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Wind Turbine Formulas

The document provides formulas related to wind power technology. It includes formulas for calculating kinetic energy of the wind, air mass flow, air density, wind velocity at different heights, Weibull distribution of wind speed, tip speed ratio, wind power, power coefficient, annual energy yield, capacity factor, availability, annual costs of investment, and methods for calculating annuity and net present value. Over 25 different formulas are presented.

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Samer Al-Mimar
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958 views5 pages

Wind Turbine Formulas

The document provides formulas related to wind power technology. It includes formulas for calculating kinetic energy of the wind, air mass flow, air density, wind velocity at different heights, Weibull distribution of wind speed, tip speed ratio, wind power, power coefficient, annual energy yield, capacity factor, availability, annual costs of investment, and methods for calculating annuity and net present value. Over 25 different formulas are presented.

Uploaded by

Samer Al-Mimar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Formulas wind power technology

The wind and the turbine:


Kinetic energy of the wind;

Ew,k = 0,5 ma vw2

[J]

ma = Air mass
vw = Wind velocity

[kg]
[m/s]

ma = a A vw

[kg/s]

(1)

Air massflow in the wind;


(2)

A = Area
[m2]
a = Air density = 1,23 at 10 C, 1 bar [kg/m3]
Air density in relation to air temperature and pressure;

a = ( 1,293 / ( 1 + ( 0,00367 t ))) ( pa / 1 013 ) [kg/m3]

(3)

[ C]
[mBar]

t = Air temperature
pa = Air pressure

Connection between air pressure and height over the sea (Approximal formula);

pa(h) = 1 013 0,120 h

[mBar]

h = Height over the sea

[m]

(4)

Altitude depency of the wind;

vhub / vo = ( hhub / ho )

(5)

vhub = Wind velocity at hub height


vo = Wind velocity at a reference height
hhub = Hub height
ho = Reference height
= Experimental heightcoefficiant
Open Water;
Open fields;
Forestland;
Approximate mean value;

= 0,12
= 0,15
= 0,20
= 0,14

(0)
(2)
(4)
(1)

[m/s]
[m/s]
[m]
[m]

Formulas wind power technology


Annual mean windvelocity;

vw,m = 0,90 As

[m/s]

(6)

[p.u.]

(7)

Weibull distributional frequency function;

f(v) = ( c / As ) ( v / As )( 1 / c ) e-( v / As )^c


c = Form parameter ( 2,0 )
As = Scalefactor
Cubefactor;

k3 1,9
Tip speed ratio;

= vtip / vo

(8)

vtip = U = Tip speed of rotorblade = R [m/s]


vo = Undisturbed wind velocity
[m/s]

Aerodynamics;
Pressure;

p = F / A = a vw2

[kg/ms2]

[Pa]

(9)

Bernoullis equation;

p1 + 0,5 v12 + g h1 = p2 + 0,5 v22 + g h2

(10)

g = Gravitational acceleration

[m/s2]

p = p2 p1

[Pa]

Pressure difference;
(11)

Formulas wind power technology


Power;
Power coefficiant;

Cp = Pr / Pw

(12)

Cp,m = Pr,m / Pw,m

(13)

Mean power coefficiant;

Momentary windpower;

Pw = 0,5 m vw2 = 0,5 a A vw3

[W]

(14)

Pw,m = 0,5 a A vw,m3 k3

[W]

(15)

[W]

(16)

[W]

(17)

[m2kg/s2] * [rad/sek] [W]

(18)

Pel,m = Pw,m tot = ( Pr,m / Cp,m ) tot [W]

(19)

Annual mean windpower;

Momentary power of windturbine rotor;

Pr = 0,5 a A vw3 Cp
Annual mean windturbine rotorpower, I;

Pr,m = 0,5 a A vw3 Cp,m k3


Annual mean windturbine rotorpower, II (Mechanical);

Pr,m = Q
Annual mean electric generator power;

Electrical generator power (active);

Pel = 3 U I cos

[W]

Rate power of windturbine;

Pn

[W]

(20)

Formulas wind power technology


Efficiency rates;
Wind turbine efficiency;

turb = Cp / Cp,max

(21)

Maximum power efficiency of wind turbine (Betz Law);

Cp,max = 0,593 = Pr,max / Pw


Total efficiency rate;

tot = Cp gear gen

(22)

Total efficiency rate, II (Mechanical efficiency);

tot,II = turb gear gen

(23)

Energy and operating hours;


Hours of operation;

ho = 8 760 h hs

[h]

hs = Hours of stop

[h]

(24)

Hours of operation at rate power;

hn = Cf ho = Eel,year / Pn

[h]

(25)

[J]

(26)

Energy / Work;

E=P t=Fx

[Ws] [Nm]

Annual energy yield of the wind (per kilowatthour);

Ew,year = Pw,m ho (1/1000)

[kWh / year] (27)

Annual energy yield of windturbine (per kilowatthour);

Eel,year = Pel,m ho (1/1000)

[kWh / year] (28)

Formulas wind power technology


Keyfigures;
Capacity factor;

Cf = Eel,year / ( ho Pn ) = Pel,m / Pn

(29)

Energy yield per rotorarea;


[kWh/m2]

(30)

[/(year-kWh)]

(31)

Av = ( ho hs ) / ho

[%]

(32)

Ca = a Ci

[/year]

(33)

EA = Eel,year / A
Cost efficiency;

Ceff = Ci / Eel,year
Availability;

Economics;
Annual cost of investment;

a = Annuity, yearly instalment on a loan


Ci = Cost of investment
Method of annuity;

a = (( r / 100 ) qn ) / ( qn -1 )

(34)

q = 1 + ( r / 100 )
r = Interest rate ( in percent )
n = Years of offwriting
Method of Now-value;

Nv = capf Ca

[]

(35)

Capialization factor;

capf = ( qn 1 ) / (( r / 100 ) qn )

(36)

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