that x u 1

du dx

Example 8:

3x 2
3x 2 du
3 1
3 1
dx
1 du u 2 du
1
4
u
2 x 2 8x 3
u 2 4x 2 4 u 2
1 1
1
3 u 2
3 u 2
3
3

C
C
u C
2 x 2 8x 3 C

4 1 1
4 1
2
2
2

3x 6

dx

Assume u 2 x 2 8x 3

du 4 x 8dx 4x 2dx

dx

du
4 x 2

Example 9:

x 2 3x 5
3
3
x2
3

x 1 dx x 2 x 1 dx xdx 2dx x 1 dx 2 2 x u du
x2
x2

2 x 3 ln u C
2 x 3 ln x 1 C
2
2
Assume u x 1

du dx

Example 10:
1
1 e x dx

1
1
ex

dx

1
ex
1
1
dx x
dx e x dx du ln u C ln x 1 C
x
u
u
e 1
e 1
x
e

Assume u e x 1

du e x dx

Exercises:
1.

4.

4x 1dx
e dx
xe dx

5.

t t

6.

x x

2.
3.

1
2 x 66 C
12
3
1
4 x 1 2 C
6
e1 x C

2 x 6 dx
1 x

x2

1 dt
3

dx

2y4
dy
y5 1

7.

8.

x 1x

12

2 x 5 dx

3x 4 12 x 3 6
x 5 5 x 4 10 x 12 dx
3u 3
10.
du
2
u 2 2u 6

9.

1 x2
e C
2
6
1 2

t 1 C
12
7
4 3

x 1 4 C
21
2
ln y 5 1 C
5
13
1 2

x 2 x 5 C
26
3
ln x 5 5 x 4 10 x 12 C
5
3
1

2
C
2 u 2u 6

11. Solve the given initial value problem for y=f(x)

dy
1
where y=1 when x=0

dx x 1
dy
x2
b.
where y=3 when x= -1
2
dx x 4 x 5

y ln x 1 1

a.

c. f ' ( x) 1 2 x
d. f ' ( x) xe 4 x

(0,0)

(-2,1)

1
1
ln x 2 4 x 5 ln 2 3
2
2
5
1 1
f ( x) 1 2 x 2
5 5
2
3 1
f ( x) e 4 x
2 2

12. The revenue from the sale of x units of a particular commodity is

estimated to be R' ( x) 50 3.5xe 0.01x dollars per unit where R(x) is
revenue in dollars.
2

a. Find R(x), assuming that R(0)=0.

b. What revenue should be expected from the sale of 1,000 units?
Ans: (a) R( x) 50x 175e 0.01x 175
2

(b)$50175

2.2 The definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Area as the limit of a sum
Example:
Let R be the region under the graph of f ( x) 2 x 1 over interval 1 x 3 .
Compute the area of R.
7 3
A
2 10
2

From Formula Trapezium

3

2x 2

2
x

1
dx

x x 2 x 1 3 2 3 12 1 12 2 10

1
2
1
3

From Integral

Example 2:
Find the area under the curve y x 3 1 over the interval 0 x 1 .

x4

14
04
5
x 1 dx x 1 0
4
0 4
4
4

Example 3:

e
1

Evaluate the definite integral

x dx .

e
1

x dx e x

1
e x x 32
e x 2 32
2

x dx

1 3
1 3

0
2 0

e 1 2 3 2 e 0

2
1 2
1

1
0 e 1 e 0 1 1 5 1.299
3
3
e
e
1 3
1

Subdivision rule:
b

f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx

Example:
5

f ( x)dx

f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
3

Exercises:
5

3x 2dx

95/2

0
1

3t

2u

1
1

6/5

dt

1
1

du

4 e x 4 e x dx

-6/5
3-4/e

1 1
5 1 2 dx
x x
1
3

8/3+ln3 3.7653

t 1
dt
3
t
3

2/9

7 Given

f x dx 5

g x dx 2

f x dx 0

g x dx 2

(a) Find

2 f ( x) 5g ( x)dx

-20

3
4

(b) Find

g x dx

4
2

(c) Find

3 f ( x) 2 g ( x)dx

8 Find the area

(a) Under y x 4 over 1 x 2
(b) Under y e 2 x over 0 x ln 3

33/5
4

(c) Under y 3x 4 2 over 0 x 4

1

112/9

A study indicates that t months from now the population of a certain town
2

will be growing at the rate of P' (t ) 5 3t 3 people per month. By how

much will the population of the town increase over the next 8 months?
Ans:Above 98 peoples
10

Bejax Corporationhas set up a production line to manufacture a new type

of cellular telephone. The rate of production of the telephones is
dp
t

1500 2
units/month. How many telephones are produced
dt
2t 5

3 5 11
during the third month?
Ans: 1500 ln 2626 telephones
2 4 9

11

A Protein with mass, m (grams) disintegrates into amino acids at a rate

dm 2
given by
gm/hr. how much more protein is here after 2 hours

dt t 1
than after 5 hours?
Ans: 2ln2 1.386 grams

2.3 Applying Definite Integration: Area between Curves and Average Value
If f(x) and g(x) are continuous with f(x) g(x) on the interval a x b , then the
area A between the curves y=f(x) and y=g(x) over the interval is given by
b

A= f x g x dx
a

Example:
Find the area of the region R enclosed by the curves y x 3 and y x 2 .
Solution
f x g x to find the points where the curve intersect
x3 x2
x3 x 2 0
x 2 x 1 0
x 0 or x 1
1

R
0

x3 x4
13 14 0 0 1
x x dx
4 0 3 4 3 4 12
3

Example:
Find the area of the region enclosed by the line y 4 x and the curve y x 3 3x 2 .
Solution
x 3 3x 2 4 x
x 3 3x 2 4 x 0
xx 2 3x 4 0
xx 4( x 1) 0
x 0 or x 4

x
0

A A1 A2

x 1

or
3

3x 4 x dx 4 x x 3 3x 2 dx
2

0
0

x4
x2 x4
x 3 x 2
x 3
A 3 4 4
3
3 2 4 2 4
3 0
4
256
1
3

A 0
(64) 4(8) 2 1 0 32 32.75
4
4

4

The Average Value of a Function

Let f(x) be a function that is continuous on the interval a x b . Then the
average value V of f(x) over a x b is given by the definite integral
b

1
V
f x dx
b a a

Example
A researcher estimates that t hours after midnight during a typical 24-hour period,
the temperature in a certain northern city is T C where
2
2
T t 3 t 13 0 t 24
3
What is the average temperature in the city between 6A.M and 4P.M?

Solution
3
16
1
1
2 t 13
2
2

13
dt

3
t

16 6 6 3
10
3
3 6

16

Taverage

1
2
1
2
3
3
316 16 13 36 6 13 5.22

10
9
9
10

Thus, the average temperature over the given time period is approximately -5.22

Celsius.

10

Exercise:
Find the area of the shaded region.
1.

Ans:5/12

2.

Ans:2ln2-1/2

3. R is the region bounded by the x-axis and the curve y x 2 4 x 3 .

Ans:4/3
4. R is the region bounded by the curves y x 2 2 x and y x 2 4 .
Ans: 9
5. Find the average value of the function f(x) 0ver the specified interval a x b
(a) f ( x) 1 x 2

over 3 x 3

Ans:-2

(b) f ( x) 2 x x 2

over 0 x 2

Ans:2/3

6. FOOD PRICES
Records indicate that t months after the beginning of the year, the price of
ground beef in local supermarkets were Pt 0.09 t 2 0.2t 1.6 dollars per pound.
What was the average price of ground beef during the first 3 months of the year?
Ans: $1.57 per pound

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