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2010 Phased Array Training Part 01 Basic Theory

This document provides an overview of phased array training, covering basic theory, different types of scans, and probes and wedges. The basic theory section discusses key principles like beam steering, beam focusing, pulse length and height, wavelets, beamforming, Snell's law, coverage, angular resolution, digitalization, filters, smoothing, pulse repetition frequency, and ghost echoes. It also covers beam steering concepts like definition, principles, limits, calculation, and angle gain difference. Beam focusing is defined and its limitations discussed. The views section will cover scan types and defect viewing. Probes and wedges will cover the components themselves.

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Raka Aja
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100% found this document useful (14 votes)
2K views71 pages

2010 Phased Array Training Part 01 Basic Theory

This document provides an overview of phased array training, covering basic theory, different types of scans, and probes and wedges. The basic theory section discusses key principles like beam steering, beam focusing, pulse length and height, wavelets, beamforming, Snell's law, coverage, angular resolution, digitalization, filters, smoothing, pulse repetition frequency, and ghost echoes. It also covers beam steering concepts like definition, principles, limits, calculation, and angle gain difference. Beam focusing is defined and its limitations discussed. The views section will cover scan types and defect viewing. Probes and wedges will cover the components themselves.

Uploaded by

Raka Aja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PhasedArray

Phased
ArrayTraining
Training
I.PhasedArray:BasicTheory
BasicPrincipals
Basic Principals
Beamsteering
BeamFocusing
Questions

II. PhasedArray:TheViews
TypeofScans
ViewingdefectsontheSScan
Questions

III PhasedArray:Probes&Wedges
III.
Phased Array: Probes & Wedges
Probes
Wedges
Questions

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
Bell
Absorbent Material

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
Producing Ultrasound

Pulser

Probe

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
Square Pulse
Pulse Width is function of the probe frequency

PW =

500
500
=
= 100ns
f ( MHz
MH )
5

Pulse Height is function of the voltage

100 ns

40 V
80

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
Pulse Length & Height
Pulse length is related to the probe frequency (bell size):
Small bell (high frequency) = small pulse
Big bell (low frequency) = large pulse

Dong!

Pulse
P l height
h i ht is
i related
l t d to
t voltage
lt
(volume
( l
off sound):
d)
Small pulse height = weak sound
Large pulse height = loud sound

5 MHz = 100 ns

5 MHz
2 MHz
= 100
= ns
250 ns
80 V
40 V

40 V

Ding!

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
Wavelets
Conventional

Phased-Array
y

Thebeamoriginatesfromone
The
beam originates from one
element

Thebeamisformedbythecombined
The
beam is formed by the combined
ultrasoundwavesoriginatingfrom
themultipleelements

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
WaveFront
Ifallelementsofaphased
If
all elements of a phasedarray
arrayprobearefiredatthesametime,the
probe are fired at the same time the
resultwillbeasinglewavefront

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
Beamforming,Delay&Sum
Delay
lines

Digitalising

Sum

+
AScan

Transmission
Echo

SScan

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
SnellsLaw

sin
i

V1 = 2,340 m/s
V2 = 3,240 m/s

Focalpoint

sin
i

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
FocalLaw:TOF
Fermatprinciple:
A travelling beam of light (or sound) always take the shortest
Atravellingbeamoflight(orsound)alwaystaketheshortest
pathbetweentwopoints.
2,340 m/s

Time

3,240 m/s

Focalpoint

10s 8s 6s 5s 6s 7s 8s 9s

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
FocalLaw: Delays
To calculate the delay for each
elements:
Thelongesttotalsoundpathofall
elementsisdetermined
Fromthevalueofthatsoundpaththe
valueofagivensoundpathis
subtracted

10s 8s 6s 5s 6s 7s 8s 9s

10s - 8s = 2s
Thisgivesthefiringdelayforeach
element

0s 2s 4s 5s 4s 3s 2s 1s

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
Coverage
Conventional UT
Raster
needed
Rasterneeded
Phased-Array UT
Noneedtoraster
Awholeregioncanbecoveredinasinglepass
A h l
i
b
di
i l

350

700

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
AngularResolution
Angular
resolution:
g
SScaniscomposedofAScan
AngularresolutionisthenumberofAScanperdegree
Lowangularresolution
Highangularresolution

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
Digitalization:Resolution
TheanalogAScanisdigitalizedwithafinitenumberofpointsdependingonthe
digitalizingfrequency(typically100MHz)
Ifthenumberofpointisinsufficient,thesignalwillbedistortedandcouldmiss
vitalinformation.Hencetheimportanceofahighdigitalizationrate

TOF

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
Digitalization:Resolution:Effect
5MHzAnalogSignal

5MHzDigitalSignal
5MHz
Digital Signal
3.125MHz=9samples
6.25MHz=18samples
12.5MHz=36samples
100MHz=288samples
50MHz=144samples
25MHz=72samples

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
Digitalization:Compression
Tokeepfilessizemanageable,compressionisused
Foragivennumberofpointsoverarange,thepointofhighestvalueiskept
For a given number of points over a range the point of highest value is kept
Thispointisthenpositionedinthemiddleoftherange

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
Digitalization:Compression:Effect
Lownumberofpoints
Highnumberofpoints

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
Filters

Amplitude (%))
A

HighPass:Definesthelowestfrequencyallowed
LowPass:Definesthehighestfrequencyallowed
BandPass:Centersthefiltersonthefrequency

Frequency (MHz)

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
Filters:Effect

Amplitude ((%)

NoFilterona10MHzsignal
BandPass:Fora10MHzsignal(5.5MHzto15MHz)

Frequency (MHz)

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
Smoothing:Tomoview

Amplitude (%)

Nonsmoothed10MHzsignal
SmoothingisdonewithaLowpassFilter

F
Frequency
(MH )
(MHz)

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
Smoothing:Effect
10MHzProbe
No
smoothing
10
10MHzsmoothing
1 Nosmoothing
1MHzsmoothing
MHz
MHz
smoothing
smoothing

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
PRF: Pulse Repetition Frequency
PRF on the Omniscan:1(5)
5=NumberofAScanpersecond.
DependingontheunitoneAScancanbecomposedof16to128pulses
fromindividualelements
1=NumberofSScanpersecond
b
f
1 second = 5
1 A-Scan
S-Scan

Pulsers/Receivers

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
PRF: Example 1
SScanfrom35to75degreeswithabeameverydegree.Thus40AScans
PRFat200Hz(200AScans/second).Thus200/40=5SScan/second
EncoderissetatoneSScan/mm.Maxacquisitionspeed=5mm/second
1second

5 mm

Scanaxis

0 mm

750

350

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
PRF: Example 2

SScanfrom35to75degreeswithabeameverydegree.Thus40AScans
LScan14elementswithstepsof1ona64elementprobe.Thus50AScans
PRFat180Hz(180AScans/second).Thus180/90=(2SScan+2LScan)/second
Encoderissetatone(SScan+LScan)/mm.Maxacquisitionspeed=2mm/second
2 seconds

Scanaxis

0 mm

4 mm

750

350

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
PRF: Ghost Echo
PRF too high for the length of the path
OK:Theendofthewindowfinishesbeforethefirstechofromthenextscanarrives
h
d f h
d f h b f
h f
h f
h
PRFtoohigh:Thefirstechofromthenextscanisrecordedinthepreviousscan
Indoubt,lowerthePRF.Ifitisaghostecho,itshoulddisappear

Listening Window

Listening Window
GhostEcho

PhasedArray
Phased
ArrayTraining
Training
I.PhasedArray:BasicTheory
BasicPrincipals
Basic Principals

Beamsteering
BeamFocusing
Questions

II. PhasedArray:TheViews
TypeofScans
ViewingdefectsontheSScan
Questions

III PhasedArray:Probes&Wedges
III.
Phased Array: Probes & Wedges
Probes
Wedges
Questions

I.PhasedArray:BeamSteering
Definition
Isthecapabilitytomodifytherefractedangle ofthebeamgenerated
bythearrayprobe
Allowsformultipleangleinspections,usingasingleprobe
Appliesasymmetrical(e.g.,linear)focallaws
Canonlybeperformedinsteeringplane,whenusing1Darrays
CangeneratebothL(compression)andSV(shearvertical)waves,
using a single probe
usingasingleprobe

I.PhasedArray:BeamSteering
Principals
Ifadelayisappliedbetweenthefiringofeachelement,theresultingwave
front will be angled
frontwillbeangled

I.PhasedArray:BeamSteering
Limits
Thelimitsofbeamsteeringaremainlydeterminedbythesizeoftheelements.The
smallertheelementsthehigherthesteeringlimits.Frequencywillalsoinfluencethe
limits.
v 1

MaximumSteeringangle(6dB)isgivenby: sin st = 0.5 * = 0.5 * *


e
f e

16 X 4
16X4mm=64mmaperture
64
9degrees

p
16X2mm=32mmaperture
18degrees

16 X 1mm = 16mm aperture


16X1mm=16mmaperture
32degrees

I.PhasedArray:BeamSteering
Calculation
Maximumsteeringangle(at6dB),givenby:
Sinst =0.514*/e
Maximumsteeringangle(at20dB),givenby:
Sin st =0.8*/e
Sin
0 8 * /e

=c/f
= divergencehalfangle

I.PhasedArray:BeamSteering
AngleGainDifference
InPAUTasinconventionalUT,thereisanoptimalangleforeachwedge.This
optimalangleisdeterminebytheangleofthewedgeitselfandSnellslaw.
Thestrengthoftheresponseobtainfromasidedrillholewillbemaximalatthis
angle.Allotheranglesbelowandabovewillhavealesserresponse.
This
optimal angle is calculated with the following formula:
Thisoptimalangleiscalculatedwiththefollowingformula:
* sin
= sin 1 1

Amplitudevs.Angle

Amplitudevariaation(dB)

10

15
60

50

40

30

20

10

10

20

AngleinSteelSWave(degree)

30

40

50

60

I.PhasedArray:BeamSteering
Range:0degree wedge

I.PhasedArray:BeamSteering
Range: 35degreewedge

PhasedArray
Phased
ArrayTraining
Training
I.PhasedArray:BasicTheory
BasicPrincipals
Basic Principals
Beamsteering

BeamFocusing
Questions

II. PhasedArray:TheViews
TypeofScans
ViewingdefectsontheSScan
Questions

III PhasedArray:Probes&Wedges
III.
Phased Array: Probes & Wedges
Probes
Wedges
Questions

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
Definition
B
Beamfocusing
f
i
Isthecapabilitytoconvergetheacousticenergy intoasmallfocalspot
Allowsforfocusingatseveraldepths,usingasingleprobe
Symmetrical(e.g.,parabolic)focallaws(timedelayvs.elementposition)
IslimitedtoPhasedarrayprobenearfieldonly
Canonlyperformedinthesteeringplane,whenusinga1D
Can only performed in the steering plane when using a 1Darray
array

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
Principals
Iftheapplieddelaysarecalculatedsoallthesingleswavesfromeachelements
pp
y
g
arriveatthesametimeonaspecificspot,thePAbeamwillbefocused

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
NearField
1 mm pitch
12 elements
Conventional near-field

Composite
p
near-field

A2 f
N=
4v

NC=(1)2*5/(4*5,890)=0,21mm
Ncom=(1*12)2*5/(4*5,890)=30,6mm

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
NearField:EffectiveActiveAperture
Realangleandbeamdimension
Effectiveangleandbeamdimension
EffectiveApertureisgivenbytheequation:
Aeff =

A cos R
cos I

WhereI andR are:

I
Aeff

R
Focal
Point

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
NearField:MinimumActiveAperture
Minimumactiveapertureistheminimumactiveapertureneededtofocusata
specificdepthalongthebeamofthemaximumrefractedangle
MinimumActiveApertureisgivenbytheequation:
Amin

2
F( 2 2*
)

R I sin R

f * R * cos2
R

Where:
I

I =velocityinfirstmedium(wedge,water)
R =velocityintestpiece
f=ultrasoundfrequency
F =focaldepthformaximumrefractedangle
R =maximumrefractedangleintestpiece
maximum refracted angle in test piece
R
Focal
Point

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
NearField:RecommendedPassiveAperture
Thepassiveapertureistheelementlengthinthenonactiveaxis.
Tooptimizethebeamshape,thereisarecommendedpassiveaperture
Therecommendedpassiveapertureisgivenbytheequation:
W = 1.4

[ (F min + Fmax )]

0 .5

Where:
Fmin =minimalfocaldepth
Fmax =maximalfocaldepth
i lf ld h
=Wavelength

Passive
Focalization
Active
Focalization

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
NearField
FocusedBeam:
Divergence(halfangle,at6dB)

0.44
0.44
=
a
(
)
sin(
L = a sin( L )
W
W
Beamdimension(atdepthz)

2 * 0.44z
W

L =

2 * 0.44z
L

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
TypeofFocus

True
Depth

Half
Path

Projection

Focal Plane (3D))

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
TypeofFocus:TrueDepth
32elementsof0.6mm

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
TypeofFocus:HalfPath
32elementsof0.6mm

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
TypeofFocus:Projection
32elementsof0.6mm

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
NumberofElements:Focus50mm
16elementsof0.6mm
32elementsof0.6mm
32 elements of 0 6mm
64elementsof0.6mm

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
NumberofElements:Focus100mm
16elementsof0.6mm
32elementsof0.6mm
32 elements of 0 6mm
64elementsof0.6mm

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
FocalZoneVsSignalamplitude
Ona50mmthickpart,thefocaldistanceissetat25mm
ForthesameGain,theamplitudeofthesignalreturnedbyareflectorwill
For the same Gain the amplitude of the signal returned by a reflector will
changealongthebeam
Itwillbelowerinthenearandfarfields
Andhigherinthefocalzone

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
DynamicDepthFocusing(DDF)
O
One focallawisusedinTX
f ll i
d i TX
Several focallawsareusedinRX
ThebeamspotproducedbytheDDFisequalorsmallerthantheone
producedbystandardphasedarray.
S/Nratio isequivalentorhigherthantheoneobtainedwithstandard
PhasedArray
TheuseofDDFcreatesverysmallbeamspread

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
DynamicDepthFocusing

Tx

Rx 3
Rx 2
Rx 1

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
DynamicDepthFocusing

Tx

Rx 3
Rx 2
Rx 1

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
DynamicDepthFocusing
DDFisanexcellentwayofinspectingthickcomponentsina
DDF
is an excellent way of inspecting thick components in a
singlepulse.Thebeamisrefocusedelectronicallyonitsreturn.

FocusDepth(Pulser)
DDF (receiver)
DDF(receiver)

I.PhasedArray:BeamFocusing
DynamicDepthFocusing

Standardfocusing

DDF

I.PhasedArray:BasicPrincipals
Definitions
FocalLaw:
A
Afilewhichdefinestheelementstobefired,timedelays,voltages,forboththe
file which defines the elements to be fired, time delays, voltages, for both the
transmitterandreceiverfunctions.

Beamsteering:
Capacitytoelectronicallysteerthephasedarrayultrasoundbeam

BeamFocusing:
Capacitytoelectronicallychangethefocalpointofaphasedarraybeam

DelayandSumbeamforming:
y
g
CreatingacompositeAScanfromseveralindividualAScans(oneforeach
individualelements)

SScan:
Sectorialscan:Representsasliceofthepartbetweensetangles

LinearScanning:
Electronicscanningusingagroupofelementsfromaprobewithahighernumber
ofelementsthenthegroups
f l
t th th

PhasedArray
Phased
ArrayTraining
Training
I.PhasedArray:BasicTheory
BasicPrincipals
Basic Principals
Beamsteering
BeamFocusing

Questions
II. PhasedArray:TheViews
TypeofScans
ViewingdefectsontheSScan
Questions

III PhasedArray:Probes&Wedges
III.
Phased Array: Probes & Wedges
Probes
Wedges
Questions

I.PhasedArray:Questions
Question1
Q: IfA isfora5MHzat80V,whatisB:

a)
b)
c)
d)

Aspikepulse200ns,80V
Asquarepulse200ns,80V
Asquarepulse200ns,40V
None of the above
Noneoftheabove

I.PhasedArray:Questions
AnswerQ1
A: C)Squarepulse200ns40V

200 ns
40 V

Thefrequencyoftheprobedefinesthelengthofthepulseandthevoltage
the height
theheight

I.PhasedArray:Questions
Question2
Q: Identifythefollowing:

a)
b)
c)
d)

UTprobe
PAUTprobe
TOFDprobe
None of the above
Noneoftheabove

I.PhasedArray:Questions
AnswerQ2
A: b)PAUTprobe

Theactivesurfaceoftheprobeisdividedinseveralelements(6)

I.PhasedArray:Questions
Question3
Q:WhatdifferentiateaPAUTAScanfromaconventionalUTAScan?

I.PhasedArray:Questions
AnswerQ3
A:ThePAUTAScanisacompositeAScan.ItisasummationofallAScan
A
Th PAUT A S
i
it A S
It i
ti
f ll A S
fromeachelementsoftheprobe.
Delay
D
l
lines

Digitalising

Sum

Composite A-Scan

I.PhasedArray:Questions
Question4
Q:WhencreatingaUTbeamatacertainangle,areallthesoundpathlengths
equal?
a)
b)
c)
d)

Generally, yes
Depends on the focus
Depends on the voltage
Generally no
Generally,

I.PhasedArray:Questions
AnswerQ4
d:InPAUTeachUTwave
d I PAUT
h UT
producedbythedifferent
elementshaveadifferent
soundpathlength.However
d hl
h H
thereisoneexception,when
thebeamisatzerodegreeand
focusedatinfinite.

2,340 m/s

3,240 m/s

Focalpoint

I.PhasedArray:Questions
Question5
Q: Whatwouldbethelengthofthenearfield,insteelLwave(5.9mm/s),fora
5MHzPhasedarrayprobe?

7mm
1 mm
1mm

a)
b)
c)
d)

7mm
7
mm
0,21mm
10,40mm
1 mm
1mm

N=D2f/(4c)

I.PhasedArray:Questions
AnswerQ5
A: C)10,40mm.Aphasedarrayprobecanonlyfocuswithinitsnearfield.

7mm

N=D2f/(4c)

1 mm
1mm

N=72*5/(4*5,9)=10,40mm

I.PhasedArray:Questions
Question6
Q:Whichofthefollowingsetofdelayswillcreateafocusedphasedarraybeam?

a)

b)

c)
d) Noneoftheabove

I.PhasedArray:Questions
AnswerQ6
Q:d)NoneoftheAbove

Afocusedbeamisproducedbycalculatingthefiringdelayforeachindividual
elementssoalloftheindividualwaveswillarriveatafocalpointatthesame
time.
time

I.PhasedArray:Questions
Question7
Q: Thesizeofindividualelementsismoreimportantforwhat?

1 mm
1mm

a)
b)
c)
d)

Focusing
Steering
Dynamicfocusing
None of the above
Noneoftheabove

I.PhasedArray:Questions
AnswerQ7
A: Itisimportantforsteering.Ingeneralthesmallertheelements,thebetter
thesteering.

I.PhasedArray:Questions
Question8
Q:Identifythefollowing:

Rx 1
2
3

a)
b)
c)
d)

SectorialScan
Linear/ElectronicScan
DDF
None of the above
Noneoftheabove

I.PhasedArray:Questions
AnswerQ8
A:c)DDF.Foronebeam,thereisseveralfocalspotinreception.

Tx

Rx 3
Rx 2
Rx 1

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