Materials Science and Technology
Materials Science and Technology
Materials Science and Technology
Comparison of thermo-mechanical stresses produced in work rolls during hot and cold
rolling of Cartridge Brass 1101
--Manuscript Draft-Manuscript Number:
MST11289R2
Full Title:
Comparison of thermo-mechanical stresses produced in work rolls during hot and cold
rolling of Cartridge Brass 1101
Article Type:
Research Paper
Keywords:
Corresponding Author:
Thermo-mechanical stresses play an important role in defining the life of the work roll
used in hot rolling process. In this research temperature dependent mechanical
properties of cartridge brass are determined experimentally using high temperature
compression tests at different temperatures and strain rates. Real life measurements
are made from a brass rolling mill as input data for the simulation boundary conditions.
Hot rolls are made of AISI H11 hot work tool steel. Temperature dependent mechanical
properties of AISI H11 steel are used. Thermal and mechanical stresses produced in
the work rolls during hot rolling process are predicted using a thermoplastic finite
element approach in the ABAQUS StandardTM software. Hot rolling is compared with
cold rolling to determine the effects produced on the work rolls. A criterion is introduced
to compare the severity of stresses produced on the rolling surfaces in case of hot
rolling and cold rolling based on the yield stress of the roller material for different
temperatures. A method for separating thermal and mechanical stresses in the
simulation is also described.
Powered by Editorial Manager and ProduXion Manager from Aries Systems Corporation
r
s
Th-Mec
Mec
Th
mH11
roll, (ii) rolling of a strip-rest, and (iii) a whole campaign. They concluded that the surface of
rollers reaches steady state condition after 10 cycles, and that whole roller reaches steady
state condition when effective time of laminating is greater than 1300s. Cheng Gang Sun8
gave a finite element (FE)-based analysis of the interfacial thermo-mechanical behavior of the
roll and strip in tandem mill during hot rolling. They investigated the validity of the proposed
model by comparing with experimental measurements. Then, using that model, they studied
the effect of various process parameters on interfacial thermo-mechanical behavior of the roll
and strip. C. Fedorciuc, et.al.9 worked on thermal fatigue crack propagation in work-rolls
during hot rolling. They developed 2D implicit FEM models considering complex thermomechanical interactions and cooling cycles. From that they investigated how stress state
inside the roll contributes in a different manner to energy release at the crack tip, depending
on initial crack length. A stress intensity factor (SIF) approach was used to derive the crack
growth rate. They found out that with increasing crack length there is increase in mechanical
stresses and decrease in thermal stresses at crack tip. L. Khalili10 developed a mathematical
model to assess thermo-mechanical behavior of work rolls during hot rolling processes. He
worked on AA2024. Thermal and mechanical responses at steady-state conditions were
investigated during the study using roll pressure and temperature field as governing boundary
conditions. They concluded that both thermal and mechanical aspects are important in
thermo-mechanical stresses developed within the work rolls, and that cooling design of rolls
can significantly alter both the magnitude and the distribution of thermo-mechanical stresses.
Ignoring heat conduction along roll axis i.e. z-direction, the basic heat transfer equation in
cylindrical coordinates for a work roll can be written as Eq. 111
(
Eq. 1
It should be noted that there is a strong thermal relationship between work-roll and strip,
therefore it is necessary to calculate the temperature distribution of the strip at the same
time12. The governing heat conduction equation can be employed as Eq. 2.
(
Eq. 2
Materials used in the work roll for hot rolling process undergo severe thermo-mechanical
loading during the process cycle. This imposes restrictions on the amount of deformation that
can be achieved in each pass.
In this work coupled thermo-mechanical FE model is used. Right boundary conditions,
process parameters and temperature dependent material data is needed to accurately simulate
this problem. Temperature and strain dependent mechanical data for brass was measured in
this study. The boundary conditions and other parameters were determined from the actual
process of 2 high brass rolling mill. Analysis has been carried out for the first pass and the
final pass. It is believed that the thermal stresses are highest in the first pass when the billet is
hottest and the bite angle is maximum. In the last pass it is believed that the thermal stresses
would be lower due to cooling of billet, however mechanical stresses might show higher
values due to hardening of billet material. For comparison purposes the analysis is also
carried out for cold rolling in the first pass as well as for the last pass, where highest rolling
stresses are expected. The model has been used to determine the hoop and shear stresses
produced in the work- rolls during hot and cold rolling. The sequence of these stresses is
3
determined and it is found that the peak hoop, shear stress and peak temperature are not in
phase and occur at different points during the rolling process. All the parameters of hot
rolling are compared with the cold rolling process. A criterion to compare the severity of the
stresses produced in the hot rolling and the cold rolling process is also introduced, it is based
on the comparison of hoop stresses produced with the yield strength of the roll material.
II. EXPERIMENTAL
II.1 Material
Hot rolling of Cartridge brass 110113 is done in a 2 high rolling mill in which rolls are made
of AISI H11 tool steel14. Chemical composition of cartridge brass 1101 and AISIH11 tool
steel are shown in Table I and
Table II.
Table I Chemical composition of Cartridge Brass 11013
Elements
Cu
Pb
Fe
Zn
Others
Weight %
70.0
0.05
0.04
29.84
0.15 max
Weight % 0.330.43
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
Mo
Cu
0.200.50
0.801.20
4.755.50
< 0.3
1.101.60
0.30.6
<
0.25
<
0.03
<
0.03
Brass compression tests were performed on MTS 810 servo hydraulic, universal testing
machine using the standard ASTM E915. Specimens of 25mm (height) 20mm (width)
12mm (thickness) were used. Three tests for each testing condition are carried out. The
testing parameters are shown in Table III. Thus a total of 60 experiments are carried out.
Range of strain rate for brass compression testing was obtained from the numerical
simulation. It was noted that the maximum strain rate during hot rolling occurs at the start of
first pass where strain rate is 40 strain/sec. The lowest speed where there are significant
stresses in the roll material is 5 strain/sec. The strain rates taken here cover most of the
deformation speeds during rolling, especially in the zones of high rolling stresses. At the end
of the bite angle the strain rate approaches zero but the stress in this zone is comparatively
lower.
In industrial practice a 120mm thick brass billet is hot rolled to reduce the thickness down to
23mm in 5 passes. Before rolling, the billet is heated up to 800 C and during the process it
cools down to almost 570 C. Maximum reduction ratio of 30% is attained in first pass at a
bite angle of 18o. In the last pass the reduction ratio is 23% with a bite angle of 8o. The testing
parameters cover the range of temperatures expected in the rolling process.
800C
16
32
48
700C
16
32
48
600C
16
32
48
500C
16
32
48
25C
16
32
48
Temperature
(0C)
Conductivity
( W/(mK)
Young's
modulus (GPa)
Thermal expansion
coefficient ( 110-6 K-1)
Specific heat
( KJ/(KgK)
20
29.8
213
13.5
0.482
200
31.8
184
13.6
0.516
300
32.1
178
13.7
0.589
400
31.8
169
13.9
0.621
500
30.9
153
14
0.669
600
29.4
126
14.2
0.745
1400
1200
Stress (MPa)
1000
800
600
20C
300C
500C
600C
400
200C
400C
550C
200
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
Strain (mm/mm)
0.008
0.01
Fig. 1 Temperature dependent plastic strain data of H-11 tool steel at 10-3 strain/sec
Brass was assigned temperature dependent conductivity data as shown in Table I. Plastic
strain curve for brass at room temperature under compression test is shown in Fig. 2. This
stress strain diagram is for 16 strain/sec. Tensile properties are found to be strain independent
in the range of deformation speeds as described in Table III. At room temperature the yield
strength is 470MPa with a very high strain hardening. Density, Poissons ratio, modulus of
elasticity, thermal expansion coefficient and specific heat for brass are shown in Table VI.
Conductivity
( W/(mK)
25
115
100
136
300
148
700
157
1200
1000
800
600
16 strain/sec at room temperature
400
200
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Youngs
Modulus
Poissons ratio
Thermal
Coefficient
8530 kg/m3
10 GPa
0.3
1.8710-5 K-1
Tests to determine the compressive material properties of brass at elevated temperatures were
conducted as discussed earlier in experimentation section. Results of these compression tests
were used as input data for numerical simulation. Compressive stress-strain curves have been
plotted for different temperatures in Fig. 3 at a strain rate of 16 strain/sec for all the curves.
The plot depicts that strength of brass is highly temperature dependent. It can clearly be seen
that at 800oC the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of brass is only 90 MPa, while at 500oC UTS
increases up to 260MPa. Also the strain hardening reduces to a great extent with an increase
7
in temperature. It can be concluded that with the rise in temperature the brass billet becomes
softer, hence will exert less mechanical loadings on the work roll during rolling.
300
800 C
700 C
250
600 C
500 C
200
150
100
50
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Strain (mm/mm)
Fig. 3 Stress-strain curves of cartridge brass 1101 for 16 strain/sec at different
temperatures
It can be observed from the Fig. 4 that stress/strain curves at varying strain rates do not show
much scatter. The maximum deviation in this curve was found to be 5% between strain rates
of 4 and 48 strain/sec at 15% strain. Variation in strain rates, within the range studied here,
does not cause considerable change in the stress strain values at 600oC. Hence it can be
concluded that varying deformation speed does not affect the strength of brass even at
elevated temperatures.
250
200
150
4 strain/sec
100
16 strain/sec
32 strain/sec
48 strain/sec
50
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Strain (mm/mm)
Fig. 4 Compressive stress-strain curve of cartridge brass 1101 for different stain rates
at 600oC
III.2 Meshing
The roller model was sectioned and then seeded to create a homogenous controlled mesh of
aspect ratio close to 1 using explicit CPS4RT elements (4-node plane stress thermally
coupled quadrilateral, bilinear displacement and temperature, reduced integration, hourglass
control) with total 24120 elements and 24480 nodes. The billet was seeded with approximate
global size of 0.007 and then meshed using explicit, 4-node plane stress, same as the roller.
There are a total of 1287 elements and 1440 nodes in the billet. Meshed roller and billet are
shown in Fig. 5 for the first pass only. It must be added that the model was checked for mesh
dependency and the results were verified.
Fig. 6 Contour plot of hoop stresses produced at bite angle during first pass of hot
rolling process
10
900
500
300
100
-100
-10
-5
10
15
20
25
30
compared to the first pass. However for the last pass, as expected, the peak stress (775MPa) is
much lower due to the reduced bite angle. Still this peak stress of cold rolling is too high as
compared to the strength of the material.
400
300
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
-10
-5
10
Bite angle (o)
15
20
25
30
Fig. 8 Comparison of maximum shear stress produced in cold rolling first pass (39mm deep),
last pass (23mm deep) and hot rolling during first pass (26mm deep), last pass (13mm deep)
The depth of maximum shear stress is of importance because fretting fatigue and resulting
spalling is the direct result of this shear stress. The rolls supplied by the manufacturer are case
hardened to 50mm depth. Redressing of the roll surface causes thinning of this case. The
depth of the shear stress is an important consideration for the life of the rolls, as the maximum
shear stress depth should not go beyond this hardened case.
Fig. 8 shows the plots of shear stress produced in work-roll during cold rolling process in the
first pass and last pass. It can be seen that shear stress profile is positive as well as negative.
Shear stresses show fully reverse behaviour with peak to peak value of 716 MPa (first pass).
These fully reversed cyclic stresses cause more damage as compared to the single
compressive hoop stress produced in the roller material. An interesting feature of this stress
distribution is the span along the roller. The hoop and radial stresses are mostly confined to
the part of the roller that is in contact with the billet as shown in Fig. 7. However, in the case
of shear stress, the contact starts with maximum value of shear, that changes magnitude and
sign to the lowest point just after the end of contact. The total span of action of shear stress
starts well before contact (almost 10 degrees) and remains after contact as well (almost 15
degrees). Similar behaviour is seen for last pass as well. Reducing the bite angle is also seen
to have an effect on the depth of maximum shear stress. It is found to be 39mm in the case of
first pass which redues to 23 mm depth for the last pass with a magnitude of 490MPa.
12
The maximum shear stresses produced in work-rolls during hot rolling for first pass and the
last pass are shown in Fig. 8. Also, the maximum shear stress depth is reduced in the case of
hot rolling in both first pass and last pass to 185 MPa at 26mm depth and 210 MPa at 13mm
respectively. The magnitude of shear stress in the last pass for hot rolling is found to be
higher than that of the first pass. That is again, due to the cooling and subsequent hardening
of the billet material.
100
50
-50
-100
-10
-5
10
Bite angle (o)
15
20
25
30
13
120
70
20
-30
On Surface
Maximum (at 13mm depth)
Deep (at 26mm depth)
-80
-130
-10
-5
10
15
20
25
30
14
400
Thermo-Mechanical
Pure Mechanical
Pure Thermal
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-10
-5
10
15
20
25
30
15
400
Thermo-Mechanical
Pure Mechanical
Pure Thermal
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-10
-5
5
10
Bite angle (o)
15
20
25
30
Fig. 12 Pure thermal, pure mechanical and thermo-mechanical hoop stresses on the surface of
rolls during hot rolling in last pass
A method for separating thermal and mechanical stresses has been developed. To find pure
thermal stresses produced in the work roll, brass billet was assigned very low yield strength
and UTS, so that the billet may not exert any mechanical load on the roll. The pure thermal
stress curve is shown in Fig. 11 and Fig. 12. Pure thermal stresses were subtracted from
thermo-mechanical stresses to find pure mechanical stresses produced during hot rolling. The
plots indicate that the thermal stresses are almost 35% of the total stresses produced in the hot
rolling process, rest 65% are due to mechanical effects for the first pass. In the last pass due
to cooling of the billet the mechanical component of stress increases to almost 75% and the
thermal stress component is reduced to 25%. The coupled thermo-mechanical stress should
follow the Eq. 3
Th-Mec = Th + Mec Eq. 3
This separation of stresses is useful in optimization of the rolling process, wherein the total
stress component (objective function) can be reduced by adjusting the two independent
parameters i.e., billet temperature (cause of Th) and bite angle (cause of Mec).
16
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-10
-5
10
15
20
25
30
Eq. 5
Where
(913 MPa for H11) is the yield strength of the roll material at room temperature
and mH11 (-0.89 for H11) is the slope indicating reduction in yield strength with an increase in
temperature.
It is found that during hot rolling even though the temperature of the roll increases, the hoop
stress only reaches almost 45% of the yield stress for both the first and last pass. Whereas in
cold rolling the percentage ratio of hoop stress generated to the material yield strength at
17
room temperature is 110% and 85% for first pass and last pass respectively. These values are
too high and will severely damage, or even crack the rolls. The brass billet is thus hot rolled
when high reduction ratios are required.
This model (Eq. 4 and Eq. 5) is especially useful where even higher billet temperatures are
used, as in steel rolling or in applications of continuous strip rolling. In these cases the
temperature of the rolls rises to a point that it causes substantial thermal softening of the roll
surface. This model would help establish a quick criterion of the effective load on the roll
even on the shop floor by simply measuring roll surface temperature using a pyrometer. The
value of
would ideally be provided by the roll manufacturer.
V. CONCLUSION
A coupled thermo-mechanical analysis of the brass strip rolling process is presented. The
boundary conditions used are based on the real process parameters of the brass rolling mill.
Material models used are the temperature dependent data for the H11 (roll material) and
Cartridge Brass. Material properties for brass are determined through compression tests at
different temperatures and strain rates. Analysis is carried out for the first and last pass only,
in a 5 pass rolling process.
Hoop stress profiles are determined through numerical simulation. It is seen that the stresses
for cold rolling exceed the yield stress of the roll material by a large extent. The reduction in
bite angle reduces the maximum hoop stress from 1020MPa in the first pass down to 775MPa
in the last pass. However, for hot rolling, stresses produced are thermal as well as mechanical
in nature. In the first pass of hot rolling, the maximum thermal stress is about 35% of the
maximum hoop stress produced. In the last pass the thermal contribution to the hoop stress is
reduced to 25% of the maximum hoop stress. Maximum coupled thermo-mechanical hoop
stress reaches almost 380 MPa in both the first and the last pass.
Shear stress is also produced in the roll at a depth below the work surface of the roll. In cold
rolling the magnitude of the shear stress reaches 716 MPa at a depth of 39mm which is
reduced to 490 MPa at a depth of 23mm in the last pass. In the case of hot rolling the
maximum shear stress of 185 MPa is produced 26mm below the roll surface in the first pass
and 210 MPa at a depth of 13 mm in the last pass. The increase in the shear stress for last pass
is due to cooling and subsequent hardening of the billet. This depth is of importance because
the fretting cracks will be produced at this depth tangent to the roll surface. It is also
interesting to note that the manufacturer recommends high hardening up to 50mm depth of
roll. Redressing of the roll surface with time will reduce the thickness of the hardened surface
and the roll will be susceptible to early damage due to thermo-mechanical cyclic loads.
The analysis presented here successfully decouples the thermal and mechanical effects on the
roll during the rolling process. The FE model and method described here can be used to
readjust the process parameters of the rolling mill for optimization of the rolling process and
increasing roll life. Change in bite angle will have a direct effect on the mechanical stress and
the change in billet temperature will have an impact on the thermal stresses.
A criteria is presented to compare the severity of stresses produced in hot rolling and cold
rolling process. It is based on the fact that during hot rolling although, lesser stresses are
produced in the roll, the yield stress of the roll material evolves continuously due to heating.
18
The criteria is to present the hoop stress as a percentage of the yield stress of the roll material
at the instantaneous temperature. It is found that during hot rolling even though the
temperature of the roll increases, the hoop stress only reaches almost 45% of the yield stress
for both the first and last pass. This tool can be used to control the effective load on the rolls
during the process by simply measuring the roll surface temperature.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was funded and supported by Department of Mechanical Engineering, University
of Engineering and Technology Taxila, Pakistan, which is gratefully acknowledged.
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Article title: Comparison of thermo-mechanical stresses produced in work rolls during hot and cold
rolling of Cartridge Brass 1101
Name(s) of Author(s): Faisal Qayyum; Masood Shah; S. Manzoor; Mohsin Abbas
Manuscript no./ref. (if known): MST11289
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which
conflict
with
the
space
in
Table
IV
Page
6,
and
Fig.
has
been
You should also look critically at the other figures to see whether some can
be omitted or combined (e.g. using different symbols or colours to present
results form the first and last pass on the same figure. This will mean renumbering the remaining figures in the text and in their captions.
-
Fig. 2 Page 6 has been deleted as it has been explained in text (Last
paragraph, Page 4)
Fig. 3 Page 7 has been deleted and text has been referred to Fig. 5
Page 10 due to same geometry
Fig. 15 Page 16 and Fig. 16 Page 17 have been combined as Fig. 7 Page
11
Fig. 17 Page 18 and Fig. 18 Page 19 have been combined as Fig. 8 page
12
Fig. 23 and Fig. 24 Page 23 have been combined as Fig. 13 Page 17.
have
been
re-numbered,
re-captioned
and
cited
in
text