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TE311 Lecture08 DSB SC Modulation

This document summarizes key concepts in linear continuous wave modulation, including Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) modulation, generation of DSB-SC signals using balanced modulators or diode bridges, demodulation of DSB-SC signals using synchronous demodulation, and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) which transmits two DSB-SC signals over the same bandwidth using two phase-quadrature carriers to improve bandwidth efficiency. Methods for generating and demodulating DSB-SC and QAM signals are described, along with examples of how phase errors in QAM carriers can cause signal loss and interference. Reading assignments related to modulation techniques are provided.

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32 views

TE311 Lecture08 DSB SC Modulation

This document summarizes key concepts in linear continuous wave modulation, including Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) modulation, generation of DSB-SC signals using balanced modulators or diode bridges, demodulation of DSB-SC signals using synchronous demodulation, and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) which transmits two DSB-SC signals over the same bandwidth using two phase-quadrature carriers to improve bandwidth efficiency. Methods for generating and demodulating DSB-SC and QAM signals are described, along with examples of how phase errors in QAM carriers can cause signal loss and interference. Reading assignments related to modulation techniques are provided.

Uploaded by

Ibra Nazla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TE311: Introduction to

Analogue Telecommunications
PART II

Lecture #8
Linear Continuous Wave Modulation-II

Introduction
Points to be discussed in this lecture
Double Side-band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) Modulation
Generation of DSB-SC Signals
Demodulation of DSB-SC Signals
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier


(DSB-SC) Modulation
A double-sideband modulated (DSB-SS) signal s ( t ) is
defined as follows

s ( t ) = m ( t ) cos ( 2 f ct )
m ( t ) is baseband message signal with bandwidth B Hz

f c is the carrier frequency in Hz.

DSB-SC Modulation
Fourier transform of a DSB-SC signal is obtained
from its time domain description as follows

1
S ( f ) = M ( f f c ) + M ( f + f c )
2
F

m (t ) M ( f )
Transmission bandwidth BT for a DSB-SC signal is
related to the bandwidth B of the message signal by

BT = 2 B

DSB-SC Modulation
m (t )

DSB-SC
modulator

s (t )
S( f )

M(f)

M (0)

0.5M ( 0 )

Upper
sideband

Lower
sideband

f
B

fc B fc fc + B

fc B

fc

f
fc + B

The spectrum of the DSB-SC signal is similar to that


of the AM signal except for the spectral peaks at f c .

Generation of DSB-SC Signals


Generation of a DSB-SC signal is derived from the
time-domain expression i.e. s ( t ) = m ( t ) cos ( 2 f ct ).
m (t )

cos ( 2 f ct )

s (t )

Generation of DSB-SC Signals


Balanced modulator
A DSB-SC signal is generated using two AM signal
generators in a balanced configuration.
m (t )

AM
modulator

s1 ( t )
s (t )

cos ( 2 f ct )
m ( t )

AM
modulator

s2 ( t )

Generation of DSB-SC Signals


Outputs s1 ( t ) and s2 ( t ) are given by

s1 ( t ) = A cos ( 2 f ct ) + m ( t ) cos ( 2 f ct )
s2 ( t ) = A cos ( 2 f ct ) m ( t ) cos ( 2 f ct )
Output of the balanced modulator s ( t ) becomes

s ( t ) = s1 ( t ) s2 ( t )
= 2m ( t ) cos ( 2 f ct )

Generation of DSB-SC Signals


Shunt-Bridge Diode Modulator
s (t )

During the positive half cycles of cos ( 2 f ct ) all


diodes are forward biased and v0 ( t ) = 0 .
During the negative half cycles of cos ( 2 f ct ) all
diodes are reverse biased and v0 ( t ) = m ( t ) .

Generation of DSB-SC Signals


Thus

0
v0 ( t ) =
m ( t )
= m (t ) x (t )

cos ( 2 f ct ) > 0
cos ( 2 f ct ) < 0

where x ( t ) is a periodic rectangular waveform with


fundamental period T = 1/ f c .
Taking the Fourier series of x ( t ) it follows that

Generation of DSB-SC Signals


v0 ( t ) = m ( t ) x ( t )
1
2 sin ( n / 2 )
= m (t ) +
m ( t ) cos ( 2 nf ct )
2
n=3 n / 2
Taking the Fourier transform on both sided gives

M ( ) 1 sin ( n2 )
+ n M ( nc ) + M ( + nc )
m (t ) x (t )
2
n =3 2
F

where m ( t ) M ( f

Generation of DSB-SC Signals


Passing v0 ( t ) through a bandpass filter centered at c
with bandwidth 2B where B is the bandwidth of m ( t )
gives

s (t ) =

m ( t ) cos ( 2 f ct )

Generation of DSB-SC Signals


Ring (or Double-Balanced) Modulator
s (t )

During the positive half cycles of cos ( 2 f ct ) diodes D1


and D3 are forward biased whereas D2 and D4 are
reverse biased and v0 ( t ) = m ( t ).

Generation of DSB-SC Signals


During the negative half cycles of cos ( 2 f ct ) diodes
D1 and D3 are reverse biased whereas D2 and D4 are
forward biased and v0 ( t ) = m ( t ) . Thus

m ( t )
v0 ( t ) =
m ( t )
= m (t ) x (t )

cos ( 2 f ct ) > 0
cos ( 2 f ct ) < 0

x ( t ) is a periodic bipolar square wave


fundamental period T = 1/ f c .

with

Generation of DSB-SC Signals


Taking the Fourier series of x ( t ) it follows that
v0 ( t ) = m ( t ) x ( t )

sin ( n / 2 )
=
m ( t ) cos ( 2 nf ct )
n=3 n / 2
4

Taking the Fourier transform on both sided gives

sin ( n / 2 )
M ( nc ) + M ( + nc )
m (t ) x (t )
n=3 n / 2
F

where m ( t ) M ( ) .

Generation of DSB-SC Signals


Passing v0 ( t ) through a bandpass filter centered at c
with bandwidth 2B where B is the bandwidth of
m ( t ) gives

s (t ) =

m ( t ) cos ( 2 f ct )

Demodulation of DSB-SC Signals


Synchronous Demodulator
s (t )

cos ( 2 f ct )

s ( t )

Lowpass
filter

m ( t )

Demodulation of DSB-SC Signals


Lowpass filter input signal s ( t )

s ( t ) = s ( t ) cos ( 2 f ct )
2
m
t
cos
= ( )
( 2 fct )

1
1
= m ( t ) + m ( t ) cos [ 2 (2 f c )t ]
2
2
Baseband signal

Bandpass signal

Lowpass filter output signal

1
m ( t ) = m ( t )
2

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation


(QAM)
Transmitted signal s ( t ) for DSB-SC modulation
occupies twice the bandwidth of the baseband signal
m ( t ).
To improve bandwidth utilization efficiency, two DSBSC signals can be transmitted over the same
bandwidth using two phase-quadrature carriers.
Two baseband signals can be separated at the
receiver by synchronous demodulation using two
phase-quadrature carriers.

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation


(QAM)
Such a system is called quadrature amplitude
modulation (QAM) or quadrature multiplexing.
m1 ( t )

m1 (t )cos(2 f ct )

x1 (t )

cos ( 2 f ct )

LPF

m 1 ( t )

cos ( 2 f ct )

s (t )

Channel

QAM
/ 2

signal

sin ( 2 f ct )
m2 ( t )

m2 (t )sin(2 f ct )

/ 2

sin ( 2 f ct )

x2 (t )

LPF

m 2 ( t )

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation


(QAM)
Transmitted QAM signal s ( t )

s ( t ) = m1 ( t ) cos ( 2 f ct ) + m2 ( t ) sin ( 2 f ct )

Demodulated signals

x1 ( t ) = 2 s ( t ) cos ( 2 f ct )
= m1 ( t ) + m1 ( t ) cos ( 4 f ct ) + m2 ( t ) sin ( 4 f ct )

x2 ( t ) = 2 s ( t ) sin ( 2 f ct )
= m2 ( t ) m2 ( t ) sin ( 4 f ct ) + m1 ( t ) sin ( 4 f ct )

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation


(QAM)
Applying x1 ( t ) and x2 ( t ) to a lowpass filter with
bandwidth equal to the bandwidth of the baseband
signal m ( t ) yields m1 ( t ) and m2 ( t ) .
Example: Show that a slight error in the phase of the
quadrature carriers will result in loss of signals and
interference between channels (co-channel interference).

Reading Assignments
1. B.P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog
Communication Systems, Chap. 4, Part 1.
2. Extra reading:
W.
Tomasi,
Electronic
Systems, Chaps. 4 & 5.

Communications

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