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SOLID FUELS TYPE II
II. DIAGRAM
I. CONCEPT
Combustion of Solid Fuels With Combustibles in the
Stack Gas
Fuel Coal
Residue (Type II). More often in the combustion of solid

fuels, the furnace ashes contain a significant amount of
unburnt
combustible
material
collectively
called
RESIDUE. In many instances, to be able to analyze the

Residue better, water is sprinkled into it to form what is
U
B
U
R
N
E
R
Air
called a WETTED RESIDUE. In the combustion

calculations, these water is neglected. For combustion
calculations,
we
shall
consider
three
cases
of
Refuse
combustible lost in the Residue:

1. Case A Uncoked Coal Lost in the Residue
III. WORKING EQUATION
Uncoked coal is coal that has lost only its moisture

content. When uncoked coal goes to the residue, its
The equation that will be used for solving the theoretical

oxygen is:
VCM and FC content are the same as the original coal

fired. Thus the following relation is true:
(FC/VCM) in original coal = (FC/VCM) in the Residue
]
Or
2. Case B Coked Coal Lost in the Residue
Coked Coal is coal that has lost both its moisture and
VCM content. Thus an analysis of the Residue contains
The free oxygen will be solved using:
negligible volatile combustible matter; Carbon and ash

are the main constituents. In general if the %VCM in the
residue is less than 0.2%, it may be assumed to be
essentially carbon.
The water in the stack gas can be solved using:
3. Case C Combination of Coked and Uncoked Coal in
the Residue
The residue is a mixture of ash, VCM and FC. The

uncoked coal that goes into the Residue contributes both
VCM and FC ; the coked coal that goes into the Residue
contributes only the FC. Thus the following relation is
true:
(FC/VCM) in original form is not equal to (FC/VCM) in
Residue
If the air supplied is saturated, the water in the stack gas

can be solved using:
IV. SAMPLE PROBLEM

SP1. A furnace is fired with coal with the following
Since there is a residue, it is necessary to compute for
the losses, these are the formulas that will be use in
solving the said losses,
analysis: 36.3% VCM,49.6%FC, 10.7%Ash, 3.4%M,

1.2%N and 5.1%S. Its calorific value is 29.5 MJ/kg.
Analysis of the wetted residue shows 12%C, 65%Ash
and 23%H2O. Dry air is supplied at 27C and 1 atm. The
stack gas leaves at 350C,745mmHg with partial orsat
analysis
of
8.71%CO2, 1.74%CO and
0.35%H2.
Calculate:
The weight of the Cref can be solved using:
a.) % excess O2.

b.) Complete orsat analysis of the stack gas.
The CV lost can be solved using:
Where:
Other formulas that will be used for computing for the

losses are:
c.) m3 stack gas/kg coal.

Solution Basis: 100 kg. Coal
Stack Gas at 350C,745mmHg
8.71%CO2
1.74%CO
0.35%H2
Fuel Coal
CV 29.5 MJ/kg
36.3%VCM
49.6%FC
10.7%Ash
Air
at 27C,1 atm
B
U
R
N
E
R
3.4%M
1.2%N
5.1%S
Refuse
12%C
65%Ash
23%H2O
Using Calderwood Equation:
%C=5.88+2.206(29.5- 0.094(5.1))+0.0053(80(100(
)1.55 = 70
Using Dulongs Formula:

29.5=0.338(70)+1.44(netH)+0.094(5.1)
%netH= 3.72
%CW=100-70-1.2-5.1-10.7-3.72-3=5.87
Ash Balance:
b.) Orsat Analysis of SG

CO2 4.725
CO 0.994
H2 0.19
SO2 0.159
O2
5.2275
N2 43.00
Total 54.249
10.7=0.65R
R=
=16.46
Wt. C in the Refuse:
8.71%
1.74%
0.35%
0.29%
9.64%
79.27%
C= 0.12(16.46)=1.97
At C gasified= (
Theo O2=
)=5.669
= 6.923
SP2. The following data were obtained during coal
c.)
= 29.43
combustion: Coal: 13.8% VCM, 74.6%FC, 8.6%Ash,
Let y = xs O2
3%Moisture,
O2 from air = y +6.923
0%N,
1.2%S.
CV=32.958MJ/kg,
Residue:4%VCM, 40%FC, 56%Ash. Air: 25C, 740
N2 from air = (y+0.923)(
torrs, 80% RH, 50% excess O2. Stack Gas: 300C, 755
C Balance:
torrs,
=(
a.) Orsat Analysis of the stack gas.
DSG
DSG =
. Calculate:
b.) m3 of air/kg coal.
= 54.249
Solution Basis: 100 kg coal

moles CO2 in SG = 54.249(0.0871) = 4.725
moles CO in SG = 54.249(0.0174) = 0.994
=
Fuel Coal
CV 32.96MJ/kg
13.8%VCM
74.6%FC
moles H2 in SG = 54.249(0.0035) = 0.19

moles SO2 in SG = 5.1/32 = 0.159
free O2 = y +
= y + 0.7315 = 5.2275
moles N2 in SG = (y + 6.923)(
= 43.00
8.6%Ash
Air
50% xs air;80% RH
at 27C,1 atm
U
B
U
R
N
E
R
DSG Balance:
3%M
0%N
1.2%S
54.249= 4.725 + 0.994 + 0.19 + 0.159 + y + 0.7315 + (y

+ 6.923)(
Refuse
4%VCM
56%Ash
40%FC
y = 4.496
H2O from combustion =
a.) % excess O2 =
- 0.19 +
(100) = 64.94%
= 2.186
Using Calderwoods Equation:
Using Dulongs Formula:

(
)
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
( )
Equating eq.1 and eq. 2,

(
a.) Orsat Analysis in SG:

CO2
CO
O2
SO2
N2
H2
Total:
Ash Balance:
5.683
0.568
4.789
0.036
43.511
0.142
54.729
10.38%
1.038%
8.750%
0.066%
79.50%
0.259%
To find HV of VCM:
Basis: 1 lb of coal as fired
(
=9750 Btu generated by FC
14,550Btu9750Btu = 4550 Btu = HH/v of 0.18 lb VCM

(
SP3. A furnace is fired with coal containing 6%
)=
moisture, 18% VCM, 67% FC and 9% ash. The refuse

analysis shows 5% VCM, 23% FC and 62% ash. The
HHV of the coal as-fired is 14,300 Btu/lb. Calculate
VCM loss
the percentage of heating value that is lost in the refuse.

The moisture in the coal is due to wetting down to
= 18,320 Btu lost due to
= 48,600 Btu loss due to FC
loss.
prevent dusting. It is not moisture from the original coal.

(
) = 4.68% HV lost in the refuse

=
Coal, 29.5 MJ/kg
Fuel Coal
14300Btu/lb
18%VCM
67%FC
9%Ash
Air
at 25C,1 atm
UB
49.6%FC
10.7%Ash
1.2%N
6%M
U
R
N
E
R
Refuse
Refuse
23%FC
5%VCM
62%Ash
Ash Balance:
(
(
(0.725 lb VCM)(
= 14.51 lb Refuse
= 0.725 lb VCM
= 3.34 lb FC

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SOLID FUELS TYPE II

Residue (Type II). More often in the combustion of solid

RESIDUE. In many instances, to be able to analyze the

called a WETTED RESIDUE. In the combustion

combustible lost in the Residue:

III. WORKING EQUATION

Uncoked coal is coal that has lost only its moisture

The equation that will be used for solving the theoretical

VCM and FC content are the same as the original coal

2. Case B Coked Coal Lost in the Residue

The free oxygen will be solved using:

negligible volatile combustible matter; Carbon and ash

The residue is a mixture of ash, VCM and FC. The

If the air supplied is saturated, the water in the stack gas

IV. SAMPLE PROBLEM

analysis: 36.3% VCM,49.6%FC, 10.7%Ash, 3.4%M,

8.71%CO2, 1.74%CO and

a.) % excess O2.

The CV lost can be solved using:

Other formulas that will be used for computing for the

c.) m3 stack gas/kg coal.

Using Dulongs Formula:

b.) Orsat Analysis of SG

Wt. C in the Refuse:

SP2. The following data were obtained during coal

combustion: Coal: 13.8% VCM, 74.6%FC, 8.6%Ash,

O2 from air = y +6.923

Residue:4%VCM, 40%FC, 56%Ash. Air: 25C, 740

N2 from air = (y+0.923)(

a.) Orsat Analysis of the stack gas.

b.) m3 of air/kg coal.

Solution Basis: 100 kg coal

moles CO2 in SG = 54.249(0.0871) = 4.725

moles CO in SG = 54.249(0.0174) = 0.994

moles H2 in SG = 54.249(0.0035) = 0.19

54.249= 4.725 + 0.994 + 0.19 + 0.159 + y + 0.7315 + (y

Using Calderwoods Equation:

Using Dulongs Formula:

Equating eq.1 and eq. 2,

a.) Orsat Analysis in SG:

=9750 Btu generated by FC

14,550Btu9750Btu = 4550 Btu = HH/v of 0.18 lb VCM

Basis: 100 lb of coal as fired

moisture, 18% VCM, 67% FC and 9% ash. The refuse

HHV of the coal as-fired is 14,300 Btu/lb. Calculate

the percentage of heating value that is lost in the refuse.

= 18,320 Btu lost due to

= 48,600 Btu loss due to FC

prevent dusting. It is not moisture from the original coal.

) = 4.68% HV lost in the refuse

Basis: 100 lb of coal as fired

Stack Gas at 300C,755mmHg

Coal, 29.5 MJ/kg

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