IMPLEMENTATION OF CHECKSUM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define MAX 10
#define BIT 8
int data[MAX][BIT];
int n;
void receiver();
void sender();
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\tCHECKSUM\n\n");
printf("Sender side\n\n");
sender();
printf("\n---------------\nReceiver side");
receiver();
getch();
}
void sender()
{
int i,j;
int carry=0;
printf("Enter number of %d bit data to be transmitted :",BIT);
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter dataword %d : ",(i+1));
for(j=0;j<BIT;j++)
{
if(getche()=='1')
data[i][j]=1;
else
data[i][j]=0;
}
}
for(i=0;i<BIT;i++)
data[n][i]=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
carry=0;
for(j=BIT-1;j>=0;j--)
{
if((data[n][j] + data[i][j] + carry)==0)
{
data[n][j]=0;
carry=0;
}
else if((data[n][j] + data[i][j] + carry)==1)
{
data[n][j]=1;

carry=0;
}
else if((data[n][j] + data[i][j] + carry)==2)
{
data[n][j]=0;
carry=1;
}
else
{
data[n][j]=1;
carry=1;
}
}
if(carry==1)
{
for(j=BIT-1;j>=0;j--)
{
if(data[n][j]==0)
{
data[n][j]=1;
break;
}
else
data[n][j]=0;
}
}
}
//1's complement
for(i=0;i<BIT;i++)
if(data[n][i]==0)
data[n][i]=1;
else
data[n][i]=0;
printf("\n\nDataword to be transmitted : \n");
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<BIT;j++)
printf("%d",data[i][j]);
}
printf("\t<-- Checksum\n");
}
void receiver()
{
int i,j;
int carry=0;
int sum=0;
printf("\n\nReceived DATA : \n");
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{

printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<BIT;j++)
printf("%d",data[i][j]);
}
printf("\t<-- Checksum\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
carry=0;
for(j=BIT-1;j>=0;j--)
{
if((data[n][j] + data[i][j] + carry)==0)
{
data[n][j]=0;
carry=0;
}
else if((data[n][j] + data[i][j] + carry)==1)
{
data[n][j]=1;
carry=0;
}
else if((data[n][j] + data[i][j] + carry)==2)
{
data[n][j]=0;
carry=1;
}
else
{
data[n][j]=1;
carry=1;
}
}
if(carry==1)
{
for(j=BIT-1;j>=0;j--)
{
if(data[n][j]==0)
{
data[n][j]=1;
break;
}
else
data[n][j]=0;
}
}
}
//1's complement
for(i=0;i<BIT;i++)
if(data[n][i]==0)
data[n][i]=1;
else
data[n][i]=0;

printf("\nNew checksum : ");

//checking whether sum is zero or not
for(i=0;i<BIT;i++)
{
printf("%d",data[n][i]);
sum+=data[n][i];
}
if(sum==0)
printf("\nData received successfully");
else
printf("\nERROR in received data");
}
OUTPUT :

IMPLEMENTATION OF CRC
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define MAX 50
int divisor[4];
int k,n;
void encoder(int [], int []);

void decoder(int []);

void main()
{
int dataword[MAX];
int codeword[MAX];
int i;
clrscr();
printf("\tCRC Program\n");
printf("\nEnter number of bits in the dataword : ");
scanf("%d",&k);
//k specify no. of bits in dataword
printf("Enter the dataword :\n");
for(i=0;i<k;i++)
scanf("%d",&dataword[i]);
n=k+3; //n specifies size of codeword. Assusmes that codeword
will be of k+3 bits.
//divisor must be of size n-k+1 bits.
//In this case, divisor will be of ( k + 3 ) - k + 1 = 4 bits.
printf("Enter 4-bit divisor :\n");
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
scanf("%d",&divisor[i]);
//sender genertaing encoded data
encoder(dataword,codeword);
printf("\nDataword : ");
for(i=0;i<k;i++)
printf("%d",dataword[i]);
printf("\nCodeword : ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d",codeword[i]);
//receiver decoding the codeword
printf("\n--------------------");
printf("\nReceiver side\n\n");
decoder(codeword);
printf("\n--------------------");
printf("\nIf Receiver get codeword containing error");
codeword[2]=1;
decoder(codeword);
getch();
}
void encoder(int dataword[],int codeword[])
{
int i,j;
int remainder[4]={0,0,0,0};
//creates dataword with 000 fedded at end
int augmented_dw[MAX];
for(i=0;i<k;i++)
augmented_dw[i]=dataword[i];
augmented_dw[k]=0;
augmented_dw[k+1]=0;

augmented_dw[k+2]=0;
//generates codeword
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
remainder[i]=augmented_dw[i];
for(i=0;i<n-4;i++)
if(remainder[0]==0)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
remainder[j]=remainder[j+1];
remainder[3]=augmented_dw[i+4];
}
else
{
for(j=1;j<4;j++)
if(remainder[j]==divisor[j])
remainder[j-1]=0;
else
remainder[j-1]=1;
remainder[j-1]=augmented_dw[i+4];
}
for(i=0;i<k;i++)
codeword[i]=dataword[i];
for(j=1;j<4;j++,i++)
codeword[i]=remainder[j];
}
void decoder(int codeword[])
{
int i,j;
int remainder[4]={0,0,0,0};
printf("\ncodeword received : ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d",codeword[i]);
//Decodes the codeword
//if final remainder is zero then received data is correct
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
remainder[i]=codeword[i];
for(i=0;i<n-4;i++)
{
if(remainder[0]==0)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
remainder[j]=remainder[j+1];
remainder[3]=codeword[i+4];
}
else
{
for(j=1;j<4;j++)
if(remainder[j]==divisor[j])
remainder[j-1]=0;
else
remainder[j-1]=1;

remainder[j-1]=codeword[i+4];
}
}
if(remainder[1]==0 && remainder[2]==0 && remainder[3]==0)
{
printf("\n\nData received successfully");
printf("\nDataword : ");
for(i=0;i<k;i++)
printf("%d",codeword[i]);
}
else
printf("\n\nError in recieved data");
}
OUTPUT :

Stop And Wait

Program:
# stop and wait protocol in normal situation
# features : labeling, annotation, nam-graph, and window size
monitoring
#Create a simulator object
set ns [new Simulator]
#Open the nam trace file
set nf [open A1-stop-n-wait.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $nf

#Open the Trace file

set tf [open A1-stop-n-wait.tr w]
$ns trace-all $tf
#Define a 'finish' procedure
proc finish {} {
global ns nf
$ns flush-trace
#Close the trace file
close $nf
puts "running nam..."
exec nam A1-stop-n-wait.nam &
exit 0
}
#Create two nodes
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
$ns at 0.0 "$n0 label Sender"
$ns at 0.0 "$n1 label Receiver"
#Create a duplex link between the nodes
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 0.2Mb 200ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n1 orient right
$ns queue-limit $n0 $n1 10
#Setup A TCP connection:
Agent/TCP set nam_tracevar_ true
# create TCP agent and attach it to node no
set tcp [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp
$tcp set window_ 1
$tcp set maxcwnd_ 1
# create a TCPSink agent which act as traffic sink and attach it to node
n1
set tcpsink [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $tcpsink
# connect two agents with each other
$ns connect $tcp $tcpsink
# create FTP agent
set ftp [new Application/FTP]
$ftp attach-agent $tcp
$ns add-agent-trace $tcp tcp
$ns monitor-agent-trace $tcp
$tcp tracevar cwnd_

$ns at 0.1 "$ftp start"

$ns at 3.0 "$ns detach-agent $n0 $tcp ; $ns detach-agent $n1 $tcpsink"
$ns at 3.5 "finish"
$ns at 0.0 "$ns trace-annotate \"Stop and Wait with normal operation\""
$ns at 0.05 "$ns trace-annotate \"FTP starts at 0.1\""
$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns
$ns

at
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
at

0.11 "$ns trace-annotate \"Send Packet_0\""

0.35 "$ns trace-annotate \"Receive Ack_0\""
0.56 "$ns trace-annotate \"Send Packet_1\""
0.79 "$ns trace-annotate \"Receive Ack_1\""
0.99 "$ns trace-annotate \"Send Packet_2\""
1.23 "$ns trace-annotate \"Receive Ack_2 \""
1.43 "$ns trace-annotate \"Send Packet_3\""
1.67 "$ns trace-annotate \"Receive Ack_3\""
1.88 "$ns trace-annotate \"Send Packet_4\""
2.11 "$ns trace-annotate \"Receive Ack_4\""
2.32 "$ns trace-annotate \"Send Packet_5\""
2.55 "$ns trace-annotate \"Receive Ack_5 \""
2.75 "$ns trace-annotate \"Send Packet_6\""
2.99 "$ns trace-annotate \"Receive Ack_6\""
3.1 "$ns trace-annotate \"FTP stops\""

$ns run

Screenshots Of the Output:

Before 0.1 ms:

After 0.1 ms:

After 0.5 ms:

After 0.8 ms:

Selective Repeat

Program:
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>
#include<netdb.h>
#define cls() printf(33[H33[J)
struct frame
//structure definition for designing the packet.
{
int packet[40];
};
struct ack
//structure definition for accepting the
acknowledgement.
{
int acknowledge[40];
};
int main()
{
int serversocket;
sockaddr_in serveraddr,clientaddr;
socklen_t len;
int
windowsize,totalpackets,totalframes,framessend=0,i=0,j=0,k,l,m,n,repacket[4
0];
ack acknowledgement;
frame f1;
char req[50];
serversocket=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM,0);
bzero((char*)&serveraddr,sizeof(serveraddr));
serveraddr.sin_family=AF_INET;
serveraddr.sin_port=htons(5018);
serveraddr.sin_addr.s_addr=INADDR_ANY;
bind(serversocket,(sockaddr*)&serveraddr,sizeof(serveraddr));
bzero((char*)&clientaddr,sizeof(clientaddr));
len=sizeof(clientaddr);
//connection establishment.
printf(\nWaiting for client connection.\n);
recvfrom(serversocket,req,sizeof(req),0,(sockaddr*)&clientaddr,&len);
printf(\nThe client connection obtained.\t%s\n,req);
//sending request for windowsize.
printf(\nSending request for window size.\n);
sendto(serversocket,REQUEST FOR WINDOWSIZE.,sizeof(REQUEST FOR
WINDOWSIZE.),0,(sockaddr*)&clientaddr,sizeof(clientaddr));
//obtaining windowsize.
printf(\nWaiting for the windowsize.\n);
recvfrom(serversocket,(char*)&windowsize,sizeof(windowsize),0,
(sockaddr*)&clientaddr,&len);
cls();
printf(\nThe windowsize obtained as:\t%d\n,windowsize);
printf(\nObtaining packets from network layer.\n);
printf(\nTotal packets obtained:\t%d\n,(totalpackets=windowsize*5));
printf(\nTotal frames or windows to be transmitted:\t%d\n,(totalframes=5));
//sending details to client.
printf(\nSending total number of packets.\n);
sendto(serversocket,(char*)&totalpackets,sizeof(totalpackets),0,
(sockaddr*)&clientaddr,sizeof(clientaddr));

recvfrom(serversocket,req,sizeof(req),0,(sockaddr*)&clientaddr,&len);
printf(\nSending total number of frames.\n);
sendto(serversocket,(char*)&totalframes,sizeof(totalframes),0,
(sockaddr*)&clientaddr,sizeof(clientaddr));
recvfrom(serversocket,req,sizeof(req),0,(sockaddr*)&clientaddr,&len);
printf(\nPRESS ENTER TO START THE PROCESS.\n);
fgets(req,2,stdin);
cls();
j=0;
l=0;
//starting the process of sending
while( l<totalpackets)
{
//initialising the transmit buffer.
bzero((char*)&f1,sizeof(f1));
printf(\nInitialising the transmit buffer.\n);
printf(\nThe frame to be send is %d with packets:\t,framessend);
//Builting the frame.
for(m=0;m<j;m++)
{
//including the packets for which negative acknowledgement
was received.
printf(%d ,repacket[m]);
f1.packet[m]=repacket[m];
}
while(j<windowsize && i<totalpackets)
{
printf(%d ,i);
f1.packet[j]=i;
i++;
j++;
}
printf(\nSending frame %d\n,framessend);
//sending the
frame.
sendto(serversocket,(char*)&f1,sizeof(f1),0,
(sockaddr*)&clientaddr,sizeof(clientaddr));
//Waiting for the acknowledgement.
printf(\nWaiting for the acknowledgement.\n);
recvfrom(serversocket,
(char*)&acknowledgement,sizeof(acknowledgement),0,
(sockaddr*)&clientaddr,&len);
cls();
//Checking acknowledgement of each packet.
j=0;
k=0;
m=0;
n=l;
while(m<windowsize && n<totalpackets)
{
if(acknowledgement.acknowledge[m]==-1)
{
printf(\nNegative acknowledgement received for packet:
%d\n,f1.packet[m]);
k=1;
repacket[j]=f1.packet[m];
j++;
}
else

{
l++;
}
m++;
n++;
}
if(k==0)
{
printf(\nPositive acknowledgement received for all packets within the frame:
%d\n,framessend);
}
framessend++;
printf(\nPRESS ENTER TO PROCEED\n);
fgets(req,2,stdin);
cls();
}
printf(\nAll frames send successfully.\n\nClosing connection with the
client.\n);
close(serversocket);
}
Output:

Client Server
Program

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
class client
{
public static void main(String arg[])
{
int port=9999;
Socket s;
String msg="";
try
{
BufferedReaderbr=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
InetAddressaddr=InetAddress.getLocalHost();
s=new Socket(addr,port);
OutputStreamWriterosw=new OutputStreamWriter(s.getOutputStream());
PrintWriter pw=new PrintWriter(osw);
BufferedReader br1=new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(s.getInputStream()));
System.out.print("Enter a Number : ");
String str=br.readLine();
pw.println(str);
pw.flush();
msg=br1.readLine();
System.out.println("Answer from server : ");
System.out.println(msg);
}
catch(Exception e)
{
// Ignore
}
}
}
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
class factserver implements Runnable
{
Socket s;
int id;
public static void main(String arg[])
{
int port=9999,count=0;
try
{
ServerSocketss=new ServerSocket(port);
System.out.println("Waiting for client");
while(true)
{

Socket s=ss.accept();
factserver serve=new factserver(s,count);
Thread t=new Thread(serve);
t.start();
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("Error");
}
}
factserver(Socket s,int id)
{
this.s = s;
this.id = id;
}
public void run()
{
try
{
BufferedReaderbr=new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(s.getInputStream()));
PrintWriter pw=new PrintWriter(new
OutputStreamWriter(s.getOutputStream())) ;
String str=br.readLine();
int n=Integer.parseInt(str);
inti;
long f=1;
System.out.println("Number sent by client: " + n);
for(i = 2; i<= n; i++)
f = f * i;
pw.println("Factorial is : "+f);
pw.flush();
}
catch(Exception e)
{
System.out.println("Thread: Error");
}
}
}

OUTPUT

Socket Programming

Program:
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>
#include<netdb.h>
int main()
{
int serversocket,clientsocket;

//inculsion.

//variables to store the socket id.

//variables to store the network

host addresses.
sockaddr_in serveraddr,clientaddr;

//variable to store address

length.

socklen_t len;
char message[50];
//creating a socket.
serversocket=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0); //steps to include the host

address

bzero((char*)&serveraddr,sizeof(serveraddr));
serveraddr.sin_family=AF_INET;
serveraddr.sin_port=htons(5030);
serveraddr.sin_addr.s_addr=INADDR_ANY;
//binding the socket to the operating

system.
bind(serversocket,(sockaddr*)&serveraddr,sizeof(serveraddr));
bzero((char*)&clientaddr,sizeof(clientaddr));
len=sizeof(clientaddr);
//listening over the socket.
listen(serversocket,5);
printf(\nWaiting for client connectivity.\n);
//accepting the connection.
clientsocket=accept(serversocket,(sockaddr*)&clientaddr,&len);
printf(\nClient connectivity received.\n);
printf(\nReading message from the client.\n);

//reading

activity.
read(clientsocket,message,sizeof(message));
printf(\nThe client has send:\t%s\n,message);
printf(\nSending message to the client.\n);

//writing

activity.
write(clientsocket,YOUR MESSAGE RECEIVED.,sizeof(YOUR MESSAGE
RECEIVED.));
close(clientsocket);
close(serversocket);
}

Output:

NS2

Wireshark: