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A little bit of classics: dynamic programming over

subsets and paths in graphs
By Ripatti, 5 years ago, translation,

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Codeforces Round #277 (Div. 2)

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Author thanks adamax for translation this article into English.

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After Codeforces Beta Round #11 several participants expressed a wish to read something
about problems similar to problem D of that round. The author of this article, for the purpose
of helping them, tried searching for such information, but to his surprise couldn't find

In some sense this article may be regarded as a tutorial for the problem D from Beta Round
#11.

In this article quite well-known algorithms are considered: the search for optimal Hamiltonian
walks and cycles, finding their number, check for existence and something more. The so-

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called "dynamic programming over subsets" is used. This method requires exponential time
and memory and therefore can be used only if the graph is very small - typically 20 vertices
or less.

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Fefer_Ivan

145

DP over subsets

DmitriyH

141

Consider a set of elements numbered from 0 to N-1. Each subset of this set can be

Petr

139

cgy4ever

131

encoded by a sequence of N bits (we will call this sequence "a mask"). The i-th element

belongs to the subset if and only if the i-th bit of the mask equals 1. For instance, the mask

marat.snowbear

130

00010011 means that the subset of the set [0... 7] consists of elements 0, 1 and 4. There
are totally 2N masks, and so 2N subsets. Each mask is in fact an integer number written in

Xellos

129

LeBron

129

binary notation.

MikhailRubinchik

124

SkidanovAlex

124

BYN

124

The method is to assign a value to each mask (and, therefore, to each subset) and compute
the values for new masks using already computed values. As a rule, to find the value for a

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subset A we remove an element in every possible way and use values for obtained subsets

A'1,A'2,... ,A'k to compute the value for A. This means that the values for Ai' must have
been computed already, so we need to establish an ordering in which masks will be
considered. It's easy to see that the natural ordering will do: go over masks in increasing
order of corresponding numbers.

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We will use the following notation:

bit(i,mask) - the i-th bit of mask

count(mask) - the number of non-zero bits in mask
first(mask) - the number of the lowest non-zero bit in mask
(a?b:c) - returns b if a holds, or c otherwise.

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The elements of our set will be vertices of the graph. For the sake of simplicity we'll assume

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that the graph is undirected. Modification of the algorithms for directed graphs is left as an
exercise for the reader.

MikeMirzayanov 2014-2015 CT S02E08:

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1. Search for the shortest Hamiltonian walk

tinyDemon APAC round 4 , problem D ( Itz

Chess) need help

Let the graph G=(V,E) have n vertices, and each edge

have a weight d(i,j).

We want to find a Hamiltonian walk for which the sum of weights of its edges is minimal.

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standings after 3 rounds.

Let dp[mask][i] be the length of the shortest Hamiltonian walk in the subgraph generated

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by vertices in mask, that ends in the vertex i.

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The DP can be calculated by the following formulas:

skrydg ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);

dp[mask][i]=0, if count(mask)=1 and bit(i,mask)=1;

, if

count(mask)>1 and bit(i,mask)=1;

dp[mask][i]= in other cases.

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Gym

. If pmin=,

Now the desired minimal length is

then there is no Hamiltonian walk in the graph. Otherwise it's easy to recover the walk itself.
Let the minimal walk end in the vertex i. Then the vertex ji, for which
, is the previous vertex in the path. Now
remove i from the set and find the vertex previous to j in the same way. Continuing this
process until only one vertex is left, we'll find the whole Hamiltonian walk.

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This solution requires O(2nn) of memory and O(2nn2) of time.

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2. Finding the number of Hamiltonian walks

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Let the graph G=(V,E) be unweighted. We'll modify the previous algorithm. Let

FerranAlet MST in a time-changing graph

dp[mask][i] be the number of Hamiltonian walks on the subset mask, which end in the
vertex i. The DP is rewritten in the following way:
dp[mask][i]=1, if count(mask)=1 and bit(i,mask)=1;
, if count(mask)>1
and bit(i,mask)=1;
dp[mask][i]=0 in other cases.
The answer is

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Detailed

3. Finding the number of simple paths

Calculate the DP from the previous paragraph. The answer is
. The coefficient 1/2 is required because
each simple path is considered twice - in both directions. Also note that only paths of
positive length are taken into account. You can add n zero-length paths, of course.
This solution requires O(2nn) of memory and O(2nn2) of time.
4. Check for existence of Hamiltonian walk
We can use solution 2 replacing the sum with bitwise OR. dp[mask][i] will contain a

boolean value - whether there exists a Hamiltonian walk over the subset mask which ends
in the vertex i. DP is the following:

dp[mask][i]=1, if count(mask)=1 and bit(i,mask)=1;

dp[mask][i]=0 in other cases.

Sanzee 11605 Lights inside a 3d Grid (help

needed)

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This solution requires O(2nn) of memory and O(2nn2) of time.

and bit(i,mask)=1;

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, if count(mask)>1

This solution, like solution 2, requires O(2nn) of memory and O(2nn2) of time. It can be
improved in the following way.
Let dp'[mask] be the mask of the subset consisting of those vertices j for which there

exists a Hamiltonian walk over the subset mask ending in j. In other words, we 'compress'
the previous DP: dp'[mask] equals

. For the graph G write

out n masks M i, which give the subset of vertices incident to the vertex i. That is,
.
DP will be rewritten in the following way:

dp'[mask]=2i, if count(mask)=1 and bit(i,mask)=1;

, if

count(mask)>1;
dp'[mask]=0 in other cases.
Pay special attention to the expression

. The first part of the

expression is the subset of vertices j, for which there exists a Hamiltonian walk over the

subset mask minus vertex i, ending in j. The second part of the expression is the set of

vertices incident to i. If these subsets have non-empty intersection (their bitwise AND is non-

zero), then it's easy to see that there exists a Hamiltonian walk in mask ending in the vertex

i.

The final test is to compare dp[2n-1] to 0.

This solution uses O(2

) of memory and O(2nn) of time.

5. Finding the shortest Hamiltonian cycle

Since we don't care at which vertex the cycle starts, assume that it starts at 0. Now use
solution 1 for the subset of vertices, changing the formulas in the following way:

dp[1][0]=0;

, if i>0,

bit(0,mask)=1 and bit(i,mask)=1;

dp[mask][i]= in other cases.

So dp[mask][i] contains the length of the shortest Hamiltonian walk over the subset

mask, starting at 0 and ending at i.

The required minimum is calculated by the formula

. If it equals , there is no Hamiltonian
cycle. Otherwise the Hamiltonian cycle can be restored by a method similar to solution 1.
6. Finding the number of Hamiltonian cycles
Using ideas from solutions 5 and 2 one can derive a DP calculating the number of
Hamiltonian cycles requiring O(2nn2) of time and O(2nn) of memory.
7. Finding the number of simple cycles
Let dp[mask][i] be the number of Hamiltonian walks over the subset mask, starting at
the vertex first(mask) and ending at the vertex i. DP looks like this:

dp[mask][i]=1, if count(mask)=1 and bit(i,mask)=1;

, if count(mask)>1,
bit(i,mask)=1 and ifirst(mask);
dp[mask][i]=0 otherwise.
The answer is

This solution requres O(2

n 2

n ) of time and O(2nn) of memory.

8. Checking for existence of Hamiltonian cycle

We can modify solution 5 and, using the trick from solution 4, obtain an algorithm requiring

O(2nn) of time and O(2n) of memory.

Exercises
CFBR11D
CCTOOLS

P.S. This article may be extended and fixed in future. The author would be grateful for
supplementing the Exercises section and for pointing out any mistakes and inaccuracies.
algorithms, dynamic programming, graphs

Ripatti

+22

5 years ago

Comments (14)

14

Write comment?

# |
http://www.spoj.pl/problems/ASSIGN/
5 years ago,

+3

For example
AlexErofeev

Reply

# ^ |
0
, )) ,
5 years ago,

, .
, .
. , , .
Ripatti

:)

Reply

# |
Nice tutorial. You could also add an explanation on how to count
5 years ago,

hamiltonian circuits on a grid of size n x m with (n <= 7 and m <= 10^9) for
example which is also fairly classical.
jaher

Reply

# ^ |
+1
Counting hamiltonian circuits on a grid is quite different from
5 years ago,

problems which was viewed there. In article I view foremost

masks over subsets and paths in graphs. But in your problem
motzkin words and matrix multiplication are used:)
Ripatti

Maybe I will view your problem in fiture article:)

Reply

# ^ |
CouDo you have a reference to such a problem?
5 years ago,

Reply
gmark

# ^ |
0
http://www.cs.ust.hk/mjg_lib/Library/Kwong_Ham_94.pdf
5 years ago,

it is very old paper:)

Reply
Ripatti

# ^ |
0
If the size of grid is 12*12 . Can we use DP over Subsets
4 years ago,

Reply
giongto35

4 years ago,

Top up

# ^ |

Reply
giongto35

# |
http://www.codechef.com/problems/TOOLS
4 years ago,

is an example problem for part 5.

Reply
havaliza

# ^ |
Thanx! Very nice problem)) I added it.
4 years ago,

Reply
Ripatti

5 months ago,

# |

Could you please further explain the recurrence in the first example (finding
a shortest Hamiltonian walk)?

Reply
saadtaame

5 months ago,

# ^ |

For me too, please.

Reply
bufferedreader

5 months ago,

# |

Rev. 3

The following paper is potentially useful as reference:

"A Dynamic Programming Approach to Sequencing Problems" by Michael
Held and Richard M. Karp, 1962. [citation, download]

niklasb

It contains lots of preliminary analysis and at least the DP approaches

described in 1. and 5. of your post. I believe the algorithm is actually called
"HeldKarp algorithm" in academic literature, but it was described
independently by Bellman et al. in another paper.
A list of optimal algorithms for TSP with better runtime complexity can be

A list of optimal algorithms for TSP with better runtime complexity can be
found here.

Reply

3 months ago,

# |

In 4th section's second dp formulation second part, the condition stated is

count(mask)>1 only. Isn't bit(mask, i) == 1 condition should also be
included?
saurabh060792

Reply

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