LAW ON NATURAL RESOURCES REVIEWER

Blacks
Resources

Law

Definition

of

that does not grow or come back, or a resource that

would take a very long time to come back. For
example, coal is a non-renewable resource.

Natural
Regalian Doctrine

Blacks first definition in his 7th ed. is any material

from nature having potential economic value or
providing for the sustenance of life, such as timber,
minerals, oil, water and wildlife. The second
definition is environmental features that serve a
communitys well-being or recreational interests,
such as parks.
Blacks (Sixth edition, 1990), defined natural
resources as any material in its native state which
when extracted has economic value. Basically it
states that for a substance or feature to be classified
as a natural resource, it must offer potential or actual
economic value, creating wealth.
Definition of Natural Resources : Other Websites
Natural resource is any naturally occurring
substance or feature of the environment (physical or
biological) that, while not created by human effort,
can be exploited by humans to satisfy their needs or
wants. Many of such resources are our life line such
as water, air and solar radiation, which are essential
elements for the existence of all the flora and fauna.
Two basic conditions for a substance or feature to be
classified as a natural resource: First, the resource
must exist naturally in the environment; that is, not
synthetically produced by human beings, such as in a
laboratory or factory. Second, the resource must be
able to be exploited by humans to directly satisfy a
need or want.
Natural resources may either be:
a) Biotic resources which are derived from
biosphere such as the forests, marine
organism, animals, birds and their products
including mineral fuels come in this
category, or
b) Abiotic which includes water, air, land and
elemental ores such as gold, silver, copper,
iron etc.
It may also be either be renewable and nonrenewable resources. A renewable resource grows
again or comes back again after we use it. For
example, sunlight, water, and trees are renewable
resources. A non-renewable resource is a resource

Art XII, Sec. 2 of the 1987 Constitution

All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals,
coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces of
potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife,
flora and fauna, and other natural resources are
owned by the State. With the exception of
agricultural lands, all other natural resources shall not
be alienated. The exploration, development, and
utilization of natural resources shall be under the full
control and supervision of the State. The State may
directly undertake such activities, or it may enter into
co-production, joint venture, or production-sharing
agreements with Filipino citizens, or corporations or
associations at least sixty per centum of whose
capital is owned by such citizens. Such agreements
may be for a period not exceeding twenty-five years,
renewable for not more than twenty-five years, and
under such terms and conditions as may be provided
by law. In cases of water rights for irrigation, water
supply fisheries, or industrial uses other than the
development of water power, beneficial use may be
the measure and limit of the grant.
The State shall protect the nation's marine wealth in
its archipelagic waters, territorial sea, and exclusive
economic zone, and reserve its use and enjoyment
exclusively to Filipino citizens.
The Congress may, by law, allow small-scale
utilization of natural resources by Filipino citizens, as
well as cooperative fish farming, with priority to
subsistence fishermen and fish- workers in rivers,
lakes, bays, and lagoons.
The President may enter into agreements with
foreign-owned
corporations
involving
either
technical or financial assistance for large-scale
exploration, development, and utilization of minerals,
petroleum, and other mineral oils according to the
general terms and conditions provided by law, based
on real contributions to the economic growth and
general welfare of the country. In such agreements,
the State shall promote the development and use of
local scientific and technical resources.
The Concept of Jure Regalia (Regalian Doctrine)

This principle means that all natural wealth agricultural, forest or timber, and mineral lands of the
public domain and all other natural resources belong
to the State. Thus, even if the private person owns the
property where minerals are discovered, his
ownership for such does not give him the right to
extract or utilize said minerals without permission
from the state to which such minerals belong.

the NCIP to the Office of the

President (OP) as lateral and
autonomous
relationship
for
purposes of policy coordination,
thereby infringing upon the
Presidents power of control over
the executive department.

The abovementioned provision provides that except

for agricultural lands for public domain which alone
may be alienated, forest or timber, and mineral
lands, as well as all other natural resources must
remain with the State, the exploration, development
and utilization of which shall be subject to its full
control and supervision albeit allowing it to enter into
coproduction, joint venture or production-sharing
agreements, or into agreements with foreign-owned
corporations involving technical or financial
assistance for large-scale exploration, development,
and utilization
Cases
1.

Cruz vs. Secretary of Environment and

Natural Resource (2000)

Facts:

A groups of intervenors, including Sen.

Flavier, one of the authors of the IPRA and
members of 112 groups of indigenous
peoples prayed for the dismissal of the
petition.
The Commission of Human Rights likewise
asserts that IPRA is an expression of the
principle of parens patriae and that the State
has the responsibility to protect the rights of
the indigenous peoples.

Decision:
The votes of the Court are split where 7 voted to
dismiss the petition and 7 voted to grant. As the votes
were equally divided and the necessary majority was
not obtained, the petition was dismissed.

SEPARATE OPINION (Justice Puno)

Petitioners Isagani Cruz and Cesar Europa
filed a case for prohibition and mandamus as
citizen and taxpayers, assailing the
constitutionality of certain provisions of the
Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) and
its implementing Rules on ground that they
amount to an unlawful deprivation of the
States ownership over lands of public
domain and minerals and other natural
resources, in violation of the Regalian
doctrine.
o They likewise contend that
providing an all-encompassing
definition of ancestral domain
and ancestral lands which might
even include private lands within
the areas violate the rights of
private land owners.
o Petitioners likewise contend that
provisions of the IPRA defining the
jurisdiction and powers of the
NCIP violate due process of law.
o Lastly, petitioners assail the
validity of NCIP Administrative
Order No. 1 which provides that
the administrative relationship of

I.

The Development of the Regalian Doctrine in

the Philippine Legal System

A. The Laws of Indies

The Regalian Doctrine or jura regalia is a
Western legal concept first introduced by the
Spaniards through the Laws of Indies and
the Royal Cedulas. All lands became the
exclusive dominion of the Spanish Crown,
and the Spanish Government took charge of
distributing the lands by issuing royal grants
and concessions to Spaniards. Private land
titles can only be acquired from the
government by purchase or other land grant
from the Crown.
The Law of Indies was followed by the
Mortgage Law of 1893 which provided for
the systematic registration of titles and
deeds. The Maura Law of 1894 was the last
Spanish law promulgated in the Philippines,
which required the registration of all
agricultural lands; otherwise the lands shall
revert to the state.

B. Valentin vs. Murciano

This case answered the question of which is
the better basis for ownership of land: longtime occupation or paper title.
In this case, plaintiffs entered into peaceful
occupation of the subject land while
defendants ourchased the land in 1892. The
Court ruled that from 1860 to 1892 there
was no law in force in the Philippines by
which plaintiffs could obtain ownership by
prescription, without any action of the State,
otherwise the same shall remain the property
of the State. Thus, it required settlers on
public lands to obtain titles deeds from the
State.
C. Public Land Acts and the Torrens System
Act No. 926, the first Public Land Act, was
passed in pursuance with the Philippine Bill
of 1902, governing the disposition of land of
public domain. It prescribe rules for the
homesteading, selling and leasing of
portions of the public domain, and to enable
persons to perfect their titles to public lands.
It also provided for the issuance of patents to
certain native settlers upon public lands.
Act No. 926 was superseded by the Act
2874, the second Public Land Act, passed
under the Jones Law. it limited the
exploitation of agricultural lands to Filipinos
and Americans and citizens of other
countries which gave the Filipinos the same
privileges.
It was amended by Commonwealth Act No.
141which remains the present Public Land
Law.
Grants of public land were brought under
the operation of the Torrens System under
Act 496 which placed all public and private
lands in the Philippines under the Torrens
system, requiring that the government issue
an official certificate of title attesting to the
fact that the person named is the owner of
the property described.
D. The Philippine Constitutions

The Regalian Doctrine was enshrined in the

1935, 1973 and 1987 Constitutions which
basically states that all lands of the public
domain as well as natural resources, whether
on public or private land, belong to the
State. It is this concept of state ownership
that petitioners claim is being violated by
the IPRA.

II. The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act

The IPRA recognizes the existence of the
indigenous cultural communities or indigenous
peoples as a distinct sector. It grants these people
the ownership and possession of their ancestral
domains and ancestral lands, and defines the
extent of these lands and domains. Within their
ancestral domains and lands the ICCs/IPs are
given the right to self-governance and right to
preserve their culture. To carry out the policies of
the ACT, the law created the National
Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP)
A. Indigenous Peoples
Indigenous Cultural Communities or Indigenous
Peoples (ICCs/ IPs) refer to a group of people
who have continuously lived as an organized
community on communally bounded and defined
territory. These groups of peoples have actually
occupied, possessed and utilized their territories
under claim of ownership since time
immemorial.
Their unit of government is the barangay. In a
baranganic society, the chiefs administered the
lands in the name of the barangay, there was no
private property in land. When Islam was
introduced in the country in the archipelago of
Maguindanao, the Sultanate of Sulu claimed
jurisdiction over territorial areas.
When Spaniards settled in the Philippines,
Spanish missionaries were ordered to establish
pueblos where church would be constructed. All
the new Christian converts were required to
construct their house around the church. All
lands lost by the old barangays in the process of
pueblo organization and all lands not assigned to
the pueblos were declared to be lands of the
Crown., and the natives were stripped of their
ancestral rights to the lands.

The American government classified the

Filipinos into two: Christian Filipinos and nonChristian Filipinos, not to religious belief, but to
geographical area, the latter referring to natives
of the Philippines of a low grade of civilization,
usually living in tribal relationship. The
Americans pursued a policy of assimilation.
They passed Act No. 253 creating the bureau of
Non-Christian Tribes to determine the most
practicable means for bring about their
advancement.
The 1935 Constitution did not carry any policy
on the non-Christian Filipinos. It was in the 1973
Constitution that the State recognized the
customs and interest of national cultural
communities in the formulation of state policies.

Ancestral lands are lands held by the ICCs/ IPs

under the same conditions as ancestral domains
except that these are limited to lands, not merely
occupied and possessed but are also utilized,
including residential lots, rice terraces, or
paddies, private forests.
The delineation of ancestral domains and lands is
conferred on the NCIP who shall issue a
Certificate of Ancestral Domain (CADT) upon
finding that the application is meritorious, in the
name of the community. Ancestral Lands outside
the ancestral domain, the NCIP issues a
Certificate of Land Title (CALT). The CALTs
and CADTs shall be registered in the Register of
Deeds in the place where property is situated.
B. Carino vs. Insular Government

In 1974, President Marcos promulgated PD 410

or the Ancestral Lands Decree, providing for the
issuance of land occupancy certificates to
members of the national cultural communities.
The Aquino government shifted from the policy
of integration to one of preservation. She created
the Office of Muslim Affairs, Office of Northern
Cultural Communities and the Office for
Southern Cultural Communities all under the OP.
The 1987 Constitution expressly guaranteed the
rights of tribal Filipinos to their ancestral domain
and ancestral lands.
III.

THE PROVISIONS OF THE IPRA

DO NOT CONTRAVENE THE
CONSTITUTION

A. Ancestral Domains and Ancestral Lands are

the Private Property of the Indigenous
Peoples and do not constitute Part of the Land
of Public Domain
Ancestral domains are all areas belonging to
ICCs/IPs held under a claim of ownership,
occupied or possessed by ICCs/IPs since time
immemorial, continuously until the present
except when interrupted by war or force majeure.
It comprises of lands, inland waters, coastal
areas, and natural resources therein and includes
ancestral lands, forests, pastures, hunting
grounds, burial grounds, and bodies of water,
mineral and other natural resources.

On June 23, 1903, Mateo Cario went to the Court of

Land Registration to petition his inscription as the
owner of a 146 hectare land hes been possessing in
the then municipality of Baguio. Mateo only
presented possessory information and no other
documentation. The State opposed the petition
averring that the land is part of the US military
reservation. The CLR ruled in favor of Mateo. The
State appealed. Mateo lost. Mateo averred that a
grant should be given to him by reason of
immemorial use and occupation.
The US SC ruled in favor of Carino and ordered the
registration of the subject lands in his name. The
court laid down the presumption of a certain title held
as far back as memory went and under a claim of
private ownership. Land held by this title is presumed
to never have been public land. The registration
requirement was not to confer title, but simply to
establish it. In a nutshell, Cario enunciated the
legal presumption that ancestral lands and domains
were not part of the public domain, having
maintained their character as private lands of the
indigenous peoples since time immemorial
Why Carino doctrine is unique?
Carino is the only case that specifically recognizes
native title. Carino was cited by succeeding cases to
support the concept of acquisitive prescription under
the Public Land Act
Other Separate Opinions:
Justice Kapunan

Regalian theory doesnt negate the native title to

lands held in private ownership since time
immemorial, adverting to the landmark case of
CARINO V. LOCAL GOVERNMENT, where the US
SC through Holmes held: xxx the land has been held
by individuals under a claim of private ownership, it
will be presumed to have been held in the same way
from before the Spanish conquest, and never to have
been public land. Existence of native titie to land, or
ownership of land by Filipinos by virtue of
possession under a claim of ownership since time
immemorial and independent of any grant from the
Spanish crown as an exception to the theory of jure
regalia

Justice Puno: Carino case firmly established a

concept of private land title that existed irrespective
of any royal grant from the State and was based on
the strong mandate extended to the Islands via the
Philippine Bill of 1902. The IPRA recognizes the
existence of ICCs/IPs as a distinct sector in the
society. It grants this people the ownership and
possession of their ancestral domains and ancestral
lands and defines the extent of these lands and
domains

2.

Chavez vs. Public Estates Authority

(2002)1

Facts:
The Phil govt (through the Commissioner
of Public Highways) signed a contract with
the CDCP (Construction and Development
Corporation of the Philippines) to reclaim
certain foreshore and offshore areas of
Manila Bay and for the construction of the
Manila-Cavite Coastal Road.
Pres. Marcos issued P.D. 1084 creating PEA
(Public Estates Authority) and transferred to
it the lands reclaimed in Manila Bay for
the Manila-Cavite Road and Reclamation
Project (MCCRRP).
Thereafter, Pres. Aquino issued Special
Patent No. 3517, granting and transferring to
PEA the parcels of land so reclaimed under
the MCCRRP. A TCT was also issued in
the name of PEA covering 3 reclaimed
islands known as the "Freedom Islands"
(157.84 hectares) located at the southern
portion of the Manila-Cavite Coastal Road,
Paraaque City, which were part of these
lands acquired by PEA.

PEA entered into a Joint Venture Agreement

(JVA) with AMARI (AMARI Coastal Bay
and Development Corporation), a private
corporation, to develop the Freedom Islands.
o However, the JVA also required the
reclamation of an additional 250
hectares of submerged areas
surrounding these islands to
complete the configuration in the
Master Development Plan of the
Southern Reclamation ProjectMCCRRP.
o PEA and AMARI entered into the
JVA through negotiation without
public bidding.
On June 8, 1995, then President Fidel V.
Ramos, through then Executive Secretary
Ruben Torres, approved the JVA.
On November 29, 1996, then Senate
President Maceda delivered a privilege
speech denouncing the JVA as the
"grandmother of all scams."
Thus the Senate Committees investigated on
the matter and concluded (1) the reclaimed
lands PEA seeks to transfer to AMARI
under the JVA are lands of the public
domain which the government has not
classified as alienable lands and therefore
PEA cannot alienate these lands; (2) the
certificates of title covering the Freedom
Islands are thus void, and (3) the JVA itself
is illegal.
Petitioner Frank Chavez, as a taxpayer, filed
the instant Petition for Mandamus with
Prayer for Issuance of a Writ of Preliminary
Injunction and TRO.
March 30, 1999, PEA and AMARI signed an
Amended Joint Agreement, which was
approved by Pres. Estrada.

Note:
The Amended Joint Venture Agreement: The subject
matter of the Amended JVA, as stated in its second
Whereas clause, consists of three properties, namely:
1. "[T]hree partially reclaimed and
substantially eroded islands along Emilio
Aguinaldo Boulevard in Paranaque and Las
Pinas, Metro Manila, with a combined titled
area of 1,578,441 square meters;"
2. "[A]nother area of 2,421,559 square
meters contiguous to the three islands;" and

Two subsequent motions for reconsideration was

filed and were denied.

3. "[A]t AMARI's option as approved by

PEA, an additional 350 hectares more or less
to regularize the configuration of the
reclaimed area."

qualify as agricultural lands of the public

domain, which are the only natural resources
the government can alienate. In their present
state, the 592.15 hectares of submerged
areas are inalienable and outside the
commerce of man.

PEA confirms that the Amended JVA involves "the

development of the Freedom Islands and further
reclamation of about 250 hectares x x x," plus an
option "granted to AMARI to subsequently reclaim
another 350 hectares x x x."

3. Since the Amended JVA seeks to transfer

to AMARI, a private corporation, ownership
of 77.34 hectares of the Freedom Islands,
such transfer is void for being contrary to
Section 3, Article XII of the 1987
Constitution which prohibits private
corporations from acquiring any kind of
alienable land of the public domain.

In short, the Amended JVA covers a reclamation area

of 750 hectares. Only 157.84 hectares of the 750hectare reclamation project have been reclaimed,
and the rest of the 592.15 hectares are still
submerged areas forming part of Manila Bay.

4. Since the Amended JVA also seeks to

transfer to AMARI ownership of 290.156
hectares of still submerged areas of Manila
Bay, such transfer is void for being contrary
to Section 2, Article XII of the 1987
Constitution which prohibits the alienation
of natural resources other than agricultural
lands of the public domain. PEA may
reclaim these submerged areas. Thereafter,
the government can classify the reclaimed
lands as alienable or disposable, and further
declare them no longer needed for public
service. Still, the transfer of such reclaimed
alienable lands of the public domain to
AMARI will be void in view of Section 3,
Article XII of the 1987 Constitution which
prohibits
private
corporations
from
acquiring any kind of alienable land of the
public domain.

Indisputably, under the Amended JVA, AMARI will

acquire and own a maximum of 367.5 hectares of
reclaimed land which will be titled in its name.
Issue:
Whether the stipulations in the Amended Joint
Venture Agreement or the transfer to AMARI of
certain lands reclaimed and still to be reclaimed
violate the 1987 Constitution.
Decision:
The SC summarized the conclusions as follows:
1. The 157.84 hectares of reclaimed lands
comprising the Freedom Islands, now
covered by certificates of title in the name of
PEA, are alienable lands of the public
domain. PEA may lease these lands to
private corporations but may not sell or
transfer ownership of these lands to private
corporations. PEA may only sell these lands
to Philippine citizens, subject to the
ownership limitations in the 1987
Constitution and existing laws.
2. The 592.15 hectares of submerged areas
of Manila Bay remain inalienable natural
resources of the public domain until
classified as alienable or disposable lands
open to disposition and declared no longer
needed for public service. The government
can make such classification and declaration
only after PEA has reclaimed these
submerged areas. Only then can these lands

Clearly, the Amended JVA violates glaringly Sections

2 and 3, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution. Under
Article 1409 of the Civil Code, contracts whose
"object or purpose is contrary to law," or whose
"object is outside the commerce of men," are
"inexistent and void from the beginning." The Court
must perform its duty to defend and uphold the
Constitution,
and
therefore
declares
the
Amended JVA null and void ab initio.

3.

Chavez vs. National Housing Authority

(2007)

Facts:
On August 5, 2004, former Solicitor General
Francisco Chavez, filed an instant petition
raising constitutional issues on the JVA

entered by National Housing Authority and

R-II Builders, Inc.
On March 1, 1988, then-President Cory
Aquino issued Memorandum order No.
(MO) 161 approving and directing
implementation of the Comprehensive and
Integrated Metropolitan Manila Waste
Management Plan.
o During
this
time,
Smokey
Mountain, a wasteland in Tondo,
Manila, are being made residence
of many Filipinos living in a
subhuman state.
As presented in MO 161, NHA prepared
feasibility studies to turn the dumpsite into
low-cost housing project, thus, Smokey
Mountain Development and Reclamation
Project (SMDRP), came into place. RA
6957 (Build-Operate-Transfer Law) was
passed on July 1990 declaring the
importance of private sectors as contractors
in government projects.
Thereafter, Aquino proclaimed MO 415
applying RA 6957 to SMDRP, among
others.
o The same MO also established
EXECOM and TECHCOM in the
execution and evaluation of the
plan, respectively, to be assisted by
the Public Estates Authority (PEA).
Notices of public bidding to become NHAs
venture partner for SMDRP were published
in newspapers in 1992, from which R-II
Builders, Inc. (RBI) won the bidding
process.
o Then-President Ramos authorized
NHA to enter into a Joint Venture
Agreement with RBI.
Under the JVA, the project involves the
clearing of Smokey Mountain for eventual
development into a low cost housing
complex and industrial/commercial site.
o RBI is expected to fully finance the
development of Smokey Mountain
and reclaim 40 hectares of the land
at the Manila Bay Area.
o The latter together with the
commercial area to be built on
Smokey Mountain will be owned
by RBI as enabling components. If
the project is revoked or terminated
by the Government through no
fault of RBI or by mutual
agreement, the Government shall
compensate RBI for its actual

expenses incurred in the Project

plus a reasonable rate of return not
exceeding that stated in the
feasibility study and in the contract
as of the date of such revocation,
cancellation, or termination on a
schedule to be agreed upon by both
parties.
To summarize, the SMDRP shall consist of
Phase I and Phase II.
o Phase I of the project involves
clearing, levelling-off the dumpsite,
and construction of temporary
housing units for the current
residents on the cleared and
levelled site.
o Phase II involves the construction
of a fenced incineration area for the
on-site disposal of the garbage at
the dumpsite.
Due to the recommendations done by the
DENR after evaluations done, the JVA was
amended and restated (now ARJVA) to
accommodate the design changes and
additional work to be done to successfully
implement the project.
o The original 3,500 units of
temporary housing were decreased
to 2,992. The reclaimed land as
enabling component was increased
from 40 hectares to 79 hectares,
which was supported by the
issuance of Proclamation No. 465
by President Ramos. The revision
also provided for the 119-hectare
land as an enabling component for
Phase II of the project.
Subsequently, the Clean Air Act was passed
by the legislature which made the
establishment of an incinerator illegal,
making the off-site dumpsite at Smokey
Mountain necessary.
On August 1, 1998, the project was
suspended, to be later reconstituted by
President Estrada in MO No. 33.
On August 27, 2003, the NHA and RBI
executed a Memorandum of Agreement
whereby both parties agreed to terminate the
JVA and subsequent agreements.
o During this time, NHA reported
that
34
temporary
housing
structures and 21 permanent
housing structures had been turned
over by RBI.

Issues:
1. Whether respondents NHA and RBI have
been granted the power and authority to
reclaim lands of the public domain as this
power is vested exclusively in PEA as
claimed by petitioner
2. Whether respondents NHA and RBI were
given the power and authority by DENR to
reclaim foreshore and submerged lands
3. Whether respondent RBI can acquire
reclaimed foreshore and submerged lands
considered as alienable and outside the
commerce of man
4. Whether respondent RBI can acquire
reclaimed lands when there was no
declaration that said lands are no longer
needed for public use
5. Whether there is a law authorizing sale of
reclaimed lands
6. Whether the transfer of reclaimed lands to
RBI was done by public bidding
7. Whether RBI, being a private corporation, is
barred by the Constitution to acquire lands
of public domain
8. Whether respondents can be compelled to
disclose all information related to the
SMDRP
9. Whether the operative fact doctrine applies
to the instant position
Decision:
1. Executive Order 525 reads that the PEA
shall be primarily responsible for
integrating, directing, and coordinating all
reclamation projects for and on behalf of the
National Government. This does not mean
that it shall be responsible for all. The
requisites for a valid and legal reclamation
project are approval by the President (which
were provided for by MOs), favourable
recommendation of PEA (which were seen
as a part of its recommendations to the
EXECOM), and undertaken either by PEA
or entity under contract of PEA or by the
National Government Agency (NHA is a
government agency whose authority to

reclaim lands under consultation with PEA

is derived under PD 727 and RA 7279).
2. Notwithstanding the need for DENR
permission, the DENR is deemed to have
granted the authority to reclaim in the
Smokey Mountain Project for the DENR is
one of the members of the EXECOM which
provides reviews for the project. ECCs and
Special Patent Orders were given by the
DENR which are exercises of its power of
supervision over the project. Furthermore, it
was the President via the abovementioned
MOs that originally authorized the
reclamation. It must be noted that the
reclamation of lands of public domain is
reposed first in the Philippine President.
3. The reclaimed lands were classified
alienable and disposable via MO 415 issued
by President Aquino and Proclamation Nos.
39 and 465 by President Ramos.
4. Despite not having an explicit declaration,
the lands have been deemed to be no longer
needed for public use as stated in
Proclamation No. 39 that these are to be
disposed to qualified beneficiaries.
Furthermore, these lands have already been
necessarily reclassified as alienable and
disposable lands under the BOT law.
5. Letter I of Sec. 6 of PD 757 clearly states
that the NHA can acquire property rights
and interests and encumber or otherwise
dispose of them as it may deem appropriate.
6. There is no doubt that respondent NHA
conducted a public bidding of the right to
become its joint venture partner in the
Smokey Mountain Project. It was noted that
notices were published in national
newspapers. The bidding proper was done
by the Bids and Awards Committee on May
18, 1992.
7. RA 6957 as amended by RA 7718 explicitly
states that a contractor can be paid a
portion as percentage of the reclaimed land
subject to the constitutional requirement that
only Filipino citizens or corporation with at
least 60% Filipino equity can acquire the
same. In addition, when the lands were
transferred to the NHA, these were
considered Patrimonial lands of the state, by

which it has the power to sell the same to

any qualified person.
8. This relief must be granted. It is the right of
the Filipino people to information on matters
of public concerned as stated in Article II,
Sec. 28, and Article III, Sec. 7 of the 1987
Constitution.
9. When the petitioner filed the case, the JVA
had already been terminated by virtue of
MOA between RBI and NHA. The
properties and rights in question after the
passage of around 10 years from the start of
the projects implementation cannot be
disturbed or questioned. The petitioner,
being the Solicitor General at the time
SMDRP was formulated, had ample
opportunity to question the said project, but
did not do so. The moment to challenge has
passed.
4.

Republic of the Philippines vs. Celestina

Naguiat (2006)

Facts:
Celestina Naguiat applied for registration of
title to 4 parcels of land (located in Botolan,
Zambales) with RTC Zambales.
o She claimed to have acquired it
from LID Corporation, who in turn
had acquired it from Calderon,
Moraga and Monje and their
predecessors-in-interest who have
been in possession for more than 30
years.
Republic of the Philippines (through the
OSG) filed an opposition to the application.
o They claim that neither Naguiat nor
her predecessors-in-interest have
been in possession since 12 June
1945, that the muniments of title
and tax payment receipts arent
sufficient evidence of a bona fide
acquisition of the lands, that
Naguiats Spanish title can no
longer be availed of and finally,
that said lands are part of the public
domain and not subject of private
appropriation.
RTC rendered a decision in favour of
Naguiat and decreed the registration of said
lands in her name.

Issue:

Petitioner Republic of the Phils brought case

to the CA.
CA affirmed RTC decision.

Whether or not the areas in question have ceased to

have the status of forest or other inalienable lands of
the public domain.
Decision:
No. Naguiat was unable to provide sufficient
evidence that such parcels of land are no longer a
part of the public domain.
Public forest lands or forest reserves, unless
declassified and released by positive act of the
Government so that they may form part of the
disposable agricultural lands of the public domain,
are not capable of private appropriation. As to these
assets, the rules on confirmation of imperfect title do
not apply.
Forests, in the context of both the Public
Land Act and the Constitution classifying lands of the
public domain into "agricultural, forest or timber,
mineral lands and national parks," do not necessarily
refer to a large tract of wooded land or an expanse
covered by dense growth of trees and underbrush. As
we stated in Heirs of Amunategui:
A forested area classified as forest land of the public
domain does not lose such classification simply
because loggers or settlers have stripped it of its
forest cover. Parcels of land classified as forest land
may actually be covered with grass or planted to
crops by kaingin cultivators or other farmers. "Forest
lands" do not have to be on mountains or in out of the
way places. xxx. The classification is merely
descriptive of its legal nature or status and does not
have to be descriptive of what the land actually looks
like. xxx
Under Section 2, Article XII of the
Constitution, which embodies the Regalian doctrine,
all lands of the public domain belong to the State
the source of any asserted right to ownership of land.
All lands not appearing to be clearly of private
dominion presumptively belong to the State.
Accordingly, public lands not shown to have been
reclassified or released as alienable agricultural land
or alienated to a private person by the State remain
part of the inalienable public domain. Under Section
6 of the Public Land Act, the prerogative of
classifying or reclassifying lands of the public

domain, i.e., from forest or mineral to agricultural

and vice versa, belongs to the Executive Branch of
the government and not the court. Needless to stress,
the onus to overturn, by incontrovertible evidence,
the presumption that the land subject of an
application for registration is alienable or disposable
rests with the applicant.
In the case at bar, the CA only granted the
petition because it assumed that the lands in question
are already alienable and disposable, which is found
by the SC to not be in this case.
Here, respondent never presented the
required certification from the proper government
agency or official proclamation reclassifying the
land applied for as alienable and disposable.
Matters of land classification or reclassification
cannot be assumed. It calls for proof. Aside from
tax receipts, respondent submitted in evidence the
survey map and technical descriptions of the lands,
which, needless to state, provided no information
respecting the classification of the property. These
documents are not sufficient to overcome the
presumption that the land sought to be registered
forms part of the public domain.
Therefore, the issue of whether or not
Naguiat and her predecessor-in-interest have been in
open, exclusive and continuous possession of the
parcels of land in question is now of little moment.
For, unclassified land, as here, cannot be acquired by
adverse occupation or possession; occupation thereof
in the concept of owner, however long, cannot ripen
into private ownership and be registered as title.

Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development is development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs
(Brundtland Report). It is a pattern of resource use
that aims to meet human needs while preserving
the environment so that these needs can be met not
only in the present, but also for generations to come.
It contains within it two key concepts:

the concept of 'needs', in particular the

essential needs of the world's poor, to which
overriding priority should be given; and

the idea of limitations imposed by the state

of technology and social organization on the

environment's ability to meet present and future

needs
The Brundtland Reports targets were multilateralism
and interdependence of nations in the search for
a sustainable development path. The report sought to
recapture the spirit of the United Nations Conference
on the Human Environment - the Stockholm
Conference
which
had
introduced
environmental concerns to the formal political
development sphere. Our Common Future placed
environmental issues firmly on the political agenda; it
aimed to discuss the environment and development as
one single issue.
The publication of Our Common Future and the work
of the World Commission on Environment and
Development laid the groundwork for the convening
of the 1992 Earth Summit and the adoption
of Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration and to the
establishment of the Commission on Sustainable
Development.
In addition, key contributions of Our Common
Future to the concept of sustainable development
include the recognition that the many crises facing
the planet are interlocking crises that are elements of
a single crisis of the whole and of the vital need for
the active participation of all sectors of society in
consultation and decisions relating to sustainable
development.
Sustainable development ensures the well-being of
the human person by integrating social development,
economic
development,
and
environmental
conservation and protection. It refers to the
"interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars of
sustainable development as economic development,
social development, and environmental protection.
As the goal of sustainable development is to
permanently improve the living conditions of human
beings, social and economic developments must be
carried out in a way that is environmentally and
ecologically sound; ensuring the continual
rejuvenation and availability of natural resources for
future generations.

Seven Dimensions of Sustainable Development :

From the Philippine Agenda 21
From the Philippine perspective sustainable
development is a multidimensional concept,
involving no less than seven dimensions. Sustainable
development is viewed as the mutually beneficial
interaction between the legitimate interests of

business and the economy, government and the

polity, and civil society and culture.
From this perspective, five dimensions of sustainable
development are clearly visible. These arethe
human being, culture, polity, economy, and Nature.
Article II, Sec. 16 of 1987 Constitution
The State shall protect and advance the right of
the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in
accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.
Does Sec. 16 provide for enforceable rights?
Yes. The provision, as worded, recognizes an
enforceable right. Hence, appeal to it has been
recognized as conferring standing on minors to
challenge logging policies of the government (Oposa
vs. Factoran). On this basis too, the Supreme Court
upheld the empowerment of the Laguna Lake
Development Authority to protect the inhabitants of
the Laguna Lake Area from the deleterious effects of
pollutants coming from garbage dumping and the
discharge of wastes in the area as against the local
autonomy claim of local governments in the area
(Laguna Lake Development Authority vs. CA)
While the right to a balanced and healthful ecology is
to be found under the Declaration of Principles and
State Policies and not under the Bill of Rights, it does
not follow that it is less important than any of the
civil and political rights enumerated in the latter. As a
matter of fact, these basic rights need not even be
written in the Constitution for they are assumed to
exist from the inception of humankind. The right to a
balanced and healthful ecology carries with it the
correlative duty to refrain from impairing the
environment.
Section 16 is unusual among those found in Article II
in that, whereas almost all the other provisions in the
Article are not self-executing but need implementing
legislation to make them effective, Section 16 has
been recognized by the Supreme Court as selfexecuting like the provisions in the Bill of Rights.

AGENDA 21
Commission [formally the World Commission on
Environment and Development (WCED)]:
It was known by the name of its Chair Gro Harlem
Brundtland (former Norwegian Prime Minister), and

was convened by the United Nations in 1983. The

commission was created to address growing concern
"about the accelerating deterioration of the human
environment and natural
resources
and
the
consequences
of
that
deterioration
for economic and social
development."
In
establishing the commission, the UN General
Assembly recognized that environmental problems
were global in nature and determined that it was in
the common interest of all nations to establish
policies for sustainable development.
Agenda 21: an action plan of the United
Nations (UN) related to sustainable development and
was an outcome of the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED) held in
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. It is a comprehensive
blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally
and locally by organizations of the UN, governments,
and major groups in every area in which humans
directly affect the environment.
Development of Agenda 21: The full text of Agenda
21 was revealed at the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (Earth Summit), held
in Rio de Janeiro on June 13, 1992, where 178
governments voted to adopt the program. The final
text was the result of drafting, consultation and
negotiation, beginning in 1989 and culminating at the
two-week conference. The number 21 refers to an
agenda for the 21st century. It may also refer to the
number on the UN's agenda at this particular summit.
Rio+5: In 1997, the General Assembly of the UN
held a special session to appraise five years of
progress on the implementation of Agenda 21 (Rio
+5). The Assembly recognized progress as 'uneven'
and
identified
key
trends
including
increasing globalization, widening inequalities in
income and a continued deterioration of the global
environment.
A
new
General
Assembly Resolution (S-19/2) promised further
action.
The Johannesburg Summit: The Johannesburg Plan
of Implementation, agreed at the World Summit on
Sustainable Development (Earth Summit 2002)
affirmed UN commitment to 'full implementation' of
Agenda 21, alongside achievement of the Millennium
Development
Goals and
other
international
agreements.
Implementation: The Commission on Sustainable
Development acts as a high level forum on
sustainable development and has acted as preparatory

committee for summits and sessions on the

implementation of Agenda 21. The United Nations
Division for Sustainable Development acts as the
secretariat to the Commission and works 'within the
context of' Agenda 21. Implementation by member
states remains essentially voluntary.
Structure and Contents:
There are 40 chapters in the Agenda 21, divided into
four main sections.
1. Section I: Social and Economic
Dimensions - which deals with combating
poverty, changing consumption patterns,
promoting health, change population and
sustainable settlement.
2. Section
II:
Conservation
and
Management
of
Resources
for
Development
Includes atmospheric
protection,
combating deforestation,
protecting
fragile
environments,
conservation
of
biological
diversity
(biodiversity), and control of pollution.
3. Section III: Strengthening the Role of
Major Groups - Includes the roles of
children and youth, women, NGOs, local
authorities, business and workers.
4. Section IV: Means of Implementation Implementation includes
science, technology
transfer, education,
international institutions and financial
mechanisms.
Local Agenda 21: The implementation of Agenda 21
was intended to involve action at international,
national, regional and local levels. Some national and
state governments have legislated or advised that
local authorities take steps to implement the plan
locally, as recommended in Chapter 28 of the
document. Such programmes are often known as
'Local Agenda 21' or 'LA21'.
Agenda 21 for culture: During the first World Public
Meeting on Culture, held in Porto Alegre in 2002, it
came up the idea to draw up a document guidelines
for local cultural policies, a document comparable to
what the Agenda 21 meant in 1992 for the
environment. The Agenda 21 for culture is the first
document with worldwide mission that advocates
establishing the groundwork of an undertaking by
cities and local governments for cultural
development.

REPUBLIC ACT NO.

CHANGE ACT OF 2009

9729:

CLIMATE

Section 2. Declaration of Policy. It is the policy of

the State to afford full protection and the
advancement of the right of the people to a healthful
ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of
nature. In this light, the State has adopted the
Philippine Agenda 21 framework which espouses
sustainable development, to fulfill human needs
while maintaining the quality of the natural
environment for current and future generations.
Towards this end, the State adopts the principle of
protecting the climate system for the benefit of
humankind, on the basis of climate justice or
common but differentiated responsibilities and the
Precautionary Principle to guide decision-making in
climate risk management. As a party to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
the State adopts the ultimate objective of the
Convention which is the stabilization of greenhouse
gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that
would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference
with the climate system which should be achieved
within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to
adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food
production is not threatened and to enable economic
development to proceed in a sustainable
manner.1awphil As a party to the Hyogo Framework
for Action, the State likewise adopts the strategic
goals in order to build national and local resilience to
climate change-related disasters.
Recognizing the vulnerability of the Philippine
archipelago and its local communities, particularly
the poor, women, and children, to potential dangerous
consequences of climate change such as rising seas,
changing landscapes, increasing frequency and/or
severity of droughts, fires, floods and storms,
climate-related illnesses and diseases, damage to
ecosystems, biodiversity loss that affect the countrys
environment, culture, and economy, the State shall
cooperate with the global community in the
resolution of climate change issues, including disaster
risk reduction. It shall be the policy of the State to
enjoin the participation of national and local
governments,
businesses,
nongovernment
organizations, local communities and the public to
prevent and reduce the adverse impacts of climate
change and, at the same time, maximize the benefits
of climate change. It shall also be the policy of the
State to incorporate a gender-sensitive, pro-children
and pro-poor perspective in all climate change and
renewable energy efforts, plans and programs. In

view thereof, the State shall strengthen, integrate,

consolidate
and
institutionalize
government
initiatives to achieve coordination in the
implementation of plans and programs to address
climate change in the context of sustainable
development.
Further recognizing that climate change and disaster
risk reduction are closely interrelated and effective
disaster risk reduction will enhance climate change
adaptive capacity, the State shall integrate disaster
risk reduction into climate change programs and
initiatives.
Cognizant of the need to ensure that national and
subnational government policies, plans, programs and
projects are founded upon sound environmental
considerations and the principle of sustainable
development, it is hereby declared the policy of the
State to systematically integrate the concept of
climate change in various phases of policy
formulation, development plans, poverty reduction
strategies and other development tools and
techniques by all agencies and instrumentalities of
the government.
Section 3. Definition of Terms. For purposes of this
Act, the following shall have the corresponding
meanings:
(a) Adaptation refers to the adjustment in
natural or human systems in response to
actual or expected climatic stimuli or their
effects, which moderates harm or exploits
beneficial opportunities.
(b) Adaptive capacity refers to the ability
of ecological, social or economic systems to
adjust to climate change including climate
variability and extremes, to moderate or
offset potential damages and to take
advantage of associated opportunities with
changes in climate or to cope with the
consequences thereof.
(c) Anthropogenic causes refer to causes
resulting from human activities or produced
by human beings.
(d) Climate Change refers to a change in
climate that can be identified by changes in
the mean and/or variability of its properties
and that persists for an extended period
typically decades or longer, whether due to

natural variability or as a result of human

activity.
(e) Climate Variability refers to the
variations in the average state and in other
statistics of the climate on all temporal and
spatial scales beyond that of individual
weather events.
(f) Climate Risk refers to the product of
climate and related hazards working over the
vulnerability of human and natural
ecosystems.
(g) Disaster refers to a serious disruption
of the functioning of a community or a
society involving widespread human,
material, economic or environmental losses
and impacts which exceed the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using
its own resources.
(h) Disaster risk reduction refers to the
concept and practice of reducing disaster
risks through systematic efforts to analyze
and manage the causal factors of disasters,
including through reduced exposure to
hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and
property, wise management of land and the
environment, and improved preparedness for
adverse events.
(i) Gender mainstreaming refers to the
strategy for making womens as well as
mens concerns and experiences an integral
dimension of the design, implementation,
monitoring, and evaluation of policies and
programs in all political, economic, and
societal spheres so that women and men
benefit equally and inequality is not
perpetuated. It is the process of assessing the
implications for women and men of any
planned action, including legislation,
policies, or programs in all areas and at all
levels.
(j) Global Warming refers to the increase
in the average temperature of the Earths
near-surface air and oceans that is associated
with the increased concentration of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
(k) Greenhouse effect refers to the
process by which the absorption of infrared

radiation by the atmosphere warms the

Earth.

that of a national government agency. It shall be

attached to the Office of the President.

(l) Greenhouse gases (GHG) refers to

constituents of the atmosphere that
contribute to the greenhouse effect
including, but not limited to, carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons,
perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride.

The Commission shall be the sole policy-making

body of the government which shall be tasked to
coordinate, monitor and evaluate the programs and
action plans of the government relating to climate
change pursuant to the provisions of this Act.

(m) Mainstreaming refers

to
the
integration of policies and measures that
address climate change into development
planning and sectoral decision-making.
(n) Mitigation in the context of climate
change, refers to human intervention to
address anthropogenic emissions by sources
and removals by sinks of all GHG, including
ozone- depleting substances and their
substitutes.
(o) Mitigation potential shall refer to the
scale of GHG reductions that could be made,
relative to emission baselines, for a given
level of carbon price (expressed in cost per
unit of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions
avoided or reduced).
(p) Sea level rise refers to an increase in
sea level which may be influenced by
factors like global warming through
expansion of sea water as the oceans warm
and melting of ice over land and local
factors such as land subsidence.
(q) Vulnerability refers to the degree to
which a system is susceptible to, or unable
to cope with, adverse effects of climate
change, including climate variability and
extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the
character, magnitude, and rate of climate
change and variation to which a system is
exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive
capacity.
Section 4. Creation of the Climate Change
Commission. There is hereby established a Climate
Change Commission, hereinafter referred to as the
Commission.
The Commission shall be an independent and
autonomous body and shall have the same status as

The Commission shall be organized within sixty (60)

days from the effectivity of this Act.
Section 5. Composition of the Commission. The
Commission shall be composed of the President of
the Republic of the Philippines who shall serve as the
Chairperson, and three (3) Commissioners to be
appointed by the President, one of whom shall serve
as the Vice Chairperson of the Commission.
The Commission shall have an advisory board
composed of the following:
(a) Secretary
Agriculture;

of

the

Department

of

(b) Secretary of the Department of Energy;

(c) Secretary of the Department
Environment and Natural Resources;

of

(d) Secretary
Education;

of

of

the

Department

(e) Secretary of the Department of Foreign

Affairs;
(f) Secretary of the Department of Health;
(g) Secretary of the Department of the
Interior and Local Government;
(h) Secretary of the Department of National
Defense, in his capacity as Chair of the
National Disaster Coordinating Council;
(i) Secretary of the Department of Public
Works and Highways;
(j) Secretary of the Department of Science
and Technology;
(k) Secretary of the Department of Social
Welfare and Development;

(l) Secretary of the Department of Trade and

Industry;

other government agencies

implementation of this Act.

(m) Secretary of the Department

Transportation and Communications;

Section 7. Qualifications, Tenure, Compensation of

Commissioners. The Commissioners must be
Filipino citizens, residents of the Philippines, at least
thirty (30) years of age at the time of appointment,
with at least ten (10) years of experience on climate
change and of proven honesty and ntegrity. The
Commissioners shall be experts in climate change by
virtue of their educational background, training and
experience: Provided, That at least one (1)
Commissioner shall be female: Provided, further,
That in no case shall the Commissioners come from
the same sector: Provided, finally, That in no case
shall any of the Commissioners appoint
representatives to act on their behalf.

of

(n) Director-General of the National

Economic and Development Authority, in
his capacity as Chair of the Philippine
Council for Sustainable Development;
(o) Director-General
Security Council;

of

the

National

(p) Chairperson of the National Commission

on the Role of Filipino Women;
(q) President of the League of Provinces;
(r) President of the League of Cities;
(s) President
Municipalities;

of

the

League

of

(t) President of the Liga ng mga Barangay;

(u) Representative from the academe;
(v) Representative from the business sector;
and
(w) Representative from nongovernmental
organizations.
At least one (1) of the sectoral representatives shall
come from the disaster risk reduction community.
The representatives shall be appointed by the
President from a list of nominees submitted by their
respective groups. They shall serve for a term of six
(6) years without reappointment unless their
representation is withdrawn by the sector they
represent. Appointment to any vacancy shall be only
for the unexpired term of the predecessor.
Only the ex officio members of the advisory board
shall appoint a qualified representative who shall
hold a rank of no less than an Undersecretary.
Section 6. Meetings of the Commission. The
Commission shall meet once every three (3) months,
or as often as may be deemed necessary by the
Chairperson. The Chairperson may likewise call upon

for

the

proper

The Commissioners shall hold office for a period of

six (6) years, and may be subjected to reappointment:
Provided, That no person shall serve for more than
two (2) consecutive terms: Provided, further, That in
case of a vacancy, the new appointee shall fully meet
the qualifications of a Commissioner and shall hold
office for the unexpired portion of the term only:
Provided, finally, That in no case shall a
Commissioner be designated in a temporary or acting
capacity.
The Vice Chairperson and the Commissioners shall
have the rank and privileges of a Department
Secretary and Undersecretary, respectively. They
shall be entitled to corresponding compensation and
other emoluments and shall be subject to the same
disqualifications.
Section 8. Climate Change Office. There is hereby
created a Climate Change Office that shall assist the
Commission. It shall be headed by a Vice
Chairperson of the Commission who shall act as the
Executive Director of the Office. The Commission
shall have the authority to determine the number of
staff and create corresponding positions necessary to
facilitate the proper implementation of this Act,
subject to civil service laws, rules and regulations.
The officers and employees of the Commission shall
be appointed by the Executive Director.
Section 9. Powers and Functions of the
Commission. The Commission shall have the
following powers and functions:
(a) Ensure the mainstreaming of climate
change, in synergy with disaster risk

reduction, into the national, sectoral and

local development plans and programs;
(b) Coordinate and synchronize climate
change programs of national government
agencies;
(c) Formulate a Framework Strategy on
Climate Change to serve as the basis for a
program for climate change planning,
research and development, extension, and
monitoring of activities on climate change;

(l) Formulate and update guidelines for

determining vulnerability to climate change
impacts and adaptation assessments and
facilitate the provision of technical
assistance for their implementation and
monitoring;
(m) Coordinate with local government units
(LGUs) and private entities to address
vulnerability to climate change impacts of
regions, provinces, cities and municipalities;

(d) Exercise policy coordination to ensure

the attainment of goals set in the framework
strategy and program on climate change;

(n) Facilitate capacity building for local

adaptation planning, implementation and
monitoring of climate change initiatives in
vulnerable communities and areas;

(e) Recommend legislation, policies,

strategies, programs on and appropriations
for climate change adaptation and mitigation
and other related activities;

(o) Promote and provide technical and

financial support to local research and
development programs and projects in
vulnerable communities and areas; and

(f)
Recommend
key
development
investments in climate- sensitive sectors
such as water resources, agriculture,
forestry, coastal and marine resources,
health, and infrastructure to ensure the
achievement
of national sustainable
development goals;

(p) Oversee the dissemination of

information on climate change, local
vulnerabilities and risks, relevant laws and
protocols and adaptation and mitigation
measures.

(g) Create an enabling environment for the

design of relevant and appropriate risksharing and risk-transfer instruments;
(h) Create an enabling environment that
shall promote broader multi-stakeholder
participation and integrate climate change
mitigation and adaptation;
(i) Formulate strategies on mitigating GHG
and other anthropogenic causes of climate
change;
(j) Coordinate and establish a close
partnership with the National Disaster
Coordinating Council in order to increase
efficiency and effectiveness in reducing the
peoples vulnerability to climate-related
disasters;
(k) In coordination with the Department of
Foreign Affairs, represent the Philippines in
the climate change negotiations;

Section 10. Panel of Technical Experts. The

Commission shall constitute a national panel of
technical experts consisting of practitioners in
disciplines that are related to climate change,
including disaster risk reduction.
The Panel shall provide technical advice to the
Commission in climate science, technologies, and
best practices for risk assessment and enhancement of
adaptive capacity of vulnerable human settlements to
potential impacts of climate change.
The Commission shall set the qualifications and
compensation for the technical experts. It shall
provide resources for the operations and activities of
the Panel.
Section 11. Framework Strategy and Program on
Climate Change. The Commission shall, within six
(6) months from the effectivity of this Act, formulate
a Framework Strategy on Climate Change. The
Framework shall serve as the basis for a program for
climate change planning, research and development,
extension, and monitoring of activities to protect
vulnerable communities from the adverse effects of
climate change.

The Framework shall be formulated based on climate

change vulnerabilities, specific adaptation needs, and
mitigation potential, and in accordance with the
international agreements.
The Framework shall be reviewed every three (3)
years, or as may be deemed necessary.
Section 12. Components of the Framework Strategy
and Program on Climate Change. The Framework
shall include, but not limited to, the following
components:
(a) National priorities;
(b) Impact, vulnerability and adaptation
assessments;
(c) Policy formulation;
(d)
Compliance
commitments;

with

international

(e) Research and development;

(f) Database development and management;
(g) Academic programs, capability building
and mainstreaming;
(h)
Advocacy
dissemination;

and

information

(i) Monitoring and evaluation; and

(j) Gender mainstreaming.
Section 13. National Climate Change Action Plan.
The Commission shall formulate a National Climate
Change Action Plan in accordance with the
Framework within one (1) year after the formulation
of the latter.
The National Climate Change Action Plan shall
include, but not limited to, the following components:
(a) Assessment of the national impact of
climate change;
(b) The identification of the most vulnerable
communities/areas, including ecosystems to

the impacts of climate change, variability

and extremes;
(c) The identification of differential impacts
of climate change on men, women and
children;
(d) The assessment and management of risk
and vulnerability;
(e) The identification of GHG mitigation
potentials; and
(f)
The
identification
of
options,
prioritization of appropriate adaptation
measures for joint projects of national and
local governments.
Section 14. Local Climate Change Action Plan.
The LGUs shall be the frontline agencies in the
formulation, planning and implementation of climate
change action plans in their respective areas,
consistent with the provisions of the Local
Government Code, the Framework, and the National
Climate Change Action Plan.
Barangays shall be directly involved with municipal
and city governments in prioritizing climate change
issues and in identifying and implementing best
practices and other solutions. Municipal and city
governments shall consider climate change
adaptation, as one of their regular functions.
Provincial governments shall provide technical
assistance, enforcement and information management
in support of municipal and city climate change
action
plans.
Inter-local
government
unit
collaboration shall be maximized in the conduct of
climate- related activities.
LGUs shall regularly update their respective action
plans to reflect changing social, economic, and
environmental conditions and emerging issues. The
LGUs shall furnish the Commission with copies of
their action plans and all subsequent amendments,
modifications and revisions thereof, within one (1)
month from their adoption. The LGUs shall mobilize
and allocate necessary personnel, resources and
logistics to effectively implement their respective
action plans.
The local chief executive shall appoint the person
responsible for the formulation and implementation
of the local action plan.

It shall be the responsibility of the national

government to extend technical and financial
assistance to LGUs for the accomplishment of their
Local Climate Change Action Plans.
The LGU is hereby expressly authorized to
appropriate and use the amount from its Internal
Revenue Allotment necessary to implement said local
plan effectively, any provision in the Local
Government Code to the contrary notwithstanding.
Section 15. Role of Government Agencies. To
ensure the effective implementation of the framework
strategy and program on climate change, concerned
agencies shall perform the following functions:
(a) The Department of Education (DepED)
shall integrate climate change into the
primary and secondary education curricula
and/or subjects, such as, but not limited to,
science, biology, sibika, history, including
textbooks, primers and other educational
materials, basic climate change principles
and concepts;
(b) The Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG) and Local Government
Academy shall facilitate the development
and provision of a training program for
LGUs in climate change. The training
program shall include socioeconomic,
geophysical, policy, and other content
necessary to address the prevailing and
forecasted conditions and risks of particular
LGUs. It shall likewise focus on women and
children, especially in the rural areas, since
they are the most vulnerable;
(c) The Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) shall oversee the
establishment and maintenance of a climate
change information management system and
network, including on climate change risks,
activities and investments, in collaboration
with other concerned national government
agencies, institutions and LGUs;
(d) The Department of Foreign Affairs
(DFA) shall review international agreements
related to climate change and make the
necessary recommendation for ratification
and compliance by the government on
matters pertaining thereto;

(e) The Philippine Information Agency

(PIA) shall disseminate information on
climate change, local vulnerabilities and
risk, relevant laws and protocols and
adaptation and mitigation measures; and
(f) Government financial institutions, shall,
any provision in their respective charters to
the contrary notwithstanding, provide
preferential financial packages for climate
change- related projects. In consultation
with the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP),
they shall, within thirty (30) days from the
effectivity of this Act, issue and promulgate
the implementing guidelines therefor.
The Commission shall evaluate, recommend the
approval of loans and monitor the use of said funds
of LGUs.
Section 16. Coordination with Various Sectors. In
the development and implementation of the National
Climate Change Action Plan, and the local action
plans, the Commission shall coordinate with the
nongovernment
organizations
(NGOs),
civic
organizations, academe, peoples organizations, the
private and corporate sectors and other concerned
stakeholder groups.
Section 17. Authority to Receive Donations and/or
Grants. The Commission is hereby authorized to
accept grants, contributions, donations, endowments,
bequests, or gifts in cash, or in kind from local and
foreign sources in support of the development and
implementation of climate change programs and
plans: Provided, That in case of donations from
foreign governments, acceptance thereof shall be
subject to prior clearance and approval of the
President of the Philippines upon recommendation of
the Secretary of Foreign Affairs: Provided, further,
That such donations shall not be used to fund
personal services expenditures and other operating
expenses of the Commission.
The proceeds shall be used to finance:
(a) Research, development, demonstration
and promotion of technologies;
(b) Conduct of assessment of vulnerabilities
to climate change impacts, resource
inventory, and adaptation capability
building;

(c)
Advocacy,
networking
and
communication activities in the conduct of
information campaign; and
(d) Conduct of such other activities
reasonably necessary to carry out the
objectives of this Act, as may be defined by
the Commission.
Section 18. Funding Allocation for Climate
Change. All relevant government agencies and
LGUs shall allocate from their annual appropriations
adequate funds for the formulation, development and
implementation, including training, capacity building
and direct intervention, of their respective climate
change programs and plans. It shall also include
public awareness campaigns on the effects of climate
change and energy-saving solutions to mitigate these
effects, and initiatives, through educational and
training programs and micro-credit schemes,
especially for women in rural areas. In subsequent
budget proposals, the concerned offices and units
shall appropriate funds for program/project
development
and
implementation
including
continuing training and education in climate
change.1avvphi1
Section
19. Joint
Congressional
Oversight
Committee. There is hereby created a Joint
Congressional Oversight Committee to monitor the
implementation of this Act. The Oversight
Committee shall be composed of five (5) Senators
and five (5) Representatives to be appointed by the
Senate President and the Speaker of the House of
Representatives,
respectively. The
Oversight
Committee shall be co-chaired by a Senator and a
Representative to be designated by the Senate
President and the Speaker of the House of
Representatives, respectively. Its funding requirement
shall be charged against the appropriations of
Congress.
Section 20. Annual Report. The Commission shall
submit to the President and to both Houses of
Congress, not later than March 30 of every year
following the effectivity of this Act, or upon the
request of the Congressional Oversight Committee, a
report giving a detailed account of the status of the
implementation of this Act, a progress report on the
implementation of the National Climate Change
Action Plan and recommend legislation, where
applicable and necessary. LGUs shall submit annual
progress reports on the implementation of their
respective local action plan to the Commission within
the first quarter of the following year.

Section 21. Appropriations. The sum of Fifty

million pesos (Php50,000,000.00) is hereby
appropriated as initial operating fund in addition to
the unutilized fund of the Presidential Task Force on
Climate Change and the Office of the Presidential
Adviser on Global Warming and Climate Change.
The sum shall be sourced from the Presidents
contingent fund.
Thereafter, the amount necessary to effectively carry
out the provisions of this Act shall be included in the
annual General Appropriations Act.
Section 22. Implementing Rules and Regulations.
Within ninety (90) days after the approval of this Act,
the Commission shall, upon consultation with
government agencies, LGUs, private sector, NGOs
and civil society, promulgate the implementing rules
and regulations of this Act: Provided, That failure to
issue rules and regulations shall not in any manner
affect the executory nature of the provisions of this
Act.
Section 23. Transitory Provisions. Upon the
organization of the Commission, the Presidential
Task Force on Climate Change created under
Administrative Order No. 171 and the Inter-Agency
Committee on Climate Change created by virtue of
Administrative Order No. 220, shall be abolished:
Provided, That their powers and functions shall be
absorbed by the Commission: Provided, further, That
the officers and employees thereof shall continue in a
holdover capacity until such time as the new officers
and employees of the Commission shall have been
duly appointed pursuant to the provisions of this Act.
All qualified regular or permanent employees who
may be transferred to the Commission shall not suffer
any loss in seniority or rank or decrease in
emoluments. Any employee who cannot be absorbed
by the Commission shall be entitled to a separation
pay under existing retirement laws

Executive Order No. 15 : Creating a Philippine

Council for Sustainable Development
WHEREAS, the 1987 Constitution mandates a policy
of the state, the protection and advancement of the
right of the people to a balanced and healthful

ecology in accordance with the rhythm and harmony

of nature;

duly deputized
Secretaries:

WHEREAS, a National Conservation Strategy, as

spelled out in the Philippine Strategy for Sustainable
Development (PSSD), which was adopted in 1989,
takes a balanced and integrated approach to
environment
and
development
issues
by
incorporating sustainable development principles and
concepts in the national priorities of government;

Department of Foreign Affairs

Department of Science and Technology
Department of Finance
Department of Agriculture
Department of Public Works and Highways
Department of Education, Culture, and Sports
Department of Labor and Employment
Department of Health
Department of Trade and Industry
Department of the Interior and Local Governments
Department of Social Welfare and Developments
Department of Budget and Management
Department of National Defense
Office of Energy Affairs

WHEREAS, the Philippines already adhering too the

principle of sustainable development actively
participated in the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED) Summit
held in Rio de Janeiro, and committed to the
principles set forth in the Rio Declaration, the
Agenda 21, the Conventions on Climate Change and
Biodiversity;
WHEREAS, the United Nations in UNCED, has
adopted a resolution for the creation of a Sustainable
Development Commission that will evaluate and
monitor the compliance too the agreements and
commitments made in Rio and in the course of it's
creation urged governments to also for similar bodies
that will ensure that the activities at the national level
are implemented and coordinated within global
efforts;
WHEREAS, the agreements oblige the Philippines to
translate the commitments to more concrete actions
and ensure that all sectors of the society shall be
involved in its cooperalization;
WHEREAS, in order to active these ends, the
creation of a national sustainable development and
thus assure its integration in the Philippine national
policies, plans, and programs that will involve all
sectors of the society.
SEC 1. Creation and Composition of the Council.

to

represent

their

respective

3) As civil society counterpart, the non-government

community shall also have seven (7) representative in
the Council. These representative shall be selected by
the
non-government
community
considering
commitment to environmental causes, gender
balance, and sector representation through a process
designed by them.
Sec. 2 Powers and Functions of the Council. The
Council shall have the following powers and
function:
1`) To review and ensure the implementation on the
commitments the Philippines made in the light of the
UNCED Conference;
2) To establish guidelines and mechanisms that will
expand, concretize and operationalize the sustainable
development principles as embodied in the Rio
Declaration, the UNCED Agenda 21, the National
Conservation Strategy, and the Philippine Agenda 21,
and incorporate them in the preparation of the
Medium Term Development Plan both at the national
and local levels with active participation from the
non-government sector a and people's organizations;

1) There is hereby created a Philippine Council for

Sustainable Development to be headed by the
Director-General of the National Economic and
Development Authority (NEDA) as Chairperson, and
the Secretary of the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources as Vice-Chairperson.

3) Too provide directions in the form of policy

reforms, programs and new legislations that respond
to the continuing and emerging issues and charting
future actions related to environment and
developments;

2) The Council will have as members committed

environmentalists from the following owing
departments of a position of Bureau Director of their,

4) To act as the coordinating mechanism in

cooperation either DFA-office of the United Nations
Commission for Sustainable Development and
actively solicit assistance and cooperation towards

the realization of our commitments made at the

UNCED;
5) To require any and all government agencies for
assistance in to forum of personnel, facilities, and
other resources which is essential for the performance
for the duties of the Council;
6) To create sub-committees that it may deem fit in
the performance of its duties; and
7) To perform such other acts which are necessary to
carry out its mandated functions and responsibilities.
Sec. 3. The Secretariat. The Council shall be
assisted by the Secretariat which shall be based at the
Notional Economic and Development Authority
whose composition will be determined by the
Director-General.
Sec. 4. Transitory Provisions. There shall be
immediately be convened an interim Technical
Working Group of seven members composed or
representatives from National Economic and
Development Authority (NEDA), Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR),
Department of Foreign Affairs(DFA), Department of
the Interior and Local Government (DILG), and the
three representatives from non-government sector,
which shall work out the formulation of the
operational guidelines for the Council. The working
group shall be assisted by a composite secretariat
from NEDA and DENR, These transitory groups
shall cease its function upon the Council meeting and
adoption of the operating guidelines within sixty (60)
days upon signing of this Order.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO.
STRENGTHENING
THE
COUNCIL
FOR
DEVELOPMENT (PCSD)

62:

FURTHER
PHILIPPINE
SUSTAINABLE

WHEREAS, to ensure that the commitments made in

the Rio de Janeiro Declaration are fulfilled and to
realize the countrys sustainable development goals,
the PCSD was established on 01 September 1992
through
Executive
Order
No.
15;
WHEREAS, to strengthen PCSD, the expansion of its
membership as well as the establishment of local
councils for sustainable development were provided
for through the issuance of Executive Order No. 370
(s. 1996);

WHEREAS, in order to operationalize sustainable

development at the local level, Memorandum Order
No. 47 (s. 1999) was issued mandating local
government units (LGUs) to formulate and
implement their sustainable integrated area
development plans or Local Agenda 21 with the
assistance of concerned government agencies;
WHEREAS, in light of changing circumstances and,
emerging issues on sustainable development locally
and globally there is an urgent need to pursue new
interventions through a more responsive PCSD
structure;
WHEREAS, for the PCSD to be more effective and
responsive in ensuring the realization of the
governments sustainable development goals, there is
a need to streamline and define its core functions and
membership, keeping in mind the various agencies in
government whose functions are integral components
of the overall government sustainable development
operational thrusts;
WHEREAS, there is a need for PCSD to focus on
strategic interventions that have significant and
catalytic impact on sustainable development;
WHEREAS, it is necessary to further strengthen the
PCSD as the lead instrumentality responsible for
mainstreaming sustainable development in national
government and affiliated agencies, Congress, LGUs,
as well as existing multi-stakeholder governance
mechanisms.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, GLORIA MACAPAGALARROYO, President of the Philippines, by virtue of
the powers vested in me by law, do hereby order:
Section 1. Further Strengthening the PCSD. The
Philippine Council for Sustainable Development,
hereinafter referred to as the Council, is hereby
further strengthened, structurally and functionally, in
accordance with the provisions of this Executive
Order.
Sec. 2. Composition of the Council.
1. The core members from government shall be
composed of Secretaries of the following
Departments as permanent principal members, with
an Undersecretary as alternate:
a. National Economic and Development Authority;
b. Department
Resources;

of

Environment

and

Natural

2. Civil society, composed of peoples organizations,

non-government organizations and sectoral/major
groups representation shall have five (5) Council
members selected by their community, based on their
commitment to sustainable development concerns,
through a process designed by them These may
include the following groups: women, youth, farmers,
fisherfolk, indigenous people, Moro and Cordillera
people, urban poor, persons with disabilities,
academe, professionals, media, religious groups and
NGOs.
3. Labor and business shall have one (1)
representative each in the Council. Representation
shall, likewise be decided through a process to be
designed by them.
The Chairperson of the Council shall be the Secretary
of Socio-Economic Planning and NEDA DirectorGeneral. The Secretary of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) shall be
the Vice-Chairperson.
Sec. 3. Terms of Office and Meetings. The term of
office of members shall be co-terminus with their
appointment or election in their respective
departments
or
organizations.
The Council shall meet quarterly, or as frequently as
may be deemed necessary. Special meetings may be
convened at the call of the Chairperson or by a
majority of the members of the Council. In the
absence of the Chairperson, the Vice-Chairperson
shall preside. In case any civil society, business or
labor sector member of the Council cannot attend the
meeting, he or she shall be represented by the
alternate to be designated through their respective
selection process for the purpose.
Sec. 4. Powers and Functions of the Council.
1. To review and ensure the implementation of the
commitments made by the Philippines in the light of
the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) and its follow-up processes;
2. To act as the coordinating mechanism with the
United Nations Commission on Sustainable
Development (UNCSD) and the Governing Bodies or
Secretaries of other related multilateral conventions,
through the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA);
3. To establish guidelines and mechanisms that will
ensure that the sustainable development principles, as
embodied in the Rio Declaration, Agenda 21, and the

Philippine Agenda 21, are integrated in the

formulation of national, regional and local
development policies, plans and programs;
4. To formulate policies and recommend new actions
to appropriate bodies on sustainable development
issues focusing on the environment dimensions of
social and economic interventions and the social and
economic dimensions of environment interventions;
5. To review and monitor plans, policies, program
and legislation on sustainable development to
promote efficiency and timeliness of their execution
and ensure consistency and coordination among the
Legislative and Executive branches of government,
local government units, civil society, business, labor
and other concerned entities/sectors, and existing
multi-stakeholder governance mechanisms;
6. To establish a networking mechanism to link the
Council with local and international organizations
involved
in
sustainable
development;
7. To create, reorganize or abolish committees of the
Council, ad-hoc or permanent, and to define their
structure, functions and limitations;
8. To submit its annual work program with actionable
and time bounded targets and regularly report to the
President the status of implementation and
achievement of specific targets thereof;
9. To perform such other acts which are necessary to
carry out its mandated functions and responsibilities.
Sec. 5. Participation of Other Government Agencies
in the Council. The Council can call upon other
government agencies and instrumentalities, civil
society, business and labor sector organizations to
participate in Council business, including its
meetings, if so warranted by conditions as may exist
from time to time. For this purpose, other
government agencies shall identify a PCSD focal
officer not lower than a rank of Director who shall
coordinate their agencys participation in PCSD
concerns.
Sec. 6. Secretariat. The Council shall be assisted
by a Coordinating Secretariat which shall be based at
the NEDA, the composition of which shall be
determined by the Director-General, and a
Counterpart Secretariat, the composition of which
shall be determined by the Civil Society Counterpart
Council for Sustainable Development (CSCCSD).

Sec. 7. Budget. There shall be provided in the

General Appropriations Act (GAA) a regular line
item under the NEDA budget to cover the operational
requirements of the Council subject to the prescribed
budgetary guidelines. Other member-agencies of the
Council shall also include a line item in the GAA
under their respective agency budgets to cover the
cost of their activities related to PCSD.

coordinate the formulation of Philippine Agenda 21;

Whereas, the Philippine Agenda 21 was formulated
after an extensive and intensive process of coordination,
cooperation, counterparting and consensus-building
among the various stakeholders of society;
Whereas, the operationalization of the Philippine
Agenda 21 shall provide the overall direction and serve
as an enabling environment in achieving sustainable
development;
Section 1. Adoption and Operationalization of the
Philippine Agenda 21. The Philippine Agenda 21, as the
national action agenda for sustainable development, is
hereby adopted.
Section 2. Overall Administration. The Philippine
Council for Sustainable Development shall oversee and
monitor the operationalization of the Philippine Agenda
21. In this regard, the Council shall provide the
coordinating and monitoring mechanisms for its
implementation. For this purpose, it shall mobilize
coordinating
bodies
including
the
Regional
Development Councils (RDCs) and the local councils
for sustainable development.

MEMORANDUM
ORDER
NO.
399:
DIRECTING
THE
OPERATIONALIZATION OF
THE
PHILIPPINE
AGENDA
21
AND MONITORING ITS IMPLEMENTATION

Whereas, Article 2, Section 12 of the Constitution

mandates as a policy of the State the protection and
advancement of the right of the people to a balanced
and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and
harmony of nature;
Whereas, the government adheres to the sustainable
development principles embodied in the Rio
Declaration and adopted by the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development in Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992, and to which the
Philippines is a signatory;
Whereas, the Philippine Council for Sustainable
Development (PCSD), created by virtue of Executive
Order No. 15 (Series of 1992) is mandated to

Section 3. Collaborating Agencies. All government

agencies, departments, and instrumentalities are directed
to adopt and translate the principles and action agenda
contained in the Philippine Agenda 21 in their respective
workplans, programs and projects and report on their
progress and impacts to the PCSD.
Section 4. Role of the Department of Interior and Local
Government (DILG) and the Local Government Units
(LGUs). The LGUs, in coordination with the local
business and civil society, shall implement the
Philippine Agenda 21 through the integration of
sustainable development concerns in their respective
plans, programs and projects and the formulation of their
respective Local Agenda 21, where appropriate.
Section 5. Role of the Civil Society, Labor and
Business Sectors. The PCSD shall coordinate with civil
society, labor and business sectors in operationalizing
Philippine Agenda 21. Major stakeholders from these
sectors are thereby enjoined to adopt and implement the
principles and action agenda contained in the Philippine
Agenda 21.
Section 6. Funding. The PCSD, in the coordination with
the Department of Finance (DOF), Department of Budget

and Management (DBM), and the National Economic and

Development Authority (NEDA), shall identify funding
sources in implementing and monitoring the Philippine
Agenda 21.

Cases
Republic of the Philippines vs. The City of Davao
Republic vs. Alvarez, in his capacity as Sec. of
DENR

Alvarez filed an application for a Certificate

of Non-Coverage for its proposed project,
the Davao Artica Sports Dome, with the
Environmental Management Bureau (EMB),
Region 11. The EMB Region 11 denied the
application on ground that the proposed
project was within an environmentally
critical area, and ruled that under the
Environmental Impact Statement System,
the City of Davao must undergo the
environmental impact assessment (EIA)
process to secure an Environmental
Compliance Certificate (ECC), before it can
proceed with the construction of its project
Believing that it was entitled to a Certificate
of Non-Coverage, respondent filed a petition
for mandamus with the RTC of Davao
alleging that the proposed project was
neither an environmentally critical project
nor within an environmentally critical area,
thus it was outside the scope of the EIS
system.
The RTC granted the writ of mandamus and
directed EMB to issue a Certificate of NonCoverage. It ruled that there is nothing in the
EIA System guidelines which requires
LGUs to comply with the EIS law, as only
agencies and instrumentalities are mandated
to go through the EIA process for their
proposed projects which have significant
effect on the quality of the environment. A
local government unit, not being an agency
or instrumentality of the National
Government, is deemed excluded

Issue: Whether LGUs are covered by the EIA

System?

Decision:
The Local Government Code provides that it is the
duty of the LGUs to promote the peoples right to a
balanced ecology. Pursuant to this, an LGU, like the
City of Davao, cannot claim exemption from the
coverage of PD 1586. As a body politic endowed
with governmental functions, an LGU has the duty to
ensure the quality of the environment, which is the
very same objective of PD 1586.
Further, it is a rule of statutory construction that
every part must be read with other parts, thus, the TC
in declaring local government units as exempt from
the coverage of the EIS law, failed to relate Section 2
of PD 1586 to the several provision of the same law.
Section 4 of PD 1586 clearly states that no person,
partnership or corporation shall undertake or operate
any such declared environmentally critical project or
area without first securing an Environmental
Compliance Certificate issued by the President or his
duly authorized
representative.
Undoubtedly
therefore, local government units are not excluded
from the coverage of PD 1586. Sec. 1 stated that the
policy of the State is to attain an orderly balance
between socio-economic growth and environmental
protection. The Whereas clause stresses that such is
only possible if we adopt an integrated environmental
protection program where all the sectors of the
community are involved, i.e., the government and the
private sectors. The local government units, as part of
the machinery of the government, cannot therefore be
deemed as outside the scope of the EIS system
This however presuppose that a project, for which an
Environmental Compliance Certificate is necessary,
is environmentally critical or within an
environmentally critical area. In the case at bar,
respondent has sufficiently shown that the Artica
Sports Dome will not have a significant negative
environmental impact because it is not an
environmentally critical project and it is not located
in an environmentally critical area. They submitted
Certification from the City Planning and
Development Office, PHILVOLCS, CENRO-West in
support thereof.
The Environmental Impact Statement System, which
ensures environmental protection and regulates
certain government activities affecting the
environment, was established by Presidential Decree
No. 1586. Under Article II, Section 1, of the Rules
and Regulations Implementing PD 1586, the
declaration of certain projects or areas as

environmentally critical, and which shall fall within

the scope of the Environmental Impact Statement
System, shall be by Presidential Proclamation.
Pursuant thereto, Proclamation No. 2146 was
issued proclaiming the following areas and types of
projects as environmentally critical and within the
scope of the Environmental Impact Statement System
established under PD 1586:
A.
I.

Environmentally Critical Projects

Heavy Industries
a.
Non-ferrous
industries
b.
Iron and steel mills
c.
Petroleum
and
industries including
oil and gas
d.
Smelting plants

II.
a.
b.

c.

metal
petro-chemical

Resource Extractive Industries

Major mining and quarrying projects
Forestry projects
1. Logging
2. Major wood processing projects
3. Introduction of fauna (exoticanimals) in
public/private forests
4. Forest occupancy
5. Extraction of mangrove products
6. Grazing
Fishery Projects
1. Dikes for/and fishpond development
projects

III.

Infrastructure Projects
a.
Major dams
b.
Major power plants (fossil-fueled,
nuclear fueled,
hydroelectric or geothermal)
c.
Major reclamation projects
d.
Major roads and bridges

B.

Environmentally Critical Areas

1.
All areas declared by law as national
parks, watershed reserves, wildlife
preserves and sanctuaries;
2.
Areas set aside as aesthetic potential
tourist spots;
3.
Areas which constitute the habitat
for any endangered or threatened
species of indigenous Philippine
Wildlife (flora and fauna);

4.
Areas
of
unique
historic,
archaeological, or scientific interests;
5.
Areas which are traditionally
occupied by cultural communities or
tribes;
6.
Areas frequently visited and/or hardhit by natural calamities (geologic hazards,
floods, typhoons, volcanic activity, etc.);
7.
Areas with critical slopes;
8.
Areas
classified
as
prime
agricultural lands;
9.
Recharged areas of aquifers;
10. Water bodies characterized by one or any
combination of the following conditions;
a.
tapped for domestic purposes
b.
within the controlled and/or
protected areas declared by
appropriate authorities
c.
which support wildlife and
fishery activities
11. Mangrove areas characterized by one or any
combination of the following conditions:
a.
with primary pristine and dense
young growth;
b.
adjoining mouth of major river
systems;
c.
near or adjacent to traditional
productive fry or fishing grounds;
d.
which act as natural buffers
against shore erosion, strong winds and
storm floods;
e.
on which people are dependent
for their livelihood.
12. Coral reefs, characterized by one or any
combinations of the following conditions:
a.
with 50% and above
live coralline cover;
b.
spawning and nursery
grounds for fish;
c.
which act as natural breakwater
of coastlines.

clear, therefore, that the said project is not classified

as environmentally critical, or within an
environmentally critical area. Consequently, the
DENR has no choice but to issue the Certificate of
Non-Coverage. It becomes its ministerial duty, the
performance of which can be compelled by writ of
mandamus, such as that issued by the trial court in
the case at bar.

Environmentally Non-Critical Projects. All other

projects, undertakings and areas not declared by the
President as environmentally critical shall be
considered as non-critical and shall not be required to
submit an environmental impact statement. The
National Environmental Protection Council, thru the
Ministry of Human Settlements may however require
non-critical projects and undertakings to provide
additional environmental safeguards as it may deem
necessary.

SEC. 3. Collection of Fees. The Authority is hereby

empowered to collect fees for the use of the lake
water and its tributaries for all beneficial purposes
including but not limited to fisheries, recreation,
municipal, industrial, agricultural, navigation,
irrigation, and waste disposal purpose; Provided, that
the rates of the fees to be collected, and the sharing
with other government agencies and political
subdivisions, if necessary, shall be subject to the
approval of the President of the Philippines upon
recommendation of the Authority's Board, except
fishpen fee, which will be shared in the following
manner: 20 percent of the fee shall go to the
lakeshore local governments, 5 percent shall go to the

The Artica Sports Dome in Langub does not

come close to any of the projects or areas enumerated
above. Neither is it analogous to any of them. It is

Laguna Lake Development Authority vs CA

RA 4850 was enacted creating the "Laguna Lake
Development Authority." This agency was supposed
to accelerate the development and balanced growth of
the Laguna Lake area and the surrounding provinces,
cities and towns, in the act, within the context of the
national and regional plans and policies for social and
economic development.
PD 813 amended certain sections RA 4850 because
of the concern for the rapid expansion of
Metropolitan Manila, the suburbs and the lakeshore
towns of Laguna de Bay, combined with current and
prospective uses of the lake for municipal-industrial
water supply, irrigation, fisheries, and the like.
To effectively perform the role of the Authority under
RA 4850, the Chief Executive issued EO 927 further
defined and enlarged the functions and powers of the
Authority and named and enumerated the towns,
cities and provinces encompassed by the term
"Laguna de Bay Region". Also, pertinent to the issues
in this case are the following provisions of EO 927
which include in particular the sharing of fees:
Sec 2: xxx the Authority shall have exclusive
jurisdiction to issue permit for the use of all surface
water for any projects or activities in or affecting the
said region including navigation, construction, and
operation of fishpens, fish enclosures, fish corrals and
the like.

Project Development Fund which shall be

administered by a Council and the remaining 75
percent shall constitute the share of LLDA. However,
after the implementation within the three-year period
of the Laguna Lake Fishery Zoning and Management
Plan the sharing will be modified as follows: 35
percent of the fishpen fee goes to the lakeshore local
governments, 5 percent goes to the Project
Development Fund and the remaining 60 percent
shall be retained by LLDA; Provided, however, that
the share of LLDA shall form part of its corporate
funds and shall not be remitted to the National
Treasury as an exception to the provisions of
Presidential Decree No. 1234.

prejudice to demolition of their structures be

criminally charged in accordance with Section 39-A
of Republic Act 4850 as amended by P.D. 813 for
violation of the same laws. Violations of these laws
carries a penalty of imprisonment of not exceeding 3
years or a fine not exceeding Five Thousand Pesos or
both at the discretion of the court.
All operators of fishpens, fishcages and other aquaculture structures declared as illegal in accordance
with the foregoing Notice shall have one (1) month
on or before 27 October 1993 to show cause before
the LLDA why their said fishpens, fishcages and
other aqua-culture structures should not be
demolished/dismantled."

Then came Republic Act No. 7160. The

municipalities in the Laguna Lake Region interpreted
the provisions of this law to mean that the newly
passed law gave municipal governments the
exclusive jurisdiction to issue fishing privileges
within their municipal waters because R.A. 7160
provides:

One month, thereafter, the Authority sent notices to

the concerned owners of the illegally constructed
fishpens, fishcages and other aqua-culture structures
advising them to dismantle their respective structures
within 10 days from receipt thereof, otherwise,
demolition shall be effected.

"Sec. 149. Fishery Rentals; Fees and Charges (a)

Municipalities shall have the exclusive authority to
grant fishery privileges in the municipal waters and
impose rental fees or charges therefor in accordance
with the provisions of this Section.
Municipal governments thereupon assumed the
authority to issue fishing privileges and fishpen
permits. Big fishpen operators took advantage of the
occasion to establish fishpens and fishcages to the
consternation of the Authority. Unregulated fishpens
and fishcages occupied almost one-third the entire
lake water surface area, increasing the occupation
drastically from 7,000 ha in 1990 to almost 21,000 ha
in 1995. The Mayor's permit to construct fishpens
and fishcages were all undertaken in violation of the
policies adopted by the Authority on fishpen zoning
and the Laguna Lake carrying capacity. In view of the
foregoing circumstances, the Authority served notice
to the general public that:

The fishpen owners filed injunction cases against the

LLDA. The LLDA filed motions to dismiss the cases
against it on jurisdictional grounds. The motions to
dismiss were denied. Meanwhile, TRO/writs of
preliminary mandatory injunction were issued
enjoining the LLDA from demolishing the fishpens
and similar structures in question. Hence, the present
petition for certiorari, prohibition and injunction. The
CA dismissed the LLDAs consolidated petitions. It
ruled that (A) LLDA is not among those quasijudicial agencies of government appealable only to
the Court of Appeals; (B) the LLDA charter does vest
LLDA with quasi-judicial functions insofar as
fishpens are concerned; (C) the provisions of the
LLDA charter insofar as fishing privileges in Laguna
de Bay are concerned had been repealed by the Local
Government Code of 1991; (D) in view of the
aforesaid repeal, the power to grant permits devolved
to respective local government units concerned.

1. All fishpens, fishcages and other aqua-culture

structures in the Laguna de Bay Region, which were
not registered or to which no application for
registration and/or permit has been filed with Laguna
Lake Development Authority as of March 31, 1993
are hereby declared outrightly as illegal.
2. All fishpens; fishcages and other aqua-culture
structures so declared as illegal shall be subject to
demolition which shall be undertaken by the
Presidential Task Force for illegal Fishpen and Illegal
Fishing.
3. Owners of fishpens, fishcages and other aquaculture structures declared as illegal shall, without

Issue: Which agency of the Government - the

LLDA or the towns and municipalities comprising
the region - should exercise jurisdiction over the
Laguna Lake and its environs insofar as the issuance
of permits for fishery privileges is concerned?
Held:

LLDA

Ratio: Section 4 (k) of RA 4850, the provisions of

PD 813, and Section 2 of EO 927, specifically
provide that the LLDA shall have exclusive
jurisdiction to issue permits for the use or all surface
water for any projects or activities in or affecting the

said region, including navigation, construction, and

operation of fishpens, fish enclosures, fish corrals and
the like. On the other hand, RA 7160 has granted to
the municipalities the exclusive authority to grant
fishery privileges in municipal waters. The
Sangguniang Bayan may grant fishery privileges to
erect fish corrals, oyster, mussels or other aquatic
beds or bangus fry area within a definite zone of the
municipal waters.
The provisions of RA7160 do not necessarily repeal
the laws creating the LLDA and granting the latter
water rights authority over Laguna de Bay and the
lake region.
The Local Government Code of 1991 does not
contain any express provision which categorically
expressly repeal the charter of the Authority. It has to
be conceded that there was no intent on the part of
the legislature to repeal Republic Act No. 4850 and
its amendments. The repeal of laws should be made
clear and expressed.
It has to be conceded that the charter of the LLDA
constitutes a special law. RA 7160 is a general law. It
is basic is basic in statutory construction that the
enactment of a later legislation which is a general law
cannot be construed to have repealed a special law. It
is a well-settled rule in this jurisdiction that "a special
statute, provided for a particular case or class of
cases, is not repealed by a subsequent statute, general
in its terms, provisions and application, unless the
intent to repeal or alter is manifest, although the
terms of the general law are broad enough to include
the cases embraced in the special law." Where there
is a conflict between a general law and a special
statute, the special statute should prevail since it
evinces the legislative intent more clearly that the
general statute. The special law is to be taken as an
exception to the general law in the absence of special
circumstances forcing a contrary conclusion. This is
because implied repeals are not favored and as much
as possible, given to all enactments of the legislature.
A special law cannot be repealed, amended or altered
by a subsequent general law by mere implication.
Considering the reasons behind the establishment of
the Authority, which are enviromental protection,
navigational safety, and sustainable development,
there is every indication that the legislative intent is
for the Authority to proceed with its mission.
We are on all fours with the manifestation of LLDA
that "Laguna de Bay, like any other single body of
water has its own unique natural ecosystem. The 900
km lake surface water, the 8 major river tributaries

and several other smaller rivers that drain into the

lake, the 2,920 km2 basin or watershed transcending
the boundaries of Laguna and Rizal provinces,
constitute one integrated delicate natural ecosystem
that needs to be protected with uniform set of
policies; if we are to be serious in our aims of
attaining sustainable development. This is an
exhaustible natural resource-a very limited one-which
requires judicious management and optimal
utilization to ensure renewability and preserve its
ecological integrity and balance. Managing the lake
resources would mean the implementation of a
national policy geared towards the protection,
conservation, balanced growth and sustainable
development of the region with due regard to the
inter-generational use of its resources by the
inhabitants in this part of the earth. The authors of
Republic Act 4850 have foreseen this need when they
passed this LLDA law-the special law designed to
govern the management of our Laguna de Bay lake
resources. Laguna de Bay therefore cannot be
subjected to fragmented concepts of management
policies where lakeshore local government units
exercise exclusive dominion over specific portions of
the lake water. The implementation of a cohesive and
integrated lake water resource management policy,
therefore, is necessary to conserve, protect and
sustainably develop Laguna de Bay."
The power of the LGUs to issue fishing privileges
was clearly granted for revenue purposes. This is
evident from the fact that Section 149 of the New
Local Government Code empowering local
governments to issue fishing permits is embodied in
Chapter 2, Book II, of Republic Act No. 7160 under
the heading, "Specific Provisions On The Taxing And
Other Revenue Raising Power of LGUs.
On the other hand, the power of the Authority to
grant permits for fishpens, fishcages and other aquaculture structures is for the purpose of effectively
regulating and monitoring activities in the Laguna de
Bay region and for lake quality control and
management. 6 It does partake of the nature of
police power which is the most pervasive, the least
limitable and the most demanding of all State powers
including the power of taxation. Accordingly the
charter of the Authority which embodies a valid
exercise of police power should prevail over the
Local Government Code of 1991 on matters affecting
Laguna de Bay.
There should be no quarrel over permit fees for
fishpens, fishcages and other aqua-culture structures
in the Laguna de Bay area. Section 3 of Executive

Order No. 927 provides for the proper sharing of fees

collected.
In respect to the question as to whether the Authority
is a quasi-judicial agency or not, it is our holding
that, considering the provisions of Section 4 of
Republic Act No. 4850 and Section 4 of Executive
Order No. 927, series of 1983, and the ruling of this
Court in Laguna Lake Development Authority vs.
Court of Appeals, there is no question that the
Authority has express powers as a regulatory a quasijudicial body in respect to pollution cases with
authority to issue a "cease a desist order" and on
matters affecting the construction of illegal fishpens,
fishcages and other aqua-culture structures in Laguna
de Bay. The Authority's pretense, however, that it is
co-equal to the Regional Trial Courts such that all
actions against it may only be instituted before the
Court of Appeals cannot be sustained. On actions
necessitating the resolution of legal questions
affecting the powers of the Authority as provided for
in its charter, the Regional Trial Courts have
jurisdiction.
In view of the foregoing, this Court holds that
Section 149 of RA 7160, otherwise known as the
Local Government Code of 1991, has not repealed
the provisions of the charter of the LLDA, Republic
Act No. 4850, as amended. Thus, the Authority has
the exclusive jurisdiction to issue permits for the
enjoyment of fishery privileges in Laguna de Bay to
the exclusion of municipalities situated therein and
the authority to exercise such powers as are by its
charter vested on it.

Environmental Impact Statements shall be submitted

to the National Environmental Protection Council for
review and evaluation.
PRESIDENTIAL
DECREE
No.
1586:
ESTABLISHING
AN
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT STATEMENT SYSTEM, INCLUDING
OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
RELATED MEASURES AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES
WHEREAS, the pursuit of a comprehensive and
integrated
environment
protection
program
necessitates the establishment and institutionalization
of a system whereby the exigencies of socioeconomic undertakings can be reconciled with the
requirements of environmental quality;
WHEREAS, the regulatory requirements of
environmental Impact Statements and Assessments
instituted in pursuit of this national environmental
protection program have to be worked into their full
regulatory and procedural details in a manner
consistent with the goals of the program.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS,
President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers
vested in me by the Constitution do hereby order and
declare:
Section 1. Policy. It is hereby declared the policy of
the State to attain and maintain a rational and orderly
balance between socio-economic growth and
environmental protection.
Section
2. Environmental
Impact
Statement
System. There is hereby established an Environmental
Impact Statement System founded and based on the
environmental impact statement required, under
Section 4 of Presidential Decree No. 1151, of all
agencies and instrumentalities of the national
government, including government-owned or
controlled corporations, as well as private
corporations, firms and entities, for every proposed
project and undertaking which significantly affect the
quality of the environment.
Section 3. Determination of Lead Agency. The
Minister of Human Settlements or his designated
representative is hereby authorized to name the lead
agencies referred to in Section 4 of Presidential
Decree No. 1151 which shall have jurisdiction to
undertake the preparation of the necessary
environmental impact statements on declared
environmentally critical projects and areas. All

Section
4. Presidential
Proclamation
of
Environmentally Critical Areas and Projects. The
President of the Philippines may, on his own
initiative or upon recommendation of the National
Environmental Protection Council, by proclamation
declare certain projects, undertakings or areas in the
country as environmentally critical. No person,
partnership or corporation shall undertake or operate
any such declared environmentally critical project or
area without first securing an Environmental
Compliance Certificate issued by the President or his
duly authorized representative. For the proper
management of said critical project or area, the
President may by his proclamation reorganize such
government
offices,
agencies,
institutions,
corporations or instrumentalities including the realignment of government personnel, and their
specific functions and responsibilities.
For the same purpose as above, the Ministry of
Human Settlements shall: (a) prepare the proper land
or water use pattern for said critical project(s) or area
(s); (b) establish ambient environmental quality
standards; (c) develop a program of environmental
enhancement or protective measures against
calamituous factors such as earthquake, floods, water
erosion and others, and (d) perform such other
functions as may be directed by the President from
time to time.
Section
5. Environmentally
Non-Critical
Projects. All other projects, undertakings and areas
not declared by the President as environmentally
critical shall be considered as non-critical and shall
not be required to submit an environmental impact
statement. The National Environmental Protection
Council, thru the Ministry of Human Settlements
may however require non-critical projects and
undertakings to provide additional environmental
safeguards as it may deem necessary.
Section 6. Secretariat. The National Environmental
Protection Council is hereby authorized to constitute
the necessary secretariat which will administer the
Environmental Impact Statement System and
undertake the processing and evaluation of
environmental impact statements.
Section
7. Management
and
Financial
Assistance. The Ministry of Human Settlements is
hereby authorized to provide management and

financial support to government offices and

instrumentalities placed under its supervision
pursuant to this Decree financed from its existing
appropriation or from budgetary augmentation as the
Minister of Human Settlements may deem necessary.
Section 8. Rules and Regulations. The National
Environmental Protection Council shall issue the
necessary rules and regulations to implement this
Decree. For this purpose, the National Pollution
Control Commission may be availed of as one of its
implementing arms, consistent with the powers and
responsibilities of the National Pollution Control
Commission as provided in P.D. No. 984.
Section 9. Penalty for Violation. Any person,
corporation or partnership found violating Section 4
of this Decree, or the terms and conditions in the
issuance of the Environmental Compliance
Certificate, or of the standards, rules and regulations
issued by the National Environmental Protection
Council pursuant to this Decree shall be punished by
the suspension or cancellation of his/its certificate or
and/or a fine in an amount not to exceed Fifty
Thousand Pesos (P50,000.00) for every violation
thereof, at the discretion of the National
Environmental Protection Council.
Section 10. Environmental Revolving Fund. Proceeds
from the penalties prescribed in the preceding Section
9 and other penalties imposed by the National
Pollution Control Commission as authorized in P.D.
984, shall be automatically appropriated into an
Environment Revolving Fund hereby created as an
exemption to P.D. 711 and P.D. 1234. The fund shall
be used exclusively for the operation of the National
Environmental Protection Council and the National
Pollution Control Commission in the implementation
of this Decree. The rules and regulations for the
utilization of this fund shall be formulated by the
Ministry of Human Settlements and submitted to the
President for approval.
Section 11. Repealing Clause. The Inter-Agency
Advisory Council of the National Pollution Control
Commission created under Section 4 of P.D. 984 is
hereby abolished and its powers and responsibilities
are forthwith delegated and transferred to the Control
of the National Environmental Protection Council.
All other laws, decrees, executive orders, rules and
regulations inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed,
amended or modified accordingly.

DENR Administrative Order No. 2003- 30

SUBJECT: Implementing Rules and Regulations
(IRR) for the Philippine Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS) System
Consistent with the continuing effort of the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR) to rationalize and streamline the
implementation of the Philippine Environmental
Impact Statement (EIS) System established under
Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1586, Presidential
Proclamation No. 2146 defining the scope of the EIS
System and pursuant to Administrative Order No. 42
issued by tile Office of the President on November 2,
2002, the following rules and regulations are hereby
promulgated;
ARTICLE I
BASIC POLICY, OPERATING
OBJECTIVES AND
DEFINITION OF TERMS

PRINCIPLES,

Section 1. Basic Policy and Operating Principles

Consistent with the principles of sustainable
development, it is the policy of the DENR to
implement a systems-oriented and integrated
approach to the LIS system to ensure a rational
balance between socio-economic development and
environmental protection for the benefit of present
and future generations.
The following are the key operating principles in the
implementation of the Philippine EIS System:
a. The EIS System is concerned primarily with
assessing the direct and indirect impacts of a project
on the biophysical and human environment and
ensuring that these impacts addressed by appropriate
environmental protection and enhancement measures.
b. The EIS System aids proponents in incorporating
environmental considerations in planning their
projects as well as in determining the environment's
impact on their project.
c. Project proponents are responsible for determining
and disclosing all relevant information necessary for
a methodical ' assessment of the environmental
impacts of their projects;
d. The review of the EIS by EMB shall be guided by
three general criteria: (1) that environmental
considerations are integrated into the overall project

planning, (2) that the assessment is technically sound

and proposed environmental mitigation, measures are
effective, and (3) that , social acceptability is based
on informed public participation;
e. Effective regulatory review of the EIS depends
largely on timely full; and accurate disclosure of
relevant: information by project proponents and,
other stakeholders in the EIA process
f. The social acceptability of a project is a result of
meaningful public participation, which shall be
assessed as part of the Environmental Compliance
Certificate (ECC) application, based on concerns
related to the project's environmental impacts;
g. The timelines prescribed by this Order, within
which an Environmental - Compliance Certificate
must be issued, or denied, apply only to processes
and actions within the Environmental Management
Bureau's (EMB) control and do not include actions or
activities that are the responsibility of the proponent.
Section 2. Objective
The objective of this Administrative Order is to
rationalize and streamline the EIS System to make it
more effective as a project planning and management
tool by:
a. Making the System more responsive to the
demands and needs of the project proponents and the
various stakeholders;
b. Clarifying the, coverage of the System and
updating it to take into consideration industrial and
technological innovations and trends
c. Standardizing requirements to ensure focus on
critical environment parameters;
d. Simplifying procedures for processing ECC
applications, and establishing measures to ensure
adherence to ECC conditions by project proponents,
and
e. Assuring that critical environmental concerns are
addressed during project development and
implementation
Section 3. Definition of Terms
For the purpose of this Order, the following
definitions shall be applied;
a. Certificate, of Non-Coverage - a certification
issued by the EMB certifying that, based on the

submitted project description, the project is not

covered by the EIS System and is not required to
secure an ECC
b. Co-located projects / undertakings- projects, or
series of similar projects or a project subdivided to
several phases and/or stages by the same proponent,
located in contiguous areas.
c Environment - Surrounding air, water (both ground
and surface), land, flora, fauna, humans and their
interrelations.
d. Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)document issued by the DENR/EMB after a positive
review of an ECC application, certifying that based
on the representations of the proponent, the proposed
project or undertaking will not cause significant
negative: environmental impact. The ECC also
certifies that the proponent has complied with all the
requirements of the EIS System and has committed to
implement its approved Environmental Management
Plan. The ECC contains specific measures and
conditions that the project proponent has to undertake
before and during the operation of a project, and in
some cases, during the project's abandonment phase
to mitigate identified environmental impacts.
e. Environmentally Critical Area (ECA) - area
delineated as environmentally sensitive such that
significant environmental impacts are expected if
certain types of proposed projects or programs are
located, developed or, implemented in it.
f. Environmentally Critical Project (ECP) - project or
program that has high potential for significant
negative environmental impact.
g. Environmental Guarantee Fund (EGF) - fund to be
set up by a project proponent which shall be readily
accessible and disbursable for the immediate cleanup or rehabilitation of areas affected by damages in
the environment and the resulting deterioration of
environmental quality as a direct consequence of a
project's construction, operation or abandonment. It
shall likewise be used to compensate parties and
communities affected by the negative impacts of the
project, and to fund community-based environment
related projects including, but not limited to,
information and education and emergency
preparedness programs.
h. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) - process
that involves evaluating and predicting the likely
impacts of a project (including cumulative impacts)
on
the
environment
during
construction,

commissioning, operation and abandonment. It also

includes designing appropriate preventive, mitigating
and enhancement measures addressing these
consequences to protect the environment and the
community's welfare. The process is undertaken by,
among others, the project proponent and/or EIA
Consultant, EMB, a Review Committee, affected
communities and other stakeholders.
i. Environmental Impact Assessment Consultant - a
professional or group of professionals commissioned
by the proponent to prepare the EIS/IEE and other
related documents. In some cases, the person or
group referred to may be the proponent's technical
staff.
j. Environmental Impact Assessment Review
Committee (EIARC) - a body of independent
technical experts and professionals of known probity
from various fields organized by the EMB to evaluate
the EIS and other related documents and to make
appropriate recommendations regarding the issuance
or non-issuance of an ECC.
k. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) document, prepared and submitted by the project
proponent and/or EIA Consultant that serves as an
application for an ECC. It is a comprehensive study
of the significant impacts of a project on the
environment. It includes an Environmental
Management Plan/Program that the
proponent will fund and implement to protect the
environment
l. Environmental Management Plan/Program (EMP) section in the EIS that details the prevention,
mitigation,
compensation,
contingency
and
monitoring measures to enhance positive impacts and
minimize negative impacts and risks of a proposed
project or undertaking. For operating projects, the
EMP can also be derived from an EMS,
m. Environmental Management Systems (EMS) refers to the EMB PEPP EMS as provided for under
DAO 2003-14, which is a part of the overall
management system of a project or organization that
includes environmental policy, organizational
structure, planning activities, responsibilities,
practices, procedures, processes and resources for
developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and
maintaining an improved overall environmental
performance.
n. Environmental Monitoring Fund (EMF) -fund that
a proponent shall set up after an ECC is issued for its
project or undertaking, to be used to support the

activities of the multi-partite monitoring team. It shall

be immediately accessible and easily disbursable.
o. Environmental Performance - capability of
proponents to mitigate environmental impacts of
projects or programs.
p. Environmental Performance Report and
Management Plan (EPRMP) - documentation of the
actual cumulative environmental impacts and
effectiveness of current measures for single projects
that are already operating but without ECC's, i.e.,
Category A-3. For Category B-3 projects, a checklist
form of the EPRMP would suffice.
q. Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) assessment, through the use of universally accepted
and scientific methods, of risks associated with a
project. It focuses on determining the probability of
occurrence of accidents and their magnitude (e.g.
failure, of containment or exposure to hazardous
materials or situations.)
r. EMS-based EMP - environmental management
plan based on the environmental management system
(EMS) standard as defined in the DAO 2003-14.
s. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Report
document similar to an EIS, but with reduced details
and depth of assessment and discussion
t. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Checklist
Report - simplified checklist version of an IEE
Report, prescribed by the DENR, to be filled up by a
proponent to identify and assess a project's
environmental
impacts
and
the
mitigation/enhancement measures to address such
impacts.
u. Multipartite Monitoring Team (MMT) community-based multi-sectoral team organized for
the purpose of monitoring the proponent's
compliance with ECC conditions, EMP and
applicable laws, rules and regulations.
v. Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement
(PEIS) - documentation of comprehensive studies on
environmental baseline conditions of a contiguous
area. It also includes an assessment of the carrying
capacity of the area to absorb impacts from colocated projects such as those in industrial estates or
economic zones (ecozones),
w. Programmatic Environmental Performance Report
and Management Plan (PEPRMP) - documentation of
actual cumulative environmental impacts of

collocated projects with proposals for expansion. The

PEPRMP should also describe the effectiveness of
current environmental mitigation measures and plans
for performance improvement.
x. Project Description (PD) - document, which may
also be a chapter in an EIS, that describes the nature,
configuration, use of raw materials and natural
resources, production system, waste or pollution
generation and control and the activities of a
proposed project. It includes a description of the use
of human resources as well as activity timelines,
during the pre-construction, construction, operation
and abandonment phases. It is to be used for
reviewing co-located and single projects under
Category C, as well as for Category D projects.
Y. Project or Undertaking - any activity, regardless of
scale or magnitude, which may have significant
impact on the environment.
z. Proponent - any natural or juridical person
intending to implement a project or undertaking.
aa. Public Participation - open, transparent, gendersensitive, and community based process aimed at
ensuring the social acceptability of a project or
undertaking, involving the broadest range of
stakeholders, commencing at the earliest possible
stage, of project design and development and
continuing until post-assessment monitoring.
bb. Procedural Review - phase in the ECC
application review process to check for the
completeness the required documents, conducted by
EIAM Division at the EMB Central Office or
Regional Office.
cc. Process Industry - an industry whose project
operation stage involves chemical, mechanical or
other processes.
dd. Scoping - the stage in the EIS System where
information and project impact assessment
requirements are established to provide the proponent
and the stakeholders the scope of work and terms of
reference for the EIS.
ee. Secretary - the Secretary of the DENR.
ff. Social Acceptability - acceptability of a project by
affected communities based on timely and informed
participation in the EIA process particularly with
regard to environmental impacts that are of concern
to them.

gg. Stakeholders - entities who may be directly and

significantly affected by the project or undertaking.
hh. Substantive Review - the phase in the EIA
process whereby the document submitted is subjected
to technical evaluation by the EIARC.
ii. Technology - all the knowledge, products,
processes, tools, methods and systems employed in
the creation of goods or providing services.
ARTICLE II
ECC APPLICATION PROCESSING
APPROVAL PROCEDURES

AND

Section 4. Scope of the EIS System

4.1 In general, only projects that pose potential
significant impact to the environment shall be
required to secure ECC's. In coordination with the
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and other
concerned government agencies, the EMB is
authorized to
update or make appropriate revisions to the technical
guidelines for EIS System implementation.
4.2 The issuance of ECC or CNC for a project under
the EIS System does not exempt the proponent from
securing other government permits and clearances as
required by other laws.
In determining the scope of the EIS System, two
factors are considered: (i) the nature of the project
and its potential to cause significant negative
environmental impacts, and (ii) the sensitivity or
vulnerability of environmental resources in the
project area. 4.3 The specific criteria for, determining
projects or undertakings to be covered by the EIS
System are as follows:
a. Characteristics of the project or undertaking
Size of the project
Cumulative nature of impacts vis-a-vis: other
projects
Use of natural resources
Generation of waste and environment-related
nuisance
Environment-related hazards and risk of
accidents
b. Location of the Project
Vulnerability of the project area to disturbances
due to its ecological importance, endangered or
protected status

 Conformity of the proposed project to existing

land use, based on approved zoning or on
national laws and regulations
Relative abundance, quality and regenerative
capacity of natural resources in the area,
including the impact absorptive capacity of the
environment
c. Nature of the potential impact
Geographic extent of the impact and size of
affected population
Magnitude and complexity of the impact
Likelihood, duration, frequency, and
reversibility of the impact
The
following
are
the
categories
projects/undertakings under the EIS system:

of

Category A. Environmentally Critical Projects

(ECPs) with significant potential to cause negative
environmental impacts
Category B. Projects that are not categorized as
ECPs, but which may cause negative environmental
impacts because they are located in Environmentally
Critical Areas (ECA's)
Category C. Projects intended to directly enhance
environmental
quality
or
address
existing
environmental problems not falling under Category A
or B.

Description Which will be used as basis by EMB for

screening the project and
determining its category.
Section
5.
Requirements
for
Securing
Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) and
Certificate of Non-Coverage (CNC)
5.1 Documentary Requirements for Proponents ECC
processing requirements shall focus on information
needed to assess critical
environmental impacts of projects. Processing
requirements shall be customized based on the
project categories.
The total maximum processing time reckons from the
acceptance of the ECC/CNC application for
substantive review up to the issuance of the decision
5.2 Forms and Contents of EIA Study Reports and
Other Documents Required Under the EIS System
The following are the different forms of EIA study
reports and documents required under the EIS
System. DENR employees are prohibited from taking
part in the preparation of such documents.
The DENR/EMB shall limit to a maximum of two (2)
official requests (in writing) to the project proponent
for additional information, which shall be made
within the first 75% of the processing timeframe
shown in Section 5.1.1.
5.2.1. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).

Category D. Projects unlikely to cause adverse

environmental impacts.
4.4 Proponents of co-located or single projects that
fall under Category A and B are required to secure
ECC. For co-located projects, the proponent has the
option to secure a Programmatic ECC. For ecozones,
ECC application may be programmatic based on
submission of a programmatic EIS, or locatorspecific based on submission of project EIS by each
locator.
4.5 Projects under Category C are required submit
Project Description.
4.6 Projects classified under Category D may secure
a CNC. The EMB-DENR, however, may require
such, projects or undertakings to provide additional
environmental safeguards as it may deem necessary. ,
4.7
Projects/undertakings
introducing
new
technologies or construction technique but which
may cause significant negative environmental
impacts shall be required to submit a Project

The EIS should contain at least the following:

a. EIS Executive Summary;
b. Project Description;
c. Matrix of the scoping agreement identifying
critical issues and concerns, as validated by EMB;
d. Baseline environmental conditions focusing on the
sectors (and resources) most significantly affected by
the proposed action;
e. Impact assessment focused on significant
environmental impacts (in relation to project
construction/commissioning,
operation
and
decommissioning), taking into account cumulative
impacts;
f. Environmental Risk Assessment if determined by
EMB as necessary during scoping;
g. Environmental Management Program/Plan;
h. Supporting documents; including technical/socioeconomic data used/generated; certificate of zoning
viability and municipal land use plan; and proof of
consultation with stakeholders;

i. Proposals for Environmental Monitoring and

Guarantee Funds including justification of amount,
when required;
j. Accountability statement of EIA consultants and
the project proponent; and
k. Other clearances and documents that may be
determined and agreed upon during scoping.
5.2.2. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
Report
IEE Report is similar to an EIS, but with reduced
details of data and depth of assessment and
discussion. It may be customized for different types
of projects under Category B. The EMB shall
coordinate with relevant government agencies and
the private sector to customize and update IEE
Checklists to further streamline ECC processing,
especially for small and medium enterprises.
5.2.3. Programmatic
Statement (PEIS)

Environmental

c. An EMP based on an environmental management

system framework and standard set by EMB.
5.2.5. Environmental Performance Report and
Management Plan
The EPRMP shall contain the following:
a. Project Description;
b. Baseline conditions for critical environmental
parameters;
c. Documentation of the environmental performance
based on the current/past environmental management
measures implemented;
d. Detailed comparative, description of the proposed
project expansion and/or process modification with
corresponding material and energy balances in the
case of process industries,
e. EMP based on an environmental management
system framework and standard set by EMB.

Impact

The PEIS shall contain the following:

a. Executive Summary;
b. Project Description;
c. Summary matrix of scoping agreements as
validated by EMB;
d. [-co-profiling of air, land, water, and relevant
people aspects;
e. Environmental carrying capacity analysis;
f. Environmental Risk Assessment (if found
necessary during scoping);
g. Environmental Management Plan to include
allocation scheme for discharge of pollutants; criteria
for
acceptance
of locators,
environmental
management
guidebook
for
locators,
and
environmental liability scheme;
h. Duties of the Environmental Management Unit to
be created;
i. Proposals for Environmental Monitoring &
Guarantee Funds and terms of reference for the
Multi-partite Monitoring Team, and
j. Other supporting documents and clearances that
may be agreed during the scoping.
5.2.4. Programmatic Environmental Performance
Report and Management Plan (PEPRMP).
The PEPRMP shall contain the following:
a. Project Description of the co-located projects;
b. Documentation of the actual environmental
performance based on current/past environmental
management measures implemented, and

5.2.6. Project Description (PD)

The PD shall be guided by the definition of terms and
shall contain the following: and update IEE
Checklists to further streamline ECC processing,
especially for small and medium enterprises.
5.2.3. Programmatic Environmental Impact
Statement (PEIS)
The PEIS shall contain the following:
a. Executive Summary;
b. Project Description;
c. Summary matrix of scoping agreements as
validated by EMB;
d. [-co-profiling of air, land, water, and relevant
people aspects;
e. Environmental carrying capacity analysis;
f. Environmental Risk Assessment (if found
necessary during scoping);
g. Environmental Management Plan to include
allocation scheme for discharge of pollutants; criteria
for
acceptance
of locators,
environmental
management
guidebook
for
locators,
and
environmental liability scheme;
h. Duties of the Environmental Management Unit to
be created;
i. Proposals for Environmental Monitoring &
Guarantee Funds and terms of reference for the
Multi-partite Monitoring Team, and
j. Other supporting documents and clearances that
may be agreed during the
scoping.
5.2.4. Programmatic Environmental Performance
Report and Management Plan (PEPRMP).
The PEPRMP shall contain the following:

a. Project Description of the co-located projects;

b. Documentation of the actual environmental
performance based on current/past environmental
management measures implemented, and
c. An EMP based on the environmental management
system framework and standard set by EMB.
5.2.5. Environmental Performance Report and
Management Plan (EPRMP)
The EPRMP shall contain the following:
a. Project Description;
b. Baseline conditions for critical environmental
parameters;
c. Documentation of the environmental performance
based on the current/past environmental management
measures implemented;
d. Detailed comparative, description of the proposed
project expansion and/or process modification with
corresponding material and energy balances in the
case of process industries,
e. EMP based on an environmental management
system framework and standard set by EMB.
5.2.6. Project Description (PD)
The PD shall be guided by the definition of terms and
shall contain the following:
a. Description of the project;
b. Location and area covered;
c. Capitalization and manpower requirement;
d. For process industries, a listing of raw materials to
be used, description of the process or manufacturing
technology, type and volume of products and
discharges:
e. For Category C projects, a detailed description on
how environmental efficiency and overall
performance improvement will be attained, or how an
existing environmental problem will be effectively
solved or mitigated by the project, and
f. A detailed location map of the impacted site
showing relevant features (e.g. slope, topography,
human settlements).
g. Timelines for construction and commissioning .
5.2.7. EMS-based EMP.
The EMS-based EMP is an option that proponents
may undertake in lieu of the EPRMP for single
projects applying for ECC under Category A-3 and
B-3.
5.3 Public Hearing 1 Consultation Requirements
For projects under Category A-1, the conduct of
public hearing as part of the EIS review is mandatory

unless otherwise determined by EMB. For all other

undertakings, a public hearing is not mandatory
unless specifically required by EMB.
Proponents should initiate - public consultations early
in order to ensure that environmentally relevant
concerns of stakeholders are taken into consideration
in the EIA study and the formulation of the
management plan, All public consultations and public
hearings conducted during the EIA process are to be
documented. The public hearing/ consultation
Process report shall be validated by the EMB/EMB
RD and shall constitute part of the records of the EIA
process.
5.4 Documentation Requirements for DENR-EMB
and EIA Reviewers
The EMB Central Office as well as the EMB
Regional Offices shall document the proceedings of
the ECC application process and shall set up and
maintain relevant information management systems.
The documentation shall, at a minimum, include the
following:
5.4.1. Review Process Report
This is to be prepared by the EMB Central or EMB
RO. It is to be forwarded to the DENR Secretary or
RD as reference for decision-making and maintained
as part of the records on the ECC application. The
report should contain at least the following:
a. Summary of the environmental impacts of the
undertaking, along with the proposed mitigation and
enhancement measures;
b. Key issues/concerns and the proponent's response
to these;
c. Documentation of compliance with procedural
requirements;
d. Acceptability of proposed EMP including the
corresponding cost of mitigation, EGF and EMF if
required;
e. Key bases for the decision on the ECC application.
5.4.2. EIARC Report
This report, to be prepared by the EIA Review
Committee, forms part of the EIS review
documentation. The EIARC Report shall be written
by the designated member of the EIARC and signed
by all the members within five days after the final
review meeting. If an EIARC member dissents, he or
she must submit a memorandum to the EMB Director
through the EIARC Chairman his or her reasons for
dissenting.
At a minimum the EIARC report should contain;

a. Detailed assessment of the proposed mitigation and

enhancement
measures
for
the
identified
environmental impacts and risks;
b. Description of residual or unavoidable
environmental impacts despite proposed mitigation
measures;
c.
Documentation
of
compliance
with
technical/substantive review criteria;
d. Key issues/concerns and the proponent's response
to these, including social acceptability measures;
e. Assessment of the proposed EMP (including risk
reduction/management plan) and amounts proposed
for the Environmental Guarantee Fund and the
Environmental Monitoring Fund, and
f. Recommended decision regarding the ECC
application as well as proposed ECC conditions.
5.4.3. Decision Document
This is an official letter regarding the decision on the
application. It may be in the form of an
Environmental Compliance Certificate or a Denial
Letter. The ECC shall contain the scope and
limitations of the approved activities, as well as
conditions to ensure compliance with the
Environmental Management Plan. The ECC shall
also specify the setting up of an EMF and EGF, if
applicable. No ECC shall be released until the
proponent has settled all liabilities, fines and other
obligations with DENR.

unnecessary legal action. Frivolous appeals shall not

be countenanced.
The proponent or any stakeholder may file an appeal
to the following:
Deciding Authority Where to file the appeal
EMB Regional Office Director Office of the EMB
Director
EMB Central Office Office of the DENR Secretary
DENR Secretary Office of the President
Section 7. The EIA Process in Relation to the
Project Planning Cycle
Proponents are directed under AO 42 to conduct
simultaneously the environmental impact study and
the project planning or feasibility study. EMB may
validate whether or not the EIS was integrated with
project planning by requiring relevant documentary
proofs, such as the terms of reference for the
feasibility study and copies of the feasibility study
report.
The EMB shall study the potential application of EIA
to policy-based undertakings as a further step toward
integrating and streamlining the EIS system.
Section 8. EIS System Procedures
8.1 Manual of Procedures

A Denial Letter on the other hand shall specify the

bases for the decision. The ECC or Denial Letter
shall be issued directly to the project proponent or its
duly authorized representative, and receipt of the
letter shall be properly documented. The ECC of a
project not implemented within five years from its
date of issuance is deemed expired. The Proponent
shall have to apply for a new ECC if it intends to
pursue the project. The reckoning date of project
implementation is the date of ground breaking, based
on the proponent's work plan as submitted to the
EMB.

8.1.1. The procedures to enable the processing of

ECCICNC applications within the timeframes,
specified in AO 42 shall be prescribed in a Procedural
Manual to be issued by the EMB Central Office
within ninety (90) days from the date of this Order.
8.1.2. The Manual of Procedures shall be updated as
the need arises to continually shorten the review and
approval/denial
timeframes
where
feasible.
Formulation of said procedures shall conform to the
following guidelines;

Section 6. Appeal
Any party aggrieved by the final decision on the ECC
/ CNC applications may, within 15 days from receipt
of such decision, file an appeal on the following
grounds:

8.2.1. If no decision is made within the specified

timeframe, the ECC/CNC application is deemed
automatically approved and the approving authority
shall issue the ECC or CNC within five (5) working
days after the prescribed processing timeframe has
lapsed. However, the EMB may deny issuance of
ECC if the proponent fails to submit required
additional information critical to deciding on the
ECC/CNC application, despite written request from
EMB and despite an adequate period for the
proponent to comply with the said requirement;
8.2.2. In cases where ECC issuance cannot be
decided due to the proponent's inability to submit

a. Grave abuse of discretion on the part of the

deciding authority, or
b. Serious errors in the review findings.
The DENR may adopt alternative conflict/dispute
resolution procedures as a means to settle grievances
between proponents and aggrieved parties to avert

8.2 Processing Timeframe

required additional information within the prescribed

period, the EMB shall return the application to the
proponent. The project proponent may resubmit its
application, including the required additional
information, within one (1) year for Category A
projects and six (6) months for Category B projects
without having to pay processing and other fees.
Otherwise, the matter shall be treated as a new
application.
8.2.3. In cases where EMB and the project proponent
have exhausted all reasonable efforts to generate the
information needed for deciding on the ECC/CNC
application, the responsible authority (Secretary or
EMB Director/ Regional Director), shall make a
decision based on the available information so as to
comply with the prescribed timeframe. The decision
shall nonetheless reflect a thorough assessment of
impacts taking into
consideration (i) the significance of environmental
impacts and risks; (ii) the carrying capacity of the
environment; (iii) equity issues with respect to use of
natural resources, (iv) and the proponent's
commitment, to institute effective environmental
management measures.
8.3 Amending an ECC
Requirements for processing ECC amendments shall
depend on the nature of the request but shall be
focused on the information necessary to assess the
environmental impact of such changes.
8.3.1. Requests for minor changes to ECCs such as
extension of deadlines for submission of post-ECC
requirements shall be decided upon by the endorsing
authority.
8.3.2. Requests for major changes to ECCs shall be
decided upon by the deciding authority.
8.3.3. For ECCs issued pursuant to an IEE or IEE
checklist, the processing of the amendment
application shall not exceed thirty (30) working days;
and for ECCs issued pursuant to an EIS, the
processing shall not exceed sixty (60) working days.
Provisions on automatic approval related to
prescribed timeframes under AO 42 shall also apply
for the processing of applications to amend ECCs.
Section 9. Monitoring of Projects with ECCs
Post ECC monitoring of projects shall follow these
guidelines. Other details on requirements for
monitoring of projects with ECCs shall be stipulated
in a procedural manual to be formulated by EMB.
9.1 Multipartite Monitoring Team
For projects under Category A, a multi-partite
monitoring team (MMT) shall be formed

immediately after the issuance of an ECC.

Proponents required to establish an MMT shall put up
an Environmental Monitoring Fund (EMF) not later
than the initial construction phase of the project.
The MMT shall be composed of representatives of
the proponent and of stakeholder groups, including
representatives from concerned LGU's, locally
accredited NGOs/POs, the community, concerned
EMB Regional Office, relevant government agencies,
and other sectors that may be identified during the
negotiations.
The team shall be tasked to undertake monitoring of
compliance with ECC conditions as well as the EMP.
The MMT shall submit a semi-annual monitoring
report within January and July of each year.
The EMB shall formulate guidelines for
operationalizing area-based or cluster-based MMT.
The Bureau may also develop guidelines for
delegating, monitoring responsibilities to other
relevant government agencies as may be deemed
necessary.
For
projects
whose
significant
environmental impacts do not persist after the
construction phase or whose impacts could be
addressed through other regulatory means or through
the mandates of other government agencies, the
operations of MMT may be terminated immediately
after construction or after a reasonable period during
implementation.
9.2 Self-monitoring and Third Party Audit
The proponent shall also conduct regular selfmonitoring of specific parameters indicated in the
EMP through its environmental unit. The proponent's
environmental unit shall submit a semi-annual
monitoring report within January and July of each
year.
For projects with ECCs issued based on a PEPRMP,
EPRMP, or an EMS-based EMP, a third party audit
may be undertaken by a qualified environmental or
EMS auditor upon the initiative of the proponent and
in lieu of forming an MMT. The said proponent shall
submit to EMB a copy of the audit findings and shall
be held accountable for the veracity of the report. The
EMB may opt to validate the said report.
9.3 Environmental Guarantee Fund
An Environmental Guarantee Fund (EGF) shall be
established for all co-located or single projects that
have been determined by DENR to pose a significant
public risk or where the project requires rehabilitation
or restoration. An EGF Committee shall be formed to
manage the fund. It shall be composed of

representatives from the EMB Central Office, EMB

Regional Office, affected communities, concerned
LGUs, and relevant government agencies identified
by EMB.
An integrated MOA on the MMT-EMF-EGF shall be
entered into among the EMB Central Office, EMB
Regional Office, the proponent, and representatives
of concerned stakeholders.
9.4 Abandonment
For projects that shall no longer be pursued, the
proponent should inform EMB to relieve the former
from the requirement for continued compliance with
the ECC conditions. For projects that have already
commenced
implementation,
an
abandonment/decommissioning plan shall be
submitted for approval by EMB at least six (6)
months
before
the
planned
abandonment/decommissioning. The implementation
of the plan shall be verified by EMB.
ARTICLE Ill
STRENGTHENING THE IMPLEMENTATION
OF THE PHILIPPINE EIS
SYSTEM
Section 10. Coordination with other Government
Agencies and other Organizations
The DENR-EMB shall conduct regular consultations
with DTI and other pertinent government agencies,
affected industry groups and other stakeholders on
continually streamlining the processing of ECC
applications and post ECC implementation to fulfill
the policy and objectives of this administrative order.
The President shall be apprised of the issues raised as
well as the actions taken by DENR to address these
issues whenever necessary.
Section 11. Information Systems Improvement
The information system on the EIS System
implementation shall be improved for the effective
dissemination of information to the public. The
information system shall include regular updating of
the status of ECC applications through a website and
through other means.
Section 12. Accreditation System
To enhance the quality of the EIS submitted to the
DENR/EMB, the EMB shall establish an
accreditation system for individual professionals,
academic and professional organizations that can be
tapped to train professionals in conducting EIA using
training modules approved by EMB.

The EMB shall also work with DTI-BPS for an

accreditation system for environmental and EMS
auditors, consistent with provisions of DAO 2003-14
on the Philippine Environmental Partnership
Program.
Section 13. Creation of an HAM Division and
Strengthening of Review and Monitoring
Capability
In order to effectively implement the provisions of
this administrative order, the current EIA ad hoc
division at the EMB Central Office and the EMB
Regional Offices that are primarily in-charge of
processing ECC applications and post-ECC
monitoring shall be converted to a full-pledged
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
Division (EIAMD). The Division shall have the
following structure and functions:
13.1 The EIA Evaluation Section shall be in charge of
screening projects for coverage under the EIS
System, EIS Scoping, and evaluation of EIS's and
IEE's submitted for ECC issuance. It shall have three
units responsible, respectively, for screening for
coverage, EIS Scoping, and evaluation of ECC
applications. The EMB may commission independent
professionals, experts from the academe and
representatives from relevant government agencies as
members of the EIA Review Committee as may be
deer 31d necessary. Further, continual improvement
of the technical capability of the Staff of the EIA
Division shall be undertaken.
13.2 The Impact Monitoring and Validation Section
shall be in charge of monitoring compliance to ECC
conditions and implementation of the Environmental
Management Program (EMP): The unit shall also
validate actual impacts as a basis for evaluating
environmental performance and effectiveness of the
EMP.
13.3 In the EMB Central Office, there shall be a
Systems Planning and Management Section. It shall
ensure that a continually improving systems-oriented
and integrated approach is followed in implementing
the Philippine EIS System vis-a-vis national
development programs. The section shall have two
units responsible for specific systems level concerns:
(1) Project Level Systems Planning and Management
Unit; and (2) Program and Policy Level Systems
Planning and Management Unit. This section shall
also be responsible for technical coordination with
the EIA Division in the different EMB Regional
Offices.

The organizational structure of the EMB Central

Office is in Annex 1.
ARTICLE 1V
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Section 14. Budget Allocation
For the effective implementation of this order,
adequate funding should be provided under the
annual General Appropriations Act.
Per AU 42, the new position items for the EIA
Division shall be created out of the existing budget
and vacant position items within the government
service, which shall be reclassified accordingly.
Section 15. Fees
All proponents, upon submission of the IEEIEIS and
application for amendment, shall pay filing fees and
other charges in accordance with prescribed standard
costs and fees set by EMB in relation to the
implementation of the Philippine EIS System, as
shown in Annex 2.
The proponent shall shoulder the cost of reviewing
the EIS.
Section 16. Fines, Penalties And Sanctions
The EMB Central Office or Regional Office
Directors shall impose penalties upon persons or
entities found violating provisions of P.D. 1586, and
its Implementing Rules and Regulations. Details of
the Fines and Penalty Structure shall be covered by a
separate order.
The EMB Director or the EMB-RD may issue a
Cease and Desist Order (CDO) based on violations
under the Philippine EIS System to prevent grave or
irreparable damage to the environment. Such CDO
shall be effective immediately. An appeal or any
motion seeking to lift the CDO shall not stay its
effectivity. However, the DENR shall act on such
appeal or motion within ten (10) working days from
filing.
The EMB may publish the identities of firms that are
in violation of the EIA Law and its Implementing
Rules and Regulations despite repeated Notices of
Violation and/or Cease and Desist Orders.
Section 17. Transitory Provisions
The DENR may extend reprieve to proponents of
projects operating without ECC (Categories A-3 and
B-3) from penalties specified in PD 1586 upon
registration with the EMB Central Office. An
Environmental Performance Report and Management

Plan (EPRMP) shall be submitted as a requirement

for such ECC application within six months from the
signing of this Administrative order.
During the period that that the Procedural Manual
and other necessary guidelines are being prepared,
existing guidelines which are consistent with the
provisions of this Order shall remain in effect.
Adequate resources shall be provided for the
formulation of the Procedural Manual and for the
effective implementation of this Order.
Section 18. Repealing Clause
This Order hereby supersedes Department
Administrative Order No. 96-37, Department
Administrative Order No. 2000-37, DAO 2000-05
and other related orders, which are inconsistent
herewith.

Sec. 2. The provisions of this Act shall apply to the

lands of the public domain; but timber and mineral
lands shall be governed by special laws and nothing
in this Act provided shall be understood or construed
to change or modify the administration and
disposition of the lands commonly called friar
lands and those which, being privately owned, have
reverted to or become the property of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines, which
administration and disposition shall be governed by
the laws at present in force or which may hereafter be
enacted.
Sec. 3. The Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce
shall be the executive officer charged with carrying
out the provisions of this Act through the Director of
Lands, who shall act under his immediate control.
Sec. 4. Subject to said control, the Director of Lands
shall have direct executive control of the survey,
classification, lease, sale or any other form of
concession or disposition and management of the
lands of the public domain, and his decisions as to
questions of fact shall be conclusive when approved
by the Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce.
Sec. 5. The Director of Lands, with the approval of
the Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce shall
prepare and issue such forms, instructions, rules, and
regulations consistent with this Act, as may be
necessary and proper to carry into effect the
provisions thereof and for the conduct of proceedings
arising under such provisions.
CHAPTER II
CLASSIFICATION, DELIMITATION, AND
SURVEY OF LANDS OF THE PUBLIC
DOMAIN, FOR THE CONCESSION THEREOF

C.A. No. 141 : AN ACT TO AMEND AND

COMPILE THE LAWS RELATIVE TO LANDS
OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
TITLE I
TITLE AND APPLICATION OF THE ACT,
LANDS TO WHICH IT REFERS, AND
CLASSIFICATION, DELIMITATION, AND
SURVEY - THEREOF FOR CONCESSION
CHAPTER I
SHORT TITLE OF THE ACT, LANDS TO
WHICH IT APPLIES, AND OFFICERS
CHARGED WITH ITS EXECUTION

Sec. 6. The President, upon the recommendation of

the Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce, shall
from time to time classify the lands of the public
domain into (a) Alienable or disposable;
(b) Timber, and
(c) Mineral lands,
and may at any time and in a like manner transfer
such lands from one class to another, for the purposes
of their administration and disposition.
Sec. 7. For the purposes of the administration and
disposition of alienable or disposable public lands,
the President, upon recommendation by the Secretary
of Agriculture and Commerce, shall from time to
time declare what lands are open to disposition or
concession under this Act.
Sec. 8. Only those lands shall be declared open to
disposition or concession which have been officially
delimited and classified and, when practicable,

surveyed, and which have not been reserved for

public or quasi-public uses, nor appropriated by the
Government, nor in any manner become private
property, nor those on which a private right
authorized and recognized by this Act or any other
valid law may be claimed, or which, having been
reserved or appropriated, have ceased to be so
However, the President may, for reasons of public
interest, declare lands of the public domain open to
disposition before the same have had their boundaries
established or been surveyed, or may, for the same
reason, suspend their concession or disposition until
they are again declared open to concession or
disposition by proclamation duly published or by Act
of the National Assembly.
Sec. 9. For the purpose of their administration and
disposition, the lands of the public domain alienable
or open to disposition shall be classified, according to
the use or purposes to which such lands are destined,
as follows:
(a) Agricultural
(b) Residential commercial industrial or for similar
productive purposes
(c) Educational, charitable, or other similar purposes
(d) Reservations for town sites and for public and
quasi-public uses.
The President, upon recommendation by the
Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce, shall from
time to time make the classifications provided for in
this section, and may, at any time and in a similar
manner, transfer lands from one class to another.
Sec. 10. The words alienation, disposition, or
concession as used in this Act, shall mean any of
the methods authorized by this Act for the
acquisition, lease, use, or benefit of the lands of the
public domain other than timber or mineral lands.
TITLE II
AGRICULTURAL PUBLIC LANDS
CHAPTER III
FORMS OF CONCESSION OF
AGRICULTURAL LANDS
Sec. 11. Public lands suitable for agricultural
purposes can be disposed of only as follows, and not
otherwise:
(1) For homestead settlement
(2) By sale
(3) By lease
(4) By confirmation of imperfect or incomplete titles:
(a) By judicial legalization
(b) By administrative legalization (free patent).
Sec. 12. Any citizen of the Philippines over the age
of eighteen years, or the head of a family, who does
not own more than twenty-four hectares of land in the
Philippines or has not had the benefit of any

gratuitous allotment of more than twenty-four

hectares of land since the occupation of the
Philippines by the United States, may enter a
homestead of not exceeding twenty-four hectares of
agricultural land of the public domain.
Sec. 13. Upon the filing of an application for a
homestead, the Director of Lands, if he finds that the
application should be approved, shall do so and
authorize the applicant to take possession of the land
upon the payment of five pesos, Philippine currency,
as entry fee. Within six months from and after the
date of the approval of the application, the applicant
shall begin to work the homestead, otherwise he shall
lose his prior right to the land.
Sec. 14. No certificate shall be given or patent issued
for the land applied for until at least one-fifth of the
land has been improved and cultivated. The period
within which the land shall be cultivated shall not be
less than one or more than five years, from and after
the date of the approval of the application. The
applicant shall, within the said period, notify the
Director of Lands as soon as he is ready to acquire
the title. If at the date of such notice, the applicant
shall prove to the satisfaction of the Director of
Lands, that he has resided continuously for at least
one year in the municipality in which the land is
located, or in a municipality adjacent to the same, and
has cultivated at least one-fifth of the land
continuously since the approval of the application,
and shall make affidavit that no part of said land has
been alienated or encumbered, and that he has
complied with all the requirements of this Act, then,
upon the payment of five pesos, as final fee, he shall
be entitled to a patent.
Sec. 15. At the option of the applicant, payment of
the fees required in this chapter may be made to the
municipal treasurer of the locality, who, in turn, shall
forward them to the provincial treasurer. In case of
delinquency of the applicant, the Director of Lands
may, sixty days after such delinquency has occurred,
either cancel the application or grant an extension of
time not to exceed one hundred and twenty days for
the payment of the sum due.
Sec. 16. If at any time before the expiration of the
period allowed by law for the making of final proof,
it shall be proven to the satisfaction of the Director of
Lands, after due notice to the homesteader, that the
land entered is under the law not subject to homestead entry, or that the homesteader has actually
changed his residence, or voluntarily abandoned the
land for more than six months at any one time during
the years of residence and occupation herein
required, or has otherwise failed to comply with the
requirements of this Act, the Director of Lands may
cancel the entry.

Sec. 17. Before final proof shall be submitted by any

person claiming to have complied with the provisions
of this chapter, due notice, as prescribed by the
Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce shall be
given to the public of his intention to make such
proof, stating therein the name and address of the
homesteader, the description of the land, with its
boundaries and area, the names of the witness by
whom it is expected that the necessary facts will be
established, and the time and place at which, and the
name of the officer before whom, such proof will be
made.
Sec. 18. In case the homesteader shall suffer from
mental alienation, or shall for any other reason be
incapacitated from exercising his rights personally,
the person legally representing him may offer and
submit the final proof on behalf of such incapacitated
person.
Sec. 19. Not more than one homestead entry shall be
allowed to any one person, and no person to whom a
homestead patent has been issued by virtue of the
provisions of this Act regardless of the area of his
original homestead, may again acquire a homestead;
Provided, however, That any previous homesteader
who has been issued a patent for less than twentyfour hectares and otherwise qualified to make a
homestead entry, may be allowed another homestead
which, together with his previous homestead shall not
exceed an area of twenty-four hectares.
Sec. 20. If at any time after the approval of the
application and before the patent is issued, the
applicant shall prove to the satisfaction of the
Director of Lands that he has complied with all the
requirements of the law, but cannot continue with his
homestead, through no fault of his own, and there is a
bona fide purchaser for the rights and improvements
of the applicant on the land, and that the conveyance
is not made for purposes of speculation, then the
applicant, with the previous approval of the Director
of Lands may transfer his rights to the land and
improvements to any person legally qualified to
apply for a homestead, and immediately after such
transfer, the purchaser shall file a homestead
application for the land so acquired and shall succeed
the original homesteader in his rights and obligations
beginning with the date of the approval of said
application of the purchaser. Any person who has so
transferred his rights may not again apply for a new
homestead. Every transfer made without the previous
approval of the Director of Lands shall be null and
void and shall result in the cancellation of the entry
and the refusal of the patent.
Sec. 21. Any non-Christian Filipino who has not
applied for a home-stead, desiring to live upon or
occupy land on any of the reservations set aside for
the so-called non-Christian tribes may request a

permit of occupation for any tract of land of the

public domain reserved for said non-Christian tribes
under this Act, the area of which shall not exceed
four hectares. It shall be an essential condition that
the applicant for the permit cultivate and improve the
land, and if such cultivation has not been begun
within six months from and after the date on which
the permit was received, the permit shall be
cancelled. The permit shall be for a term of one year.
If at the expiration of this term or at any time prior
thereto, the holder of the permit shall apply for a
homestead under the provisions of this chapter,
including the portion for which a permit was granted
to him, he shall have the priority, otherwise the land
shall be again open to disposition at the expiration of
the permit.
For each permit the sum of one peso shall be paid.
CHAPTER IV
SALE
Sec. 22. Any citizen of lawful age of the Philippines,
and any such citizen not of lawful age who is a head
of a family, and any corporation or association of
which at least sixty per centum of the capital stock or
of any interest in said capital stock belongs wholly to
citizens of the Philippines, and which is organized
and constituted under the laws of Philippines, and
corporate bodies organized in the Philippines
authorized under their charters to do so; may
purchase any tract of public agricultural land
disposable under this Act, not to exceed one hundred
and forty-four hectares in the case of an individual
and one thousand and twenty-four hectares in that of
a corporation or association, by proceeding as
prescribed in this chapter: Provided, That
partnerships shall be entitled to purchase not to
exceed one hundred and forty-four hectares for each
member thereof. But the total area so purchased shall
in no case exceed the one thousand and twenty-four
hectares authorized in this section for associations
and corporations.
Sec. 23. No person, corporation, association,
or partnership other than those mentioned in the last
preceding section may acquire or own agricultural
public land or land of any other denomination or
classification, which is at the time or was originally,
really or presumptively, of the public domain, or any
permanent improvement thereon, or any real right on
such land and improvement: Provided, however, That
persons, corporations, associations or partnerships
which, at the date upon which the Philippine
Constitution took effect, held agricultural public
lands or land of any other denomination, that
belonged originally, really or presumptively, to the
public domain, or permanent improvements on such

lands, or a real right upon such lands and

Constitution took improvements, having acquired the
same under the laws and regulations in force at the
date of such acquisition, shall be authorized to
continue holding the same as if such persons,
corporations, associations, or partnerships were
qualified under the last preceding section; but they
shall not encumber, convey, or alienate the same to
persons, corporations, associations, or partnerships
not included in section twenty-two of this Act, except
by reason of hereditary succession, duly legalized
and acknowledged by competent courts.
Sec. 24. Lands sold under the provisions of this
chapter must be appraised in accordance with section
one hundred and sixteen of this Act. The Director of
Lands shall announce the sale thereof by publishing
the proper notice once a week for six consecutive
weeks in the Official Gazette, and in two newspapers
one published in Manila and the other published in
the municipality or in the province where the lands
are located, or in a neighboring province, and the
same notice shall be posted on the bulletin board of
the Bureau Of Lands in Manila, and in the most
conspicuous place in the provincial building and the
municipal building of the province and municipality,
respectively, where the land is located, and, if
practicable, on the land itself; but if the value of the
land does not exceed two hundred and forty pesos,
the publication in the Official Gazette and
newspapers may be omitted. The notices shall be
published one in English and the other in Spanish or
in the local dialect, and shall fix a date not earlier
than sixty days after the date of the notice upon
which the land will be awarded to the highest bidder,
or public bids will be called for, or other action will
be taken as provided in this chapter.
Sec. 25. Public agricultural lands which are not
located within ten (10) kilometers from the
boundaries of the city proper in chartered cities or
within five (5) kilometers from the municipal hall or
town occupants plaza of any municipality may be
sold to actual occupants who do not own any parcel
of land or whose total land holdings do not exceed
five hectares and who comply with the minimum
requirements of Commonwealth Act numbered one
hundred forty-one, as amended, and who have
resided on the land applied for at least two years prior
to the date of the application.
All bids must be sealed and addressed to the Director
of Lands and must have enclosed therewith cash or
certified check, treasury warrant, or post-office
money order payable to the order of the Director of
Lands for ten per centum of the amount of the bid,
which amount shall be retained in case the bid is
accepted as part payment of the purchase price:

Provided, That no bid shall be considered the amount

of which is less than the appraised value of the land.
In addition to existing publication requirements in
section twenty-four of Commonwealth Act
Numbered one hundred forty-one, as amended,
notices and of applications shall be posted for a
period of not less than thirty days in at least three
conspicuous places in the municipality where the
parcel of land is located, one of which shall be at the
municipal building, and other, in the barrio council
building of the barrio where the land is located.
Sec. 26. Upon the opening of the bids, the land shall
be awarded to the highest bidder. If there are two or
more equal bids which are higher than the others, and
one of such equal bids is that of the applicant, his bid
shall be accepted. If, however, the bid of the
applicant is not one of such equal and higher bids, the
Director of Lands shall at once submit the land for
public bidding, and to the person making the highest
bid on such public auction the land shall be awarded.
In any case, the applicant shall always have the
option of raising his bid to equal that of the highest
bidder, and in this case the land shall be awarded to
him. No bid received at such public auction shall be
finally accepted until the bidder shall have deposited
ten per centum of his bid, as required in Section
twenty-five of this Act. In case none of the tracts of
land that are offered for sale or the purchase of which
has been applied for, has an area in excess of twentyfour hectares, the Director of Lands may delegate to
the District Land Officer concerned the power of
receiving bids, holding the auction, and proceeding in
accordance with the provisions of this Act, but the
District
Land
Officer
shall
submit
his
recommendation to the Director of Lands, for the
final decision of the latter in the case.
The District Land Officer shall accept and process
any application for the purchase of public lands not
exceeding five hectares subject to the approval of the
Director of Lands within sixty days after receipt of
the recommendation of said District Land Officer.
Sec. 27. The purchase price shall be paid as follows:
The balance of the purchase price after deducting the
amount paid at the time of submitting the bid, may be
paid in full upon the making of the award, or in not
more than ten equal annual installments from the date
of the award.
Sec. 28. The purchaser shall have not less than onefifth of the land broken and cultivated within five
years after the date of the award; and before any
patent is issued, the purchaser must show of
occupancy, cultivation, and improvement of at least
one-fifth of the land applied for until the date on
which final payment is made: Provided, however,
That in case land purchased is to be devoted to
pasture, it shall be sufficient compliance with this

condition if the purchaser shall graze on the land as

many heads of his cattle as will occupy at least onehalf of the entire area at the rate of one head per
hectare.
Sec. 29. After title has been granted, the purchaser
may not, within a period of ten years from such
cultivation or grant, convey or encumber or dispose
said lands or rights thereon to any person, corporation
or association, without prejudice to any right or
interest of the Government in the land: Provided,
That any sale and encumbrance made in violation of
the provisions of this section, shall be null and void
and shall produce the effect of annulling the
acquisition and reverting the property and all rights
thereto to the State, and all payments on the purchase
price theretofore made to the Government shall be
forfeited.
Sec. 30. If at any time after the date of the award and
before the issuance of patent, it is proved to the
satisfaction of the Director of Lands, after due notice
to the purchaser, that the purchaser has voluntarily
abandoned the land for more than one year at any one
time, or has otherwise failed to comply with the
requirements of the law, then the land shall revert to
the State, and all prior payments made by the
purchaser and all improvements existing on the land
shall be forfeited.
Sec. 31. No person, corporation, association, or
partnership shall be permitted, after the approval of
this Act, to acquire the title to or possess as owner
any lands of the public domain if such lands, added to
other lands belonging to such person, corporation,
association, or partnership shall give a total area
greater than area the acquisition of which by
purchase is authorized under this Act. Any excess in
area over this maximum and all right, title, interest,
claim or action held by any person, corporation,
association, or partnership resulting directly or
indirectly in such excess shall revert to the State.
This section shall, however, not be construed to
prohibit any person, corporation, association, or
partnership authorized by this Act to require lands of
the public domain from making loans upon real
necessary for the recovery of such loans; but in this
case, as soon as the excess above referred to occurs,
such person, corporation, association, or partnership
shall dispose of such lands within five years, for the
purpose of removing the excess mentioned. Upon the
land in excess of the limit there shall be paid, so long
as the same is not disposed of, for the first year a
surtax of fifty per centum additional to the ordinary
tax to which such property shall be subject, and for
each succeeding year fifty per centum shall be added
to the last preceding annual tax rate, until the
property shall have been disposed of.

The person, corporation, association, or partnership

owning the land in excess of the limit established by
this Act shall determine the portion of land to be
segregated.
At the request of Secretary of Agriculture and
Commerce, the Solicitor-General or the officer acting
in his stead shall institute the necessary proceedings
in the proper court for the purpose of determining the
excess portion to be segregated, as well as the
disposal of such portion in the exclusive interest of
the Government.
Sec. 32. This chapter shall be held to authorize only
one purchase of the maximum amount of land
hereunder by the same person, corporation,
association, or partnership; and no corporation,
association, or partnership, any member of which
shall have received the benefits of this chapter or of
the next following chapter, either as an individual or
as a member of any other corporation, association, or
partnership, shall purchase any other lands of the
public domain under this chapter. But any purchaser
of public land, after having made the last payment
upon and cultivated at least one-fifth of the land
purchased, if the same shall be less than the
maximum allowed by this Act, may purchase
successively additional agricultural public land
adjacent to or not distant from the land first
purchased, until the total area of such purchases shall
reach the maximum established in this chapter:
Provided, That in making such additional purchase or
purchases, the same conditions shall be complied
with as prescribed by this Act for the first purchase.
CHAPTER V
LEASE
Sec. 33. Any citizen of lawful age of the Philippines,
and any corporation or association of which at least
sixty per centum of the capital stock or of any interest
in said capital stock belongs wholly to citizens of the
Philippines, and which is organized and constituted
under the laws of the Philippines, may lease any tract
of agricultural public land available for lease under
the provisions of this Act, not exceeding a total of
one thousand and twenty-four hectares. If the land
leased is adapted to and be devoted for grazing
purposes, an area not exceeding two thousand
hectares may be granted. No member, stockholder, of
officer, representative, attorney, agent, employee or
bondholder of any corporation or association holding
or controlling agricultural public land shall apply,
directly or indirectly, for agricultural public land
except under the homestead and free patent
provisions of this Act: Provided, That no lease shall
be permitted to interfere with any prior claim by
settlement or occupation, until the consent of the

occupant or settler is first had, or until such claim

shall be legally extinguished, and no person,
corporation, or association shall be permitted to lease
lands here-under which are not reasonably necessary
to carry on his business in case of an individual, or
the business for which it was lawfully created and
which it may lawfully pursue in the Philippines, if an
association or corporation.
Sec. 34. A notice of the date and place of the auction
of the right to lease the land shall be published and
announced in the same manner as that prescribed for
the publication and announcement of the notice of
sale, in section twenty-four of this Act.
Sec. 35. All bids must be sealed and addressed to the
Director of Lands and must have enclosed therewith
cash or a certified check, Treasury warrant, or postoffice money order payable to the order of the
Director of Lands, for a sum equivalent to the rental
for at least, the first three months of the lease:
Provided, That no bid shall be considered in which
the proposed annual rental is less than three per
centum of the value of the land according to the
appraisal made in conformity with section one
hundred and sixteen of this Act.
Sec. 36. The auction of the right to lease the land
shall be conducted under the same procedure as that
prescribed for the auction sale of agricultural lands as
described in section twenty-six of this Act: Provided,
That no bid shall be accepted until the bidder shall
have deposited the rental for at least the first three
months of the lease.
Sec. 37. The annual rental of the land leased shall not
be less than three per centum of the value of the land,
according to the appraisal and reappraisal made in
accordance with section one hundred sixteen of this
Act; except for lands reclaimed by the Government,
which shall not be less than four per centum of the
appraised and reappraised value of the land:
Provided, That one-fourth of the annual rental of
these lands reclaimed prior to the approval of this Act
shall accrue to the construction and improvement
portion of the Portworks Funds: And provided,
further, That the annual rental of not less than four
per centum of the appraised and reappraised value of
the lands reclaimed using the Portworks Fund after
the approval of this Act shall all accrue to the
construction and improvement portion of the
Portworks Fund. But if the land leased is adapted to
and be devoted for granting purposes, the annual
rental shall be not less than two per centum of-the
appraised and reappraised value thereof- Every
contract of lease under the provisions of this chapter
shall contain a cause to the effect that are appraisal of
the land leased shall be made every ten years from
the date of the approval of the lease, if the term of the
same shall be in excess of ten years. In case the

lessee is not agreeable to the reappraisal and prefers

to give up his contract of lease, he shall notify the
Director of Lands of his desire within the six months
next preceding the date on which the reappraisal
takes effect, and in case his request is approved, the
Director of Lands may, if the lessee should so desire,
proceed in accordance with section one hundred of
this Act.
Sec. 38. Leases shall run for a period of not more
than twenty-five years, but may be renewed once for
another period of not to exceed twenty-five years, in
case the lessee shall have made important
improvements which, in the discretion of the
Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce justify a
renewal. Upon the final expiration of the lease, all
buildings and other permanent improvements made
by the lessee, his heirs, executors, administrators,
successors, or assigns shall become the property of
the Government, and the land together with the said
improvements shall be disposed of in accordance
with the provisions of chapter five of this Act.
Sec. 39. It shall be an inherent and essential condition
of the lease that the lessee shall have not less than
one-third of the land broken and cultivated within
five years after the date of the approval of the lease:
Provided, however, That in case the land leased is to
be devoted to pasture, it shall be sufficient
compliance with this condition if the lessee shall
graze on the land as many heads of cattle as will
occupy at least one-half of the entire area at the rate
of one head per hectare.
Sec. 40. The lessee shall not assign, encumber, or
sublet his rights without the consent of the Secretary
of Agriculture and Commerce, and the violation of
this condition shall avoid the contract: Provided, That
assignment, encumbrance, or subletting for purposes
of speculation shall not be permitted in any case:
Provided, further, That nothing contained in this
section shall be understood or construed to permit the
assignment, encumbrance, or subletting of lands
leased under this Act, or under any previous Act, to
persons, corporations, or associations which under
this Act, are not authorized to lease public lands.
Sec. 41. The lease of any lands under this chapter
shall not confer the right to remove or dispose of any
valuable timber except as provided in the regulations
of the Bureau of Forestry for cutting timber upon
such lands. Nor shall such lease confer the right to
remove or dispose of stone, oil, coal, salts. or other
minerals, or medicinal mineral waters existing upon
the same. The lease as to the part of the land which
shall be mineral may be canceled by the Secretary of
Agriculture and Commerce, after notice to the lessee,
whenever the said part of the land is more valuable
for agricultural purposes.

The commission of waste or violation of the forestry

regulations by the lessee shall work a forfeiture of his
last payment of rent and render him liable to
immediate dispossession and suit for damage.
Sec. 42. After having paid rent for at least the first
two years of the lease, and having complied with the
requirements prescribed in section thirty nine, the
lessee of agricultural public land with an area than
the maximum allowed by law, may lease successively
additional agricultural public land adjacent to or near
the land originally leased until the total- area of such
leases shall reach the maximum established in this
chapter: Provided, That in making such additional
lease, the same conditions shall be complied with as
prescribed by this Act for the first lease.
Sec. 43. During the life of the lease, any lessee who
shall have complied with all the conditions thereof
and shall have the qualifications required by section
twenty-two, shall have the option of purchasing the
land leased subject to the restrictions of chapter five
of this Act.
CHAPTER VI
FREE PATENTS
Sec. 44. Any natural-born citizen of the Philippines
who is not the owner of more than twenty-four
hectares and who since July fourth, nineteen hundred
and twenty-six or prior thereto, has continuously
occupied and cultivated, either by himself or through
his predecessors-in-interest, a tract or tracts of
agricultural public lands subject to disposition, or
who shall have paid the real estate tax thereon while
same has not been occupied by any person shall be
entitled, under the provisions of this chapter, to have
a free patent issued to him for such tract or tracts of
such land not to exceed twenty-four hectares.
A member of the national cultural minorities who has
continuously occupied and cultivated, either by
himself or through his predecessors-in-interest, a tract
or tracts of land, whether disposable or not since July
4, 1955, shall be entitled to the right granted in the
preceding paragraph of this section: Provided, That at
the time he files his free patent application he is not
the owner of any real property secured or disposable
under this provision of the Public Land Law
Sec. 45. The President of the Philippines (Prime
Minister), upon recommendation of the Secretary of
Natural Resources, shall from time to time fix by
proclamation the period which applications for
Proclamation free patents may be filed in the district,
chartered city, of period province, municipality or
region specified in such proclamation, and upon the
expiration of the period so designated, unless the
same be extended by the President (Prime Minister)
all the land comprised within such district, chartered

city, province, municipality or region subject thereto

under the provisions of this chapter may be disposed
of as agricultural public land without prejudice to the
prior right of the occupant and cultivator to acquire
such land under this Act by means other than free
patent. The time to be fixed in the entire Archipelago
for the filing of applications under this Chapter shall
not extend beyond December 31, 1987, except in the
provinces of Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur,
Cotabato, South Cotabato, Bukidnon, Lanao del
Norte, Lanao del Sur, Davao del Norte, Davao del
Sur, Davao Oriental, Sulu, Mt. Province, Benguet,
Kalinga-Apayao, and Ifugao where the President of
the Philippines, upon recommendation of the
Secretary of Natural Resources, shall determine or fix
the time beyond which the filing of applications
under this Chapter shall not extend. The period fixed
for any district, chartered city, province, or
municipality shall begin to run thirty days after the
publication of the proclamation in the Official
Gazette and if available in one newspaper of general
circulation in the city, province or municipality
concerned. A certified copy of said proclamation
shall be furnished by the Secretary of Natural
Resources within 30 days counted from the date of
the presidential proclamation to the Director of Lands
and to the provincial board, the municipal board or
city council and barangay council affected, and
copies thereof shall be posted on the bulletin board of
the Bureau of Lands at Manila and at conspicuous
places in the provincial building and at the municipal
building and barangay hall or meeting place. It shall
moreover, be announced by government radio
whenever available, in each of the barrios of the
municipality.
Sec. 46. If, after the filing of the application and the
investigation, the Director of Lands shall be satisfied
of the truth of the allegations contained the
application and that the applicant comes within the
provisions chapter, he shall cause a patent to issue to
the applicant or his legal successor for the tract so
occupied and cultivated, provided its area does not
exceed twenty-four hectares: Provided, That no
application shall be finally acted upon until notice
thereof has been published in the municipality and
barrio in which the land is located and adverse
claimants have had an opportunity to present their
claims.
CHAPTER VII
JUDICIAL CONFIRMATION OF IMPERFECT
OR INCOMPLETE TITLES
Sec. 47. The persons specified in the next following
section are hereby granted time, not to extend beyond
December 31, 1987 within which to take advantage

of the benefit of this chapter: Provided, That this

extension shall apply only where the area applied for
does not exceed 144 hectares. Provided, further, That
the several periods of time designated by the
President in accordance with section forty-five of this
Act shall apply also to the lands comprised in the
provisions of this chapter, but this section shall not be
construed as prohibiting any of said persons from
acting under this chapter at any time prior to the
period fixed by the President.
Sec. 48. The following-described citizens of the
Philippines, occupying lands of the public domain or
claiming to own any such lands or an interest therein,
but whose titles have not been perfected or
completed, may apply to the Court of First Instance
of the province where the land is located for
confirmation of their claims and the issuance of a
certificate of title therefor, under the Land
Registration Act , to wit:
(a) Those who prior to the transfer of sovereignty
from Spain to the prior United States have applied for
the purchase, composition or other form of grant of
lands of the public domain under the laws and royal
decrees then in force and have instituted and
prosecuted the proceedings in connection therewith,
but have with or without default upon their part, or
for any other cause, not received title therefor, if such
applicants or grantees and their heirs have occupied
and cultivated said lands continuously since the filing
of their applications.
(b) Those who by themselves or through their
predecessors in interest have been in open,
continuous, exclusive, and notorious possession and
occupation of agricultural lands of the public domain,
under a bona fide claim of acquisition or ownership,
for at least thirty years immediately preceding the
filing of the application for confirmation of title
except when prevented by war or force majeure.
These shall be conclusively presumed to have
performed all the conditions essential to a
Government grant and shall be entitled to a certificate
of title under the provisions of this chapter.
(c) Members of the national cultural minorities who
by themselves or through their predecessors-ininterest have been in open, continuous, exclusive and
notorious possession and occupation of lands of the
public domain suitable to agriculture, whether
disposable or not, under a bona fide claim of
ownership for at least 30 years shall be entitled to the
rights granted in sub-section (b) hereof.
Sec. 49. No person claiming title to lands of the
public domain not possession of the qualifications
specified in the last preceding section may apply for
the benefits of this chapter.
Sec. 50. Any person or persons, or their legal
representatives or successors in right, claiming any

lands or interest in lands under the provisions of this

chapter, must in every case present an application to
the proper Court of First Instance, praying that the
validity of the alleged title or claim be inquired into
and that a certificate of title be issued to them under
the provisions of the Land Registration Act.
The application shall conform as nearly as may be in
its material allegations to the requirements of an
application for registration under the Land
Registration Act, and shall be accompanied by a plan
of the land and all documents evidencing a right on
the part of the applicant to the land claimed. The
application shall also state the citizenship of the
applicant and shall set forth fully the nature of the
claim and when based upon proceeding initiated
under Spanish laws, it shall specify as exactly as
possible the date and form of application for purchase
composition or other form of grant, the extent of the
compliance with the conditions required by the
Spanish laws and royal decrees for the acquisition of
legal title, and if not fully complied with, the reason
for such noncompliance, together with a statement of
the length of time such land or any portion thereof
has been actually occupied by the claimant or his
predecessors in interest; the use made of the land, and
the nature of the enclosure, if any. The fees provided
to be paid for the registration of lands under the Land
Registration Act shall be collected from applicants
under this chapter.
Sec. 51. Applications for registration under this
chapter shall be heard in the Court of First Instance in
the same manner and shall be subject to the same
procedure as established in the Land Registration Act
for other applications, except that a notice of all such
applications, together with a plan of the lands
claimed, shall be immediately forwarded to the
Director of Lands, who may appear as a party in such
cases: Provided, That prior to the publication for
hearing, all of the papers in said case shall be
transmitted papers by the clerk to the Solicitor
General or officer acting in his stead, in order that he
may, if he deems it advisable for the interests of the
Government, investigate all of the facts alleged in the
application or otherwise brought to his attention. The
Solicitor-General shall return such papers to the clerk
as soon as practicable within three months.
The final decree of the court shall in every case be
the basis for the original certificate of title in favor of
the person entitled to the property under the
procedure prescribed in section forty-one of the Land
Registration Act.
Sec. 52. In cadastral proceedings, instead of an
application, an answer or claim may be filed with the
same effect as in the procedure provided in the last
preceding two sections.

Sec. 53. It shall be lawful for the Director of Lands,

whenever in the opinion of the President the public
interests shall require it, to cause to be filed in the
proper Court of First Instance, through the SolicitorGeneral or the officer acting in his stead, a petition
against the holder, claimant, possessor, or occupant of
any land who shall not have voluntarily come in
under the provisions of this chapter or of the Land
Registration Act, stating in substance that the title of
such holder, claimant, possessor, or occupant is open
to discussion; or that the boundaries of any such land
which has not been brought into court as aforesaid
are open to question; or that it is advisable that the
title to such lands be settled and adjudicated, and
praying that the title to any such land or the
boundaries thereof or the right to occupancy thereof
be settled and adjudicated. The judicial proceedings
under this section shall be in accordance with the
laws on adjudication of title in cadastral proceedings.
Sec. 54. If in the hearing of any application arising
under this chapter the court shall find that more than
one person or claimant has an interest in the land,
such conflicting interests shall be adjudicated by the
court and decree awarded in favor of the person or
persons entitled to the land according to the laws, but
if none of said person is entitled to the land, or if the
person who might be entitled to the same lacks the
qualifications required by this Act for acquiring
agricultural land of the public domain, the decision
shall be in favor of the Government.
Sec. 55. Whenever, in any proceedings under this
chapter to secure registration of an incomplete or
imperfect claim of title initiated prior to the transfer
of sovereignty from Spain to the United States, it
shall appear that had such claims been prosecuted to
completion under the laws prevailing when instituted,
and under the conditions of the grant then
contemplated, the conveyance of such land to the
applicant would not have been gratuitous, but would
have involved payment therefor to the Government,
then and in that event the court shall, after decreeing
in whom title should vest, further determine the
amount to be paid as a condition for the registration
of the land. Such judgment shall be certified to the
Director of Lands by the clerk of the court for
collection of the amount due from the person entitled
to conveyance.
Upon payment to the Director of Lands of the price
specified in the judgment, he shall so certify to the
proper Court of First Instance and said court shall
forthwith order the registration of the land in favor of
the competent person entitled thereto. If said person
shall fail to pay the amount of money required by the
decree within a reasonable time fixed in the same, the
court shall order the proceeding to stand dismissed

and the title to the land shall then be in the State free
from any claim of the applicant.
Sec. 56. Whenever any judgment of confirmation or
other decree of the court under this chapter shall
become final, the clerk of the court concerned shall
certify that fact to the Director of Lands, with a
certified copy of the decree of confirmation or
judgment of the court and the plan and technical
description of the land involved in the decree or
judgment of the court.
Sec. 57. No title or right to, or equity in, any lands of
the public domain may hereafter be acquired by
prescription or by adverse possession or occupancy,
or under or by virtue of any law in effect prior to
American occupation, except as expressly provided
by laws enacted after said occupation of the
Philippines by the United States.
TITLE III
LANDS FOR RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL
OR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES AND OTHER
SIMILAR PURPOSES
CHAPTER VIII
CLASSIFICATION AND CONCESSION OF
PUBLIC LANDS SUITABLE FOR RESIDENCE,
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Sec. 58. Any tract of land of the public domain
which, being neither timber nor mineral land, is
intended to be used for residential purposes or for
commercial, industrial, or other productive purposes
other than agricultural, and is open to disposition or
concession, shall be disposed of under the provisions
of this chapter and not otherwise.
Sec. 59. The lands disposable under this title shall be
classified as follows:
(a) Lands reclaimed by the Government by dredging,
filing, or other means;
(b) Foreshore;
(c) Marshy lands or lands covered with water
bordering upon the shores or banks of navigable
lakes or rivers;
(d) Lands not included in any of the foregoing
classes.
Sec. 60. Any tract of land comprised under this title
may be leased or sold, as the case may be, to any
person, corporation, or association authorized to
purchase or lease public lands for agricultural
purposes. The area of the land so leased or sold shall
be such as shall, in the judgment of the Secretary of
Agriculture and Natural Resources, be reasonably
necessary for the purposes for which such sale or
lease is requested, and shall in no case exceed one
hundred and forty-four hectares: Provided, however,
That this limitation shall not apply to grants,
donations, transfers made to a province, municipality

or branch or subdivision of the Government for the

purposes deemed by said entities conducive to the
public interest; but the land so granted donated, or
transferred to a province, municipality, or branch or
subdivision of the Government shall not be alienated,
encumbered, or otherwise disposed of in a manner
affecting its title, except when authorized by
Congress: Provided, further, That any person,
corporation, association or partnership disqualified
from purchasing public land for agricultural purposes
under the provisions of this Act, may lease land
included under this title suitable for industrial or
residential purposes, but the lease granted shall onlybe valid while such land is used for the purposes
referred to.
Sec. 61. The lands comprised in classes (a), (b), and
(c) of section fifty-nine shall be disposed of to private
parties by lease only and not otherwise, as soon as the
President, upon recommendation by the Secretary of
Agriculture and Commerce shall declare that the
same are not necessary for the public service and are
open to disposition under this chapter. The lands
included in class (d) may be disposed of by sale or
lease under the provisions of this Act.
Sec. 62. The lands reclaimed by the Government by
dredging, filling or otherwise shall be surveyed and
may, with the approval of the Secretary of
Agriculture and Commerce, be divided by the
Director of Lands into lots and blocks, with the
necessary streets and alley-ways between them, and
said Director shall give notice to the public by
publication in the Official Gazette or by other means,
that the lots or blocks not needed for public purposes
shall be leased for commercial or industrial or other
similar purposes.
Sec. 63. Whenever it is decided that lands covered by
this chapter are not needed for public purposes, the
Director of Lands shall ask the Secretary of
Agriculture and Commerce for authority to dispose of
the same. Upon receipt of such authority, the Director
of Lands shall give notice by public advertisement in
the same manner as in the case of leases or sales of
agricultural public land, that the Government will
lease or sell, as the case may be, the lots or blocks
specified in the advertisement, for the purpose stated
in the notice and subject to the conditions specified in
this chapter.
Sec. 64. The leases executed under this chapter by the
Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce shall, among
other conditions, contain the following:
(a) The rental shall not be less than three per centum
of the appraised or reappraised value of the land plus
one per centum of the appraised or reappraised value
of the improvements, except for lands reclaimed by
the Government which shall not be less than four per
centum of the appraised or reappraised value of the

land plus two per centum of the appraised or

reappraised value of the improvements thereon:
Provided, That twenty-five per centum of the total
annual rental on all lands reclaimed prior to the
approval of this Act and one per centum of the
appraised or reappraised value of improvements shall
accrue to the construction and improvement portion
of the Portworks Fund: And provided, further, That
the annual rental on lands reclaimed using the
Portworks Fund together with the fee due on account
of the improvement thereon after the effectivity of
this Act shall all accrue to the construction and
improvement portion of the Portworks Fund.
(b) The land rented and the improvements thereon
shall be reappraised every ten years if the term of the
lease is in excess of that period.
(c) The term of the lease shall be as prescribed by
section thirty-eight of this Act.
(d) The lessee shall construct permanent
improvements appropriate for the purpose for which
the lease is granted, shall commence the construction
thereof within six months from the date of the award
of the right to lease the land, and shall complete the
said construction within eighteen months from said
date.
(e) At the expiration of the lease or of any extension
of the same, all improvements made by the lessee, his
heirs, executors, administrators, successors, or
assigns shall become the property of the Government.
(f) The regulation of all rates and fees charged to the
public; and the annual submission to the Government
for approval of all tariffs of such rates and fees.
(g) The continuance of the easements of the coast
police and other easements reserved by existing law
or by any laws hereafter enacted.
(h) Subjection to all easements and other rights
acquired by the owners of lands bordering upon the
foreshore or marshy land.
The violation of one or any of the conditions
specified in the contract shall give rise to the
rescission of said contract. The Secretary of
Agriculture and Commerce may, however, subject to
such conditions as he may prescribe, waive the
rescission arising from a violation of the conditions
of subsection (d), or extend the time within which the
construction of the improvements shall be
commenced and completed.
Sec. 65. The sale of the lands comprised in classes (c)
and (d) of section fifty-nine shall, among others,
comprise the following conditions:
(a) The purchaser shall make improvements of a
permanent character appropriate for the purpose for
which the land is purchased, shall commence work
thereon within six months from the receipt of the
order of award, and shall complete the construction
of said improvements within eighteen months from

the date of such award; otherwise the Secretary of

Agriculture and Natural Resources may rescind the
contract.
(b) The purchase price shall be paid in cash or in
equal annual installments, not to exceed ten.
The contract of sale may contain other conditions not
inconsistent with the provisions of this Act.
Sec. 66. The kind of improvements to be made by the
lessee or the purchaser, and the plans thereof, shall be
subject to the approval of the Secretary of Public
Works and Communications, in case they are
constructions or improvements which if by the
Government, would properly have to be executed
under the supervision of the Bureau of Public Works.
Sec. 67. The lease or sale shall be made through oral
bidding; and adjudication shall be made to the
highest bidder. However, where an applicant has
made improvements on the land by virtue of a permit
issued to him by competent authority, the sale or
lease shall be made by sealed bidding as prescribed in
section twenty-six of this Act, the provisions of
which shall be applied wherever applicable. If all or
part of the lots remain unleased or unsold, the
Director of Lands shall from time to time announce
in the Official Gazette or in any other newspapers of
general circulation, the lease or sale of those lots, if
necessary
Sec. 68. The Secretary of Agricultural and Commerce
may grant to qualified persons temporary permission,
upon payment of a reasonable charge, for the use of
any portion of the lands covered by this chapter for
any lawful private purpose, subject to revocation at
any time when, in his judgment, the public interest
shall require it.
TITLE IV
LANDS FOR EDUCATIONAL, CHARITABLE,
AND OTHER SIMILAR PURPOSES
CHAPTER IX
CONCESSION OF LANDS FOR
EDUCATIONAL, CHARITABLE, AND OTHER
SIMILAR PURPOSES
Sec. 69. Whenever any province, municipality, or
other branch or subdivision of the Government shall
need any portion of the land of the public domain
open to concession for educational, charitable or
other similar purposes, the President, upon
recommendation by the Secretary of Agriculture and
Commerce, may execute contracts in favor of the
same. in the form of donation, sale, lease, exchange,
or any other form, under terms and conditions to be
inserted in the contract; but land so granted shall in
no case be encumbered or alienated, except when the
public service requires their being leased or
exchanged, with the approval of the President, for

other lands belonging to private parties, or if the

National Assembly disposes otherwise.
Sec. 70. Any tract of public land of the class covered
by this title may be sold or leased for the purpose of
founding a cemetery, church, college, school,
university, or other institutions for educational,
charitable or philanthropical purposes or scientific
research, the area to be such as may actually and
reasonably be necessary to carry out such purpose,
but not to exceed ninety-six hectares in any case. The
sale or lease shall be made subject to the same
conditions as required for the sale and lease of
agricultural public land, but the Secretary of
Agriculture and Commerce may waive the conditions
requiring cultivation. The Secretary of Agriculture
and Commerce, if conveyance he sees fit, may order
the sale to be made without public auction, at a price
to be fixed by said Secretary, or the lease to be
granted without auction, at a rental to be fixed by
him. In either case it shall be a condition that the
purchaser or lessee or their successors or assigns
shall not sell transfer, encumber or lease the land for
the purposes of speculation or use it for any purpose
other than that contemplated in the application, and
that the violation of this condition shall give rise to
the immediate rescission of the sale or lease, as the
case may be, and to the forfeiture to the Government
of all existing improvements: Provided, That it shall
in no case be sublet, encumbered or resold under the
conditions above set forth except with the approval of
the Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce.
TITLE V
RESERVATIONS
CHAPTER X
TOWN SITE RESERVATIONS
Sec. 71. Whenever it shall be considered to be in the
public interest to found a new town. The Secretary of
Agriculture and Commerce shall direct the Director
of Lands to have a survey made by his Bureau of the
exterior boundaries of the site on which such town is
to be established, and upon the completion of the
survey he shall send the same to said Secretary, with
his recommendations.
Sec. 72. The Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce,
if he approves the recommendations of the Director
of Lands, shall submit the matter to the President to
the end that the latter may issue a proclamation
reserving the land surveyed, or such part thereof as
he may deem proper, as a town site, and a certified
copy of such proclamation shall be sent to the
Director of Lands and another to the register of deeds
of the province in which the surveyed land lies.
Sec. 73. It shall then be the duty of the Director of
Lands, after having recorded the proclamation of the

President and the survey accompanying the same,

and having completed the legal proceedings
prescribed in chapter thirteen of this Act, to direct a
subdivision in accordance with the instructions of the
Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce, if there shall
be such instructions, and if there shall not be any,
then in the manner which may to the Director of
Lands seem best adapted to the convenience and
interest of the public and the residents of the future
town.
Sec. 74. The plat of the subdivision shall designate
certain lots for commercial and industrial uses and
the remainder as residence lots, and shall also reserve
and note the lots owned by private individuals as
evidenced by record titles, or possessed or claimed by
them as private property. Such lots, whether public or
private, shall be numbered upon a general plan or
system.
The plat prepared by the Director of Lands shall be
submitted to the Secretary of Agriculture and
Commerce
for
consideration,
modification,
amendment, or approval.
Sec. 75. Unless the necessary reservations are made
in the proclamation of the President, the Director of
Lands, with the approval of the Secretary of
Agriculture and Commerce, shall reserve out of the
land by him to be subdivided lots of sufficient size
and convenient situation for public use, as well as the
necessary avenues, streets, alleyways, parks, and
squares. The avenues, streets, alleys, parks, plazas,
and lots shall be laid out on the plat as though the
lands owned or claimed by private persons were part
of the public domain and part of the reservation, with
a view to the possible subsequent purchase or
condemnation thereof, if deemed necessary by the
proper authorities.
Sec.76. At any time after the subdivision has been
made, the President may, in case the public interest
requires it, reserve for public purposes any lot or lots
of the land so reserved and not disposed of.
Sec. 77. If, in order to carry out the provisions of this
chapter, it shall be necessary to condemn private
lands within the limits of the new town, the President
shall direct the Solicitor-General or officer acting in
his stead to at once begin proceedings for
condemnation, in accordance with the provisions of
existing law.
Sec. 78. When the plat of subdivision has been finally
approved by the Secretary of Agriculture and
Commerce, the Director of Lands shall record the
same in the records of his office and shall forward a
certified copy of such record to the register of deeds
of the province in which the land lies, to be by such
register recorded in the records of his office
Sec. 79. All lots, except those claimed by or
belonging to private parties and those reserved for

parks, buildings, and other public uses, shall be sold,

after due notice, at public auction to the highest
bidder, after the approval and recording of the plat of
subdivision as above provided, but no bid shall be
accepted that does not equal at least two-thirds of the
appraised value, nor shall bids be accepted from
persons, corporations, associations, or partnerships
not authorized to purchase public lands for
commercial, residential or industrial purposes under
the provisions of this Act. The provisions of sections
twenty-six and sixty-five of this Act shall be
observed in so far as they are applicable. Lots for
which satisfactory bids have not been received shall
be again offered for sale, under the same conditions
as the first time, and if they then remain unsold, the
Director of Lands shall be authorized to sell them at
private sale for not less than two-thirds of their
appraised value.
Sec. 80. All funds derived from the sale of lots shall
be covered into the Philippine Treasury as part of the
general funds.
Sec. 81. Not more than two residence lots and two
lots for commercial and industrial uses in any one
town site shall be sold to any one person, corporation,
or association without the specific approval of the
Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce.
Sec. 82. The Assembly shall have the power at any
time to modify, alter, rescind, repeal, annul, and
cancel, with or without conditions, limitation,
exceptions, or reservations, all and any dispositions
made by the executive branch of the Philippine
Government by virtue of this chapter, and the
exercise of this power shall be understood as reserved
in all cases, as an inherent condition thereof.
CHAPTER XI
RESERVATIONS FOR PUBLIC AND SEMIPUBLIC PURPOSES
Sec. 83. Upon the recommendation of the Secretary
of Agriculture and Commerce, the President may
designate by proclamation any tract or tracts of land
of the public domain as reservations for the use of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines or of any of its
branches, or of the inhabitants thereof, in accordance
with regulations prescribed for this purpose, or for
quasi-public uses or purposes when the public
interest requires it, including reservations for
highways, rights of way for railroads, hydraulic
power sites, irrigation systems, communal pastures or
leguas comunales, public parks, public quarries,
public fishponds, workingmens village and other
improvements for the public benefit.
Sec. 84. Upon recommendation of the Secretary of
Agriculture and Commerce, the President, may by
proclamation, designate any tract or tracts of the

public domain for the exclusive use of the nonChristian Filipinos, including in the reservation, in so
far as practicable, the lands used or possessed by
them, and granting to each member not already the
owner, by title or gratuitous patent, of four or more
hectares of land, the use and benefit only of a tract of
land not to exceed four hectares for each male
member over eighteen years of age or the head of a
family. As soon as the Secretary of the Interior shall
certify that the majority of the non-Christian
inhabitants of any given reservation have advanced
sufficiently in civilization, then the President may
order that the lands of the public domain within such
reservation be granted under the general provisions of
this Act to the said inhabitants, and the subdivision
and distribution of said lands as above provided shall
be taken into consideration in the final disposition of
the same. But any non-Christian inhabitant may at
any time apply for the general benefits of this Act
provided the Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce
is satisfied that such inhabitant is qualified to take
advantage of the provisions of the same: Provided,
That all grants, deeds, patents and other instruments
of conveyance of land or purporting to convey or
transfer rights of property, privileges, or easements
appertaining to or growing out of lands, granted by
sultans, datus, or other chiefs of the so-called nonChristian tribes, without the authority of the Spanish
Government while the Philippines were under the
sovereignty of Spain, or without the consent of the
United States Government or of the Philippine
Government since the sovereignty over the
Archipelago was transferred from Spain to the United
States, and all deeds and other documents executed or
issued or based upon the deeds, patents, and
documents mentioned, are hereby declared to be
illegal, void, and of no effect.
Sec. 85. Upon recommendation by the Secretary of
Agriculture and Commerce, the President may, by
proclamation designate any tract or tracts of land of
the public domain for the establishment of
agricultural colonies; and although the disposition of
the lands to the colonists shall be made under the
provisions of this Act, yet, while the Government
shall have the supervision and management of said
colonies, the Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce
may make the necessary rules and regulations for the
organization and internal administration of the same.
The Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce may
also, under conditions to be established by the
Assembly, turn over a colony so reserved to any
person or corporation, in order that such person or
corporation may clear, break, and prepare for
cultivation the lands of said colony and establish the
necessary irrigation system and suitable roads and
fences; but final disposition shall be made of the land

in accordance with the provisions of this Act, subject,

however, to such conditions as the National
Assembly may establish for the reimbursement of the
expense incurred in putting such lands in condition
for cultivation: Provided, That the National Assembly
may direct that such land so prepared for cultivation
may be disposed of only by sale or lease.
CHAPTER XII
PROVISIONS COMMON TO RESERVATIONS
Sec. 86. A certified copy of every proclamation of the
President issued under the provisions of this title
shall be forwarded to the Director of Lands for record
in his office, and a copy of this record shall be
forwarded to the register of deeds of the province or
city where the land lies. Upon receipt of such
certified copy, the Director of Lands shall order the
immediate survey of the proposed reservation if the
land has not yet been surveyed, and as soon as the
plat has been completed, he shall proceed in
accordance with the next following section.
Sec. 87. If all the lands included in the proclamation
of the President are not registered under the Land
Registration Act, the Solicitor-General, if requested
to do so by the Secretary of Agriculture and
Commerce, shall proceed in accordance with the
provision of section fifty-three of this Act.
Sec. 88. The tract or tracts of land reserved under the
provisions of section eighty-three shall be nonalienable and shall not be subject to occupation,
entry, sale, lease, or other disposition until again
declared alienable under the provisions of this Act or
by proclamation of the President.
TITLE VI
GENERAL PROVISIONS
CHAPTER XIII
APPLICATIONS: PROCEDURE, CONCESSION
OF LANDS, AND LEGAL RESTRICTIONS AND
ENCUMBRANCES
Sec. 89. All applications filed under the provisions of
this Act shall be addressed to the Director of Lands.
Sec. 90. Every application under the provisions of
this Act shall be made under oath and shall set forth:
(a) The full name of applicant, his age, place of birth,
citizenship, civil status, and post-office address. In
case the applicant is a corporation, association or copartnership, the application shall be accompanied
with a certified copy of its articles of incorporation,
association or co-partnership together with an
affidavit of its President, manager, or other
responsible officer, giving the names of the
stockholders or members, their citizenship, and the
number of shares subscribed by each.

(b) That the applicant has all the qualifications

required by this Act in the case.
(c) That he has none of the disqualifications
mentioned herein.
(d) That the application is made in good faith, for the
actual purpose of using the land for the object
specified in the application and for no other purpose,
and that the land is suitable for the purpose to which
it is to be devoted.
(e) That the application is made for the exclusive
benefit of the application and not, either directly or
indirectly, for the benefit of any other person or
persons, corporation, association, or partnership.
(f) As accurate a description of the land as may be
given, stating its nature the province, municipality,
barrio, and sitio where it is located, and its limits and
boundaries, specifying those having reference to
accidents of the ground or permanent monuments, if
any.
(g) Whether all or part of the land is occupied or
cultivated or improved, and by whom, giving his
post-office address, and whether the land has been
occupied or cultivated or improved by the applicant
or his ascendant, the name of the ascendant, the
relationship with him, the date and place of the death
of the ascendant, the date when the possession and
cultivation began, and description of the
improvements made, accompanying satisfactory
evidence of the relationship of the applicant with the
ascendant, and of the death of the latter and the
descendants left by him, in case it is alleged that he
occupied and cultivated the land first; or whether
there are indications of its having been occupied,
cultivated, or improved entirely or partially, and if so,
in what such indications consist, whether he has
made investigations as to when and by whom such
improvements were made, and if so, how such
investigations were made and what was the result
thereof; or whether the land is not occupied,
improved, or cultivated either entirely or partially,
and there are no indications of it having ever been
occupied, improved, or cultivated, and in this case,
what is the condition of the land.
(h) That the land applied for is neither timber nor
mineral land and does not contain guano or deposits
of salts or coal.
(i) That the applicant agrees that a strip forty meters
wide starting from the bank on each side of any river
or stream that may be found on the land applied for,
shall be demarcated and preserved as permanent
timberland to be planted exclusively to trees of
known economic value, and that he shall not make
any clearing thereon or utilize the same for ordinary
farming purposes even after patent shall have been
issued to him or a contract of lease shall have been
executed in his favor. 68

Sec. 91. The statements made in the application shall

be considered as essential conditions and parts of any
concession, title, or permit issued on the basis of such
application, and any false statements therein or
omission of facts altering, changing, or modifying the
consideration of the facts set forth in such statements,
and any subsequent modification, alteration, or
change of the material facts set forth in the
application shall ipso facto produce the cancellation
of the concession, title, or permit granted. It shall be
the duty of the Director of Lands, from time to time
and whenever he may deem it advisable, to make the
necessary investigations for the purpose of
ascertaining whether the material facts set out in the
application are true, or whether they continue to exist
and are maintained and preserved in good faith, and
for the purposes of such investigation, the Director of
Lands is hereby empowered to issue subpoenas and
subpoenas duces tecum and, if necessary, to obtain
compulsory process from the courts. In every
investigation made in accordance with this section,
the existence of bad faith, fraud, concealment, or
fraudulent and illegal modification of essential facts
shall be presumed if the grantee or possessor of the
land shall refuse or fail to obey a subpoena or
subpoena duces tecum lawfully issued by the
Director of Lands or his authorized delegates or
agents, or shall refuse or fail to give direct and
specific answers to pertinent questions, and on the
basis of such presumption, an order of cancellation
may issue without further proceedings.
Sec. 92. Although the maximum area of public land
that may be acquired is fixed, yet the spirit of this Act
is that the rule which must determine the real area to
be granted is the beneficial use of the land. The
concession or disposition shall be for less than the
maximum area authorized if, at the time of the
issuance of the patent or of the concession or
disposition, it shall appear that the applicant is
utilizing and is only able to utilize a smaller area,
even though the application is for a greater area. For
the purposes of this section, the Director of Lands is
authorized to determine the area that may be granted
to the applicant, and to deny or cancel or limit any
application for concession, purchase, or lease if
convinced of the lack of means of the applicant for
using the land for the purpose for which he has
requested it.
Sec. 93. Lands applied for under this Act shall
conform to the legal subdivisions and shall be
contiguous if comprising more than one subdivision.
If subdivisions have not been made on the date of the
application, the lands shall be rectangular in form so
far as practicable, but it shall be endeavored to make
them conform to the legal subdivision as soon as the
same has been made, provided the interests of the

applicant or grantee are protected; and the

subdivision assigned to the applicant or grantee shall,
so far as practicable, include the land improved or
cultivated. The regulations to be issued for the
execution of the provisions of this section shall take
into account the legal subdivision to be made by the
Government and the inadvisability of granting the
best land at a given place to only one person.
Sec. 94. In case the legal subdivisions have already
been made at the time of the filing of the application,
no charge shall be made for the survey; but if the
legal subdivisions have not yet been made, the cost of
the survey shall be charged to the Government,
except in the following cases:
(a) In purchases under chapters five and ten of this
Act, the cost of the survey shall be charged to the
purchaser if the same is a corporation, association, or
partnership; in other purchases the purchases,
whoever it be, shall pay the total cost of the survey.
(b) In leases, the cost of the survey shall be paid by
the lessee; but at any time after the first five years
from the approval of the lease, and during Cost of the
life of the same, the lessee shall be entitled to the
reimbursement of one-half of the cost of the survey, if
he shows to the satisfaction of the Director of Lands
that he has occupied and improved a sufficient area
of the land or incurred sufficient expenses in
connection therewith to warrant such reimbursement.
Section95. If before the delimitation and survey of a
tract of public land the President shall declare the
same disposable or alienable and such land shall be
actually occupied by a person other than the
applicant, the Director of Lands shall inform the
occupant of his prior right to apply for the land and
shall give him one hundred and twenty days time in
which to file the application or apply for the
concession by any of the forms of disposition
authorized by this Act, if such occupant is qualified
to acquire a concession under this Act.
Sec. 96. As soon as any land of the public domain has
been surveyed, delimited, and classified, the
President may, in the order issued by him declaring it
open for disposition, designate a term within which
occupants with improvements but not entitled to free
patents may apply for the land occupied by them, if
they have the qualifications required by this Act.
Sec. 97. If in the case of the two last preceding
sections, the occupant or occupants have not made
application under any of the provisions of this Act at
the expiration of the time limit fixed, they shall lose
any prior right to the land recognized by this Act, and
the improvements on the land, if any, shall be
forfeited to the Government.
Sec. 98. All rights in and interest to, and the
improvements and crops upon, land for which an
application has been denied or canceled or a patent or

grant refused, or a contract or concession rescinded

or annulled, shall also be forfeited to the
Government.
Sec. 99. The Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce
may order such improvements and crops to be
appraised separately, for sale to the new applicant or
grantee, or may declare such land open only to sale or
lease.
Sec. 100. In case the cancellation is due to
delinquency on the part of the applicant or grantee,
the same shall be entitled to the reimbursement of the
proceeds of the sale of the improvements and crops,
after deducting the total amount of his indebtedness
to the Government and the expense incurred by it in
the sale of the improvements or crops and in the new
concession of the land.
Sec. 101. All actions for the reversion to the
Government of lands of the public domain or
improvements thereon shall be instituted by the
Solicitor-General or the officer acting in his stead, in
the proper courts, in the name of the Commonwealth
of the Philippines.
Sec. 102. Any person, corporation, or association
may file an objection under oath to any application or
concession under this Act, grounded on any reason
sufficient under this Act for the denial or cancellation
of the application or the denial of the patent or grant.
If, after the applicant or grantee has been given
suitable opportunity to be duly heard, the objection is
found to be well founded, the Director of Lands shall
deny or cancel the application or deny patent or
grant, and the person objecting shall, if qualified, be
granted a prior right of entry for a term of sixty days
from the date of the notice.
Sec. 103. All the proofs, affidavits, and oaths of any
kind required or necessary under this Act may be
made before the justice of the peace 71 of the
municipality in which the land lies, or before the
judge or clerk of the Court of First Instance of the
province in which the land lies, or before any justice
of the peace or chargeable notary public of the
province in which the land lies, or before any officer
or employee of the Bureau of Lands authorized by
law to administer oaths.
The fees for the taking of final evidence before any
of the officials herein-before mentioned shall be as
follows:
For each affidavit, fifty centavos.
For each deposition of the applicant or the witness,
fifty centavos.
Sec. 104. Any owner of uncultivated agricultural land
who knowingly permits application for the same to
be made to the Government and the land to be tilled
and improved by a bona fide grantee without
protesting to the Bureau of Lands within one year
after cultivation has begun, shall lose all to the part of

the land so cultivated and improved, unless he shall

bring action in the proper court before such action for
recovery prescribes and obtains favorable judgment
therein, in which case the court shall, upon its
decision becoming final, order the payment to the
grantee, within a reasonable period, of the indemnity
fixed by said court for the cultivation and
improvement.
Sec. 105. If at any time the applicant or grantee shall
die before the issuance of the patent or the final grant
of the land, or during the life of the lease, or while
the applicant or grantee still has obligations pending
towards the Government, in accordance with this Act,
he shall be succeeded in his rights and obligations
with respect to the land applied for or granted or
leased under this Act by his heirs in law, who shall be
entitled to have issued to them the patent or final
concession if they show that they have complied with
the requirements therefor, and who shall be
subrogated in all his rights and obligations for the
purposes of this Act.
Sec. 106. If at any time after the approval of the
application and before the issuance of a patent or the
final concession of the land, or during the life of the
lease, or at any time when the applicant or grantee
still has obligations pending with the Government, in
accordance with this Act, it appears that the land
applied for is necessary, in the public interest, for the
protection of any source of water or for any work for
the public benefit that the Government wishes to
undertake, the Secretary of Agriculture and
Commerce may order the cancellation of the
application or the non issuance of the patent or
concession or the exclusion from the land applied for
of such portion as may be required, upon payment of
the value of the improvements, if any.
Sec. 107. All patents or certificates for land granted
under this Act shall be prepared in the Bureau of
Lands and shall be issued in the name of the
Government of the Republic of the Philippines under
the signature of the President of the Philippines:
Provided, however, That the President of the
Philippines may delegate to the Secretary of
Agriculture and Natural Resources 74 and/or the
Under secretary for Natural Resources 74 the power
to sign patents or certificates covering lands not
exceeding one hundred forty-four hectares in area,
and to the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural
Resources 75 the power to sign patents or certificates
covering lands exceeding one hundred forty-four
hectares in area: Provided, further, That District Land
Officers in every province are hereby empowered to
sign patents or certificates covering lands not
exceeding five hectares in area when the office of the
District Land Officer is properly equipped to carry
out the purposes of this Act: Provided, That no

applicant shall be permitted to split the area applied

for by him in excess of the area fixed in this section
among his relatives within the sixth degree of
consanguinity or affinity excepting the applicants
married children who are actually occupying the
land: Provided, finally, That copies of said patents
issued shall be furnished to the Bureau of Lands for
record purposes. No patent or certificate shall be
issued by the District Land Officer unless the survey
of the land covered by such patent or certificate,
whether made by the Bureau of Lands or by a private
surveyor, has been approved by the Director of
Lands. The Director of Lands shall promptly act upon
all surveys submitted to him for approval and return
the same to the District Land Officer within ninety
days after receipt of such surveys by his office. In
case of disapproval, the Director of Lands shall state
the reasons therefor. Any person aggrieved by the
decision or action of the District Land Officer may,
within thirty days from receipt of the copy of the said
decision, appeal to the Director of Lands. Such
patents or certificates shall be effective only for the
purposes defined in Section one hundred and twentytwo of the land Registration Act, and actual
conveyance of the land shall be effected only as
provided in said section.
All surveys pending approval by the Director of
Lands at the time this Act takes effect shall be acted
upon by him within ninety days from the effectivity
of this Act.
Section108. No patent shall issue nor shall any
concession or contract be finally approved unless the
land has been surveyed and an accurate plat made
thereof by the Bureau of Lands.
Sec. 109. In no case shall any land be granted under
the provisions of this Act when this affects
injuriously the use of any adjacent land or of the
waters, rivers, creeks, foreshore, roads, or roadsteads,
or vest the grantee with other valuable rights that may
be detrimental to the public interest.
Sec. 110. Patents or certificates issued under the
provisions of this Act shall not include nor convey
the title to any gold, silver, copper, iron, or other
metals or minerals, or other substances containing
minerals, guano, gums, precious stones, coal, or coal
oil contained in lands granted thereunder. These shall
remain to be property of the State.
Sec. 111. All persons receiving title to lands under the
provisions of this Act shall hold such lands subject to
the provisions hereof and to the same public
servitudes as exist upon lands owned by private
persons, including those with reference to the littoral
of the sea and the banks of navigable rivers or rivers
upon which rafting may be done.
Sec. 112. Said land shall further be subject to a rightof-way not exceeding sixty (60) meters in width for

public highways, railroads, irrigation ditches,

aqueducts, telegraph and telephone lines and similar
works as the Government or any public or quasipublic service or enterprise, including mining or
forest concessionaires, may reasonably require for
carrying on their business, with damages for the
improvements only. 77
Sec. 113. The beneficial use of water shall be the
basis, the measure, and the limit of all rights thereto,
and the patents herein granted shall be subject to the
right of the Government to make such rules and
regulations for the use of water and the protection of
the water supply, and for other public purposes, as it
may deem best for the public good. Whenever, by
priority of possession, rights to the use of water for
mining, agricultural, manufacturing, or other
purposes have vested and accrued, and the same are
recognized and acknowledged by the local customs,
or by the laws and decisions of the courts, the
possessors and owners of such vested rights shall be
maintained and protected in the same, and all patents
granted under this Act shall be subject to any vested
and accrued rights to ditches and reservoirs used in
connection with such water rights as may have been
acquired in the manner above described prior to April
eleven, eighteen hundred and ninety-nine.
Sec. 114. There is hereby reserved from the operation
of all patents, certificates, entries, and grants by the
Government authorized under this Act the right to use
for the purposes of power any flow of water in any
stream running through or by the land granted, the
convertible power from which at ordinary low water
exceeds fifty horse power. Where the convertible
power in any stream running through or by land
granted under the authority of this Act thus exceeds
fifty horsepower, and there is no means of using such
power except by the occupation of a part of the land
granted under authority of this Act, then so much
land as is reasonably necessary for the mill site or site
for the power house, and for a suitable dam and site
for massing the water, is hereby excepted from such
grants, not exceeding four hectares, and a right of
way to the nearest public highway from the land thus
excepted, and also a right of way for the construction
and maintenance of such flumes, aqueducts, wires,
poles, or order conduits as may be needed in
conveying the water to the point where its fall will
yield the greatest power, or the power from the point
of conversion to the point of use, is reserved as a
servitude or easement upon the land granted by
authority of this Act: Provided, however, That when
the Government or any concessionaire of the
Government shall take possession of the land under
this section which a grantee under this Act shall have
paid for, supposing it to be subject to grant under this
Act, said grantee shall be entitled to indemnity from

the Government or the concessionaire, as the case

may be, in the amount, if any, paid by him to the
Government for the land taken from him by virtue of
this section: And provided, further, That with respect
to the flow of water, except for converting the same
into power exceeding fifty horse power, said grantee
shall be entitled to the same use of the water flowing
through or along his land that other private owners
enjoy under the law, subject to the governmental
regulation provided in the previous section. Water
power privileges in which the convertible power at
ordinary low water shall exceed fifty horse power
shall be disposed of only upon terms established by
an Act of the Assembly concerning the use, lease or
acquisition of such water privilege.
Sec. 115. All lands granted by virtue of this Act,
including homesteads upon which final proof has not
been made or approved, shall, even though and while
the title remains in the State, be subject to the
ordinary taxes, which shall be paid by the grantee or
the applicant, beginning with the year next following
the one in which the homestead application has been
filed, or the concession has been approved, or the
contract has been signed, as the case may be, on the
basis of the value fixed in such filing, approval or
signing of the application, concession or contract.
Sec. 116. The appraisal or reappraisal of the lands or
improvements subject to concession or disposition
under this Act shall be made by the Director of
Lands, with the approval of the Secretary of
Agriculture and Commerce. The Director of Lands
may request the assistance of the provincial treasurer
of the province in which the land lies or may appoint
a committee for such purpose in the province or in
the municipality in which the land lies. In no case
shall the appraisal or reappraisal be less than the
expense incurred or which may be incurred by the
Government in connection with the application or
concession, nor shall any reappraisal be made with an
increase of more than one hundred per centum upon
the appraisal or reappraisal next preceding.
Sec.117. All sums due and payable to the
Government under this Act, except homestead fees,
shall draw simple interest at the rate of four per
centum per annum from and after the date in which
the debtor shall become delinquent.
Sec. 118. Except in favor of the Government or any
of its branches, units, or institutions, lands acquired
under free patent or homestead provisions shall not
be subject to encumbrance or alienation from the date
of the approval of the application and for a term of
five years from and after the date of issuance of the
patent or grant, nor shall they become liable to the
satisfaction of any debt contracted prior to the
expiration of said period, but the improvements or

crops on the land may be mortgaged or pledged to

qualified persons, associations, or corporations.
No alienation, transfer, or conveyance of any
homestead after five years and before twenty-five
years after issuance of title shall be valid without the
approval of the Secretary of Agriculture and
Commerce, which approval shall not be denied
except on constitutional and legal grounds.
Sec. 119. Every conveyance of land acquired under
the free patent or homestead provisions, when proper,
shall be subject to repurchase by the applicant, his
widow, or legal heirs, within a period of five years
from the date of the conveyance.
Sec. 120. Conveyance and encumbrance made by
persons belonging to the so-called non-Christian
Filipinos or national cultural minorities, when
proper, shall be valid if the person making the
conveyance or encumbrance is able to read and can
understand the language in which the instrument or
conveyance
or
encumbrances
is
written.
Conveyances and encumbrances made by illiterate
non-Christian or literate non-Christians where the
instrument of conveyance or encumbrance is in a
language not understood by the said literate nonChristians shall not be valid unless duly approved by
the Chairman of the Commission on National
Integration.
Sec. 121. Except with the consent of the grantee and
the approval of the Secretary of Natural Resources,
and solely for commercial, industrial, educational,
religious or charitable purposes or for a right of way,
no corporation, association, or partnership may
acquire or have any right, title, interest, or property
right whatsoever to any land granted under the free
patent, homestead, or individual sale provisions of
this Act or to any permanent improvement on such
land.
The provisions of Section 124 of this Act to the
contrary notwithstanding, any acquisition of such
land, rights thereto or improvements thereon by a
corporation, association, or partnership prior to the
promulgation of this Decree for the purposes herein
stated is deemed valid and binding; Provided, That no
final decision of reversion of such land to the State
has been rendered by a court; And Provided, further,
That such acquisition is approved by the Secretary of
Natural Resources within six (6) months from the
effectivity of this Decree.
Sec. 122. No land originally acquired in any manner
under the provisions of this Act, nor any permanent
improvement on such land, shall encumbered,
alienated, or transferred, except to persons,
corporations, associations, or partnerships who may
acquire lands of the public domain under this Act or
to corporations organized in the Philippines
authorized therefor by their charters.

Except in cases of hereditary succession, no land or

any portion thereof originally acquired under the free
patent, homestead, or individual sale provisions of
this Act, or any permanent improvement on such
land, shall be transferred or assigned to any
individual, nor shall such land or any permanent
improvement thereon be leased to such individual,
when the area of said land, added to that of his own,
shall exceed one hundred and forty-four hectares.
Any transfer, assignment, or lease made in violation
hereof, shall be null and void.
Sec. 123. No land originally acquired in any manner
under the provisions of any previous Act, ordinance,
royal order, royal decree, or any other provision of
law formerly in force in the Philippines with regard
to public lands, terrenos baldios y realengos, or lands
of any other denomination that were actually or
presumptively of the public domain, or by royal grant
or in any other form, nor any permanent
improvement on such land, shall be encumbered,
alienated, or conveyed, except to persons,
corporations or associations who may acquire land of
the public domain under this Act or to corporate
bodies organized in the Philippines whose charters
authorize them to do so: Provided, however, That this
prohibition shall not be applicable to the conveyance
or acquisition by reason of hereditary succession duly
acknowledged and legalized by competent courts;
Provided, further, That in the event of the ownership
of the lands and improvements mentioned in this
section and in the last preceding section being
transferred by judicial decree to persons, corporations
or associations not legally capacitated to acquire the
same under the provisions of this Act, such persons,
corporations, or associations shall be obliged to
alienate said lands or improvements to others so
capacitated within the precise period of five years;
otherwise, such property shall revert to the
Government.
Sec. 124. Any acquisition, conveyance, alienation,
transfer, or other contract made or executed in
violation of any of the provisions of sections one
hundred and eighteen, one hundred and twenty, one
hundred and twenty-one, one hundred and twenty
two, and one hundred and twenty-three of this Act
shall be unlawful and null and void from its
execution and shall produce the effect of annulling
and cancelling the grant, title, patent, or permit
originally issued, recognized or confirmed, actually
or presumptively, and cause the reversion of the
property and its improvements to the State.
Sec. 125. The provisions of sections twenty-two,
twenty-three, thirty-three, one hundred and twentytwo, and one hundred and twenty-three of this Act,
and any other provision or provisions restricting or
tending to restrict the right of persons, corporations,

or associations to acquire, hold, lease, encumber,

dispose of, or alienate land in the Philippines, or
permanent improvements thereon, or any interest
therein, shall not be applied in cases in which the
right to acquire, hold or dispose of such land,
permanent improvements thereon or interests therein
in the Philippines is recognized by existing treaties in
favor of citizens or subjects of foreign nations and
corporations or associations organized and
constituted by the same, which right, in so far as it
exists under such treaties, shall continue and subsist
in the manner and to the extent stipulated in said
treaties, and only while these are in force, but not
thereafter.
Sec. 126. All public auctions provided for in the
foregoing chapters in the disposition of public lands
shall be held, wherever possible, in the province
where the land is located, or, in the office of the
Bureau of Lands in Manila
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8371: "The Indigenous
Peoples Rights Act
Sec. 2. Declaration of State Policies.- The State shall
recognize and promote all the rights of Indigenous
Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples (ICCs/IPs)
hereunder enumerated within the framework of the
Constitution:
a) The State shall recognize and promote the rights of
ICCs/IPs within the framework of national unity and
development;
b)The State shall protect the rights of ICCs/IPs to
their ancestral domains to ensure their economic,
social and cultural well being and shall recognize the
applicability of customary laws governing property
rights or relations in determining the ownership and
extent of ancestral domain;
c) The State shall recognize, respect and protect the
rights of ICCs/IPs to preserve and develop their
cultures, traditions and institutions. It shall consider
these rights in the formulation of national laws and
policies;
d) The State shall guarantee that members of the
ICCs/IPs regardless of sex, shall equally enjoy the
full measure of human rights and freedoms without
distinctions or discriminations;
e) The State shall take measures, with the
participation of the ICCs/IPs concerned, to protect
their rights and guarantee respect for their cultural

integrity, and to ensure that members of the ICCs/IPs

benefit on an equal footing from the rights and
opportunities which national laws and regulations
grant to other members of the population and
f) The State recognizes its obligations to respond to
the strong expression of the ICCs/IPs for cultural
integrity by assuring maximum ICC/IP participation
in the direction of education, health, as well as other
services of ICCs/IPs, in order to render such services
more responsive to the needs and desires of these
communities.
Towards these ends, the State shall institute and
establish the necessary mechanisms to enforce and
guarantee the realization of these rights, taking into
consideration their customs, traditions, values,
beliefs, their rights to their ancestral domains.
CHAPTER ll
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Sec. 3. Definition of Terms.- For purposes of this Act,
the following terms shall mean:
a) Ancestral Domains - Subject to
Section 56 hereof, refer to all areas
generally belonging to ICCs/IPs
comprising
lands,inland
waters,
coastal areas, and natural resources
therein, held under a claim of
ownership, occupied or possessed by
ICCs/IPs, themselves or through their
ancestors,
communally
or
individually since time immemorial,
continuously to the present except
when interrupted by war, force
majeure or displacement by force,
deceit, stealth or as a consequence of
government projects or any other
voluntary dealings entered into by
government and private individuals,
corporations, and which are necessary
to ensure their economic, social and
cultural welfare. It shall include
ancestral land, forests, pasture,
residential, agricultural, and other
lands individually owned whether
alienable and disposable or otherwise,
hunting grounds, burial grounds,
worship areas, bodies of water,
mineral and other natural resources,
and lands which may no longer be
exclusively occupied by ICCs/IPs but
from which their traditionally had

access to for their subsistence and

traditional activities, particularly the
home ranges of ICCs/IPs who are still
nomadic and/or shifting cultivators;
b) Ancestral Lands - Subject to
Section 56 hereof, refers to land
occupied, possessed and utilized by
individuals, families and clans who
are members of the ICCs/IPs since
time immemorial, by themselves or
through their predecessors-in-interest,
under claims of individual or
traditional
group
ownership,continuously,
to
the
present except when interrupted by
war, force majeure or displacement
by force, deceit, stealth, or as a
consequence of government projects
and other voluntary dealings entered
into by government and private
individuals/corporations, including,
but not limited to, residential lots, rice
terraces or paddies, private forests,
swidden farms and tree lots;
c) Certificate of Ancestral Domain
Title - refers to a title formally
recognizing the rights of possession
and ownership of ICCs/IPs over their
ancestral domains identified and
delineated in accordance with this
law;
d) Certificate of Ancestral Lands Title
- refers to a title formally recognizing
the rights of ICCs/IPs over their
ancestral lands;
e) Communal Claims - refer to claims
on land, resources and rights thereon,
belonging to the whole community
within a defined territory
f) Customary Laws - refer to a body
of written and/or unwritten rules,
usages, customs and practices
traditionally
and
continually
recognized, accepted and observed by
respective ICCs/IPs;
g) Free and Prior Informed Consent
- as used in this Act shall mean the
consensus of all members of the
ICCs/IPs to; be determined in

accordance with their respective

customary laws and practices, free
from any external manipulation,
interference and coercion, and
obtained after fully disclosing the
intent and scope of the activity, in a
language an process understandable
to the community;
h) Indigenous
Cultural
Communities/Indigenous
Peoples
- refer to a group of people or
homogenous societies identified by
self-ascription and ascription by
other, who have continuously lived as
organized community on communally
bounded and defined territory, and
who have, under claims of ownership
since time immemorial, occupied,
possessed customs, tradition and
other distinctive cultural traits, or
who have, through resistance to
political, social and cultural inroads
of
colonization,
non-indigenous
religions and culture, became
historically differentiated from the
majority of Filipinos. ICCs/IPs shall
likewise include peoples who are
regarded as indigenous on account of
their descent from the populations
which inhabited the country, at the
time of conquest or colonization, or at
the time of inroads of non-indigenous
religions and cultures, or the
establishment of present state
boundaries, who retain some or all of
their own social, economic, cultural
and political institutions, but who
may have been displaced from their
traditional domains or who may have
resettled outside their ancestral
domains;
i) Indigenous Political Structure
- refer to organizational and cultural
leadership
systems,
institutions,
relationships, patterns and processed
for
decision-making
and
participation, identified by ICCs/IPs
such as, but not limited to, Council of
Elders, Council of Timuays, Bodong
Holder, or any other tribunal or body
of similar nature;

j) Individual Claims - refer to claims

on land and rights thereon which have
been devolved to individuals, families
and clans including, but not limited
to, residential lots, rice terraces or
paddies and tree lots;
k) National
Commission
on
Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) - refers to
the office created under this Act,
which shall be under the Office of the
President, and which shall be the
primary
government
agency
responsible for the formulation and
implementation of policies, plans and
programs to recognize, protect and
promote the rights of ICCs/IPs;
l) Native Title - refers to pre-conquest
rights to lands and domains which, as
far back as memory reaches, have
been held under a claim of private
ownership by ICCs/IPs, have never
been public lands and are thus
indisputably presumed to have been
held that way since before the
Spanish Conquest;
m) Nongovernment
Organization
- refers to a private, nonprofit
voluntary organization that has been
organized primarily for the delivery
of various services to the ICCs/IPs
and has an established track record
for effectiveness and acceptability in
the community where it serves;
n) People's Organization - refers to a
private,
nonprofit
voluntary
organization of members of an
ICC/IP which is accepted as
representative of such ICCs/IPs;
o) Sustainable Traditional Resource
Rights - refer to the rights of ICCs/IPs
to sustainably use,manage, protect
and conserve a) land, air, water, and
minerals; b) plants, animals and other
organisms; c) collecting, fishing and
hunting grounds; d) sacred sites; and
e) other areas of economic,
ceremonial and aesthetic value in
accordance with their indigenous
knowledge, beliefs, systems and
practices; and

p) Time Immemorial - refers to a period of time when

as far back as memory can go, certain ICCs/IPs are
known to have occupied, possessed in the concept of
owner, and utilized a defined territory devolved to
them, by operation of customary law or inherited
from their ancestors, in accordance with their
customs and traditions.
CHAPTER III
RIGHTS TO ANCESTRAL DOMAINS
Sec. 4. Concept of Ancestral Lands/Domains.Ancestral lands/domains shall include such concepts
of territories which cover not only the physical
environment but the total environment including the
spiritual and cultural bonds to the area which the
ICCs/IPs possess, occupy and use and to which they
have claims of ownership.
Sec.
5. Indigenous
Concept
of
Ownership.- Indigenous concept of ownership
sustains the view that ancestral domains and all
resources found therein shall serve as the material
bases of their cultural integrity. The indigenous
concept of ownership generally holds that ancestral
domains are the ICC's/IP's private but community
property which belongs to all generations and
therefore cannot be sold, disposed or destroyed. It
likewise covers sustainable traditional resource
rights.
Sec.
6. Composition
of
Ancestral
Lands/Domains.- Ancestral lands and domains shall
consist of all areas generally belonging to ICCs/IPs
as referred under Sec. 3, items (a) and (b) of this Act.
Sec. 7. Rights to Ancestral Domains.- The rights of
ownership and possession of ICCs/IPs t their
ancestral domains shall be recognized and protected.
Such rights shall include:
a. Rights of Ownership.- The right to claim
ownership over lands, bodies of water traditionally
and actually occupied by ICCs/IPs, sacred places,
traditional hunting and fishing grounds, and all
improvements made by them at any time within the
domains;
b. Right to Develop Lands and Natural Resources.Subject to Section 56 hereof, right to develop, control
and use lands and territories traditionally occupied,
owned, or used; to manage and conserve natural
resources within the territories and uphold the
responsibilities for future generations; to benefit and

share the profits from allocation and utilization of the

natural resources found therein; the right to negotiate
the terms and conditions for the exploration of
natural resources in the areas for the purpose of
ensuring ecological, environmental protection and the
conservation measures, pursuant to national and
customary laws; the right to an informed and
intelligent participation in the formulation and
implementation of any project, government or
private, that will affect or impact upon the ancestral
domains and to receive just and fair compensation for
any damages which they sustain as a result of the
project; and the right to effective measures by the
government to prevent any interfere with, alienation
and encroachment upon these rights;
c. Right to Stay in the Territories- The right to stay in
the territory and not be removed therefrom. No
ICCs/IPs will be relocated without their free and
prior informed consent, nor through any means other
than eminent domain. Where relocation is considered
necessary as an exceptional measure, such relocation
shall take place only with the free and prior informed
consent of the ICCs/IPs concerned and whenever
possible, they shall be guaranteed the right to return
to their ancestral domains, as soon as the grounds for
relocation cease to exist. When such return is not
possible, as determined by agreement or through
appropriate procedures, ICCs/IPs shall be provided in
all possible cases with lands of quality and legal
status at least equal to that of the land previously
occupied by them, suitable to provide for their
present needs and future development. Persons thus
relocated shall likewise be fully compensated for any
resulting loss or injury;
d. Right in Case of Displacement.- In case
displacement occurs as a result of natural
catastrophes, the State shall endeavor to resettle the
displaced ICCs/IPs in suitable areas where they can
have temporary life support system: Provided, That
the displaced ICCs/IPs shall have the right to return
to their abandoned lands until such time that the
normalcy and safety of such lands shall be
determined: Provided, further, That should their
ancestral domain cease to exist and normalcy and
safety of the previous settlements are not possible,
displaced ICCs/IPs shall enjoy security of tenure over
lands to which they have been resettled: Provided,
furthermore, That basic services and livelihood shall
be provided to them to ensure that their needs are
adequately addressed:

e. Right to Regulate Entry of Migrants.- Right to

regulate the entry of migrant settlers and
organizations into the domains;
f. Right to Safe and Clean Air and Water.- For this
purpose, the ICCs/IPs shall have access to integrated
systems for the management of their inland waters
and air space;
g. Right to Claim Parts of Reservations.- The right to
claim parts of the ancestral domains which have been
reserved for various purposes, except those reserved
and intended for common and public welfare and
service; and
h. Right to Resolve Conflict.- Right to resolve land
conflicts in accordance with customary laws of the
area where the land is located, and only in default
thereof shall the complaints be submitted to amicable
settlement and to the Courts of Justice whenever
necessary.
Sec. 8. Rights to Ancestral Lands.- The right of
ownership and possession of the ICCs/IPs, to their
ancestral lands shall be recognized and protected.
a. Right to transfer land/property.- Such right shall
include the right to transfer land or property rights
to/among members of the same ICCs/IPs, subject to
customary laws and traditions of the community
concerned.
b. Right to Redemption.- In cases where it is shown
that the transfer of land/property rights by virtue of
any agreement or devise, to a non-member of the
concerned ICCs/IPs is tainted by the vitiated consent
of the ICCs/IPs,or is transferred for an
unconscionable consideration or price, the transferor
ICC/IP shall have the right to redeem the same within
a period not exceeding fifteen (15) years from the
date of transfer.
Sec. 9. Responsibilities of ICCs/IPs to their Ancestral
Domains.- ICCs/IPs occupying a duly certified
ancestral domain shall have the following
responsibilities:
a. Maintain Ecological Balance- To preserve, restore,
and maintain a balanced ecology in the ancestral
domain by protecting the flora and fauna, watershed
areas, and other reserves;
b. Restore Denuded Areas- To actively initiate,
undertake and participate in the reforestation of
denuded areas and other development programs and

projects subject to just and reasonable remuneration;

and

RIGHT TO SELF-GOVERNANCE AND

EMPOWERMENT

c. Observe Laws- To observe and comply with the

provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations
for its effective implementation.

Sec. 13. Self-Governance.- The State recognizes the

inherent right of ICCs/IPs to self-governance and
self-determination and respects the integrity of their
values, practices and institutions. Consequently, the
State shall guarantee the right of ICCs/IPs to freely
pursue their economic, social and cultural
development.

Sec. 10. Unauthorized and Unlawful Intrusion.Unauthorized and unlawful intrusion upon, or use of
any portion of the ancestral domain, or any violation
of the rights herein before enumerated, shall be
punishable under this law. Furthermore, the
Government shall take measures to prevent nonICCs/IPs from taking advantage of the ICCs/IPs
customs or lack of understanding of laws to secure
ownership, possession of land belonging to said
ICCs/IPs.
Sec. 11. Recognition of Ancestral Domain Rights.The rights of ICCs/IPs to their ancestral domains by
virtue of Native Title shall be recognized and
respected. Formal recognition, when solicited by
ICCs/IPs concerned, shall be embodied in a
Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT), which
shall recognize the title of the concerned ICCs/IPs
over the territories identified and delineated.
Sec. 12. Option to Secure Certificate of Title under
Commonwealth Act 141, as amended, or the Land
Registration Act 496.- Individual members of cultural
communities, with respect to individually-owned
ancestral lands who, by themselves or through their
predecessors-in -interest, have been in continuous
possession and occupation of the same in the concept
of owner since the immemorial or for a period of not
less than thirty (30) years immediately preceding the
approval of this Act and uncontested by the members
of the same ICCs/IPs shall have the option to secure
title to their ancestral lands under the provisions of
Commonwealth Act 141, as amended, or the Land
Registration Act 496.
For this purpose, said individually-owned ancestral
lands, which are agricultural in character and actually
used for agricultural, residential, pasture, and tree
farming purposes, including those with a slope of
eighteen percent (18%) or more, are hereby classified
as alienable and disposable agricultural lands.
The option granted under this Section shall be
exercised within twenty (20) years from the approval
of this Act.
CHAPTER IV

Sec. 14. Support for Autonomous Regions.- The State

shall continue to strengthen and support the
autonomous regions created under the Constitution as
they may require or need. The State shall likewise
encourage other ICCs/IPs not included or outside
Muslim Mindanao and the Cordillera to use the form
and content of their ways of life as may be
compatible with the fundamental rights defined in the
Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines and
other internationally recognized human rights.
Sec. 15. Justice System, Conflict Resolution
Institutions and Peace Building Processes.- The
ICCs/IPs shall have the right to use their own
commonly accepted justice systems, conflict
resolution institutions, peace building processes or
mechanisms and other customary laws and practices
within their respective communities and as may be
compatible with the national legal system and with
internationally recognized human rights.
Sec. 16. Right to Participate in Decision -Making.ICCs/IPs have the right to participate fully, if they so
choose, at all levels of decision-making in matters
which may affect their rights, lives and destinies
through procedures determined by them as well as to
maintain and develop their own indigenous political
structures. Consequently, the State shall ensure that
the ICCs/IPs shall be given mandatory representation
in policy-making bodies and other local legislative
councils.
Sec. 17. Right to Determine and Decide Priorities for
Development.- The ICCs/IPs shall have the right to
determine and decide their own priorities for
development affecting their lives, beliefs, institutions,
spiritual well-being, and the lands they own, occupy
or
use. They shall
participate
in the
formulation,implementation and evaluation of
policies, plans and programs for national, regional
and local development which may directly affect
them.

Sec. 18. Tribal Barangays.- The ICCs/IPs living in

contiguous areas or communities where they form the
predominant population but which are located in
municipalities, provinces or cities where they do not
constitute the majority of the population, may form or
constitute a separate barangay in accordance with the
Local Government Code on the creation of tribal
barangays.
Sec. 19. Role of Peoples Organizations.- The State
shall recognize and respect the role of independent
ICCs/IPs organizations to enable the ICCs/IPs to
pursue and protect their legitimate and collective
interests and aspirations through peaceful and lawful
means.
Sec. 20. Means for Development /Empowerment of
ICCs/IPs.- The Government shall establish the means
for the full development/empowerment of the
ICCs/IPs own institutions and initiatives and, where
necessary, provide the resources needed therefor.
CHAPTER V
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Sec. 21. Equal Protection and Non-discrimination of
ICCs/IPs.- Consistent with the equal protection
clause of the Constitution of the Republic of the
Philippines, the Charter of the United Nations, the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights including the
Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination
Against Women and International Human Rights
Law, the State shall, with due recognition of their
distinct characteristics and identity, accord to the
members of the ICCs/IPs the rights, protections and
privileges enjoyed by the rest of the citizenry. It shall
extend to them the same employment rights,
opportunities, basic services, educational and other
rights and privileges available to every member of
the society. Accordingly, the State shall likewise
ensure that the employment of any form of force of
coersion against ICCs/IPs shall be dealt with by law.
The State shall ensure that the fundamental human
rights and freedoms as enshrined in the Constitution
and relevant international instruments are guaranteed
also to indigenous women. Towards this end, no
provision in this Act shall be interpreted so as to
result in the diminution of rights and privileges
already recognized and accorded to women under
existing laws of general application.
Sec. 22. Rights during Armed Conflict.- ICCs/IPs
have the right to special protection and security in
periods of armed conflict. The State shall observe

international standards, in particular, the Fourth

Geneva Convention of 1949, for the protection of
civilian populations in circumstances of emergency
and armed conflict, and shall not recruit members of
the ICCs/IPs against their will into armed forces, and
in particular, for the use against other ICCs/IPs; not
recruit children of ICCs/IPs into the armed forces
under any circumstance; nor force indigenous
individuals to abandon their lands, territories and
means of subsistence, or relocate them in special
centers for military purposes under any
discriminatory condition.
Sec. 23. Freedom from Discrimination and Right to
Equal Opportunity and Treatment.- It shall be the
right of the ICCs/IPs to be free from any form of
discrimination, with respect to recruitment and
conditions of employment, such that they may enjoy
equal opportunities as other occupationally-related
benefits, informed of their rights under existing labor
legislation and of means available to them for
redress, not subject to any coercive recruitment
systems, including bonded labor and other forms of
debt servitude; and equal treatment in employment
for men and women, including the protection from
sexual harassment.
Towards this end, the State shall within the
framework of national laws and regulations, and in
cooperation with the ICCs/IPs concerned, adopt
special measures to ensure the effective protection
with regard to the recruitment and conditions of
employment of persons belonging to these
communities, to the extent that they are not
effectively protected by the laws applicable to
workers in general.
ICCs/IPs shall have the right to association and
freedom for all trade union activities and the right to
conclude collective bargaining agreements with
employers' conditions. They shall likewise have the
right not to be subject to working conditions
hazardous to their health, particularly through
exposure to pesticides and other toxic substances.
Sec. 24. Unlawful Acts Pertaining to Employment.- It
shall be unlawful for any person:
a. To discriminate against any ICC/IP with respect to
the terms and conditions of employment on account
of their descent. Equal remuneration shall be paid to
ICC/IP and non-ICC/IP for work of equal value; and
b. To deny any ICC/IP employee any right or benefit
herein provided for or to discharge them for the

purpose of preventing them from enjoying any of the

rights or benefits provided under this Act.
Sec. 25. Basic Services.- The ICC/IP have the right to
special measures for the immediate, effective and
continuing improvement of their economic and social
conditions, including in the areas of employment,
vocational training and retraining, housing,
sanitation, health and social security. Particular
attention shall be paid to the rights and special needs
of indigenous women, elderly, youth, children and
differently-abled persons. Accordingly, the State shall
guarantee the right of ICCs/IPs to government 's
basic services which shall include, but not limited to
water and electrical facilities, education, health and
infrastructure.
Sec. 26. Women.- ICC/IP women shall enjoy equal
rights and opportunities with men, as regards the
social, economic, political and cultural spheres of
life. The participation of indigenous women in the
decision-making process in all levels, as well as in
the development of society, shall be given due respect
and recognition.
The State shall provide full access to education,
maternal and child care, health and nutrition, and
housing services to indigenous women. Vocational,
technical, professional and other forms of training
shall be provided to enable these women to fully
participate in all aspects of social life. As far as
possible, the State shall ensure that indigenous
women have access to all services in their own
languages.
Sec. 27. Children and Youth.- The State shall
recognize the vital role of the children and youth of
ICCs/IPs in nation-building and shall promote and
protect their physical, moral, spiritual, moral,
spiritual, intellectual and social well-being. Towards
this end, the State shall support all government
programs intended for the development and rearing
of the children and youth of ICCs/IPs for civic
efficiency and establish such mechanisms as may be
necessary for the protection of the rights of the
indigenous children and youth.
Sec. 28. Integrated System of Education.- The State
shall, through the NCIP, provide a complete,
adequate and integrated system of education, relevant
to the needs of the children and Young people of
ICCs/IPs.
CHAPTER VI
CULTURAL INTEGRITY

Sec. 29. Protection of Indigenous Culture, traditions

and institutions.- The state shall respect, recognize
and protect the right of the ICCs/IPs to preserve and
protect their culture, traditions and institutions. It
shall consider these rights in the formulation of
national plans and policies.
Sec. 30. Educational Systems.- The State shall
provide equal access to various cultural opportunities
to the ICCs/IPs through the educational system,
public or cultural entities, scholarships, grants and
other incentives without prejudice to their right to
establish and control their educational systems and
institutions by providing education in their own
language, in a manner appropriate to their cultural
methods of teaching and learning. Indigenous
children/youth shall have the right to all levels and
forms of education of the State.
Sec. 31. Recognition of Cultural Diversity.- The State
shall endeavor to have the dignity and diversity of the
cultures, traditions, histories and aspirations of the
ICCs/IPs appropriately reflected in all forms of
education, public information and culturaleducational exchange. Consequently, the State shall
take effective measures, in consultation with
ICCs/IPs concerned, to eliminate prejudice and
discrimination
and
to
promote
tolerance,
understanding and good relations among ICCs/IPs
and all segments of society. Furthermore, the
Government shall take effective measures to ensure
that State-owned media duly reflect indigenous
cultural diversity. The State shall likewise ensure the
participation of appropriate indigenous leaders in
schools, communities and international cooperative
undertakings like festivals, conferences, seminars and
workshops to promote and enhance their distinctive
heritage and values.
Sec. 32. Community Intellectual Rights.- ICCs/IPs
have the right to practice and revitalize their own
cultural traditions and customs. The State shall
preserve, protect and develop the past, present and
future manifestations of their cultures as well as the
right to the restitution of cultural, intellectual,
religious, and spiritual property taken without their
free and prior informed consent or in violation of
their laws, traditions and customs.
Sec. 33. Rights to Religious, Cultural Sites and
Ceremonies.- ICCs/IPs shall have the right to
manifest, practice, develop teach their spiritual and
religious traditions, customs and ceremonies; the
right to maintain, protect and have access to their
religious and cultural sites; the right to use and

control of ceremonial object; and the right to the

repatriation of human remains. Accordingly, the State
shall take effective measures, in cooperation with the
burial sites, be preserved, respected and protected. To
achieve this purpose, it shall be unlawful to:
a. Explore, excavate or make diggings on
archeological sites of the ICCs/IPs for the purpose of
obtaining materials of cultural values without the free
and prior informed consent of the community
concerned; and
b. Deface, remove or otherwise destroy artifacts
which are of great importance to the ICCs/IPs for the
preservation of their cultural heritage.
Sec. 34. Right to Indigenous Knowledge Systems and
Practices and to Develop own Sciences and
Technologies.- ICCs/IPs are entitled to the
recognition of the full ownership and control and
protection of their cultural and intellectual rights.
They shall have the right to special measures to
control, develop and protect their sciences,
technologies and cultural manifestations, including
human and other genetic resources, seeds, including
derivatives of these resources, traditional medicines
and health practices, vital medicinal plants, animals
and minerals, indigenous knowledge systems and
practices, knowledge of the properties of fauna and
flora, oral traditions, literature, designs, and visual
and performing arts.
Sec. 35. Access to Biological and Genetic
Resources.- Access to biological and genetic
resources and to indigenous knowledge related to the
conservation, utilization and enhancement of these
resources, shall be allowed within ancestral lands and
domains of the ICCs/IPs only with a free and prior
informed consent of such communities, obtained in
accordance with customary laws of the concerned
community.
Sec. 36. Sustainable Agro-Technical Development. The State shall recognize the right of ICCs/IPs to a
sustainable agro-technological development and shall
formulate and implement programs of action for its
effective implementation. The State shall likewise
promote the bio-genetic and resource management
systems among the ICCs/IPs and shall encourage
cooperation among government agencies to ensure
the successful sustainable development of ICCs/IPs.
Sec. 37. Funds for Archeological and Historical
Sites. - The ICCs/IPs shall have the right to receive
from the national government all funds especially

earmarked or allocated for the management and

preservation of their archeological and historical sites
and artifacts with the financial and technical support
of the national government agencies.
CHAPTER VII
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON INDIGENOUS
PEOPLES (NCIP)
Sec. 38. National Commission on Indigenous
Cultural Communities /Indigenous Peoples (NCCP).to carry out the policies herein set forth, there shall be
created the National Commission on ICCs/IPs
(NCIP), which shall be the primary government
agency responsible for the formulation and
implementation of policies, plans and programs to
promote and protect the rights and well-being of the
ICCs/IPs and the recognition of their ancestral
domains as well as their rights thereto.
Sec. 39. Mandate.- The NCIP shall protect and
promote the interest and well-being of the ICCs/IPs
with due regard to their beliefs, customs, traditions
and institutions.
Sec. 40. Composition.- The NCIP shall be an
independent agency under the Office of the President
and shall be composed of seven (7) Commissioners
belonging to ICCs/IPs, one (1) of whom shall be the
Chairperson. The Commissioners shall be appointed
by the President of the Philippines from a list of
recommendees submitted by authentic ICCs/IPs:
Provided, That the seven (7) Commissioners shall be
appointed specifically from each of the following
ethnographic areas: Region I and the Cordilleras;
Region II; the rest of Luzon; Island Groups including
Mindoro, Palawan, Romblon, Panay and the rest of
the Visayas; Northern and Western Mindanao;
Southern and Eastern Mindanao; and Central
Mindanao: Provided, That at least two (2) of the
seven (7) Commissioners shall be women.
Sec. 41. Qualifications, Tenure, Compensation.- The
Chairperson and the six (6) Commissioners must be
natural born Filipino citizens, bonafide members of
ICCs/IPs as certified by his/her tribe, experienced in
ethnic affairs and who have worked for at least ten
(10) years with an ICC/IP community and/or any
government agency involved in ICC/IP, at least 35
years of age at the time of appointment, and must be
of proven honesty and integrity: Provided, That at
least two (2) of the seven (7) Commissioners shall be
the members of the Philippine Bar: Provided, further,
That the members of the NCIP shall hold office for a
period of three (3) years, and may be subject to re-

appointment for another term: Provided, furthermore,

That no person shall serve for more than two (2)
terms. Appointment to any vacancy shall only be for
the unexpired term of the predecessor and in no case
shall a member be appointed or designated in a
temporary or acting capacity: Provided, finally, That
the Chairperson and the Commissioners shall be
entitled to compensation in accordance with the
Salary Standardization Law.
Sec. 42. Removal from Office.- Any member of the
NCIP may be removed from office by the President,
on his own initiative or upon recommendation by any
indigenous community, before the expiration of his
term for cause and after complying with due process
requirement of law.

government lending institutions and other lending

institutions to finance its programs;
g) To negotiate for funds and to accept grants,
donations, gifts and/or properties in whatever form
and from whatever source, local and international,
subject to the approval of the President of the
Philippines, for the benefit of ICCs/IPs and
administer the same in accordance with the terms
thereof; or in the absence of any condition, in such
manner consistent with the interest of ICCs/IPs as
well as existing laws;
h) To coordinate development programs and projects
for the advancement of the ICCs/IPs and to oversee
the proper implementation thereof;

Sec. 43. Appointment of Commissioners.- The

President shall appoint the seven (7) Commissioners
of the NCIP within ninety (90) days from the
effectivity of this Act.

i) To convene periodic conventions or assemblies of

IPs to review, assess as well as propose policies or
plans;

Sec. 44. Powers and Functions.- To accomplish its

mandate, the NCIP shall have the following powers,
jurisdiction and function:

j) To advise the President of the Philippines on all

matters relating to the ICCs/IPs and to submit within
sixty (60) days after the close of each calendar year, a
report of its operations and achievements;

a) To serve as the primary government agency

through which ICCs/IPs can seek government
assistance and as the medium, thorough which such
assistance may be extended;

k) To submit to Congress appropriate legislative

proposals intended to carry out the policies under this
Act;

b) To review and assess the conditions of ICCs/IPs

including existing laws and policies pertinent thereto
and to propose relevant laws and policies to address
their role in national development;
c) To formulate and implement policies, plans,
programs and projects for the economic, social and
cultural development of the ICCs/IPs and to monitor
the implementation thereof;
d) To request and engage the services and support of
experts from other agencies of government or employ
private experts and consultants as may be required in
the pursuit of its objectives;
e) To issue certificate of ancestral land/domain title;
f) Subject to existing laws, to enter into contracts,
agreements, or arrangement, with government or
private agencies or entities as may be necessary to
attain the objectives of this Act, and subject to the
approval of the President, to obtain loans from

l) To prepare and submit the appropriate budget to the

Office of the President;
m) To issue appropriate certification as a precondition to the grant of permit, lease, grant, or any
other similar authority for the disposition, utilization,
management and appropriation by any private
individual, corporate entity or any government
agency, corporation or subdivision thereof on any
part or portion of the ancestral domain taking into
consideration the consensus approval of the ICCs/IPs
concerned;
n) To decide all appeals from the decisions and acts
of all the various offices within the Commission:
o) To promulgate the necessary rules and regulations
for the implementation of this Act;
p) To exercise such other powers and functions as
may be directed by the President of the Republic of
the Philippines; and

q) To represent the Philippine ICCs/IPs in all

international conferences and conventions dealing
with indigenous peoples and other related concerns.
Sec. 45. Accessibility and Transparency.- Subject to
such limitations as may be provided by law or by
rules and regulations promulgated pursuant thereto,
all official records, documents and papers pertaining
to official acts, transactions or decisions, as well as
research data used as basis for policy development of
the Commission shall be made accessible to the
public.
Sec.46. Officers within the NCIP.- The NCIP shall
have the following offices which shall be responsible
for the implementation of the policies herein after
provided:
a. Ancestral Domains Office - The Ancestral Domain
Office shall be responsible for the identification,
delineation
and
recognition
of
ancestral
land/domains. It shall also be responsible for the
management of ancestral lands/domains in
accordance with the master plans as well as the
implementation of the ancestral domain rights of the
ICCs/IPs as provided in Chapter III of this Act. It
shall also issue, upon the free and prior informed
consent of the ICCs/IPs concerned, certification prior
to the grant of any license, lease or permit for the
exploitation of natural resources affecting the
interests of ICCs/IPs in protecting the territorial
integrity of all ancestral domains. It shall likewise
perform such other functions as the Commission may
deem appropriate and necessary;
b. Office on Policy, Planning and Research - The
Office on Policy, Planning and Research shall be
responsible for the formulation of appropriate
policies and programs for ICCs/IPs such as, but not
limited to, the development of a Five-Year Master
Plan for the ICCs/IPs. Such plan shall undergo a
process such that every five years, the Commission
shall endeavor to assess the plan and make
ramifications in accordance with the changing
situations. The Office shall also undertake the
documentation of customary law and shall establish
and maintain a Research Center that would serve as a
depository of ethnographic information for
monitoring, evaluation and policy formulation. It
shall assist the legislative branch of the national
government in the formulation of appropriate
legislation benefiting ICCs/IPs.
c. Office of Education, Culture and Health - The
Office on Culture, Education and Health shall be

responsible for the effective implementation of the

education, cultural and related rights as provided in
this Act. It shall assist, promote and support
community schools, both formal and non-formal, for
the benefit of the local indigenous community,
especially in areas where existing educational
facilities are not accessible to members of the
indigenous group. It shall administer all scholarship
programs and other educational rights intended for
ICC/IP beneficiaries in coordination with the
Department of Education, Culture and Sports and the
Commission on Higher Education. It shall undertake,
within the limits of available appropriation, a special
program which includes language and vocational
training, public health and family assistance program
and related subjects.
It shall also identify ICCs/IPs with potential training
in the health profession and encourage and assist
them to enroll in schools of medicine, nursing,
physical therapy and other allied courses pertaining
to the health profession.
Towards this end, the NCIP shall deploy a
representative in each of the said offices who shall
personally perform the foregoing task and who shall
receive complaints from the ICCs/IPs and compel
action from appropriate agency. It shall also monitor
the activities of the National Museum and other
similar government agencies generally intended to
manage and preserve historical and archeological
artifacts of the ICCs /IPs and shall be responsible for
the implementation of such other functions as the
NCIP may deem appropriate and necessary;
d. Office on Socio-Economic Services and Special
Concerns - The Office on Socio-Economic Services
and Special Concerns shall serve as the Office
through which the NCIP shall coordinate with
pertinent government agencies specially charged with
the implementation of various basic socio-economic
services, policies, plans and programs affecting the
ICCs/IPs to ensure that the same are properly and
directly enjoyed by them. It shall also be responsible
for such other functions as the NCIP may deem
appropriate and necessary;
e. Office of Empowerment and Human Rights - The
Office of Empowerment and Human Rights shall
ensure that indigenous socio- political, cultural and
economic rights are respected and recognized. It shall
ensure that capacity building mechanisms are
instituted and ICCs/IPs are afforded every
opportunity, if they so choose, to participate in all
level decision-making. It shall likewise ensure that

the basic human rights, and such other rights as the

NCIP may determine, subject to existing laws, rules
and regulations are protected and promoted;

CHAPTER VIII
DELINEATION AND RECOGNITION OF
ANCESTRAL DOMAINS

f. Administrative Office - The Administrative Office

shall provide the NCIP with economical, efficient and
effective services pertaining to personnel, finance,
records, equipment, security, supplies, and related
services. It shall also administer the Ancestral
Domains Fund; and

Sec. 51. Delineation and Recognition of Ancestral

Domains.- Self-delineation shall be guiding principle
in the identification and delineation of ancestral
domains. As such, the ICCs/IPs concerned shall have
a decisive role in all the activities pertinent thereto.
The Sworn Statement of the Elders as to the Scope of
the territories and agreements/pacts made with
neighboring ICCs/IPs, if any, will be essential to the
determination of these traditional territories. The
Government shall take the necessary steps to identify
lands which the ICCs/IPs concerned traditionally
occupy and guarantee effective protection of their
rights of ownership and possession thereto. Measures
shall be taken in appropriate cases to safeguard the
rights of the ICCs/IPs concerned to land which may
no longer be exclusively occupied by them, but to
which they have traditionally had access for their
subsistence and traditional activities, particularly of
ICCs/IPs who are still nomadic and/or shifting
cultivators.

g. Legal Affairs Office - There shall be a Legal

Affairs Office which shall advice the NCIP on all
legal matters concerning ICCs/IPs and which shall be
responsible for providing ICCs/IPs with legal
assistance in litigation involving community interest.
It shall conduct preliminary investigation on the basis
of complaints filed by the ICCs/IPs against a natural
or juridical person believed to have violated ICCs/IPs
rights. On the basis of its findings, it shall initiate the
filing of appropriate legal or administrative action to
the NCIP.
Sec. 47. Other Offices.- The NCIP shall have the
power to create additional offices as it may deem
necessary subject to existing rules and regulations.
Sec. 48. Regional and Field Offices.- Existing
regional and field offices shall remain to function
under the strengthened organizational structure of the
NCIP. Other field office shall be created wherever
appropriate and the staffing pattern thereof shall be
determined by the NCIP: Provided, That in provinces
where there are ICCs/IPs but without field offices,
the NCIP shall establish field offices in said
provinces.
Sec. 49. Office of the Executive Director.- The NCIP
shall create the Office of the Executive Director
which shall serve as its secretariat. The office shall be
headed by an Executive Director who shall be
appointed by the President of the Republic of the
Philippines upon the recommendation of the NCIP on
a permanent basis. The staffing pattern of the office
shall be determined by the NCIP subject to existing
rules and regulations.
Sec. 50. Consultative Body.- A body consisting of the
traditional leaders, elders and representatives from
the women and youth sectors of the different
ICCs/IPs shall be constituted by the NCIP from the
time to time to advise it on matters relating to the
problems, aspirations and interests of the ICCs/IPs.

Sec. 52. Delineation Process.- The identification and

delineation of ancestral domains shall be done in
accordance with the following procedures:
a. Ancestral Domains Delineated Prior to this Act The provisions hereunder shall not apply to ancestral
domains/lands already delineated according to DENR
Administrative Order No. 2, series of 1993, nor to
ancestral lands and domains delineated under any
other community/ancestral domain program prior to
the enactment of his law. ICCs/IPs enactment of this
law shall have the right to apply for the issuance of a
Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) over
the area without going through the process outlined
hereunder;
b. Petition for Delineation - The process of
delineating a specific perimeter may be initiated by
the NCIP with the consent of the ICC/IP concerned,
or through a Petition for Delineation filed with the
NCIP, by a majority of the members of the ICCs/IPs;
c. Delineation Paper - The official delineation of
ancestral domain boundaries including census of all
community members therein, shall be immediately
undertaken by the Ancestral Domains Office upon
filing of the application by the ICCs/IPs concerned.
Delineation will be done in coordination with the
community concerned and shall at all times include

genuine involvement and participation by the

members of the communities concerned;
d. Proof required - Proof of Ancestral Domain Claims
shall include the testimony of elders or community
under oath, and other documents directly or indirectly
attesting to the possession or occupation of the area
since time immemorial by such ICCs/IPs in the
concept of owners which shall be any one (1) of the
following
authentic
documents:

1. Written accounts of the ICCs/IPs customs and

traditions;
2. Written accounts of the ICCs/IPs political structure
and institution;
3. Pictures showing long term occupation such as
those of old improvements, burial grounds, sacred
places and old villages;
4. Historical accounts, including pacts and
agreements concerning boundaries entered into by
the ICCs/IPs concerned with other ICCs/IPs;
5. Survey plans and sketch maps;
6. Anthropological data;
7. Genealogical surveys;
8. Pictures and descriptive histories of traditional
communal forests and hunting grounds;
9. Pictures and descriptive histories of traditional
landmarks such as mountains, rivers, creeks, ridges,
hills, terraces and the like; and
10. Write-ups of names and places derived from the
native dialect of the community.
e. Preparation of Maps - On the basis of such
investigation and the findings of fact based thereon,
the Ancestral Domains Office of the NCIP shall
prepare a perimeter map, complete with technical
descriptions, and a description of the natural features
and landmarks embraced therein;
f. Report of Investigation and Other Documents - A
complete copy of the preliminary census and a report
of investigation, shall be prepared by the Ancestral
Domains Office of the NCIP;

g. Notice and Publication - A copy of each document,

including a translation in the native language of the
ICCs/IPs concerned shall be posted in a prominent
place therein for at least fifteen (15) days. A copy of
the document shall also be posted at the local,
provincial and regional offices of the NCIP, and shall
be published in a newspaper of general circulation
once a week for two (2) consecutive weeks to allow
other claimants to file opposition thereto within
fifteen (15) days from the date of such publication:
Provided, That in areas where no such newspaper
exists, broadcasting in a radio station will be a valid
substitute: Provided, further, That mere posting shall
be deemed sufficient if both newspaper and radio
station are not available;
h. Endorsement to NCIP - Within fifteen (15) days
from publication, and of the inspection process, the
Ancestral Domains Office shall prepare a report to
the NCIP endorsing a favorable action upon a claim
that is deemed to have sufficient proof. However, if
the proof is deemed insufficient, the Ancestral
Domains Office shall require the submission of
additional evidence: Provided, That the Ancestral
Domains Office shall reject any claim that is deemed
patently false or fraudulent after inspection and
verification: Provided, further, That in case of
rejection, the Ancestral Domains Office shall give the
applicant due notice, copy furnished all concerned,
containing the grounds for denial. The denial shall be
appealable to the NCIP: Provided, furthermore, That
in cases where there are conflicting claims, the
Ancestral Domains Office shall cause the contending
parties to meet and assist them in coming up with a
preliminary resolution of the conflict, without
prejudice to its full adjudication according to the
selection below.
i. Turnover of Areas Within Ancestral Domains
Managed by Other Government Agencies - The
Chairperson of the NCIP shall certify that the area
covered is an ancestral domain. The secretaries of the
Department of Agrarian Reform, Department of
Environment and Natural Resources, Department of
the Interior and Local Government, and Department
of Justice, the Commissioner of the National
Development Corporation, and any other government
agency claiming jurisdiction over the area shall be
notified thereof. Such notification shall terminate any
legal basis for the jurisdiction previously claimed;
j. Issuance of CADT - ICCs/IPs whose ancestral
domains have been officially delineated and
determined by the NCIP shall be issued a CADT in

the name of the community concerned, containing a

list of all those identified in the census; and
k. Registration of CADTs - The NCIP shall register
issued certificates of ancestral domain titles and
certificates of ancestral lands titles before the
Register of Deeds in the place where the property is
situated.
Sec. 53. Identification, Delineation and Certification
of Ancestral Lands.a. The allocation of lands within any ancestral
domain to individual or indigenous corporate (family
or clan) claimants shall be left to the ICCs/IPs
concerned to decide in accordance with customs and
traditions;
b. Individual and indigenous corporate claimants of
ancestral lands which are not within ancestral
domains, may have their claims officially established
by filing applications for the identification and
delineation of their claims with the Ancestral
Domains Office. An individual or recognized head of
a family or clan may file such application in his
behalf or in behalf of his family or clan, respectively;
c. Proofs of such claims shall accompany the
application form which shall include the testimony
under oath of elders of the community and other
documents directly or indirectly attesting to the
possession or occupation of the areas since time
immemorial by the individual or corporate claimants
in the concept of owners which shall be any of the
authentic documents enumerated under Sec. 52 (d) of
this act, including tax declarations and proofs of
payment of taxes;
d. The Ancestral Domains Office may require from
each ancestral claimant the submission of such other
documents, Sworn Statements and the like, which in
its opinion, may shed light on the veracity of the
contents of the application/claim;
e. Upon receipt of the applications for delineation and
recognition of ancestral land claims, the Ancestral
Domains Office shall cause the publication of the
application and a copy of each document submitted
including a translation in the native language of the
ICCs/IPs concerned in a prominent place therein for
at least fifteen (15) days. A copy of the document
shall also be posted at the local, provincial, and
regional offices of the NCIP and shall be published in
a newspaper of general circulation once a week for

two (2) consecutive weeks to allow other claimants to

file opposition thereto within fifteen (15) days from
the date of such publication: Provided, That in areas
where no such newspaper exists, broadcasting in a
radio station will be a valid substitute: Provided,
further, That mere posting shall be deemed sufficient
if both newspapers and radio station are not available
f. Fifteen (15) days after such publication, the
Ancestral Domains Office shall investigate and
inspect each application, and if found to be
meritorious, shall cause a parcellary survey of the
area being claimed. The Ancestral Domains office
shall reject any claim that is deemed patently false or
fraudulent after inspection and verification. In case of
rejection, the Ancestral Domains office shall give the
applicant due notice, copy furnished all concerned,
containing the grounds for denial. The denial shall be
appealable to the NCIP. In case of conflicting claims
among individual or indigenous corporate claimants,
the Ancestral domains Office shall cause the
contending parties to meet and assist them in coming
up with a preliminary resolution of the conflict,
without prejudice to its full adjudication according to
Sec. 62 of this Act. In all proceedings for the
identification or delineation of the ancestral domains
as herein provided, the Director of Lands shall
represent the interest of the Republic of the
Philippines; and
g. The Ancestral Domains Office shall prepare and
submit a report on each and every application
surveyed and delineated to the NCIP, which shall, in
turn, evaluate or corporate (family or clan) claimant
over ancestral lands.
Sec. 54. Fraudulent Claims.- The Ancestral Domains
Office may, upon written request from the ICCs/IPs,
review existing claims which have been fraudulently
acquired by any person or community. Any claim
found to be fraudulently acquired by, and issued to,
any person or community may be cancelled by the
NCIP after due notice and hearing of all parties
concerned.
Sec. 55. Communal Rights.- Subject to Section 56
hereof, areas within the ancestral domains, whether
delineated or not, shall be presumed to be
communally held: Provide, That communal rights
under this Act shall not be construed as co-ownership
as provided in Republic Act. No. 386, otherwise
known as the New Civil Code.
Sec. 56. Existing Property Rights Regimes.- Property
rights within the ancestral domains already existing

and/or vested upon effectivity of this Act, shall be

recognized and respected.
Sec. 57. Natural Resources within Ancestral
Domains.- The ICCs/IPs shall have the priority rights
in the harvesting, extraction, development or
exploitation of any natural resources within the
ancestral domains. A non-member of the ICCs/IPs
concerned may be allowed to take part in the
development and utilization of the natural resources
for a period of not exceeding twenty-five (25) years
renewable for not more than twenty-five (25) years:
Provided, That a formal and written agreement is
entered into with the ICCs/IPs concerned or that the
community, pursuant to its own decision making
process, has agreed to allow such operation:
Provided, finally, That the all extractions shall be
used to facilitate the development and improvement
of the ancestral domains.
Sec. 58. Environmental Consideration.- Ancestral
domains or portion thereof, which are found
necessary for critical watersheds, mangroves wildlife
sanctuaries, wilderness, protected areas, forest cover,
or reforestation as determined by the appropriate
agencies with the full participation of the ICCs/IPs
concerned shall be maintained, managed and
developed for such purposes. The ICCs/IPs
concerned shall be given the responsibility to
maintain, develop, protect and conserve such areas
with the full and effective assistance of the
government agencies. Should the ICCs/IPs decide to
transfer the responsibility over the areas, said
decision must be made in writing. The consent of the
ICCs/IPs should be arrived at in accordance with its
customary laws without prejudice to the basic
requirement of the existing laws on free and prior
informed consent: Provided, That the transfer shall be
temporary and will ultimately revert to the ICCs/IPs
in accordance with a program for technology transfer:
Provided, further, That no ICCs/IPs shall be displaced
or relocated for the purpose enumerated under this
section without the written consent of the specific
persons authorized to give consent.
Sec. 59. Certification Precondition.- all department
and other governmental agencies shall henceforth be
strictly enjoined from issuing, renewing, or granting
any concession, license or lease, or entering into any
production-sharing
agreement,
without
prior
certification from the NCIP that the area affected
does not overlap with any ancestral domain. Such
certificate shall only be issued after a field-based
investigation is conducted by the Ancestral Domain
Office of the area concerned: Provided, That no

certificate shall be issued by the NCIP without the

free and prior informed and written consent of the
ICCs/IPs concerned: Provided, further, That no
department, government agency or governmentowned or -controlled corporation may issue new
concession, license, lease, or production sharing
agreement while there is pending application CADT:
Provided, finally, That the ICCs/IPs shall have the
right to stop or suspend, in accordance with this Act,
any project that has not satisfied the requirement of
this consultation process.
Sec.60. Exemption from Taxes.- All lands certified to
be ancestral domains shall be exempt from real
property taxes, specially levies, and other forms of
exaction except such portion of the ancestral domains
as are actually used for large-scale agriculture,
commercial forest plantation and residential purposes
and upon titling by other by private person: Provided,
that all exactions shall be used to facilitate the
development and improvement of the ancestral
domains.
Sec. 61. Temporary Requisition Powers.- Prior to the
establishment of an institutional surveying capacity
whereby it can effectively fulfill its mandate, but in
no case beyond three (3) years after its creation, the
NCIP is hereby authorized to request the Department
of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
survey teams as well as other equally capable private
survey teams, through a Memorandum of Agreement
(MOA), to delineate ancestral domain perimeters.
The DENR Secretary shall accommodate any such
request within one (1) month of its issuance:
Provided, That the Memorandum of Agreement shall
stipulate, among others, a provision for technology
transfer to the NCIP.
Sec. 62. Resolution of Conflicts.- In cases of
conflicting interest, where there are adverse claims
within the ancestral domains as delineated in the
survey plan, and which cannot be resolved, the NCIP
shall hear and decide, after notice to the proper
parties, the disputes arising from the delineation of
such ancestral domains: Provided, That if the dispute
is between and/or among ICCs/IPs regarding the
traditional boundaries of their respective ancestral
domains, customary process shall be followed. The
NCIP shall promulgate the necessary rules and
regulations to carry out its adjudicatory functions:
Provided, further, That in any decision, order, award
or ruling of the NCIP on any ancestral domain
dispute or on any matter pertaining to the application,
implementation, enforcement and interpretation of
this Act may be brought for Petition for Review to

the Court of Appeals within fifteen (15) days from

receipt of a copy thereof.
Sec. 63. Applicable Laws.- Customary laws,
traditions and practices of the ICCs/IPs of the land
where the conflict arises shall be applied first with
respect to property rights, claims and ownerships,
hereditary succession and settlement of land disputes.
Any doubt or ambiguity in the application of laws
shall be resolved in favor of the ICCs/IPs.
Sec. 64. Remedial Measures.- Expropriation may be
resorted to in the resolution of conflicts of interest
following the principle of the "common good". The
NCIP shall take appropriate legal action for the
cancellation of officially documented titles which
were acquired illegally: Provided, That such
procedure shall ensure that the rights of possessors in
good faith shall be respected: Provided, further, That
the action for cancellation shall be initiated within
two (2) years from the effectivity of this Act:
Provided, finally, That the action for reconveyance
shall be a period of ten (10) years in accordance with
existing laws.
CHAPTER IX
JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURES FOR
ENFORCEMENT OF RIGHTS
Sec. 65. Primary of Customary Laws and Practices.When disputes involve ICCs/IPs, customary laws and
practices shall be used to resolve the dispute.
Sec. 66. Jurisdiction of the NCIP.- The NCIP, through
its regional offices, shall have jurisdiction over all
claims and disputes involving rights of ICCs/IPs;
Provided, however, That no such dispute shall be
brought to the NCIP unless the parties have
exhausted all remedies provided under their
customary laws. For this purpose, a certification shall
be issued by the Council of Elders/Leaders who
participated in the attempt to settle the dispute that
the same has not been resolved, which certification
shall be a condition precedent to the filing of a
petition with the NCIP.
Sec. 67. Appeals to the Court of Appeals.- Decisions
of the NCIP shall be appealable to the Court of
Appeals by way of a petition for review.
Sec.
68. Execution
of
Decisions,
Awards,
Orders.- Upon expiration of the period here provided
and no appeal is perfected by any of the contending
parties, the Hearing Officer of the NCIP, on its own
initiative or upon motion by the prevailing party,

shall issue a writ of execution requiring the sheriff or

the proper officer to execute final decisions, orders or
awards of the Regional Hearing Officer of the NCIP.
Sec. 69. Quasi-Judicial Powers of the NCIP.- The
NCIP shall have the power and authority:
a. To promulgate rules and regulations governing the
hearing and disposition of cases filed before it as well
as those pertaining to its internal functions and such
rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out
the purposes of this Act;
b. To administer oaths, summon the parties to a
controversy, issue subpoenas requiring the attendance
and testimony of witnesses or the production of such
books, papers, contracts, records, agreements and
other document of similar nature as may be material
to a just determination of the matter under
investigation or hearing conducted in pursuance of
this Act;
c. To hold any person in contempt, directly or
indirectly, and impose appropriate penalties therefor;
and
d. To enjoin any or all acts involving or arising from
any case pending therefore it which, if not restrained
forthwith, may cause grave or irreparable damage to
any of the parties to the case or seriously affect social
or economic activity.
Sec. 70. No restraining Order or Preliminary
Injunction - No inferior court of the Philippines shall
have the jurisdiction to issue any restraining order or
writ of preliminary injunction against the NCIP or
any of its duly authorized or designated offices in any
case, dispute or controversy to, or interpretation of
this Act and other pertinent laws relating to ICCs/IPs
and ancestral domains.
CHAPTER IX
ANCESTRAL DOMAINS FUND
Sec. 71. Ancestral Domains Fund.- There is hereby
created a special fund, to be known as the Ancestral
Domains Fund, an initial amount of the One Hundred
thirty million pesos(P130,000,000) to cover
compensation for expropriated lands, delineation and
development of ancestral domains. An amount of
Fifty million pesos (P50,000,000) shall be sourced
from the gross income of the Philippine Charity
Sweepstakes Office (PCSO) from its lotto operation,
Ten millions pesos (P10,000,000) from the gross

receipts of the travel tax of the preceding year, the

fund of the Social Reform Council intended for
survey and delineation of ancestral lands/domains,
and such other source as the government may be
deem appropriate. Thereafter such amount shall be
included in the annual General Appropriations Act.
Foreign as well as local funds which are made
available for the ICCs/IPs through the government of
the Philippines shall be coursed through the NCIP.
The NCIP may also solicit and receive donations,
endowments shall be exempted from income or gift
taxes and all other taxes, charges or fees imposed by
the government or any political subdivision or
instrumentality
thereof.
CHAPTER XI
PENALTIES
Sec.
72. Punishable
Acts
and
Applicable
Penalties.- Any person who commits violation of any
of the provisions of this Act, such as, but not limited
to, authorized and/or unlawful intrusion upon any
ancestral lands or domains as stated in Sec. 10,
Chapter III, or shall commit any of the prohibited
acts mentioned in Sections 21 and 24, Chapter V,
Section 33, Chapter VI hereof, shall be punished in
accordance with the customary laws of the ICCs/IPs
concerned: Provided, That no such penalty shall be
cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment: Provided,
further, That neither shall the death penalty or
excessive fines be imposed. This provision shall be
without prejudice to the right of any ICCs/IPs to avail
of the protection of existing laws. In which case, any
person who violates any provision of this Act shall,
upon conviction, be punished by imprisonment of not
less than nine (9) months but not more than twelve
(12) years or a fine not less than One hundred
thousand pesos (P100,000) nor more than Five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000) or both such fine
and imprisonment upon the discretion of the court. In
addition, he shall be obliged to pay to the ICCs/IPs
concerned whatever damage may have been suffered
by the latter as a consequence of the unlawful act.
Sec. 73. Persons Subject to Punishment.- If the
offender is a juridical person, all officers such as, but
not limited to, its president, manager, or head of
office responsible for their unlawful act shall be
criminally liable therefor, in addition to the
cancellation of certificates of their registration and/or
license: Provided, That if the offender is a public
official, the penalty shall include perpetual
disqualification to hold public office.

CHAPTER XII
MERGER OF THE OFFICE FOR NORTHERN
CULTURAL COMMUNITIES (ONCC) AND THE
OFFICE FOR SOUTHERN CULTURAL
COMMUNITIES (OSCC)
Sec. 74. Merger of ONCC/OSCC.- The Office for
Northern Cultural Communities (ONCC) and the
Office of Southern Cultural Communities (OSCC),
created under Executive Order Nos. 122-B and 122-C
respectively, are hereby merged as organic offices of
the NCIP and shall continue to function under a
revitalized and strengthened structures to achieve the
objectives of the NCIP: Provided, That the positions
of Regional Directors and below, are hereby phasedout upon the effectivity of this Act: Provided, further,
That officials and employees of the phased-out
offices who may be qualified may apply for
reappointment with the NCIP and may be given prior
rights in the filing up of the newly created positions
of NCIP, subject to the qualifications set by the
Placement Committee: Provided, furthermore, That
in the case where an indigenous person and a nonindigenous person with similar qualifications apply
for the same position, priority shall be given to the
former. Officers and employees who are to be
phased-out as a result of the merger of their offices
shall be entitled to gratuity a rate equivalent to one
and a half (1 1/2) months salary for every year of
continuous and satisfactory service rendered or the
equivalent nearest fraction thereof favorable to them
on the basis of the highest salary received. If they are
already entitled to retirement benefits or the gratuity
herein provided. Officers and employees who may be
reinstated shall refund such retirement benefits or
gratuity received: Provided, finally That absorbed
personnel must still meet the qualifications and
standards set by the Civil Service and the Placement
Committee herein created.
Sec. 75. Transition Period.- The ONCC/OSCC shall
have a period of six (6) months from the effectivity of
this Act within which to wind up its affairs and to
conduct audit of its finances.
Sec. 76. Transfer of Assets/Properties.- All real and
personal properties which are vested in, or belonging
to, the merged offices as aforestated shall be
transferred to the NCIP without further need of
conveyance, transfer or assignment and shall be held
for the same purpose as they were held by the former
offices: Provided, That all contracts, records and
documents shall be transferred to the NCIP. All
agreements and contracts entered into by the merged

offices shall remain in full force and effect unless

otherwise terminated, modified or amended by the
NCIP.
Sec. 77. Placement Committee.- Subject to rules on
government reorganization, a Placement Committee
shall be created by the NCIP, in coordination with the
Civil Service Commission, which shall assist in the
judicious selection and placement of personnel in
order that the best qualified and most deserving
persons shall be appointed in the reorganized agency.
The placement Committee shall be composed of
seven (7) commissioners and an ICCs/IPs
representative from each of the first and second level
employees association in the Offices for Northern
and Southern Cultural Communities (ONCC/OSCC),
nongovernment organizations (NGOs) who have
served the community for at least five (5) years and
peoples organizations (POs) with at least five (5)
years of existence. They shall be guided by the
criteria of retention and appointment to be prepared
by the consultative body and by the pertinent
provisions of the civil service law.

may be for a period not exceeding twenty-five years,

renewable for not more than twenty-five years, and
under such terms and conditions as may be provided
by law. In cases of water rights for irrigation, water
supply fisheries, or industrial uses other than the
development of water power, beneficial use may be
the measure and limit of the grant.
The State shall protect the nation's marine wealth in
its archipelagic waters, territorial sea, and exclusive
economic zone, and reserve its use and enjoyment
exclusively to Filipino citizens.
The Congress may, by law, allow small-scale
utilization of natural resources by Filipino citizens, as
well as cooperative fish farming, with priority to
subsistence fishermen and fish- workers in rivers,
lakes, bays, and lagoons.

Section 21. The State shall promote comprehensive

rural development and agrarian reform.

The President may enter into agreements with

foreign-owned
corporations
involving
either
technical or financial assistance for large-scale
exploration, development, and utilization of minerals,
petroleum, and other mineral oils according to the
general terms and conditions provided by law, based
on real contributions to the economic growth and
general welfare of the country. In such agreements,
the State shall promote the development and use of
local scientific and technical resources.

Section 22. The State recognizes and promotes the

rights of indigenous cultural communities within the
framework of national unity and development.

The President shall notify the Congress of every

contract entered into in accordance with this
provision, within thirty days from its execution.

Art XII, Secs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 of the

Constitution

Section 3. Lands of the public domain are classified

into agricultural, forest or timber, mineral lands and
national parks. Agricultural lands of the public
domain may be further classified by law according to
the uses to which they may be devoted. Alienable
lands of the public domain shall be limited to
agricultural
lands. Private corporations or
associations may not hold such alienable lands of the
public domain except by lease, for a period not
exceeding twenty-five years, renewable for not more
than twenty-five years, and not to exceed one
thousand hectares in area. Citizens of the Philippines
may lease not more than five hundred hectares, or
acquire not more than twelve hectares thereof, by
purchase, homestead, or grant.

Art I, Sec 21, 22 of the Constitution

ARTICLE XII: NATIONAL ECONOMY AND

PATRIMONY
Section 2. All lands of the public domain, waters,
minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all
forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber,
wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural resources
are owned by the State. With the exception of
agricultural lands, all other natural resources shall not
be alienated. The exploration, development, and
utilization of natural resources shall be under the full
control and supervision of the State. The State may
directly undertake such activities, or it may enter into
co-production, joint venture, or production-sharing
agreements with Filipino citizens, or corporations or
associations at least sixty per centum of whose
capital is owned by such citizens. Such agreements

Taking into account the requirements of conservation,

ecology, and development, and subject to the
requirements of agrarian reform, the Congress shall
determine, by law, the size of lands of the public

domain which may be acquired, developed, held, or

leased and the conditions therefor.
Section 4. The Congress shall, as soon as possible,
determine, by law, the specific limits of forest lands
and national parks, marking clearly their boundaries
on the ground. Thereafter, such forest lands and
national parks shall be conserved and may not be
increased nor diminished, except by law. The
Congress shall provide for such period as it may
determine, measures to prohibit logging in
endangered forests and watershed areas.
Section 5. The State, subject to the provisions of this
Constitution and national development policies and
programs, shall protect the rights of indigenous
cultural communities to their ancestral lands to
ensure their economic, social, and cultural wellbeing.
The Congress may provide for the applicability of
customary laws governing property rights or relations
in determining the ownership and extent of ancestral
domain.

Section 7. Save in cases of hereditary succession, no

private lands shall be transferred or conveyed except
to individuals, corporations, or associations qualified
to acquire or hold lands of the public domain.
Section 8. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section
7 of this Article, a natural-born citizen of the
Philippines who has lost his Philippine citizenship
may be a transferee of private lands, subject to
limitations provided by law.

Republic Act No. 7942: Philippine Mining Act of

1995
Sec. 2 Declaration of Policy. All mineral resources in
public and private lands within the territory and
exclusive economic zone of the Republic of the
Philippines are owned by the State. It shall be the
responsibility of the State to promote their rational
exploration,
development,
utilization
and
conservation through the combined efforts of
government and the private sector in order to enhance
national growth in a way that effectively safeguards
the environment and protect the rights of affected
communities.
Sec. 3 Definition of Terms. As used in and for
purposes of this Act, the following terms, whether in
singular or plural, shall mean:
(a) "Ancestral lands" refers to all lands, exclusively
and actually possessed, occupied, or utilized by
indigenous cultural communities by themselves or
through their ancestors in accordance with their
customs and traditions since time immemorial, and as
may be defined and delineated by law.
(b) "Block" or "meridional block" means an area
bounded by one-half (1/2) minute of latitude and onehalf (1/2) minute of longitude, containing
approximately eighty-one hectares (81 has.).
(c) "Bureau" means the Mines and Geosciences
Bureau under the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources.
(d) "Carrying capacity" refers to the capacity of
natural and human environments to accommodate
and absorb change without experiencing conditions
of instability and attendant degradation.
(e) "Contiguous zone" refers to water, sea bottom and
substratum measured twenty-four nautical miles (24
n.m.) seaward from base line of the Philippine
archipelago.
(f) "Contract area" means land or body of water
delineated for purposes of exploration, development,
or utilization of the minerals found therein.

(g) "Contractor" means a qualified person acting

alone or in consortium who is a party to a mineral
agreement or to a financial or technical assistance
agreement.
(h) "Co-production agreement (CA)" means an
agreement entered into between the Government and
one or more contractors in accordance with Section
26(b) hereof.
(i) "Department" means the Department
Environment and Natural Resources.

of

(j) "Development" means the work undertaken to

explore and prepare an ore body or a mineral deposit
for mining, including the construction of necessary
infrastructure and related facilities.
(k) "Director" means the Director of the Mines and
Geosciences Bureau.
(l) "Ecological profile or eco-profile" refers to
geographic-based instruments for planners and
decision-makers which presents an evaluation of the
environmental quality and carrying capacity of an
area.
(m) "Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)"
refers to the document issued by the government
agency concerned certifying that the project under
consideration will not bring about an unacceptable
environmental impact and that the proponent has
complied with the requirements of the environmental
impact statement system.
(n) "Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)" is the
document which aims to identify, predict, interpret,
and communicate information regarding changes in
environmental quality associated with a proposed
project and which examines the range of alternatives
for the objectives of the proposal and their impact on
the environment.
(o) "Exclusive economic zone" means the water, sea
bottom and subsurface measured from the baseline of
the Philippine archipelago up to two hundred nautical
miles (200 n.m.) offshore.
(p) "Existing mining/quarrying right" means a valid
and subsisting mining claim or permit or quarry
permit or any mining lease contract or agreement
covering a mineralized area granted/issued under
pertinent mining laws.

(q) "Exploration" means the searching or prospecting

for mineral resources by geological, geochemical or
geophysical surveys, remote sensing, test pitting,
trenching, drilling, shaft sinking, tunneling or any
other means for the purpose of determining the
existence, extent, quantity and quality thereof and the
feasibility of mining them for profit.
(r) "Financial or technical assistance agreement"
means a contract involving financial or technical
assistance for large-scale exploration, development,
and utilization of mineral resources.
(s) "Force majeure" means acts or circumstances
beyond the reasonable control of contractor
including, but not limited to, war, rebellion,
insurrection, riots, civil disturbance, blockade,
sabotage, embargo, strike, lockout, any dispute with
surface owners and other labor disputes, epidemic,
earthquake, storm, flood or other adverse weather
conditions, explosion, fire, adverse action by
government or by any instrumentality or subdivision
thereof, act of God or any public enemy and any
cause that herein describe over which the affected
party has no reasonable control.
(t) "Foreign-owned corporation" means any
corporation, partnership, association, or cooperative
duly registered in accordance with law in which less
than fifty per centum (50%) of the capital is owned
by Filipino citizens.
(u) "Government" means the government of the
Republic of the Philippines.
(v) "Gross output" means the actual market value of
minerals or mineral products from its mining area as
defined in the National Internal Revenue Code.
(w) "Indigenous cultural community" means a group
or tribe of indigenous Filipinos who have
continuously lived as communities on communallybounded and defined land since time immemorial and
have succeeded in preserving, maintaining, and
sharing common bonds of languages, customs,
traditions, and other distinctive cultural traits, and as
may be defined and delineated by law.
(x) "Joint Venture Agreement (JVA)" means an
agreement entered into between the Government and
one or more contractors in accordance with Section
26(c) hereof.
(y) "Mineral processing" means the milling,
benefaction or upgrading of ores or minerals and

rocks or by similar means to convert the same into

marketable products.
(z) "Mine wastes and tailings" shall mean soil and
rock materials from surface or underground mining
and milling operations with no economic value to the
generator of the same.
(aa) "Minerals" refers to all naturally occurring
inorganic substance in solid, gas, liquid, or any
intermediate state excluding energy materials such as
coal, petroleum, natural gas, radioactive materials,
and geothermal energy.
(ab) "Mineral agreement" means a contract between
the government and a contractor, involving mineral
production-sharing
agreement,
co-production
agreement, or joint-venture agreement.
(ac) "Mineral land" means any area where mineral
resources are found.
(ad) "Mineral resource" means any concentration of
minerals/rocks with potential economic value.
(ae) "Mining area" means a portion of the contract
area identified by the contractor for purposes of
development, mining, utilization, and sites for
support facilities or in the immediate vicinity of the
mining operations.
(af) "Mining operation" means mining activities
involving exploration, feasibility, development,
utilization, and processing.
(ag) "Nongovernmental Organization (NGO)"
includes nonstock, nonprofit organizations involved
in activities dealing with resource and environmental
conservation, management and protection.
(ah) "Net assets" refers to the property, plant and
equipment as reflected in the audited financial
statement of the contractor net of depreciation, as
computed for tax purposes, excluding appraisal
increase and construction in progress.
(ai) "Offshore" means the water, sea bottom, and
subsurface from the shore or coastline reckoned from
the mean low tide level up to the two hundred
nautical miles (200 n.m.) exclusive economic zone
including the archipelagic sea and contiguous zone.
(aj) "Onshore" means the landward side from the
mean tide elevation, including submerged lands in
lakes, rivers and creeks.

(ak) "Ore" means a naturally occurring substance or

material from which a mineral or element can be
mined and/or processed for profit.
(al) "Permittee" means the holder of an exploration
permit.
(am) "Pollution control and infrastructure devices"
refers to infrastructure, machinery, equipment and/or
improvements used for impounding, treating or
neutralizing, precipitating, filtering, conveying and
cleansing mine industrial waste and tailings as well
as eliminating or reducing hazardous effects of solid
particles, chemicals, liquids or other harmful by
products and gases emitted from any facility utilized
in mining operations for their disposal.
(an) "President" means the President of the Republic
of the Philippines.
(ao) "Private land" refers to any land belonging to
any private person which includes alienable and
disposable land being claimed by a holder, claimant,
or occupant who has already acquired a vested right
thereto under the law, although the corresponding
certificate or evidence of title or patent has not been
actually issued.
(ap) "Public land" refers to lands of the public
domain which have been classified as agricultural
lands and subject to management and disposition or
concession under existing laws.
(aq) "Qualified person" means any citizen of the
Philippines with capacity to contract, or a
corporation, partnership, association, or cooperative
organized or authorized for the purpose of engaging
in mining, with technical and financial capability to
undertake mineral resources development and duly
registered in accordance with law at least sixty per
cent (60%) of the capital of which is owned by
citizens of the Philippines: Provided, That a legally
organized foreign-owned corporation shall be
deemed a qualified person for purposes of granting
an exploration permit, financial or technical
assistance agreement or mineral processing permit.
(ar) "Quarrying" means the process of extracting,
removing and disposing quarry resources found on or
underneath the surface of private or public land.
(as) "Quarry permit" means a document granted to a
qualified person for the extraction and utilization of
quarry resources on public or private lands.

(at) "Quarry resources" refers to any common rock or

other mineral substances as the Director of Mines and
Geosciences Bureau may declare to be quarry
resources such as, but not limited to, andesite, basalt,
conglomerate, coral sand, diatomaceous earth,
diorite, decorative stones, gabbro, granite, limestone,
marble, marl, red burning clays for potteries and
bricks, rhyolite, rock phosphate, sandstone,
serpentine, shale, tuff, volcanic cinders, and volcanic
glass: Provided, That such quarry resources do not
contain metals or metallic constituents and/or other
valuable minerals in economically workable
quantities: Provided, further, That non-metallic
minerals such as kaolin, feldspar, bullquartz, quartz
or silica, sand and pebbles, bentonite, talc, asbestos,
barite, gypsum, bauxite, magnesite, dolomite, mica,
precious and semi-precious stones, and other nonmetallic minerals that may later be discovered and
which the Director declares the same to be of
economically workable quantities, shall not be
classified under the category of quarry resources.
(au) "Region director" means the regional director of
any mines regional office under the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources.
(av) "Regional office" means any of the mines
regional offices of the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources.
(aw) "Secretary" means the Secretary of the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
(ax) "Special allowance" refers to payment to the
claim-owners or surface right-owners particularly
during the transition period from Presidential Decree
No. 463 and Executive Order No. 279, series of 1987.
(ay) "State" means the Republic of the Philippines.
(az) "Utilization" means the extraction or disposition
of minerals.
CHAPTER II
GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT
Sec. 4 Ownership of Mineral Resources. - Mineral
resources are owned by the State and the exploration,
development, utilization, and processing thereof shall
be under its full control and supervision. The State
may directly undertake such activities or it may enter
into mineral agreements with contractors.
The State shall recognize and protect the rights of the
indigenous cultural communities to their ancestral
lands as provided for by the Constitution.

Sec. 5 Mineral Reservations. When the national

interest so requires, such as when there is a need to
preserve strategic raw materials for industries critical
to national development, or certain minerals for
scientific, cultural or ecological value, the President
may establish mineral reservations upon the
recommendation of the Director through the
Secretary. Mining operations in existing mineral
reservations and such other reservations as may
thereafter be established, shall be undertaken by the
Department or through a contractor: Provided, That a
small scale mining agreement for a maximum
aggregate area of twenty-five percent (25%) of such
mineral reservation, subject to valid existing mining
quarrying rights as provided under Section 112
Chapter XX hereof. All submerged lands within the
contiguous zone and in the exclusive economic zone
of the Philippines are hereby declared to be mineral
reservations.
A ten per centum (10%) share of all royalties and
revenues to be derived by the government from the
development and utilization of the mineral resources
within mineral reservations as provided under this
Act shall accrue to the Mines and Geosciences
Bureau to be allotted for special projects and other
administrative expenses related to the exploration and
development of other mineral reservations mentioned
in Section 6 hereof.
Sec. 6 Other Reservations. Mining operations in
reserved lands other than mineral reservations may be
undertaken by the Department, subject to limitations
as herein provided. In the event that the Department
cannot undertake such activities, they may be
undertaken by a qualified person in accordance with
the rules and regulations promulgated by the
Secretary. The right to develop and utilize the
minerals found therein shall be awarded by the
President under such terms and conditions as
recommended by the Director and approved by the
Secretary. Provided, That the party who undertook
the exploration of said reservation shall be given
priority. The mineral land so awarded shall be
automatically excluded from the reservation during
the term of the agreement: Provided, further, That the
right of the lessee of a valid mining contract existing
within the reservation at the time of its establishment
shall not be prejudiced or impaired.
Sec. 7 Periodic Review of Existing Mineral
Reservations. The Secretary shall periodically review
existing mineral reservations for the purpose of
determining whether their continued existence is
consistent with the national interest, and upon the
recommendation, the President may, by proclamation,

alter or modify the boundaries thereof or revert the

same to the public domain without prejudice to prior
existing rights.
Sec. 8 Authority of the Department. The Department
shall be the primary government agency responsible
for the conservation, management, development, and
proper use of the State's mineral resources including
those in reservations, watershed areas, and lands of
the public domain. The Secretary shall have the
authority to enter into mineral agreements on behalf
of the Government upon the recommendation of the
Director, promulgate such rules and regulations as
may be necessary to implement the intent and
provisions of this Act.
Sec. 9 Authority of the Bureau. The Bureau shall
have direct charge in the administration and
disposition of mineral lands and mineral resources
and shall undertake geological, mining, metallurgical,
chemical, and other researches as well as geological
and mineral exploration surveys. The Director shall
recommend to the Secretary the granting of mineral
agreements to duly qualified persons and shall
monitor the compliance by the contractor of the terms
and conditions of the mineral agreements. The
Bureau may confiscate surety, performance and
guaranty bonds posted through an order to be
promulgated by the Director. The Director may
deputize, when necessary, any member or unit of the
Philippine National Police, barangay, duly registered
nongovernmental organization (NGO) or any
qualified person to police all mining activities.
Sec. 10 Regional Offices. There shall be as many
regional offices in the country as may be established
by the Secretary, upon the recommendation of the
Director.
Sec. 11 Processing of Applications. The system of
processing applications for mining rights shall be
prescribed in the rules and regulations of this Act.
Sec. 12 Survey, Charting and Delineation of Mining
Areas. A sketch plan or map of the contract or mining
area prepared by a deputized geodetic engineer
suitable for publication purposes shall be required
during the filing of a mineral agreement or financial
or technical assistance agreement application.
Thereafter, the contract or mining area shall be
surveyed and monumented by a deputized geodetic
engineer or bureau geodetic engineer and the survey
plan shall be approved by the Director before the
approval of the mining feasibility.

Sec. 13 Meridional Blocks. For purposes of the

delineation of the contract of mining areas under this
Act, the Philippine territory and its exclusive
economic zone shall be divided into meridional
blocks of one-half (1/2) minute of latitude and onehalf (1/2) minute of longitude.
Sec. 14 Recording System. There shall be established
a national and regional filing and recording system. A
mineral resource database system shall be set up in
the Bureau which shall include, among others, a
mineral rights management system. The Bureau shall
publish at least annually, a mineral rights
management system. The Bureau shall publish at
least annually, a mineral gazette of nationwide
circulation containing among others, a current list of
mineral rights, their location in the map, mining rules
and regulations, other official acts affecting mining,
and other information relevant to mineral resources
development. A system and publication fund shall be
included in the regular budget of the Bureau.
CHAPTER III
SCOPE OF APPLICATION
Sec. 15 Scope of Application. This Act shall govern
the exploration, development, utilization and
processing of all mineral resources.
Sec. 16 Opening of Ancestral Lands for Mining
Operations. No ancestral land shall be opened for
mining operations without the prior consent of the
indigenous cultural community concerned.
Sec. 17 Royalty Payments for Indigenous Cultural
Communities. In the event of an agreement with an
indigenous cultural community pursuant to the
preceding section, the royalty payment, upon
utilization of the minerals shall be agreed upon by the
parties. The said royalty shall form part of a trust
fund for the socioeconomic well-being of the
indigenous cultural community.
Sec. 18 Areas Open to Mining Operations. Subject to
any existing rights or reservations and prior
agreements of all parties, all mineral resources in
public or private lands, including timber or
forestlands as defined in existing laws shall be open
to mineral agreements or financial or technical
assistance agreement applications. Any conflict that
may arise under this provision shall be heard and
resolved by the panel of arbitrators.
Sec. 19 Areas Closed to Mining Applications.
Mineral agreement or financial or technical

assistance agreement applications shall not be

allowed:
(a) In military and other government reservations,
except upon prior written clearance by the
government agency concerned;
(b) Near or under public or private buildings,
cemeteries, archeological and historic sites, bridges,
highways, waterways, railroads, reservoirs, dams or
other infrastructure projects, public or private works
including plantations or valuable crops, except upon
written consent of the government agency or private
entity concerned;

(a) Onshore, in any one province (1) For individuals, twenty (20) blocks; and
(2) (2) For partnerships, corporations, cooperatives,
or associations, two hundred (200) blocks.
(b) Onshore, in the entire Philippines (1) For individuals, forty (40) blocks; and
(2) For partnerships, corporations, cooperatives, or
associations, four hundred (400) blocks.

(c) In areas covered by valid and existing mining

rights;

(c) Onshore, beyond five hundred meters (500m)

from the mean low tide level -

(d) In areas expressedly prohibited by law;

(1) For individuals, one hundred (100) blocks; and

(e) In areas covered by small-scale miners as defined

by law unless with prior consent of the small-scale
miners, in which case a royalty payment upon the
utilization of minerals shall be agreed upon by the
parties, said royalty forming a trust fund for the
socioeconomic development of the community
concerned; and

(2) For partnerships, corporations, cooperatives, or

associations, one thousand (1,000) blocks.

(f) Old growth or virgin forests, proclaimed

watershed forest reserves, wilderness areas,
mangrove forests, mossy forests, national parks,
provincial/municipal forests, parks, greenbelts, game
refuge and bird sanctuaries as defined by law in areas
expressly prohibited under the National Integrated
Protected areas System (NIPAS) under Republic Act
No. 7586, Department Administrative Order No. 25,
series of 1992 and other laws.
CHAPTER IV
EXPLORATION PERMIT
Sec. 20 Exploration Permit. An exploration permit
grants the right to conduct exploration for all
minerals in specified areas. The Bureau shall have the
authority to grant an exploration permit to a qualified
person.
Sec. 21 Terms and Conditions of the Exploration
Permit. An exploration permit shall be for a period of
two (2) years, subject to annual review and
relinquishment or renewal upon the recommendation
of the Director.
Sec. 22 Maximum Areas for Exploration Permit. The
maximum area that a qualified person may hold at
any one time shall be:

Sec. 23 Rights and Obligations of the Permittee. An

exploration permit shall grant to the permittee, his
heirs or successors-in-interest, the right to enter,
occupy and explore the area: Provided, That if private
or other parties are affected, the permittee shall first
discuss with the said parties the extent, necessity, and
manner of his entry, occupation and exploration and
in case of disagreement, a panel of arbitrators shall
resolve the conflict or disagreement.
The permittee shall undertake an exploration work on
the area specified by its permit based on an approved
work program.
Any expenditure in excess of the yearly budget of the
approved work program may be carried forward and
credited to the succeeding years covering the duration
of the permit. The Secretary, through the Director,
shall promulgate rules and regulations governing the
terms and conditions of the permit.
The permittee may apply for a mineral production
sharing agreement, joint venture agreement, coproduction agreement or financial or technical
assistance agreement over the permit area, which
application shall be granted if the permittee meets the
necessary qualifications and the terms and conditions
of any such agreement: Provided, That the
exploration period covered by the exploration permit
shall be included as part of the exploration period of
the mineral agreement or financial or technical
assistance agreement.

Sec. 24 Declaration of Mining Project Feasibility. A

holder of an exploration permit who determines the
commercial viability of a project covering a mining
area may, within the term of the permit, file with the
Bureau a declaration of mining project feasibility
accompanied by a work program for development.
The approval of the mining project feasibility and
compliance with other requirements provided in this
Act shall entitle the holder to an exclusive right to a
mineral production sharing agreement or other
mineral agreements or financial or technical
assistance agreement.
Sec. 25 Transfer or Assignment. An exploration
permit may be transferred or assigned to a qualified
person subject to the approval of the Secretary upon
the recommendation of the Director.

Sec. 27 Eligibility. A qualified person may enter into

any of the three (3) modes of mineral agreement with
the government for the exploration, development and
utilization of mineral resources: Provided, That in
case the applicant has been in the mining industry for
any length of time, he should possess a satisfactory
environmental track record as determined by the
Mines and Geosciences Bureau and in consultation
with the Environment Management Bureau of the
Department.
Sec. 28 Maximum Areas for Mineral Agreement. The
maximum area that a qualified person may hold at
any time under a mineral agreement shall be:
(a) Onshore, in any one province (1) For individuals, ten (10) blocks; and

CHAPTER V
MINERAL AGREEMENTS
Sec. 26 Modes of Mineral Agreement. For purposes
of mining operations, a mineral agreement may take
the following forms as herein defined:

(2) For partnerships, cooperatives, associations, or

corporations, one hundred (100) blocks.
(b) Onshore, in the entire Philippines (1) For individuals, twenty (20) blocks; and

(a) Mineral production sharing agreement - is an

agreement where the Government grants to the
contractor the exclusive right to conduct mining
operations within a contract area and shares in the
gross output. The contractor shall provide the
financing, technology, management and personnel
necessary for the implementation of this agreement.
(b) Co-production agreement - is an agreement
between the Government and the contractor wherein
the Government shall provide inputs to the mining
operations other than the mineral resource.
(c) Joint venture agreement - is an agreement where a
joint-venture company is organized by the
Government and the contractor with both parties
having equity shares. Aside from earnings in equity,
the Government shall be entitled to a share in the
gross output.
A mineral agreement shall grant to the contractor the
exclusive right to conduct mining operations and to
extract all mineral resources found in the contract
area. In addition, the contractor may be allowed to
convert his agreement into any of the modes of
mineral agreements or financial or technical
assistance agreement covering the remaining period
of the original agreement subject to the approval of
the Secretary.

(2) For partnerships, cooperatives, associations, or

corporations, two hundred (200) blocks.
(c) Offshore, in the entire Philippines (1) For individuals, fifty (50) blocks;
(2) For partnerships, cooperatives, associations, or
corporations, five hundred (500) blocks; and
(3) For the exclusive economic zone, a larger area to
be determined by the Secretary.
The maximum areas mentioned above that a
contractor may hold under a mineral agreement shall
not include mining/quarry areas under operating
agreements between the contractor and a
claimowner/lessee/permittee/licensee entered into
under Presidential Decree No. 463.
Sec. 29 Filing and Approval of Mineral Agreements.
All proposed mineral agreements shall be filed in the
region where the areas of interest are located, except
in mineral reservations which shall be filed with the
Bureau.
The filing of a proposal for a mineral agreement shall
give the proponent the prior right to areas covered by
the same. The proposed mineral agreement will be
approved by the Secretary and copies thereof shall be

submitted to the President. Thereafter, the President

shall provide a list to Congress of every approved
mineral agreement within thirty (30) days from its
approval by the Secretary.
Sec. 30 Assignment/Transfer. Any assignment or
transfer of rights and obligations under any mineral
agreement except a financial or technical assistance
agreement shall be subject to the prior approval of the
Secretary. Such assignment or transfer shall be
deemed automatically approved if not acted upon by
the Secretary within thirty (30) working days from
official
receipt
thereof,
unless
patently
unconstitutional or illegal.
Sec. 31 Withdrawal from Mineral Agreements. The
contractor may, by giving due notice at any time
during the terms of the agreement, apply for the
cancellation of the mineral agreement due to causes
which, in the opinion of the contractor, make
continued mining operations no longer feasible or
viable. The Secretary shall consider the notice and
issue its decision within a period of thirty (30) days:
Provided, That the contractor has met all its financial,
fiscal and legal obligations.
Sec. 32 Terms. Mineral agreements shall have a term
not exceeding twenty-five (25) years to start from the
date of execution thereof, and renewable for another
term not exceeding twenty-five (25) years under the
same terms and conditions thereof, without prejudice
to charges mutually agreed upon by the parties. After
the renewal period, the operation of the mine may be
undertaken by the Government or through a
contractor. The contract for the operation of a mine
shall be awarded to the highest bidder in a public
bidding after due publication of the notice thereof:
Provided, That the contractor shall have the right to
equal the highest bid upon reimbursement of all
reasonable expenses of the highest bidder.
CHAPTER VI
FINANCIAL OR TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
AGREEMENT
Sec. 33 Eligibility. Any qualified person with
technical and financial capability to undertake largescale exploration, development, and utilization of
mineral resources in the Philippines may enter into a
financial or technical assistance agreement directly
with the Government through the Department.
Sec. 34 Maximum Contract Area. The maximum
contract area that may be granted per qualified
person, subject to relinquishment shall be:

(a) 1,000 meridional blocks onshore;

(b) 4,000 meridional blocks offshore; or
(c) Combinations of (a) and (b) provided that it shall
not exceed the maximum limits for onshore and
offshore areas.
Sec. 35 Terms and Conditions. The following terms,
conditions, and warranties shall be incorporated in
the financial or technical assistance agreement, to
wit:
(a) A firm commitment in the form of a sworn
statement, of an amount corresponding to the
expenditure obligation that will be invested in the
contract area: Provided, That such amount shall be
subject to changes as may be provided for in the rules
and regulations of this act;
(b) A financial guarantee bond shall be posted in
favor of the Government in an amount equivalent to
the expenditure obligation of the applicant for any
year.
(c) Submission of proof of technical competence,
such as, but not limited to, its track record in mineral
resource exploration, development, and utilization;
details of technology to be employed in the proposed
operation; and details of technical personnel to
undertake the operations;
(d) Representations and warranties that the applicant
has all the qualifications and none of the
disqualifications for entering into the agreement;
(e) Representations and warranties that the contractor
has or has access to all the financing, managerial and
technical expertise and, if circumstances demand, the
technology required to promptly and effectively carry
out the objectives of the agreement with the
understanding to timely deploy these resources under
its supervision pursuant to the periodic work
programs and related budgets, when proper,
providing an exploration period up to two (2) years,
extendible for another two (2) years but subject to
annual review by the Secretary in accordance with
the implementing rules and regulations of this Act,
and further, subject to the relinquishment obligations;
(f) Representations and warranties that, except for
payments for dispositions for its equity, foreign
investments in local enterprises which are qualified
for repartriation, and local supplier's credits and such
other generally accepted and permissible financial
schemes for raising funds for valid business
purposes, the contractor shall not raise any form of
financing from domestic sources of funds, whether in

Philippine or foreign currency, for conducting its

mining operations for and in the contract area;
(g) The mining operations shall be conducted in
accordance with the provisions of this Act and its
implementing rules and regulations;
(h) Work programs and minimum expenditures
commitments;
(i) Preferential use of local goods and services to the
maximum extent practicable;
(j) A stipulation that the contractors are obligated to
give preference to Filipinos in all types of mining
employment for which they are qualified and that
technology shall be transferred to the same;
(k) Requiring the prominent to effectively use
appropriate anti-pollution technology and facilities to
protect the environment and to restore or rehabilitate
mined out areas and other areas affected by mine
tailings and other forms of pollution or destruction;
(l) The contractors shall furnish the Government
records of geologic, accounting, and other relevant
data for its mining operations, and that book of
accounts and records shall be open for inspection by
the government;
(m) Requiring the proponent to dispose of the
minerals and by products produced under a financial
or technical assistance agreement at the highest price
and more advantageous terms and conditions as
provided for under the rules and regulations of this
Act;
(n) Provide for consultation and arbitration with
respect to the interpretation and implementation of
the terms and conditions of the agreements; and
(o) Such other terms and conditions consistent with
the Constitution and with this Act as the Secretary
may deem to be for the best interest of the State and
the welfare of the Filipino people.
Sec. 36 Negotiations. A financial or technical
assistance agreement shall be negotiated by the
Department and executed and approved by the
President. The President shall notify Congress of all
Financial or technical assistance agreements within
thirty (30) days from execution and approval thereof.
Sec. 37 Filing and Evaluation of Financial or
Technical Assistance Agreement Proposals. All
financial or technical assistance agreement proposals

shall be filed with the Bureau after payment of the

required processing fees. If the proposal is found to
be sufficient and meritorious in form and substance
after evaluation, it shall be recorded with the
appropriate government agency to give the proponent
the prior right to the area covered by such proposal:
Provided, That existing mineral agreements, financial
or technical assistance agreements and other mining
rights are not impaired or prejudiced thereby. The
Secretary shall recommend its approval to the
President.
Sec. 38 Terms of Financial or Technical Assistance
Agreement. A financial or technical assistance
agreement shall have a term not exceeding twentyfive (25) years to start from the execution thereof,
renewable for not more than twenty-five (25) years
under such terms and conditions as may be provided
by law.
Sec. 39 Option to Convert into a Mineral Agreement.
The contractor has the option to convert the financial
or technical assistance agreement to a mineral
agreement at any time during the term of the
agreement, if the economic viability of the contract
area is found to be inadequate to justify large-scale
mining operations, after proper notice to the
Secretary as provided for under the implementing
rules and regulations: Provided, That the mineral
agreement shall only be for the remaining period of
the original agreement.
In the case of a foreign contractor, it shall reduce its
equity to forty percent (40%) in the corporation,
partnership, association, or cooperative. Upon
compliance with this requirement by the contractor,
the Secretary shall approve the conversion and
execute the mineral production-sharing agreement.
Sec. 40 Assignment/Transfer. A financial or technical
assistance agreement may be assigned or transferred,
in whole or in part, to a qualified person subject to
the prior approval of the President: Provided, That
the President shall notify Congress of every financial
or technical assistance agreement assigned or
converted in accordance with this provision within
thirty (30) days from the date of the approval thereof.
Sec. 41 Withdrawal from Financial or Technical
Assistance Agreement. The contractor shall manifest
in writing to the Secretary his intention to withdraw
from the agreement, if in his judgement the mining
project is no longer economically feasible, even after
he has exerted reasonable diligence to remedy the
cause or the situation. The Secretary may accept the
withdrawal: Provided, That the contractor has

complied or satisfied all his financial, fiscal or legal

obligations.
CHAPTER VII
SMALL-SCALE MINING
Sec. 42 Small-scale Mining. Small-scale mining shall
continue to be governed by Republic Act No. 7076
and other pertinent laws.
CHAPTER VIII
QUARRY RESOURCES
Sec. 43 Quarry Permit. Any qualified person may
apply to the provincial/city mining regulatory board
for a quarry permit on privately-owned lands and/or
public lands for building and construction materials
such as marble, basalt, andesite, conglomerate, tuff,
adobe, granite, gabbro, serpentine, inset filing
materials, clay for ceramic tiles and building bricks,
pumice, perlite and other similar materials that are
extracted by quarrying from the ground. The
provincial governor shall grant the permit after the
applicant has complied with all the requirements as
prescribed by the rules and regulations.
The maximum area which a qualified person may
hold at any one time shall be five hectares (5 has.):
Provided, That in large-scale quarry operations
involving cement raw materials, marble, granite, sand
and gravel and construction agreements, a qualified
person and the government may enter into a mineral
agreement as defined herein.
A quarry permit shall have a term of five (5) years,
renewable for like periods but not to exceed a total
term of twenty-five (25) years, No quarry permit
shall be issued or granted on any area covered by a
mineral agreement, or financial or technical
assistance agreement.
Sec. 44 Quarry Fee and Taxes. A permittee shall,
during the term of his permit, pay a quarry fee as
provided for under the implementing rules and
regulations. The permittee shall also pay the excise
tax as provided by pertinent laws.
Sec. 45 Cancellation of Quarry Permit. A quarry
permit may be cancelled by the provincial governor
for violations of the provisions of this Act or its
implementing rules and regulations or the terms and
conditions of said permit: Provided, That before the
cancellation of such permit, the holder thereof shall
be given the opportunity to be heard in an
investigation conducted for the purpose.

Sec. 46 Commercial Sand and Gravel Permit. Any

qualified person may be granted a permit by the
provincial governor to extract and remove sand and
gravel or other loose or unconsolidated materials
which are used in their natural state, without
undergoing processing from an area of not more than
five hectares (5 has.) and in such quantities as may be
specified in the permit.
Sec. 47 Industrial Sand and Gravel Permit. Any
qualified person may be granted an industrial sand
and gravel permit by the Bureau for the extraction of
sand and gravel and other loose or unconsolidated
materials that necessitate the use of mechanical
processing covering an area of more than five
hectares (5 has.) at any one time. The permit shall
have a term of five (5) years, renewable for a like
period but not to exceed a total term of twenty-five
(25) years.
Sec. 48 Exclusive Sand and Gravel Permit. Any
qualified person may be granted an exclusive sand
and gravel permit by the provincial governor to
quarry and utilize sand and gravel or other loose or
unconsolidated materials from public lands for his
own use, provided that there will be no commercial
disposition thereof.
A mineral agreement or a financial technical
assistance agreement contractor shall, however, have
the right to extract and remove sand and gravel and
other loose unconsolidated materials without need of
a permit within the area covered by the mining
agreement for the exclusive use in the mining
operations: Provided, That monthly reports of the
quantity of materials extracted therefrom shall be
submitted to the mines regional office concerned:
Provided, further, That said right shall be
coterminous with the expiration of the agreement.
Holders of existing mining leases shall likewise have
the same rights as that of a contractor: Provided, That
said right shall be coterminous with the expiry dates
of the lease.
Sec. 49 Government Gratuitous Permit. Any
government entity or instrumentality may be granted
a gratuitous permit by the provincial governor to
extract sand and gravel, quarry or loose
unconsolidated materials needed in the construction
of building and/or infrastructure for public use or
other purposes over an area of not more than two
hectares (2 has.) for a period coterminous with said
construction.

Sec. 50 Private Gratuitous Permit. Any owner of land

may be granted a private gratuitous permit by the
provincial governor.
Sec. 51 Guano Permit. Any qualified person may be
granted a guano permit by the provincial governor to
extract and utilize loose unconsolidated guano and
other organic fertilizer materials in any portion of a
municipality where he has established domicile. The
permit shall be for specific caves and/or for confined
sites with locations verified by the Department's field
officer in accordance with existing rules and
regulations.
Sec. 52 Gemstone Gathering Permit. Any qualified
person may be granted a non-exclusive gemstone
gathering permit by the provincial governor to gather
loose stones useful as gemstones in rivers and other
locations.
CHAPTER IX
TRANSPORT, SALE AND PROCESSING OF
MINERALS
Sec. 53 Ore Transport Permit. A permit specifying the
origin and quantity of non-processed mineral ores or
minerals shall be required for their transport.
Transport permits shall be issued by the mines
regional director who has jurisdiction over the area
where the ores were extracted. In the case of mineral
ores or minerals being transported from the smallscale mining areas to the custom mills or processing
plants, the Provincial Mining Regulatory Board
(PMRB) concerned shall formulate their own policies
to govern such transport of ores produced by smallscale miners. The absence of a permit shall be
considered as prima facie evidence of illegal mining
and shall be sufficient cause for the Government to
confiscate the ores or minerals being transported, the
tools and equipment utilized, and the vehicle
containing the same. Ore samples not exceeding two
metric tons (2 m.t.) to be used exclusively for assay
or pilot test purposes shall be exempted from such
requirement.
Sec. 54 Mineral Trading Registration. No person
shall engage in the trading of mineral products, either
locally or internationally, unless registered with the
Department of Trade and Industry and accredited by
the Department, with a copy of said registration
submitted to the Bureau.
Sec. 55 Minerals Processing Permit. No person shall
engage in the processing of minerals without first
securing a minerals processing permit from the
Secretary. Minerals processing permit shall be for a

period of five (5) years renewable for like periods but

not to exceed a total term of twenty-five (25) years.
In the case of mineral ores or minerals produced by
the small-scale miners, the processing thereof as well
as the licensing of their custom mills, or processing
plants shall continue to be governed by the provisions
of Republic Act No. 7076.
Sec. 56 Eligibility of Foreign-owned/-controlled
Corporation.
A
foreign-owned/-controlled
corporation may be granted a mineral processing
permit.
CHAPTER X
DEVELOPMENT
COMMUNITIES,
TECHNOLOGY

OF
SCIENCE AND

MINING
MINING

Sec. 57 Expenditure for Community Development

and Science and Mining Technology. A contractor
shall assist in the development of its mining
community, the promotion of the general welfare of
its inhabitants, and the development of science and
mining technology.
Sec. 58 Credited Activities. Activities that may be
credited as expenditures for development of mining
communities, and science and mining technology are
the following:
(a) Any activity or expenditure intended to enhance
the development of the mining and neighboring
communities of a mining operation other than those
required or provided for under existing laws, or
collective bargaining agreements, and the like: and
(b) Any activity or expenditure directed towards the
development of geosciences and mining technology
such as, but not limited to, institutional and
manpower development, and basic and applied
researches. Appropriate supervision and control
mechanisms shall be prescribed in the implementing
rules and regulations of this Act.
Sec. 59 Training and Development. A contractor shall
maintain an effective program of manpower training
and development throughout the term of the mineral
agreement and shall encourage and train Filipinos to
participate in all aspects of the mining operations,
including the management thereof. For highlytechnical and specialized mining operations, the
contractor may, subject to the necessary government
clearances, employ qualified foreigners.
Sec. 60 Use of Indigenous Goods, Services and
Technologies. A contractor shall give preference to

the use of local goods, services and scientific and

technical resources in the mining operations, where
the same are of equivalent quality, and are available
on equivalent terms as their imported counterparts.
Sec. 61 Donations/Turn Over of Facilities. Prior to
cessation of mining operations occasioned by
abandonment or withdrawal of operations, on public
lands by the contractor, the latter shall have a period
of one (1) year therefrom within which to remove his
improvements; otherwise, all the social infrastructure
and facilities shall be turned over or donated tax-free
to the proper government authorities, national or
local, to ensure that said infrastructure and facilities
are continuously maintained and utilized by the host
and neighboring communities.
Sec. 62 Employment of Filipinos. A contractor shall
give preference to Filipino citizens in all types of
mining employment within the country insofar as
such citizens are qualified to perform the
corresponding work with reasonable efficiency and
without hazard to the safety of the operations. The
contractor, however, shall not be hindered from
hiring employees of his own selection, subject to the
provision of Commonwealth Act No. 613, as
amended, for technical and specialized work which in
his judgement and with the approval of the Director,
required highly-specialized training or long
experience in exploration, development or utilization
of mineral resources: Provided, That in no case shall
each employment exceed five (5) years or the
payback period as represented in original project
study, whichever is longer: Provided, further, That
each foreigner employed as mine manager, vicepresident for operations or in an equivalent
managerial position in charge of mining, milling,
quarrying or drilling operation shall:
(a) Present evidence of his qualification and work
experience; or
(b) Shall pass the appropriate government licensure
examination; or
(c) In special cases, may be permitted to work by the
Director for a period not exceeding one (1) year:
Provided, however, That if reciprocal privileges are
extended to Filipino nationals in the country of
domicile, the Director may grant waivers or
exemptions.
CHAPTER XI
SAFETY
AND
PROTECTION

ENVIRONMENTAL

Sec. 63 Mines Safety and Environmental Protection.

All contractors and permittees shall strictly comply
with all the mines safety rules and regulations as may
be promulgated by the Secretary concerning the safe
and sanitary upkeep of the mining operations and
achieve waste-free and efficient mine development.
Personnel of the Department involved in the
implementation of mines safety, health and
environmental rules and regulations shall be covered
under Republic Act No. 7305.
Sec. 64 Mine Labor. No person under sixteen (16)
years of age shall be employed in any phase of
mining operations and no person under eighteen (18)
years of age shall be employed underground in a
mine.
Sec. 65 Mine Supervision. All mining and quarrying
operations that employ more than fifty (50) workers
shall have at least one (1) licensed mining engineer
with at least five (5) years of experience in mining
operations, and one (1) registered foreman.
Sec. 66 Mine Inspection. The regional director shall
have exclusive jurisdiction over the safety inspection
of all installations, surface or underground, in mining
operations at reasonable hours of the day or night and
as much as possible in a manner that will not impede
or obstruct work in progress of a contractor or
permittee.
Sec. 67 Power to Issue Orders. The mines regional
director shall, in consultation with the Environmental
Management Bureau, forthwith or within such time
as specified in his order, require the contractor to
remedy any practice connected with mining or
quarrying operations, which is not in accordance with
safety and anti-pollution laws and regulations, which
is not in accordance with safety and anti-pollution
laws and regulations. In case of imminent danger to
life or property, the mines regional director may
summarily suspend the mining or quarrying
operations until the danger is removed, or appropriate
measures are taken by the contractor or permittee.
Sec. 68 Report of Accidents. In case of any incident
or accident, causing or creating the danger of loss of
life or serious physical injuries, the person in charge
of operations shall immediately report the same to the
regional office where the operations are situated.
Failure to report the same without justifiable reason
shall be a cause for the imposition of administrative
sanctions prescribed in the rules and regulations
implementing this Act.

Sec. 69 Environmental Protection. Every contractor

shall undertake an environmental protection and
enhancement program covering the period of the
mineral agreement or permit. Such environmental
program shall be incorporated in the work program
which the contractor or permittee shall submit as an
accompanying document to the application for a
mineral agreement or permit. The work program shall
include not only plans relative to mining operations
but also to rehabilitation, regeneration, revegetation
and reforestation of mineralized areas, slope
stabilization of mined-out and tailings covered areas,
aquaculture, watershed development and water
conservation; and socioeconomic development.
Sec. 70 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
Except during the exploration period of a mineral
agreement or financial or technical assistance
agreement or an exploration permit, an environmental
clearance certificate shall be required based on an
environmental impact assessment and procedures
under the Philippine Environmental Impact
Assessment System including Sections 26 and 27 of
the Local Government Code of 1991 which require
national government agencies to maintain ecological
balance, and prior consultation with the local
government units, nongovernmental and people's
organizations and other concerned sectors of the
community: Provided, That a completed ecological
profile of the proposed mining area shall also
constitute part of the environmental impact
assessment. People's organizations and nongovernmental organizations shall be allowed and
encourage to participate in ensuring that
contractors/permittees shall observe all the
requirements of environmental protection.
Sec. 71 Rehabilitation. Contractors and permittees
shall technically and biologically rehabilitate the
excavated mined-out, tailings covered and disturbed
areas to the condition of environmental safety, as may
be provided in the implementing rules and
regulations of this Act. A mine rehabilitation fund
shall be created, based on the contractor's approved
work program, and shall be deposited as a trust fund
in a government depository bank and used for
physical and social rehabilitation of areas and
communities affected by mining activities and for
research on the social, technical and preventive
aspects of rehabilitation. Failure to fulfill the above
obligation shall mean immediate suspension or
closure of the mining activities of the
contractor/permittee concerned.
CHAPTER XII
AUXILIARY MINING RIGHTS

Sec. 72 Timber Rights. Any provision of law to the

contrary notwithstanding, a contractor may be ranged
a right to cut trees or timber within his mining area as
may be necessary for his mining operations subject to
forestry laws, rules and regulations: Provided, That if
the land covered by the mining area is already
covered by existing timber concessions, the volume
of timber needed and the manner of cutting and
removal thereof shall be determined by the mines
regional director, upon consultation with the
contractor, the timber concessionaire/permittee and
the Forest Management Bureau of the Department:
Provided, further, That in case of disagreement
between the contractor and the timber concessionaire,
the matter shall be submitted to the Secretary whose
decision shall be final. The contractor shall perform
reforestation work within his mining area in
accordance with forestry laws, rules and regulations.
Sec. 73 Water Rights. A contractor shall have water
rights for mining operations upon approval of
application with the appropriate government agency
in accordance with existing water laws, rules and
regulations promulgated thereunder: Provided, That
water rights already granted or vested through long
use, recognized and acknowledged by local customs,
laws, and decisions of courts shall not thereby be
impaired: Provided further, That the Government
reserves the right to regulate water rights and the
reasonable and equitable distribution of water supply
so as to prevent the monopoly of the use thereof.
Sec. 74 Right to Possess Explosives. A contractor/
exploration permittee shall have the right to possess
and use explosives within his contract/permit area as
may be necessary for his mining operations upon
approval of an application with the appropriate
government agency in accordance with existing laws,
rules and regulations promulgated thereunder:
Provided, That the Government reserves the right to
regulate and control the explosive accessories to
ensure safe mining operations.
Sec. 75 Easement Rights. When mining areas are so
situated that for purposes of more convenient mining
operations it is necessary to build, construct or install
on the mining areas or lands owned, occupied or
leased by other persons, such infrastructure as roads,
railroads, mills, waste dump sites, tailings ponds,
warehouses, staging or storage areas and port
facilities, tramways, runways, airports, electric
transmission, telephone or telegraph lines, dams and
their normal flood and catchment areas, sites for
water wells, ditches, canals, new river beds,
pipelines, flumes, cuts, shafts, tunnels, or mills, the

contractor, upon payment of just compensation, shall

be entitled to enter and occupy said mining areas or
lands.
Sec. 76 Entry into Private Lands and Concession
Areas. Subject to prior notification, holders of mining
rights shall not be prevented from entry into private
lands and concession areas by surface owners,
occupants, or concessionaires when conducting
mining operations therein: Provided, That any
damage done to the property of the surface owner,
occupant, or concessionaire as a consequence of such
operations shall be properly compensated as may be
provided for in the implementing rules and
regulations: Provided, further, That to guarantee such
compensation, the person authorized to conduct
mining operation shall, prior thereto, post a bond
with the regional director based on the type of
properties, the prevailing prices in and around the
area where the mining operations are to be
conducted, with surety or sureties satisfactory to the
regional director.
CHAPTER XIII
SETTLEMENT OF CONFLICTS
Sec. 77 Panel of Arbitrators. There shall be a panel of
arbitraters in the regional office of the Department
composed of three (3) members, two (2) of whom
must be members of the Philippine Bar in good
standing and one licensed mining engineer or a
professional in a related field, and duly designated by
the Secretary as recommended by the Mines and
Geosciences Bureau Director. Those designated as
members of the panel shall serve as such in addition
to their work in the Department without receiving
any additional compensation. As much as practicable,
said members shall come from the different bureaus
of the Department in the region. The presiding officer
shall be on a yearly basis. The members of the panel
shall perform their duties and obligations in hearing
and deciding cases until their designation is
withdrawn or revoked by the Secretary. Within thirty
(30) working days, after the submission of the case
by the parties for decision, the panel shall have
exclusive and original jurisdiction to hear and decide
on the following:
(a) Disputes involving rights to mining areas;
(b) Disputes involving mineral agreements or
permits;
(c) Disputes involving surface owners, occupants and
claimholders/concessionaires; and

(d) Disputes pending before the Bureau and the

Department at the date of the effectivity of this Act.
Sec. 78 Appellate Jurisdiction. The decision or order
of the panel of arbitrators may be appealed by the
party not satisfied thereto to the mines Adjudication
Board within fifteen (15) days from receipt thereof
which must decide the case within thirty (30) days
from submission thereof for decision.
Sec. 79 Mines Adjudication Board. The Mines
Adjudication Board shall be composed of three (3)
members. The Secretary shall be the chairman with
the Director of the Mines and Geosciences Bureau
and the Undersecretary for Operations of the
Department as member thereof. The Board shall have
the following powers and functions:
(a) To promulgate rules and regulations governing the
hearing and disposition of cases before it, as well as
those pertaining to its internal functions, and such
rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out
its functions;
(b) To administer oaths, summon the parties to a
controversy, issue subpoenas requiring the attendance
and testimony of witnesses or the production of such
books, paper, contracts, records, statement of
accounts, agreements, and other documents as may
be material to a just determination of the matter under
investigation, and to testify in any investigation or
hearing conducted in pursuance of this Act;
(c) To conduct hearings on all matters within its
jurisdiction, proceed to hear and determine the
disputes in the absence of any party thereto who has
been summoned or served with notice to appear,
conduct its proceedings or any part thereof in public
or in private, adjourn its hearings at any time and
place, refer technical matters or accounts to an expert
and to accept his report as evidence after hearing of
the parties upon due notice, direct parties to be joined
in or excluded from the proceedings, correct, amend,
or waive any error, defect or irregularity, whether in
substance or in form, give all such directions at it
may deem necessary or expedient in the
determination of the dispute before it and dismiss the
mining dispute as part thereof, where it is trivial or
where further proceedings by the Board are not
necessary or desirable;
(1) to hold any person in contempt, directly or
indirectly, and impose appropriate penalties therefor;
and

(2) To enjoin any or all acts involving or arising from

any case pending before it which, if not restrained
forthwith, may cause grave or irreparable damage to
any of the parties to the case or seriously affect social
and economic stability.
In any proceeding before the Board, the rules of
evidence prevailing in courts of law or equity shall
not be controlling and it is the spirit and intention of
this Act that shall govern. The Board shall use every
and all reasonable means to ascertain the facts in each
case speedily and objectively and without regard to
technicalities of law or procedure, all in the interest
of due process. In any proceeding before the Board,
the parties may be represented by legal counsel. the
findings of fact of the Board shall be conclusive and
binding on the parties and its decision or order shall
be final and executory.
A petition for review by certiorari and question of
law may be filed by the aggrieved party with the
Supreme Court within thirty (30) days from receipt of
the order or decision of the Board.
CHAPTER XIV
GOVERNMENT SHARE
Sec. 80 Government Share in Mineral Production
Sharing Agreement. The total government share in a
mineral production sharing agreement shall be the
excise tax on mineral products as provided in
Republic Act No. 7729, amending Section 151(a) of
the National Internal Revenue Code, as amended.
Sec. 81 Government Share in Other Mineral
Agreements. The share of the Government in coproduction and joint-venture agreements shall be
negotiated by the Government and the contractor
taking into consideration the: (a) capital investment
of the project, (b) risks involved, (c) contribution of
the project to the economy, and (d) other factors that
will provide for a fair and equitable sharing between
the Government and the contractor. The Government
shall also be entitled to compensations for its other
contributions which shall be agreed upon by the
parties, and shall consist, among other things, the
contractor's income tax, excise tax, special allowance,
withholding tax due from the contractor's foreign
stockholders arising from dividend or interest
payments to the said foreign stockholders, in case of
a foreign national, and all such other taxes, duties and
fees as provided for under existing laws.
The Government share in financial or technical
assistance agreement shall consist of, among other
things, the contractor's corporate income tax, excise

tax, special allowance, withholding tax due from the

contractor's foreign stockholders arising from
dividend or interest payments to the said foreign
stockholder in case of a foreign national and all such
other taxes, duties and fees as provided for under
existing laws.
The collection of government share in financial or
technical assistance agreement shall commence after
the financial or technical assistance agreement
contractor has fully recovered its pre-operating
expenses,
exploration,
and
development
expenditures, inclusive.
Sec. 82 Allocation of Government Share. The
Government share as referred to in the preceding
sections shall be shared and allocated in accordance
with Sections 290 and 292 of Republic Act No. 7160
otherwise known as the Local Government Code of
1991. In case the development and utilization of
mineral resources is undertaken by a governmentowned or controlled corporation, the sharing and
allocation shall be in accordance with Sections 291
and 292 of the said Code.
CHAPTER XV
TAXES AND FEES
Sec. 83 Income Taxes. After the lapse of the income
tax holiday as provided for in the Omnibus
Investments Code, the contractor shall be liable to
pay income tax as provided in the National Internal
Revenue Code, as amended.
Sec. 84 Excise Tax on Mineral Products. The
contractor shall be liable to pay the excise tax on
mineral products as provided for under Section 151
of the National Internal Revenue Code: Provided,
however, That with respect to a mineral production
sharing agreement, the excise tax on mineral products
shall be the government share under said agreement.
Sec. 85 Mine Wastes and Tailings Fees. A semiannual fee to be known as mine wastes and tailings
fee is hereby imposed on all operating mining
companies in accordance with the implementing rules
and regulations. The mine wastes and tailings fee
shall accrue to a reserve fund to be used exclusively
for payment for damages to:
(a) Lives and personal safety;
(b) Lands, agricultural crops and forest products,
marine life and aquatic resources, cultural resources;
and
(c) Infrastructure and the revegetation and
rehabilitation of silted farm lands and other areas

devoted to agriculture and fishing caused by mining

pollution.
This is in addition to the suspension or closure of the
activities of the contractor at any time and the penal
sanctions imposed upon the same.
The Secretary is authorized to increase mine wastes
and tailings fees, when public interest so requires,
upon the recommendation of the Director.
Sec. 86 Occupation Fees. There shall be collected
from any holder of a mineral agreement, financial or
technical assistance agreement or exploration permit
on public or private lands, an annual occupation fee
in accordance with the following schedule;
(a) For exploration permit - Five pesos (P5.00) per
hectare or fraction thereof per annum;
(b) For mineral agreements and financial or technical
assistance agreements - Fifty pesos (P50.00) per
hectare or fraction thereof per annum; and
(c) For mineral reservation - One hundred pesos
(P100.00) per hectare or fraction thereof per annum.
The Secretary is authorized to increase the
occupation fees provided herein when the public
interest so requires, upon recommendation of the
Bureau Director.
Sec. 87 Manner of payment of Fees. The fees shall be
paid on the date the mining agreement is registered
with the appropriate office and on the same date
every year thereafter. It shall be paid to the treasurer
of the municipality or city where the onshore mining
areas are located, or to the Director in case of
offshore mining areas. For this purpose, the
appropriate officer shall submit to the treasurer of the
municipality or city where the onshore mining area is
located, a complete list of all onshore mining rights
registered with his office, indicating therein the
names of the holders, area in hectares, location, and
date registered. If the fee is not paid on the date
specified, it shall be increased by twenty-five per
centum (25%).
Sec. 88 Allocation of Occupation Fees. Thirty per
centum (30%) of all occupational fees collected from
holders of mining rights in onshore mining areas
shall accrue to the province and seventy per centum
(70%) to the municipality in which the onshore
mining areas are located. In a chartered city, the full
amount shall accrue to the city concerned.

Sec. 89 Filing Fees and Other Charges. The Secretary

is authorized to charge reasonable filing fees and
other charges as he may prescribe in accordance with
the implementing rules and regulations.
CHAPTER XVI
INCENTIVES
Sec. 90 Incentives. The contractors in mineral
agreements, and financial or technical assistance
agreements shall be entitled to the applicable fiscal
and non-fiscal incentives as provided for under
Executive Order No. 226, otherwise known as the
Omnibus Investments Code of 1987: Provided, That
holders of exploration permits may register with the
Board of Investments and be entitled to the fiscal
incentives granted under the said Code for the
duration of the permits or extensions thereof:
Provided, further, That mining activities shall always
be included in the investment priorities plan.
Sec. 91 Incentives for Pollution Control Devices.
Pollution control devices acquired, constructed or
installed by contractors shall not be considered as
improvements on the land or building where they are
placed, and shall not be subject to real property and
other taxes or assessments: Provided, however, That
payment of mine wastes and tailings fees is not
exempted.
Sec. 92 Income Tax-Carry Forward of Losses. A net
operating loss without the benefit of incentives
incurred in any of the first ten (10) years of
operations may be carried over as a deduction from
taxable income for the next five (5) years
immediately following the year of such loss. The
entire amount of the loss shall be carried over to the
first of the five (5) taxable years following the loss,
and any portion of such loss which exceeds the
taxable income of such first year shall be deducted in
like manner from the taxable income of the next
remaining four (4) years.
Sec. 93 Income Tax-Accelerated Depreciation. Fixed
assets may be depreciated as follows:
(a) To the extent of not more than twice as fast as the
normal rate of depreciation or depreciated at normal
rate of depreciation if the expected life is ten (10)
years or less; or
(b) Depreciated over any number of years between
five (5) years and the expected life if the latter is
more than ten (10) years, and the depreciation
thereon allowed as deduction from taxable income:
Provided, That the contractor notifies the Bureau of

Internal Revenue at the beginning of the depreciation

period which depreciation rate allowed by this
section will be used.
In computing for taxable income, unless otherwise
provided in this Act, the contractor may, at his option,
deduct exploration and development expenditures
accumulated at cost as of the date of the prospecting
or exploration and development expenditures paid or
incurred during the taxable year: Provided, That the
total amount deductible for exploration and
development expenditures shall not exceed twentyfive per centum (25%) of the net income from mining
operations. The actual exploration and development
expenditures minus the twenty-five per centum
(25%) net income from mining shall be carried
forward to the succeeding years until fully deducted.
Net income from mining operation is defined as gross
income from operations less allowable deductions
which are necessary or related to mining operations.
Allowable deductions shall include mining, milling
and marketing expenses, depreciation or properties
directly used in the mining operations. This
paragraph shall not apply to expenditures for the
acquisition or improvement of property of a character
which is subject to the allowances for depreciation.
Sec. 94 Investment Guarantees. The contractor shall
be entitled to the basic rights and guarantees provided
in
the Constitution and such other rights recognized by
the government as enumerated hereunder.
(a) Repatriation of investments. The right to
repatriate the entire proceeds of the liquidation of the
foreign investment in the currency in which the
investment was originally made and at the exchange
rate prevailing at the time of repatriation.
(b) Remittance of earnings. The right to remit
earnings from the investment in the currency in
which the foreign investment was originally made at
the exchange rate prevailing at the time of remittance.
(c) Foreign loans and contracts. The right to remit at
the exchange rate prevailing at the time of remittance
such sums as may be necessary to meet the payments
of interest and principal on foreign loans and foreign
obligations arising from financial or technical
assistance contracts.
(d) Freedom from expropriation. The right to be free
from expropriation by the government of the property
represented by investments or loans, or of the
property of the enterprise except for public use or in

the interest of national welfare or defense and upon

payment of just compensation. In such cases, foreign
investors or enterprises shall have the right to remit
sums received as compensation for the expropriated
property in the currency in which the investment was
originally made and at the exchange rate prevailing at
the time of remittance.
(e) Requisition of investment. The right to be free
from requisition of the property represented by the
investment or of the property of the enterprises
except in case of war or national emergency and only
for the duration thereof. Just compensation shall be
determined and paid either at the time or immediately
after cessation of the state of war or national
emergency. Payments received as compensation for
the requisitioned property may be remitted in the
currency in which the investments were originally
made and at the exchange rate prevailing at the time
of remittance.
(f) Confidentiality. Any confidential information
supplied by the contractor pursuant to this Act and its
implementing rules and regulations shall be treated as
such by the department and the Government, and
during the term of the project to which it relates.
CHAPTER XVII
GROUND
FOR
CANCELLATION,
REVOCATION, AND TERMINATION
Sec. 95 Late or Non-filing of Requirements. Failure
of the permittee or contractor to comply with any of
the requirements provided in this Act or in its
implementing rules and regulations, without a valid
reason, shall be sufficient ground from the suspension
of any permit or agreement provided under this Act.
Sec. 96 Violation of the Terms and Conditions of
Permits or Agreements. Violations of the terms and
conditions of the permits or agreements shall be a
sufficient ground for cancellation of the same.
Sec. 97 Non-payment of taxes and Fees. Failure to
pay the taxes and fees due the Government for two
(2) consecutive years shall cause the cancellation of
the exploration permit, mineral agreement, financial
or technical assistance agreement and other
agreements and the re-opening of the area subject
thereof to new applicants.
Sec. 98 Suspension or Cancellation of Tax Incentives
and Credits. Failure to abide by the terms and
conditions of tax incentives and credits shall cause
the suspension or cancellation of said incentives and
credits.

Sec. 99 Falsehood or Omission of Facts in the

Statement. All statements made in the exploration
permit, mining agreement and financial or technical
assistance shall be considered as conditions and
essential parts thereof and any falsehood in said
statements or omission of facts therein which may
alter, change or affect substantially the facts set forth
in said statements may cause the revocation and
termination of the exploration permit, mining
agreement and financial or technical assistance
agreement.
CHAPTER XVIII
ORGANIZATIONAL AND
ARRANGEMENT

INSTITUTIONAL

Sec. 100 From Staff Bureau to Line Bureau. The

Mines and Geosciences Bureau is hereby transformed
into a line bureau consistent with Section 9 of this
Act: Provided, That under the Mines and Geosciences
Bureau shall be the necessary mines regional, district
and other pertinent offices - the number and specific
functions of which shall be provided in the
implementing rules and regulations of this Act.
CHAPTER XIX
PENAL PROVISIONS
Sec. 101 False Statements. Any person who
knowingly presents any false application, declaration,
or evidence to the Government or publishes or causes
to be published any prospectus or other information
containing any false statement relating to mines,
mining operations or mineral agreements, financial or
technical assistance agreements and permits shall,
upon conviction, be penalized by a fine of not
exceeding Ten Thousand Pesos (P10,000.00).
Sec. 102 Illegal Exploration. Any person undertaking
exploration work without the necessary exploration
permit shall, upon conviction, be penalized by a fine
of not exceeding Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00).
Sec. 103 Theft of Minerals. Any person extracting
minerals and disposing the same without a mining
agreement, lease, permit, license, or steals minerals
or ores or the products thereof from mines or mills or
processing plants shall, upon conviction, be
imprisoned from six (6) months to six (6) years or
pay a fine from Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to
Twenty thousand pesos (P20,000.00), or both, at the
discretion of the appropriate court. In addition, he
shall be liable to pay damages and compensation for
the minerals removed, extracted, and disposed of. In
the case of associations, partnerships, or corporations,

the president and each of the directors thereof shall

be responsible for the acts committed by such
association, corporation, or partnership.
Sec. 104 Destruction of Mining Structures. Any
person who willfully destroys or damages structures
in or on the mining area or on the mill sites shall,
upon conviction, be imprisoned for a period not to
exceed five (5) years and shall, in addition, pay
compensation for the damages which may have been
caused thereby.
Sec. 105 Mines Arson. Any person who willfully sets
fire to any mineral stockpile, mine or workings,
fittings or a mine, shall be guilty of arson and shall be
punished, upon conviction, by the appropriate court
in accordance with the provisions of the Revised
Penal Code and shall, in addition, pay compensation
for the damages caused thereby.
Sec. 106 Willful Damage to a Mine. Any person who
willfully damages a mine, unlawfully causes water to
run into a mine, or obstructs any shaft or passage to a
mine, or renders useless, damages or destroys any
machine, appliance, apparatus; rope, chain, tackle, or
any other things used in a mine, shall be punished,
upon conviction, by the appropriate court, by
imprisonment not exceeding a period of five (5) years
and shall, in addition, pay compensation for the
damages caused thereby.
Sec. 107 Illegal Obstruction to Permittees or
Contractors. Any person who, without justifiable
cause, prevents or obstructs the holder of any permit,
agreement or lease from undertaking his mining
operations shall be punished, upon conviction by the
appropriate court, by a fine not exceeding Five
thousand pesos (P5,000.00) or imprisonment not
exceeding one (1) year, or both, at the discretion of
the court.
Sec. 108 Violation of the Terms and Conditions of the
Environmental Compliance Certificate. Any person
who willfully violates or grossly neglects to abide by
the terms and conditions of the environmental
compliance certificate issued to said person and
which causes environmental damage through
pollution shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment of
six (6) months to six (6) years or a fine of Fifty
thousand pesos (P50,000.00) to Two Hundered
Thousand Pesos (P200,000.00), or both at the
discretion of the court.
Sec. 109 Illegal Obstruction to Government Officials.
Any person who illegally prevents or obstructs the
Secretary, the Director or any of their representatives

in the performance of their duties under the

provisions of this Act and of the regulations
promulgated hereunder shall be punished, upon
conviction, by the appropriate court, by a fine not
exceeding Five thousand pesos (P5,000.00) or by
imprisonment not exceeding one (1) year, or both, at
the discretion of the court.
Sec. 110 Other Violations. Any other violation of this
Act and its implementing rules and regulations shall
constitute an offense punishable with a fine not
exceeding five thousand pesos (P5,000.00).
Sec. 111 Fines. The Secretary is authorized to charge
fines for late or nonsubmission of reports in
accordance with the implementing rules and
regulations of this Act
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7076: People's Small-scale
Mining Act
Sec. 2. Declaration of Policy. It is hereby declared
of the State to promote, develop, protect and
rationalize viable small-scale mining activities in
order to generate more employment opportunities and
provide an equitable sharing of the nation's wealth
and natural resources, giving due regard to existing
rights as herein provided.
Sec. 3. Definitions. For purposes of this Act, the
following terms shall be defined as follows:
(a) "Mineralized areas" refer to areas with naturally
occurring mineral deposits of gold, silver, chromite,
kaolin, silica, marble, gravel, clay and like mineral
resources;
(b) "Small-scale mining" refers to mining activities
which rely heavily on manual labor using simple
implement and methods and do not use explosives or
heavy mining equipment;
(c) "Small-scale miners" refer to Filipino citizens
who, individually or in the company of other Filipino
citizens, voluntarily form a cooperative duly licensed
by the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources to engage, under the terms and conditions
of a contract, in the extraction or removal of minerals
or ore-bearing materials from the ground;
(d) "Small-scale mining contract" refers to coproduction, joint venture or mineral production
sharing agreement between the State and a small-

scale mining contractor for the small-scale utilization

of a plot of mineral land;
(e) "Small-scale mining contractor" refers to an
individual or a cooperative of small-scale miners,
registered with the Securities and Exchange
Commission or other appropriate government agency,
which has entered into an agreement with the State
for the small-scale utilization of a plot of mineral
land within a people's small-scale mining area;
(f) "Active mining area" refers to areas under actual
exploration, development, exploitation or commercial
production as determined by the Secretary after the
necessary field investigation or verification including
contiguous and geologically related areas belonging
to the same claimowner and/or under contract with an
operator, but in no case to exceed the maximum area
allowed by law;
(g) "Existing mining right" refers to perfected and
subsisting claim, lease, license or permit covering a
mineralized area prior to its declaration as a people's
small-scale mining area;
(h) "Claimowner" refers to a holder of an existing
mining right;
(i) "Processor" refers to a person issued a license to
engage in the treatment of minerals or ore-bearing
materials such as by gravity concentration, leaching
benefication, cyanidation, cutting, sizing, polishing
and other similar activities;
(j) "License" refers to the privilege granted to a
person to legitimately pursue his occupation as a
small-scale miner or processor under this Act;
(k) "Mining plan" refers to a two-year program of
activities and methodologies employed in the
extraction and production of minerals or ore-bearing
materials, including the financial plan and other
resources in support thereof;
(l) "Director" refers to the regional executive director
of the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources; and
(m) "Secretary" refers to the Secretary of the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
Sec. 4. People's Small-scale Mining Program. For
the purpose of carrying out the declared policy
provided in Section 2 hereof, there is hereby

established a People's Small-scale Mining Program to

be implemented by the Secretary of the Department
of Environment and Natural Resources, hereinafter
called the Department, in coordination with other
concerned government agencies, designed to achieve
an orderly, systematic and rational scheme for the
small-scale development and utilization of mineral
resources in certain mineral areas in order to address
the social, economic, technical, and environmental
connected with small-scale mining activities.
The People's Small-scale Mining Program shall
include the following features:
(a) The identification, segregation and reservation of
certain mineral lands as people's small-scale mining
areas;
(b) The recognition of prior existing rights and
productivity;
(c) The encouragement
cooperatives;

of

the

(d) The extension of technical

assistance, and other social services;

formation

and

of

financial

(e) The extension of assistance in processing and

marketing;
(f) The generation of ancillary livelihood activities;
(g) The regulation of the small-scale mining industry
with the view to encourage growth and productivity;
and
(h) The efficient collection of government revenue.
Sec. 5. Declaration of People's Small-scale Mining
Areas. The Board is hereby authorized to declare
and set aside people's small-scale mining areas in
sites onshore suitable for small-scale mining, subject
to review by the Secretary, immediately giving
priority to areas already occupied and actively mined
by small-scale miners before August 1, 1987:
Provided, That such areas are not considered as
active mining areas: Provided, further, That the
minerals found therein are technically and
commercially suitable for small-scale mining
activities: Provided, finally, That the areas are not
covered by existing forest rights or reservations and
have not been declared as tourist or marine reserved,
parks and wildlife reservations, unless their status as
such is withdrawn by competent authority.
Sec. 6. Future People's Small-scale Mining Areas.
The following lands, when suitable for small-scale

mining, may be declared by the Board as people's

small scale mining areas:
(a) Public lands not subject to any existing right; vi
(b) Public lands covered by existing mining rights
which are not active mining areas; and
(c) Private lands, subject to certain rights and
conditions,
except
those
with
substantial
improvements or in bona fide and regular use as a
yard, stockyard, garden, plant nursery, plantation,
cemetery or burial site, or land situated within one
hundred meters (100 m.) from such cemetery or
burial site, water reservoir or a separate parcel of land
with an area of ten thousand square meters (10,000
sq. m.) or less.
Sec. 7. Ancestral Lands. No ancestral land may
be declared as a people's small-scale mining area
without the prior consent of the cultural communities
concerned: Provided, That, if ancestral lands are
declared as people's small-scale mining areas, the
members of the cultural communities therein shall be
given priority in the awarding of small-scale mining
contracts.
Sec. 8. Registration of Small-scale Miners. All
persons undertaking small-scale mining activities
shall register as miners with the Board and may
organize themselves into cooperatives in order to
qualify for the awarding of a people's small-scale
mining contract.
Sec. 9. Award of People's Small-scale Mining
Contracts. A people's small-scale mining contract
may be awarded by the Board to small-scale miners
who have voluntarily organized and have duly
registered with the appropriate government agency as
an individual miner or cooperative; Provided, That
only one (1) people's small-scale mining contract
may be awarded at any one time to a small-scale
mining operations within one (1) year from the date
of award: Provided, further, That priority shall be
given or city where the small-scale mining area is
located.
Applications for a contract shall be subject to a
reasonable fee to be paid to the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources regional office
having jurisdiction over the area.
Sec. 10. Extent of Contract Area. The Board shall
determine the reasonable size and shape of the
contract area following the meridional block system
established under Presidential Decree No. 463, as

amended, otherwise known as the Mineral Resources

Development Decree of 1974, but in no case shall the
area exceed twenty hectares (20 has.) per contractor
and the depth or length of the tunnel or adit not
exceeding that recommended by the director taking
into account the following circumstances:

(c) Comply with his obligations to the holder of an

existing mining right;

(a) Size of membership and capitalization of the

cooperative;
(b) Size of mineralized area;

(e) Comply with pertinent rules and regulations on

environmental
protection
and
conservation,
particularly those on tree-cutting mineral-processing
and pollution control;

(d) Pay all taxes, royalties or government production

share as are now or may hereafter be provided by
law;

(c) Quantity of mineral deposits;

(d) Safety of miners;

(f) File under oath at the end of each month a detailed

production and financial report to the Board; and

(e) Environmental impact and other considerations;

and

(g) Assume responsibility for the safety of persons

working in the mines.

(f) Other related circumstances.

Sec. 14. Rights of Claimowners. In case a site

declared and set aside as a people's-scale mining area
is covered by an existing mining right, the
claimowner and the small-scale miners therein are
encouraged to enter into a voluntary and acceptable
contractual agreement with respect to the small-scale
utilization of the mineral values from the area under
claim. In case of disagreement, the claimowner shall
be entitled to the following rights and privileges:
(a) Exemption from the performance of annual work
obligations and payment of occupation fees, rental,
and real property taxes;

Sec. 11. Easement Rights. Upon the declaration

of a people's small-scale mining area, the director, in
consultation with the operator, claimowner,
landowner or lessor of an affected area, shall
determine the right of the small scale miners to
existing facilities such as mining and logging roads,
private roads, port and communication facilities,
processing plants which are necessary for the
effective implementation of the People's Small-scale
Mining Program, subject to payment of reasonable
fees to the operator, claimowner, landowner or lessor.
Sec. 12. Rights Under a People's Small-scale Mining
Contract. A people's small-scale mining contract
entitles the small-scale mining contractor to the right
to mine, extract and dispose of mineral ores for
commercial purposes. In no case shall a small-scale
mining contract be subcontracted, assigned or
otherwise transferred.
Sec. 13. Terms and Conditions of the Contract. A
contract shall have a term of two (2) years, renewable
subject to verification by the Board for like periods as
long as the contractor complies with the provisions
set forth in this Act, and confers upon the contractor
the right to mine within the contract area: Provided,
That the holder of a small-scale mining contract shall
have the following duties and obligations:
(a) Undertake mining activities only in accordance
with a mining plan duly approved by the Board;
(b) Abide by the Mines and Geosciences Bureau and
the small-scale Mining Safety Rules and Regulations;

(b) Subject to the approval of the Board, free access

to the contract area to conduct metallurgical tests,
explorations and other activities, provided such
activities do not unduly interfere with the operations
of the small-scale miners; and
(c) Royalty equivalent to one and one half percent (1
1/2%) of the gross value of the metallic mineral
output or one percent (1%) of the gross value of the
nonmetallic mineral output to be paid to the
claimowner: Provided, That such rights and
privileges shall be available only if he is not
delinquent and other performance of his annual work
obligations and other requirements for the last two
(2) years prior to the effectivity of this Act.
Sec. 15. Rights of Private Landowners. The
private landowner or lawful possessor shall be
notified of any plan or petition to declare his land as a
people's small-scale mining area. Said landowner
may oppose such plan or petition in an appropriate
proceeding and hearing conducted before the Board.

If a private land is declared as a people's small-scale

mining area, the owner and the small-scale mining
contractors are encouraged to enter into a voluntary
and acceptable contractual agreement for the smallscale utilization of the mineral values from the
private land: Provided, That the owner shall in all
cases be entitled to the payment of actual damages
which he may suffer as a result of such declaration:
Provided, further, That royalties paid to the owner
shall in no case exceed one percent (1%) of the gross
value of the minerals recovered as royalty.

Custom mills shall be constituted as withholding

agents for the royalties, production share or other
taxes due the Government.
Sec. 19. Government Share and Allotment. The
revenue to be derived by the Government from the
operation of the mining program herein established
shall be subject to the sharing provided in the Local
Government Code.

Sec. 16. Ownership of Mill Tailings. The smallscale mining contractor shall be the owner of all mill
tailings produced from the contract area. He may sell
the tailings or have them processed in any custom
mill in the area: Provided, That, if the small-scale
mining contractor decide to sell its mill tailings, the
claimowner shall have a preemptive right to purchase
said mill tailings at the prevailing market price.

Sec. 20. People's Small-scale Mining Protection

Fund. There is hereby created a People's Smallscale Mining Protection Fund which shall be fifteen
percent (15%) of the national government's share due
the Government which shall be used primarily for
information dissemination and training of small-scale
miners on safety, health and environmental
protection, and the establishment of mine rescue and
recovery teams including the procurement of rescue
equipment necessary in cases of emergencies such as
landslides, tunnel collapse, or the like.

Sec. 17. Sale of Gold. All gold produced by

small-scale miners in any mineral area shall be sold
to the Central Bank, or its duly authorized
representatives, which shall buy it at prices
competitive with those prevailing in the world market
regardless of volume or weight.

The fund shall also be made available to address the

needs of the small-scale miners brought about by
accidents and/or fortuitous events.

The Central Bank shall establish as many buying

stations in gold-rush areas to fully service the
requirements of the small-scale minerals thereat.
Sec. 18. Custom Mills. The establishment and
operation of safe and efficient customs mills to
process minerals or ore-bearing materials shall be
limited to mineral processing zones duly designated
by the local government unit concerned upon
recommendation of the Board.
In mining areas where the private sector is unable to
establish custom mills, the Government shall
construct
such
custom
mills
upon
the
recommendation of the Board based on the viability
of the project.
The Board shall issue licenses for the operation of
custom mills and other processing plants subject to
pollution control and safety standards.
The Department shall establish assay laboratories to
cross-check the integrity of custom mills and to
render metallurgical and laboratory services to mines.

Sec. 21. Rescission of Contracts and Administrative

Fines. The noncompliance with the terms and
conditions of the contract or violation of the rules and
regulations issued by the Secretary pursuant to this
Act, as well as the abandonment of the mining site by
the contractor, shall constitute a ground for the
cancellation of the contracts and the ejectment from
the people's small-scale mining area of the contractor.
In addition, the Secretary may impose fines against
the violator in an amount of not less than Twenty
thousand pesos (P20,000.00) and not more than One
hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00). Nonpayment
of the fine imposed shall render the small-scale
mining contractor ineligible for other small-scale
mining contracts.
Sec. 22. Reversion of People's Small-scale Mining
Areas. The Secretary, upon recommendation of
the director, shall withdraw the status of the people's
small-scale mining area when it can no longer
feasibly operated on a small-scale mining basis or
when the safety, health and environmental conditions
warrant that the same shall revert to the State for
proper disposition.
Sec. 23. Actual Occupation by Small-scale Miners.
Small-scale miners who have been in actual
operation of mineral lands on or before August 1,
1987 as determined by the Board shall not be

dispossessed, ejected or removed from said areas:

Provided, That they comply with the provisions of
this Act.
Sec. 24. Provincial/City Mining Regulatory Board.
There is hereby created under the direct
supervision and control of the Secretary a
provincial/city mining regulatory board, herein called
the Board, which shall be the implementing agency
of the Department, and shall exercise the following
powers and functions, subject to review by the
Secretary:
(a) Declare and segregate existing gold-rush areas for
small-scale mining;
(b) Reserve future gold and other mining areas for
small-scale mining;

activities of the small-scale miners within the

people's small-scale mining area.
The Secretary shall within ninety (90) days from the
effectivity of this Act promulgate rules and
regulations to effectively implement the provisions of
the same. Priority shall be given to such rules and
regulations that will ensure the least disruption in the
operations of the small-scale miners.
Sec. 27. Penal Sanctions. Violations of the
provisions of this Act or of the rules and regulations
issued pursuant hereto shall be penalized with
imprisonment of not less than six (6) months nor
more than six (6) years and shall include the
confiscation and seizure of equipment, tools and
instruments.

(c) Award contracts to small-scale miners;

Cases
(d) Formulate and implement rules and regulations
related to small-scale mining;
(e) Settle disputes, conflicts or litigations over
conflicting claims within a people's small-scale
mining area, an area that is declared a small-mining;
and
(f) Perform such other functions as may be necessary
to achieve the goals and objectives of this Act.
Sec. 25. Composition of the Provincial/City Mining
Regulatory Board. The Board shall be composed
of the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources representative as Chairman; and the
representative of the governor or city mayor, as the
representative of the governor or city mayor, as the
case may be, one (1) small scale mining
representative,
one
(1)
big-scale
mining
representative, and the representative from a
nongovernment organization who shall come from an
environmental group, as members.
The representatives from the private sector shall be
nominated by their respective organizations and
appointed by the Department regional director. The
Department shall provide the staff support to the
Board.
Sec. 26. Administrative Supervision over the
People's Small-scale Mining Program. The
Secretary through his representative shall exercise
direct supervision and control over the program and

La Bugal Blaan Tribal Association Inc., et al. V.

Victor O. Ramos, Secretary Department of
Environment and Natural Resources; Horacio
Ramos, Director, Mines and Geosciences Bureau
(MGB-DENR);
The constitutional provision allowing the President
to enter into FTAAs is an exception to the rule that
participation in the nations natural resources is
reserved exclusively to Filipinos. Provision must be
construed strictly against their enjoyment by nonFilipinos.
RA 7942 (The Philippine Mining Act) took effect on
April 9, 1995. Before the effectivity of RA 7942, or
on March 30, 1995, the President signed a Financial
and Technical Assistance Agreement (FTAA) with
WMCP, a corporation organized under Philippine
laws, covering close to 100, 000 hectares of land in
South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Davao del Sur and
North Cotabato. On August 15, 1995, the
Environment Secretary Victor Ramos issued DENR
Administrative Order 95-23, which was later repealed
by DENR Administrative Order 96-40, adopted on
December 20, 1996.
Petitioners prayed that RA 7942, its implementing
rules, and the FTAA between the government and
WMCP be declared unconstitutional on ground that
they allow fully foreign owned corporations like
WMCP to exploit, explore and develop Philippine

mineral resources in contravention of Article XII

Section 2 paragraphs 2 and 4 of the Charter.
In January 2001, MMC a publicly listed Australian
mining and exploration company sold its whole
stake in WMCP to Sagittarius Mines, 60% of which
is owned by Filipinos while 40% of which is owned
by Indophil Resources, an Australian company.
DENR approved the transfer and registration of the
FTAA in Sagittarius name but Lepanto Consolidated
assailed the same. The latter case is still pending
before the Court of Appeals.
EO 279, issued by former President Aquino on July
25, 1987, authorizes the DENR to accept, consider
and evaluate proposals from foreign owned
corporations or foreign investors for contracts or
agreements involving either technical or financial
assistance for large scale exploration, development
and utilization of minerals which upon appropriate
recommendation of the (DENR) Secretary, the
president may execute with foreign proponent.
WMCP likewise contended that the annulment of the
FTAA would violate a treaty between the Philippines
and Australia which provides for the protection of
Australian investments.
ISSUES:
1. Whether or not the Philippine Mining Act is
unconstitutional for allowing fully foreignowned corporations to exploit Philippine
mineral resources
2.

Whether or not the FTAA between the

government and WMCP is a service
contract that permits fully foreign owned
companies to exploit Philippine mineral
resources

3.

Whether the Court has a role in the exercise

of the power of control over the EDU of our
natural resources

HELD:
1) RA 7942 or the Philippine Mining Act of 1995 is
unconstitutional for permitting fully foreign
owned corporations to exploit Philippine natural
resources.
Article XII Section 2 of the 1987 Constitution
retained the Regalian doctrine which states that All
lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal,
petroleum, and other minerals, coal, petroleum, and
other mineral oils, all forces of potential energy,
fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna,

and other natural resources are owned by the State.

The same section also states that, exploration and
development and utilization of natural resources shall
be under the full control and supervision of the
State.
Conspicuously absent in Section 2 is the provision in
the 1935 and 1973 Constitutions authorizing the State
to grant licenses, concessions, or leases for the
exploration, exploitation, development or utilization
of natural resources. Y such omission, the utilization
of inalienable lands of public domain through license,
concession or lease is no longer allowed under the
1987 Constitution.
Under the concession system, the concessionaire
makes a direct equity investment for the purpose of
exploiting a particular natural resource within a given
area. The concession amounts to complete control by
the concessionaire over the countrys natural
resource, for it is given exclusive and plenary rights
to exploit a particular resource at the point of
extraction.
The 1987 Constitution, moreover, has deleted the
phrase management or other forms of assistance in
the 1973 Charter. The present Constitution now
allows only technical and financial
assistance. The management or operation of mining
activities by foreign contractors, the primary feature
of service contracts was precisely the evil the drafters
of the 1987 Constitution sought to avoid.
The constitutional provision allowing the President to
enter into FTAAs is an exception to the rule that
participation in the nations natural resources is
reserved exclusively to Filipinos. Accordingly such
provision must be construed strictly against their
enjoyment by non-Filipinos. Therefore RA 7942 is
invalid insofar as said act authorizes service
contracts. Although the statute employs the phrase
financial and technical agreements in accordance
with the 1987 Constitution, its pertinent provisions
actually treat these
agreements as service contracts that grant beneficial
ownership to foreign contractors contrary to the
fundamental law.
The underlying assumption in the provisions of the
law is that the foreign contractor manages the mineral
resources just like the foreign contractor in a service
contract. By allowing foreign contractors to manage
or operate all the aspects of the mining operation, RA
7942 has in effect conveyed beneficial ownership
over the nations mineral resources to these

contractors, leaving the State with nothing but bare

title thereto.
The same provisions, whether by design or
inadvertence, permit a circumvention of the
constitutionally ordained 60-40% capitalization
requirement for corporations or associations engaged
in the exploitation, development and utilization of
Philippine natural resources.
When parts of a statute are so mutually dependent
and connected as conditions, considerations,
inducements or compensations for each other as to
warrant a belief that the legislature intended them as
a whole, then if some parts are unconstitutional, all
provisions that are thus dependent, conditional or
connected must fall with them.
Under Article XII Section 2 of the 1987 Charter,
foreign owned corporations are limited only to
merely technical or financial assistance to the State
for large scale exploration, development and
utilization of minerals, petroleum and other mineral
oils.
2) The FTAA between WMCP and the Philippine
government is likewise unconstitutional since the
agreement itself is a service contract.
Section 1.3 of the FTAA grants WMCP, a fully
foreign owned corporation, the exclusive right to
explore, exploit, utilize and dispose of all minerals
and by-products that may be produced from the
contract area. Section 1.2 of the same agreement
provides that WMCP shall provide all financing,
technology, management, and personnel necessary
for the Mining Operations.
These contractual stipulations and related provisions
in the FTAA taken together, grant WMCP beneficial
ownership over natural resources that properly
belong to the State and are intended for the benefit of
its citizens. These stipulations are abhorrent to the
1987 Constitution. They are precisely the vices that
the fundamental law seeks to avoid, the evils that it
aims to suppress. Consequently, the contract from
which they spring must be struck down.
3) The Chief Executive is the official
constitutionally mandated to enter into
agreements with foreign owned corporations.
On the other hand, Congress may review the
action of the President once it is notified of
every contract entered into in accordance with

this [constitutional] provision within thirty days

from its execution. In contrast to this express
mandate of the President and Congress in the
exploration, development and utilization (EDU)
of natural resources, Article XII of the
Constitution is silent on the role of the judiciary.
However, should the President and/or Congress
gravely abuse their discretion in this regard, the
courts may -- in a proper case -- exercise their
residual duty under Article VIII. Clearly then, the
judiciary should not inordinately interfere in the
exercise of this presidential power of control
over the EDU of our natural resources.
Under the doctrine of separation of powers and due
respect for co-equal and coordinate branches of
government, the Court must restrain itself from
intruding into policy matters and must allow the
President and Congress maximum discretion in using
the resources of our country and in securing the
assistance of foreign groups to eradicate the grinding
poverty of our people and answer their cry for viable
employment opportunities in the country. The
judiciary is loath to interfere with the due exercise by
coequal branches of government of their official
functions. As aptly spelled out seven decades ago by
Justice George Malcolm, Just as the Supreme Court,
as the guardian of constitutional rights, should not
sanction usurpations by any other department of
government, so should it as strictly confine its own
sphere of influence to the powers expressly or by
implication conferred on it by the Organic Act. Let
the development of the mining industry be the
responsibility of the political branches of
government. And let not the Court interfere
inordinately and unnecessarily. The Constitution of
the Philippines is the supreme law of the land. It is
the repository of all the aspirations and hopes of all
the people.
The Constitution should be read in broad, life-giving
strokes. It should not be used to strangulate economic
growth or to serve narrow, parochial interests. Rather,
it should be construed to grant the President and
Congress sufficient discretion and reasonable leeway
to enable them to attract foreign investments and
expertise, as well as to secure for our people and our
posterity the blessings of prosperity and peace. The
Court fully sympathize with the plight of La Bugal
Blaan and other tribal groups, and commend their
efforts to uplift their communities. However, the
Court cannot justify the invalidation of an otherwise
constitutional statute along with its implementing
rules, or the nullification of an otherwise legal and
binding FTAA contract. The Court believes that it is
not unconstitutional to allow a wide degree of

discretion to the Chief Executive, given the nature

and complexity of such agreements, the humongous
amounts of capital and financing required for largescale mining operations, the complicated technology
needed, and the intricacies of international trade,
coupled with the States need to maintain flexibility
in its dealings, in order to preserve and enhance our
countrys competitiveness in world markets. On the
basis of this control standard, the Court upholds the
constitutionality of the Philippine Mining Law, its
Implementing Rules and Regulations -- insofar as
they relate to financial and technical agreements -- as
well as the subject Financial and Technical
Assistance Agreement

Separate Opinion of Justice Panganiban

The FTAA is now to be implemented by a Filipino
corporation, therefore the Court can no longer declare
it unconstitutional. The CA case is a dispute between
two Filipino corporations (Sagittarius and Lepanto)
both claiming the right to purchase the foreign shares
in WMCP. Regardless of which side eventually
prevails, the FTAA would still be in the hands of a
qualified Filipino firm. The present Constitution,
moreover, does not limit foreign participation in the
exploration, development and utilization of minerals,
petroleum and mineral oils to financial or technical
assistance. The drafters choice of words and excerpts
from deliberations of the Constitutional Commission
reveal that the present Charter did not limit to
financial or technical assistance the participation of
foreign corporations in the large-scale exploration,
development, and utilization of minerals, petroleum
and mineral oils.
The drafters use of the phrase agreements xxx
involving xxx technical or financial assistance in
Article XII Section 2 of the 1987 Charter does not
absolutely show intent to exclude other modes of
assistance. Rather the phrase signifies the possibility
of the inclusion of other activities, provided they bear
some reasonable relationship to and compatibility
with financial or technical assistance. If the drafters
intended to strictly confine foreign corporations to
financial or technical assistance only, they would
have employed restrictive or stringent language.
Excerpts from then deliberations of the Constitutional
Commission likewise show that its members
discussed technical or financial assistance
agreements in the same breath as service contracts
and used the terms interchangeably. The members of
the Concom actually had in mind the Marcos-era
service contracts that they were more familiar with

(but which they duly modified and restricted so as to

prevent present abuses), when they were crafting and
polishing the provisions dealing with financial and/or
technical assistance agreements.
The Concom discussions in their entirely had to do
with service contracts that might be given to foreignowned corporations as exceptions to the general
principle of Filipino control of the economy
APEX MINING CO., INC. vs. SOUTHEAST
MINDANAO GOLD MINING CORP
Proclamation No. 369 was issued to establish the
Agusan-Davao-Surigao
Forest
Reserve.Camilo
Banad and his group, who claimed to have first
discovered traces of gold in Mount Diwata, filed
aDeclaration of Location for six mining claims in the
area. Apex Mining Corporation entered intooperating
agreements with Banad and his group.Marcopper
Mining Corporation filed mining claims for areas
adjacent to the area covered by the DOL of Banad
and his group. MMC abandoned the claims and
instead applied for a prospecting permit with
theBureau of Forest Development. BFD issued a
Prospecting Permit to MMC covering an area within
theforest reserve under Proclamation No. 369. The
permit embraced the areas claimed by Apex and the
other individual mining claimants. MMC filed before
the BMG a Petition for the Cancellation of the
MiningClaims of Apex and Small Scale Mining
Permits.
MMC alleged that the areas covered by its EP 133
and the mining claims of Apex were within an
established and existing forest reservation. Apex filed
a motion to dismiss MMCs petition alleging that its
mining claims are not within any established or
proclaimed forest reserve, and as such, the
acquisition of mining rights thereto must be
undertaken via registration of DOL with the BMG
and not through the filing of application for permit
to prospect with the BFD. However, Supreme Court
rendered a Decision against Apex holding that the
disputed area is a forest reserve; hence, the proper
procedure in acquiring mining rights therein is by
initially applying for a permit to prospect with the
BFD and not through a registration of DOL with the
BMG. DENR issued Department Administrative
Order No. 66 declaring areas covered by the AgusanDavao-Surigao Forest Reserve as non-forest lands
and open to small-scale mining purposes.
A portion of thecontested area open to small scale
miners, several mining entities filed applications for

Mineral Production Sharing Agreement. Monkayo

Integrated Small Scale Miners Association
(MISSMA) filed an MPSA application which was
denied by the BMG on the grounds that the area
applied for is within the area covered by MMC EP
133and that the MISSMA was not qualified to apply
for an MPSA.MMC assigned EP 133 to Southeast
Mindanao Gold Mining Corporation. BMG accepted
and registered SEMs MPSA application and the Deed
of Assignment over EP 133 executed in its favor by
MMC.SEMs application was designated MPSA
Application No. 128 (MPSAA 128).The PA rendered
a resolution that EP 133 was valid and subsisting. It
also declared that the BMG Director, under Section
99 of the Consolidated Mines Administrative Order
implementing Presidential Decree No. 463, was
authorized to issue exploration permits and to renew
the same without limit. The validity of Ex loration
Permit No. 133 was reiterated and all the adverse
claims against MPSAA No.128 are DISMISSED.

61215 and No. 61216.The Court of Appeals affirmed

in toto the decision of the PA and declared null and
void the MAB decision. Hence, the instant Petitions
for Review on Certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules
of Court filed by Apex, Balite and MAB. During the
pendency of these Petitions, President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo issued Proclamation No. 297.This
proclamation excluded an area of 8,100 hectares
located
in
Monkayo,
Compostela
Valley,
and proclaimed the same as mineral reservation and
as environmentally critical area. Subsequently,
DENR Administrative Order No. 2002-18 was issued
declaring an emergency situation in the Diwalwal
gold rush area and ordering the stoppage of all
mining operations therein. Thereafter, Executive
Order No. 217was issued by the President creating
the National Task Force Diwalwal which is tasked to
address the situation in the Diwalwal Gold Rush
Area.
Issue

Undaunted by the PA ruling, the adverse claimants

appealed to the Mines Adjudication Board. In
aDecision, the MAB considered erroneous the
dismissal by the PA of the adverse claims filed
againstMMC and SEM over a mere technicality of
failure to submit a sketch plan. It argued that the rules
of procedure are not meant to defeat substantial
justice as the former are merely secondary in
importance to the latter. Dealing with the question on
EP 133s validity, the MAB opined that said issue
was not crucial and was irrelevant in adjudicating the
appealed case because EP 133 has long expired due
to its non-renewal and that the holder of the same,
MMC, was no longer a claimant of the AgusanDavao-Surigao Forest Reserve having relinquished
its right to SEM. After it brushed aside the issue of
the validity of EP133 for being irrelevant, the MAB
proceeded to treat SEMs MPSA application over the
disputed area asan entirely new and distinct
application. It approved the MPSA application,
excluding the area segregated by DAO No. 66, which
declared 729 hectares within the Diwalwal area as
non-forest lands open for small-scale mining.
Dissatisfied, the Villaflor group and Balite appealed
the decision to this Court. SEM, aggrieved by the
exclusion of 729 hectares from its MPSA application,
likewise appealed. Apex filed a Motion for Leave to
Admit Petition for Intervention predicated on its right
to stake its claim over the Diwalwal gold rush which
was granted by the Court. These cases, however,
were remanded to the Court of Appeals for
proper disposition pursuant to Rule 43 of the 1997
Rules of Civil Procedure. The Court of Appeals
consolidated the remanded cases as CA-G.R. SP No.

Whether the subsequent acts of the executive

department such as the issuance of Proclamation No.
297,and DAO No. 2002-18 can outweigh Apex and
Balites claims over the Diwalwal Gold Rush Area.
Held
Upon the effectivity of the 1987 Constitution, the
State assumed a more dynamic role in the
exploration,development and utilization of the natural
resources of the country. With this policy, the State
may pursuefull control and supervision of the
exploration, development and utilization of the
countrys naturalmineral resources. The options open
to the State are through direct undertaking or by
entering into co- production, joint venture, or
production-sharing agreements, or by entering into
agreement with foreign-owned corporations for largescale exploration, development and utilization.
Recognizing the importance of the countrys natural
resources, not only for national economic
development, but also for its security and national
defense, Section 5 of Republic Act No. 7942
empowers the President, when the national interest so
requires, to establish mineral reservations where
mining operations shall be undertaken directly by the
State or through a contractor
Loney vs. People of the Philippines
Petitioners are officers of Marcopper Mining Corp.,
engaged in mining in the province of Marinduque.
Marcopper had been storing tailings from its

operation in a pit in Mt. Taipan, at the base of which

ran a drainage leading to Boac and Makalupnit rivers.
Consequently, Marcopper had discharged millions of
tons of tailings into the rivers.
In August 1996, the DOJ charged petitioners with
violation of the Water Code of the Philippines, the
National Pollution Control Decree, Philippine Mining
Act and RPC for Reckless Imprudence Resulting in
Damage to Property. Petitioners moved to quash the
information on grounds that these were duplicitous
as DOJ charged more than one offense for a single
act and that the Informations contain allegations
which constitute legal excuse or justification.
The MTC ruled that as far as the 3 laws are
concerned, only the Information for violation of
Philippine Mining Act should be maintained. Thus,
the Informations for violation of Anti-Pollution Law
and the Water Code should be dismissed because the
elements constituting the aforesaid violations are
absorbed by the same elements which constitute
violation of the Philippine Mining Act. The RTC
reversed the said decision and ruled that there can be
no absorption by one offense of the three other
offenses, as the acts penalized by these laws are
separate and distinct from each other. This was
affirmed by the CA.
Petitioners contend that they should be charged with
only one offense Reckless Imprudence Resulting in
Damage to Property because all the charges filed
against them are based on a single act or incident of
polluting the Boac and Makalupnit rivers thru
dumping of mine tailings" and that the charge for
violation of Article 365 of the RPC "absorbs" the
other charges since the element of "lack of necessary
or adequate protection, negligence, recklessness and
imprudence" is common among them.
Ruling
Court had ruled that a single act or incident might
offend against two or more entirely distinct and
unrelated provisions of law thus justifying the
prosecution of the accused for more than one
offense. The only limit to this rule is the
Constitutional prohibition that no person shall be
twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same
offense.
However, for the limited purpose of controverting
petitioners claim that they should be charged with
one offense only, the SC quote with approval RTCs
comparative analysis of PD 1067, PD 984, RA 7942,

and Article 365 of the RPC showing that in each of

these laws on which petitioners were charged, there is
one essential element not required of the others, thus:
In P.D. 1067 (Philippines Water Code), the additional
element to be established is the dumping of mine
tailings into the Makulapnit River and the entire Boac
River System without prior permit from the
authorities concerned. The gravamen of the offense
here is the absence of the proper permit to dump said
mine tailings. This element is not indispensable in the
prosecution for violation of PD 984 (Anti-Pollution
Law), [RA] 7942 (Philippine Mining Act) and Art.
365 of the Revised Penal Code. One can be validly
prosecuted for violating the Water Code even in the
absence of actual pollution, or even if it has complied
with the terms of its Environmental Compliance
Certificate, or further, even if it did take the necessary
precautions to prevent damage to property.
In P.D. 984 (Anti-Pollution Law), the additional fact
that must be proved is the existence of actual
pollution. The gravamen is the pollution itself. In the
absence of any pollution, the accused must be
exonerated under this law although there was
unauthorized dumping of mine tailings or lack of
precaution on its part to prevent damage to property.
In R.A. 7942 (Philippine Mining Act), the additional
fact that must be established is the willful violation
and gross neglect on the part of the accused to abide
by the terms and conditions of the Environmental
Compliance Certificate, particularly that the
Marcopper should ensure the containment of run-off
and silt materials from reaching the Mogpog and
Boac Rivers. If there was no violation or neglect, and
that the accused satisfactorily proved [sic] that
Marcopper had done everything to ensure
containment of the run-off and silt materials, they
will not be liable. It does not follow, however, that
they cannot be prosecuted under the Water Code,
Anti-Pollution Law and the Revised Penal Code
because violation of the Environmental Compliance
Certificate is not an essential element of these laws.
On the other hand, the additional element that must
be established in Art. 365 of the Revised Penal Code
is the lack of necessary or adequate precaution,
negligence, recklessness and imprudence on the part
of the accused to prevent damage to property. This
element is not required under the previous laws.
Unquestionably, it is different from dumping of mine
tailings without permit, or causing pollution to the
Boac river system, much more from violation or
neglect to abide by the terms of the Environmental
Compliance Certificate. Moreover, the offenses

punished by special law are mal[a] prohibita in

contrast with those punished by the Revised Penal
Code which are mala in se.29
Consequently, the filing of the multiple charges
against petitioners, although based on the same
incident, is consistent with settled doctrine.
On petitioners claim that the charge for violation of
Article 365 of the RPC absorbs the charges for
violation of PD 1067, PD 984, and RA 7942, suffice
it to say that a mala in se felony (such as Reckless
Imprudence Resulting in Damage to Property) cannot
absorb mala prohibita crimes (such as those violating
PD 1067, PD 984, and RA 7942). What makes the
former a felony is criminal intent (dolo) or
negligence (culpa); what makes the latter crimes are
the special laws enacting them.
Petitioners reiterate their contention in the Court of
Appeals that their prosecution contravenes this
Courts ruling in People v. Relova. In particular,
petitioners cite the Courts statement in Relova that
the law seeks to prevent harassment of the accused by
"multiple prosecutions for offenses which though
different from one another are nonetheless each
constituted by a common set or overlapping sets of
technical elements."
This contention is also without merit. Relova is no
authority for petitioners claim against multiple
prosecutions based on a single act not only because
the question of double jeopardy is not at issue here,
but also because, as the Court of Appeals held,
petitioners are being prosecuted for an act or incident
punished by four national statutes and not by an
ordinance and a national statute. In short, petitioners,
if ever, fall under the first sentence of Section 21,
Article III which prohibits multiple prosecution for
the same offense, and not, as in Relova, for offenses
arising from the same incident.

WHEREAS, to achieve the above purpose, it is

necessary to reassess the multiple uses of forest lands
and resources before allowing any utilization thereof
to optimize the benefits that can be derived
therefrom;
WHEREAS, it is also imperative to place emphasis
not only on the utilization thereof but more so on the
protection, rehabilitation and development of forest
lands, in order to ensure the continuity of their
productive condition;
WHEREAS, the present laws and regulations
governing forest lands are not responsive enough to
support re-oriented government programs, projects
and efforts on the proper classification and
delimitation of the lands of the public domain, and
the
management,
utilization,
protection,
rehabilitation, and development of forest lands;
Section 2. Policies. The State hereby adopts the
following policies:
(a) The multiple uses of forest lands shall be oriented
to the development and progress requirements of the
country, the advancement of science and technology,
and the public welfare;
(b) Land classification and
systematized and hastened;

survey

shall

be

(c) The establishment of wood-processing plants shall

be encouraged and rationalized; and
(d) The protection, development and rehabilitation of
forest lands shall be emphasized so as to ensure their
continuity in productive condition.
Section 3. Definitions.
(a) Public forest is the mass of lands of the public
domain which has not been the subject of the present
system of classification for the determination of
which lands are needed for forest purposes and which
are not.
PD No. 705 : Revised Forestry Code of the
Philippines
WHEREAS, proper classification, management and
utilization of the lands of the public domain to
maximize their productivity to meet the demands of
our increasing population is urgently needed;

(b) Permanent forest or forest reserves refer to those

lands of the public domain which have been the
subject of the present system of classification and
determined to be needed for forest purposes.
(c) Alienable and disposable lands refer to those
lands of the public domain which have been the

subject of the present system of classification and

declared as not needed for forest purposes.
(d) Forest lands include the public forest, the
permanent forest or forest reserves, and forest
reservations.
(e) Grazing land refers to that portion of the public
domain which has been set aside, in view of the
suitability of its topography and vegetation, for the
raising of livestock.
(f) Mineral lands refer to those lands of the public
domain which have been classified as such by the
Secretary of Natural Resources in accordance with
prescribed and approved criteria, guidelines and
procedure.
(g) Forest reservations refer to forest lands which
have been reserved by the President of the
Philippines for any specific purpose or purposes.
(h) National park refers to a forest land reservation
essentially of primitive or wilderness character which
has been withdrawn from settlement or occupancy
and set aside as such exclusively to preserve the
scenery, the natural and historic objects and the wild
animals or plants therein, and to provide enjoyment
of these features in such a manner as will leave them
unimpaired for future generations.
(i) Game refuge or bird sanctuary refers to a forest
land designated for the protection of game animals,
birds and fish and closed to hunting and fishing in
order that the excess population may flow and
restock surrounding areas.
(j) Marine parks refers to any off-shore area inhabited
by rare and unique species of marine flora and fauna.
(k) Seashore park refers to any public shore area
delimited for outdoor recreation, sports fishing, water
skiing and related healthful activities.
(l) Watershed reservation is a forest land reservation
established to protect or improve the conditions of
the water yield thereof or reduce sedimentation.
(m) Watershed is a land area drained by a stream or
fixed body of water and its tributaries having a
common outlet for surface run-off.

(n) Critical watershed is a drainage area of a river

system supporting existing and proposed hydroelectric power and irrigation works needing
immediate rehabilitation as it is being subjected to a
fast denudation causing accelerated erosion and
destructive floods. It is closed from logging until it is
fully rehabilitated.
(o) Mangrove is a term applied to the type of forest
occurring on tidal flat along the sea coast, extending
along streams where the water is brackish.
(p) Kaingin is a portion of the forest land, whether
occupied or not, which is subjected to shifting and/or
permanent slash-and-burn cultivation having little or
no provision to prevent soil erosion.
(q) Forest product means timber, pulpwood,
firewood, bark, tree top, resin, gum, wood, oil, honey,
beeswax, nipa, rattan, or other forest growth such as
grass, shrub, and flowering plant, the associated
water, fish, game, scenic, historical, recreational and
geologic resources in forest lands.
(r) Dipterocarp forest is a forest dominated by trees
of the dipterocarp species, such as red lauan, tengile,
tiaong, white lauan, almon, bagtikan and mayapis of
the Philippine mahogany group, apitong and the
yakals.
(s) Pine forest is a forest composed of the Benguet
Pine in the Mountain Provinces or the Mindoro pine
in Mindoro and Zambales provinces.
(t) Industrial tree plantation is any tract of forest land
purposely and extensively planted to timber crops
primarily to supply the raw material requirements of
existing or proposed processing plants and related
industries.
(u) Tree farm refers to any tract of forest land
purposely and extensively planted to trees of
economic value for their fruits, flowers, leaves, barks,
or extractives, but not for the wood thereof.
(v) Multiple-use is the harmonized utilization of the
numerous beneficial uses of the land, soil, water,
wildlife, recreation value, grass and timber of forest
lands.
(w) Selective logging means the systematic removal
of the mature, over-mature and defective trees in such
manner as to leave adequate number and volume of
healthy residual trees of the desired species necessary

to assure a future crop of timber, and forest cover for

the protection and conservation of soil and water.
(x) Seed tree system is partial clearcutting with seed
trees left to regenerate the area.
(y) Healthy residual is a sound or slightly injured tree
of the commercial species left after logging.
(z) Sustained-yield management implies continuous
or periodic production of forest products in a working
unit with the aid of achieving at the earliest
practicable time an approximate balance between
growth and harvest or use. This is generally applied
to the commercial timber resources and is also
applicable to the water, grass, wildlife, and other
renewable resources of the forest.
(aa) Processing plant is any mechanical set-up,
machine or combination of machine used for the
processing of logs and other forest raw materials into
lumber, veneer, plywood, wallboard, block-board,
paper board, pulp, paper or other finished wood
products.
(bb) Lease is a privilege granted by the State to a
person to occupy and possess, in consideration of a
specified rental, any forest land of the public domain
in order to undertake any authorized activity therein.
(cc) License is a privilege granted by the State to a
person to utilize forest resources as in any forest land,
without any right of occupation and possession over
the same, to the exclusion of others, or establish and
operate a wood-processing plant, or conduct any
activity involving the utilization of any forest
resources.
(dd) License agreement is a privilege granted by the
State to a person to utilize forest resources within any
forest land with the right of possession and
occupation thereof to the exclusion of others, except
the government, but with the corresponding
obligation to develop, protect and rehabilitate the
same in accordance with the terms and conditions set
forth in said agreement.
(ee) Permit is a short-term privilege or authority
granted by the State to a person to utilize any limited
forest resources or undertake a limited activity with
any forest land without any right of occupation and
possession therein.

(ff) Annual allowable cut is the volume of materials,

whether of wood or other forest products, that is
authorized to be cut regularly from the forest.
(gg) Cutting cycle is the number of years between
major harvests in the same working unit and/or
region, within a rotation.
(hh) Ecosystem means the ecological community
considered together with non-living factors and its
environment as a unit.
(ii) Silviculture is the establishment, development
reproduction and care of forest trees.
(jj) Rationalization is the organization of a business
or industry using scientific business management
principles and simplified procedures to obtain greater
efficiency of operation.
(kk) Forest officer means any official or employee of
the Bureau who, by the nature of his appointment or
the function of the position to which he is appointed,
is delegated by law or by competent authority to
execute, implement or enforce the provisions of this
Code, other related laws, as well as their
implementing regulations.
(ll) Primitive tribe is a group of endemic tribe living
primitively as a distinct portion of a people from a
common ancestor.
(mm) Private right means or refers to titled rights of
ownership under existing laws, and in the case of
primitive tribes, to rights of possession existing at the
time a license is granted under this Code, which
possession may include places of abode and worship,
burial grounds, and old clearings, but excludes
production forest inclusive of logged-over areas,
commercial forests and established plantations of
forest trees and trees of economic value.
(nn) Person includes natural as well as juridical
person.
CHAPTER
I
ORGANIZATION AND JURISDICTION OF
THE BUREAU
Section 4. Creation of, and merger of all forestry
agencies into, the Bureau of Forest Development. For
the purpose of implementing the provisions of this
Code, the Bureau of Forestry, the Reforestation
Administration, the Southern Cebu Reforestation

Development Project, and the Parks and Wildlife

Office, including applicable appropriations, records,
equipment, property and such personnel as may be
necessary, are hereby merged into a single agency to
be known as the Bureau of Forest Development,
hereinafter referred to as the Bureau.
Section 5. Jurisdiction of Bureau. The Bureau shall
have jurisdiction and authority over all forest land,
grazing lands, and all forest reservations including
watershed reservations presently administered by
other government agencies or instrumentalities.
It shall be responsible for the protection,
development, management, regeneration, and
reforestation of forest lands; the regulation and
supervision of the operation of licensees, lessees and
permittees for the taking or use of forest products
therefrom or the occupancy or use thereof; the
implementation of multiple use and sustained yield
management in forest lands; the protection,
development and preservation of national parks,
marine parks, game refuges and wildlife; the
implementation of measures and programs to prevent
kaingin and managed occupancy of forest and
grazing lands; in collaboration with other bureaus,
the effective, efficient and economic classification of
lands of the public domain; and the enforcement of
forestry, reforestation, parks, game and wildlife laws,
rules, and regulations.
The Bureau shall regulate the establishment and
operation of sawmills, veneer and plywood mills and
other wood processing plants and conduct studies of
domestic and world markets of forest products.
Section 6. Director and Assistant Director and their
qualifications. The Bureau shall be headed by a
Director, who shall be assisted by one or more
Assistant Directors. The Director and Assistant
Directors shall be appointed by the President.
No person shall be appointed Director or Assistant
Director of the Bureau unless he is a natural born
citizen of the Philippines, at least 30 years of age, a
holder of at least a Bachelor's Degree in Forestry or
its equivalent, and a registered forester.
Section 7. Supervision and Control. The Bureau shall
be directly under the control and supervision of the
Secretary of the Department of Natural Resources,
hereinafter referred to as the Department Head.

Section 8. Review. All actions and decisions of the

Director are subject to review, motu propio or upon
appeal of any person aggrieved thereby, by the
Department Head whose decision shall be final and
executory after the lapse of thirty (30) days from
receipt by the aggrieved party of said decision, unless
appealed to the President in accordance with the
Executive Order No. 19, series of 1966. The Decision
of the Department Head may not be reviewed by the
courts except through a special civil action for
certiorari or prohibition.
Section 9. Rules and Regulations. The Department
Head, upon the recommendation of the Director of
Forest Development, shall promulgate the rules and
regulations necessary to implement effectively the
provisions of this Code.
Section 10. Creation of Functional Divisions, and
Regional and District Offices. All positions in the
merged agencies are considered vacant. Present
occupants may be appointed in accordance with a
staffing pattern or plan of organization to be prepared
by the Director and approved by the Department
Head. Any appointee who fails to report for duty in
accordance with the approved plan within thirty (30)
days upon receipt of notification shall be deemed to
have declined the appointment, in which case the
position may be filed by any other qualified
applicant.
For the efficient and effective implementation of the
program of the Bureau, the following divisions and
sections are hereby created, to wit:
The Department Head may, upon recommendation of
the Director, reorganize or create such other
divisions, sections of units as may be deemed
necessary and to appoint the personnel there:
Provided, That an employee appointed or designated
as officer-in-charge of a newly created division,
section or unit, or to an existing vacant position with
a higher salary, shall receive, from the date of such
appointment or designation until he is replaced or
reverted to his original position, the salary
corresponding to the position temporarily held by
him.
There shall be created at least eleven regional offices.
In each region, there shall be as many forest districts
as may be necessary, in accordance with the extent of
forest area, established work loads, need for forest
protection, fire prevention and other factors, the
provisions of any law to the contrary
notwithstanding: Provided, That the boundaries of

such districts shall follow, whenever possible, natural

boundaries of watersheds under the river-basin
concept of management.
Section 11. Manpower Development. The Bureau
shall establish and operate an in-service training
center for the purpose of upgrading and training its
personnel and new employees.
The Bureau shall also set aside adequate funds to
enable personnel to obtain special education and
training in local or foreign colleges or institutions.
Section 12. Performance Evaluation. The Bureau
shall devise a system, to be approved by the
Department Head, to evaluate the performance of its
employees.
The
system
shall
measure
accomplishment in quantity and quality of
performance as related to the funded program of
work assigned to each organizational unit. There shall
be included a system of periodic inspection of district
offices by the regional offices and the regional and
district offices by the Central Office in both
functional fields and in the overall assessment of how
each administrative unit has implemented the laws,
regulations, policies, programs, and practices relevant
to such unit. The evaluation system shall provide the
information necessary for annual progress reports and
determination of employee training civil service
awards and transfer or disciplinary action.
CHAPTER
CLASSIFICATION AND SURVEY

II

Section 13. System of Land Classification. The

Department Head shall study, devise, determine and
prescribe the criteria, guidelines and methods for the
proper and accurate classification and survey of all
lands of the public domain into agricultural,
industrial or commercial, residential, resettlement,
mineral, timber or forest, and grazing lands, and into
such other classes as now or may hereafter be
provided by law, rules and regulations.
In the meantime, the Department Head shall simplify
through inter-bureau action the present system of
determining which of the unclassified lands of the
public domain are needed for forest purposes and
declare them as permanent forest to form part of the
forest reserves. He shall decree those classified and
determined not to be needed for forest purposes as
alienable and disposable lands, the administrative
jurisdiction and management of which shall be
transferred to the Bureau of Lands: Provided, That
mangrove and other swamps not needed for shore

protection and suitable for fishpond purposes shall be

released to, and be placed under the administrative
jurisdiction and management of, the Bureau of
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. Those still to be
classified under the Present system shall continue to
remain as part of the public forest.
Section 14. Existing Pasture Leases and Permits in
Forest Lands. Forest lands which have been the
subject of pasture leases and permits shall remain
classified as forest lands until classified as grazing
lands under the criteria, guidelines and methods of
classification to be prescribed by the Department
Head:
Provided,
That
the
administration,
management and disposition of grazing lands shall
remain under the Bureau.
Section 15. Topography. No land of the public
domain eighteen per cent (18%) in slope or over shall
be classified as alienable and disposable, nor any
forest land fifty per cent (50%) in slope or over, as
grazing land.
Lands eighteen per cent (18%) in slope or over which
have already been declared as alienable and
disposable shall be reverted to the classification of
forest lands by the Department Head, to form part of
the forest reserves, unless they are already covered by
existing titles or approved public land application, or
actually occupied openly, continuously, adversely and
publicly for a period of not less than thirty (30) years
as of the effectivity of this Code, where the occupant
is qualified for a free patent under the Public Land
Act: Provided, That said lands, which are not yet part
of a well-established communities, shall be kept in a
vegetative condition sufficient to prevent erosion and
adverse effects on the lowlands and streams:
Provided, further, That when public interest so
requires, steps shall be taken to expropriate, cancel
defective titles, reject public land application, or eject
occupants thereof.
Section 16. Areas needed for forest purposes. The
following lands, even if they are below eighteen per
cent (18%) in slope, are needed for forest purposes,
and may not, therefore, be classified as alienable and
disposable land, to wit:
1. Areas less than 250 hectares which are far
from, or are not contiguous with, any
certified alienable and disposable land;
2. Isolated patches of forest of at least five
(5) hectares with rocky terrain, or which
protect a spring for communal use;

3. Areas which have already been reforested;

4. Areas within forest concessions which are
timbered or have good residual stocking to
support an existing, or approved to be
established, wood processing plant;
5. Ridge tops and plateaus regardless of size
found within, or surrounded wholly or partly
by, forest lands where headwaters emanate;
6. Appropriately located road-rights-or-way;
7. Twenty-meter strips of land along the
edge of the normal high waterline of rivers
and streams with channels of at least five (5)
meters wide;
8. Strips of mangrove or swamplands at least
twenty (20) meters wide, along shorelines
facing oceans, lakes, and other bodies of
water, and strips of land at least twenty (20)
meters wide facing lakes;
9. Areas needed for other purposes, such as
national parks, national historical sites,
game refuges and wildlife sanctuaries, forest
station sites, and others of public interest;
and
10. Areas previously proclaimed by the
President as forest reserves, national parks,
game refuge, bird sanctuaries, national
shrines, national historic sites:
Provided, That in case an area falling under any of
the foregoing categories shall have been titled in
favor of any person, steps shall be taken, if public
interest so requires, to have said title cancelled or
amended, or the titled area expropriated.
Section 17. Establishment of boundaries of forest
lands. All boundaries between permanent forests and
alienable and disposable lands shall be clearly
marked and maintained on the ground, with
infrastructure or roads, or concrete monuments at
intervals of not more than five hundred (500) meters
in accordance with established procedures and
standards, or any other visible and practicable signs
to insure protection of the forest.
Section 18. Reservations in forest lands and offshore areas. The President of the Philippines may
establish within any lands of the public domain,

forest reserve and forest reservation for the national

park system, for preservation as critical watersheds,
or for any other purpose, and modify boundaries of
existing ones. The Department Head may reserve and
establish any portion of the public forest or forest
reserve as site or experimental forest for use of the
Forest Research Institute.
When public interest so requires, any off-shore area
needed for the preservation and protection of its
educational, scientific, historical, ecological and
recreational values including the marine life found
therein, shall be established as marine parks.
CHAPTER
UTILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT

III

Section 19. Multiple use. The numerous beneficial

uses of the timber, land, soil, water, wildlife,
recreation value and grass of forest lands shall be
evaluated and weighted before allowing the
utilization, exploitation, occupation or possession
thereof, or the conduct of any activity therein.
Only the utilization, exploitation, occupation or
possession of any forest land, or any activity therein,
involving one or more or its resources, which will
produce the optimum benefits to the development and
progress of the country and the public welfare,
without impairment or with the least injury to its
other resources, shall be allowed.
All forest reservations may be open to uses not
inconsistent with the principal objectives of the
reservation: Provided, That critical watersheds and
national parks shall not be subject to logging
operations.
Section 20. License agreement, license, lease or
permit. No person may utilize, exploit, occupy,
possess or conduct any activity within any forest
land, or establish and operate any wood-processing
plant, unless he has been authorized to do so under a
license agreement, lease, license, or permit.
Section 21. Sustained yield. All measures shall be
taken to achieve an approximate balance between
growth and harvest or use of forest products in forest
lands.
A. TIMBER
Section 22. Silvicultural and harvesting systems. In
any logging operations in production forests within

forest lands, the proper silvicultural and harvesting

systems that will promote optimum sustained yield
shall be practised.
(a) For dipterocarp forest, selective logging
shall be practised.
(b) For pine forest, the seed tree system with
planting when necessary shall be practised.
(c) For other types of forest, the silvicultural
and harvesting system that will be found
suitable by research shall be applied.
Meanwhile, a system based on observation
and practices abroad may be adopted
initially.
Any practised system are subject to modification or
changes based on research findings.
Section 23. Timber inventory. The Bureau shall
conduct a program of progressive inventories of the
harvestable timber and young trees in all forest lands,
whether covered by any license agreement, license,
lease or permit, or not, until a one hundred per cent
(100%) timber inventory thereon has been achieved.

land under a license agreement or license shall be

fixed and determined in accordance with the annual
allowable cut therein, the established cutting cycle
thereof, the yield capacity of harvestable timber, and
the capacity of healthy residuals for a second growth.
The privilege shall automatically terminate, even
before the expiration of the license agreement of
license, the moment the harvestable timber have been
utilized without leaving any logged-over area capable
of commercial utilization.
The maximum period of any privilege to harvest
timber is twenty-five (25) years, renewable for a
period, not exceeding twenty-five (25) years,
necessary to utilize all the remaining commercial
quantity or harvestable timber either from the
unlogged or logged-over area.
It shall be a condition for the continued privilege to
harvest timber under any license or license agreement
that the licensee shall reforest all the areas which
shall be determined by the Bureau.
Section 28. Size of forest concessions. Forest lands
shall not be held in perpetuity.

Section 24. Required inventory prior to timber

utilization in forest lands. No harvest of timber in any
forest land shall be allowed unless it has been the
subject of at least a five per cent (5%) timber
inventory, or any statistically sound timber estimate,
made not earlier than five (5) years prior to the
issuance of a license agreement or license allowing
such utilization.

The size of the forest lands which may be the subject

of timber utilization shall be limited to that which a
person may effectively utilize and develop for a
period of fifty (50) years, considering the cutting
cycle, the past performance of the applicant and his
capacity not only to utilize but, more importantly, to
protect and manage the whole area, and the
requirements of processing plants existing or to be
installed in the region.

Section 25. Cutting cycle. The Bureau shall apply

scientific cutting cycle and rotation in all forest lands,
giving particular consideration to the age, volume
and kind of healthy residual trees which may be left
undisturbed and undamaged for future harvest and
forest cover indipterocarp area, and seed trees and
reproduction in pine area.

Forest concessions which had been the subject of

consolidations shall be reviewed and re-evaluated for
the effective implementation of protection,
reforestation and management thereof under the
multiple use and sustained yield concepts, and for the
processing locally of the timber resources therefrom.

Section 26. Annual allowable cut. The annual

allowable cut of any particular forest land shall be
determined on the basis of the established rotation
and cutting cycle thereof, and the volume and kind of
harvestable timber and healthy residuals, seed trees
and reproduction found therein.
Section 27. Duration of license agreement or license
to harvest timber in forest lands. The duration of the
privilege to harvest timber in any particular forest

B. WOOD-PROCESSING
Section 29. Incentives to the wood industry. The
Department Head, in collaboration with other
government agencies and the wood industry
associations and other private entities in the country,
shall evolve incentives for the establishment of an
integrated wood industry in designated wood industry
centers and/or economic area.

The President of the Philippines, upon the

recommendations of the National Economic
Development Authority and the Department Head,
may establish wood industry import-export centers in
selected locations: Provided, That logs imported for
such centers shall be subject to such precaution as
may be imposed by the Bureau, in collaboration with
proper government agencies, to prevent the
introduction of pests, insects and/or diseases
detrimental to the forests.
Section
30. Rationalization
of
the
wood
industry. While establishment of wood-processing
plants shall be encouraged, their locations and
operations shall be regulated in order to rationalize
the industry. No new processing plant shall be
established unless adequate raw material is available
on a sustained-yield basis in the area where the raw
materials will come from.
The Department Head may cancel, suspend, or phaseout all uneconomical wood-processing plants which
are not responsive to the rationalization program of
the government.
Section 31. Wood wastes, weed trees and
residues. Timber licensees shall be encouraged and
assisted to gather and save the wood wastes and weed
trees in their concessions, and those with processing
plants, the wood residues thereof, for utilization and
conversion into wood by-products and derivatives.
Section 32. Log production and processing. Unless
otherwise decreed by the President, upon
recommendation of the National Economic
Development Authority, the entire production of logs
by all licensees shall, beginning January 1, 1976, be
processed locally.
A licensee who has no processing plant may, subject
to the approval of the Director, enter into a contract
with a wood processor for the processing of his logs.
Wood processors shall accept for processing only
logs cut by, or purchased from, licensees of good
standing at the time of the cutting of logs.
C. REFORESTATION
Section 33. Forest lands to be reforested. The
following shall be reforested and covered with
suitable and sufficient trees, to wit:
(a) Bare or grass-covered tracts of forest lands with at
least fifty per cent (50%) slope;

(b) Bare or grass-covered tracts of forest lands with

less than fifty per cent (50%) slope, but with soil so
highly erodible as to make grass cover inadequate for
soil erosion control;
(c) Brushlands or tracts of forest lands generally
covered with brush, which need to be developed to
increase their productivity;
(d) Open tracts of forest lands with slopes or
gradients generally exceeding fifty per cent (50%),
interspersed with patches of forest each of which is
less than two hundred fifty (250) hectares in area;
(e) Denuded or inadequately-timbered areas
proclaimed by the President as forest reserves and
reservations as critical watersheds, national parks,
game refuge, bird sanctuaries, national shrines,
national historic sites;
(f) Inadequately-stocked forest lands within forest
concessions;
(g) Portions of areas covered by pasture leases or
permits having a slope of at least fifty per cent
(50%); and
(h) River banks, easements, road rights-of-ways,
deltas, swamps, former river beds, and beaches.
Section 34. Industrial Tree Plantations and Tree
Farms. A lease for a period of twenty-five (25) years,
renewable for another period not exceeding twentyfive (25) years, for the establishment of an industrial
tree plantation or a tree farm may be granted by the
Department Head upon recommendation of the
Director to any person qualified to develop and
exploit natural resources, over timber or forest lands
of the public domain categorized in Section 33
hereof, with a minimum area of One Thousand
(1,000) hectares for industrial tree plantation and One
Hundred (100) hectares for tree farm; Provided, That
the size of the area that may be granted under each
category shall in each case depend upon the capacity
of the lessee to develop or convert the area into
productive condition within the term of the lease;
Provided, further, That no lease shall be granted
within critical watersheds.
Scattered areas of less than One Hundred (100)
hectares each may be leased for the establishment of
tree farms to different qualified persons upon a
showing that if developed as an integrated unit these
areas can be economically exploited: Provided, That

it shall be a condition of the lease that such persons

organize themselves into a cooperative to ensure the
orderly management thereof.
The lease may be granted under such terms and
conditions as the Department Head may prescribe,
taking into account, among others, the raw material
needs of forest-based industries and the maintenance
of a wholesome ecological balance.
Reforestation projects of the Government, or portions
thereof which, upon field evaluation, are found to be
more suitable for, or can be better developed as,
industrial tree plantations or tree farms in terms of
benefits to the Government and the general
surrounding area, may be the subject of the lease
under this section.
Section 35. Priority. Over any suitable area covered
by a timber license agreement, or a pasture lease
agreement or permit, the priority to establish
industrial forest plantation or tree farm shall be given
to the holder thereof.
The priority herein granted must, however, be availed
of within a reasonable period to be determined by the
Department Head, otherwise, the area shall be
declared open to any qualified person and
consequently segregated from the holder's area.
Section 36. Incentives. To encourage qualified
persons to engage in industrial tree plantation and/or
tree farming, the following incentives are granted:
(a) Payment of a nominal filing fee of fifty centavos
(P0.50) per hectare;
(b) No rental shall be collected during the first five
(5) years from the date of the lease; from the sixth
year to the tenth year, the annual rental shall be fifty
centavos (P0.50) per hectare; and thereafter, the
annual rental shall be one peso (P1.00) per hectare:
Provided, That lessees of areas long denuded as
certified by the Director and approved by the
Department Head, shall be exempted from the
payment of rental for the full term of the lease which
shall not exceed twenty-five (25) years; for the first
five (5) years following the renewal of the lease, the
annual rental shall be fifty centavos (P0.50) per
hectare; and thereafter, the annual rental shall be one
peso (P1.00) per hectare.
(c) The lessee shall pay forest charges on the timber
and other forest products grown and cut or gathered

in an industrial tree plantation or tree farm equivalent

to six percent (6%) current market value thereof;
(d) Sale at cost of seedlings and free technical advice
and assistance to persons who will develop their
privately-owned lands into industrial tree plantation
or tree farm;
(e) Exemption from the payment of the percentage
tax levied in Title V of the National Internal Revenue
Code when the timber and forest products are sold,
bartered or exchanged by the lessee whether in their
original state or not;
(f) The Board of Investments shall, notwithstanding
its nationality requirement on projects involving
natural resources, classify industrial tree plantations
and tree farms as pioneer areas of investment under
its annual priority plan, to be governed by the rules
and regulations of said Board. A lessee of an
industrial tree plantation or tree farm may either
apply to the Board of Investments for the tax and
other benefits thereunder, or avail of the following
benefits:
1. Amounts expended by a lessee in the development
and operation of an industrial tree plantation or tree
farm prior to the time when the production state is
reached, may, at the option of said lessee, be regarded
as ordinary and necessary business expenses or as
capital expenditures; and
2. Deduction from an investor's taxable income for
the year, of an annual investment allowance
equivalent to thirty-three and one-third per cent (331/3%) of his actual investment during the year in an
enterprise engaged in industrial tree plantation or tree
farm: Provided, That such investment shall not be
withdrawn for a period of at least ten (10) years from
the date of investment: Provided, further, That should
the investment be withdrawn within such period, a
tax equivalent to double the amount of the total
income tax rebate resulting from the investment
allowance shall be payable as a lump sum in addition
to the income tax due from the taxpayer for the year
the investment was withdrawn.
(g) Except when public interest demands the
alteration or modification, the boundaries of an area
covered by an industrial tree plantation or tree farm
lease, once established on the ground, shall not be
altered or modified; and

(h) A lessee shall not be subject to any obligation

prescribed in, or arising out of, the provisions of the
National Internal Revenue Code on withholding of
tax at source upon interests paid on borrowings
incurred for development and operation of the
industrial tree plantation or tree farm.
The Department Head may provide other incentives
in addition to those hereinabove granted to promote
industrial tree plantation and tree farms in special
areas such as, but not limited to, those where there
are no roads or where roads are inadequate, or areas
with rough topography and remote areas far from
processing plants.
All amounts collected under this section shall accrue
to a special deposit of the Bureau to be used for
reforestation of critical watersheds or degraded areas
and other development activities, over and above the
general appropriation of the said Bureau.
D. FOREST PROTECTION
Section 37. Protection of all resources. All measures
shall be taken to protect the forest resources from
destruction, impairment and depletion.
Section 38. Control of concession area. In order to
achieve the effective protection of the forest lands
and the resources thereof from illegal entry, unlawful
occupation, kaingin, fire, insect infestation, theft, and
other forms of forest destruction, the utilization of
timber therein shall not be allowed except through
license agreements under which the holders thereof
shall have the exclusive privilege to cut all the
allowable harvestable timber in their respective
concessions, and the additional right of occupation,
possession, and control over the same, to the
exclusive of all others, except the government, but
with the corresponding obligation to adopt all the
protection and conservation measures to ensure the
continuity of the productive condition of said areas,
conformably with multiple use and sustained yield
management.
If the holder of a license agreement over a forest area
expressly or impliedly waives the privilege to utilize
any softwood, hardwood or mangrove species
therein, a license may be issued to another person for
the harvest thereof without any right of possession or
occupation over the areas where they are found, but
he shall, likewise, adopt protection and conservation
measures consistent with those adopted by the license
agreement holder in the said areas.

Section 39. Regulation of timber utilization in all

other classes of lands and of wood-processing
plants. The utilization of timber in alienable and
disposable lands, private lands, civil reservations, and
all lands containing standing or felled timber,
including those under the jurisdiction of other
government agencies, and the establishment and
operation of saw-mills and other wood-processing
plants, shall be regulated in order to prevent them
from being used as shelters for excessive and
unauthorized harvests in forest lands, and shall not
therefore be allowed except through a license
agreement, license, lease or permit.
Section 40. Timber inventory in other lands
containing standing or felled timber. The Bureau
shall conduct a one hundred per cent (100%) timber
inventory in alienable and disposable lands and civil
reservations immediately upon classification or
reservation thereof.
No harvest of standing or felled timber in alienable
and disposable lands, private lands, civil reservation,
and all other lands, including those under the
jurisdiction of other government agencies, shall be
allowed unless a one hundred per cent (100%) timber
inventory has been conducted thereon.
Section 41. Sworn timber inventory reports. All
reports on timber inventories of forest lands,
alienable and disposable lands, private lands, civil
reservations, and all lands containing standing or
felled timber must be subscribed and sworn to by all
the forest officers who conducted the same.
Section 42. Participation in the development of
alienable and disposable lands and civil
reservations. The privilege to harvest timber in
alienable and disposable lands and civil reservations
shall be given to those who can best help in the
delineation and development of such areas in
accordance with the management plan of the
appropriate government exercising jurisdiction over
the same.
The extent of participation shall be based on the
amount of timber which may be harvested therefrom.
Section 43. Swamplands and mangrove forests. Strips
of mangrove forest bordering numerous islands
which protect the shoreline, the shoreline roads, and
even coastal communities from the destructive force
of the sea during high winds and typhoons, shall be
maintained and shall not be alienated. Such strips
must be kept from artificial obstruction so that flood

water will flow unimpeded to the sea to avoid

flooding or inundation of cultivated areas in the
upstream.
All mangrove swamps set aside for coast-protection
purposes shall not be subject to clear-cutting
operation.
Mangrove and other swamps released to the Bureau
of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources for fishpond
purposes which are not utilized, or which have been
abandoned for five (5) years from the date of such
release shall revert to the category of forest land.
Section 44. Visitorial power. The Department Head
may, by himself or thru the Director or any qualified
person duly designated by the Department Head,
investigate, inspect and examine records, books and
other documents relating to the operation of any
holder of a license agreement, license, lease, or
permit, and its subsidiary or affiliated companies, to
determine compliance with the terms and conditions
thereof, this Code and pertinent laws, policies, rules
and regulations.
Section 45. Authority of forest officers. When in the
performance of their official duties, forest officers, or
other government officials or employees duly
authorized by the Department Head or Director, shall
have free entry into areas covered by a license
agreement, license, lease or permit.
Forest officers are authorized to administer oath and
take acknowledgment in official matters connected
with the functions of their office, and to take
testimony in official investigations conducted under
the authority of this Code and the implementing rules
and regulations.
Section 46. Scaling stations. In collaboration with
appropriate government agencies, the Bureau shall
establish control or scaling stations at suitably located
outlets of timber and other forest products to insure
that they were legally cut or harvested.
Section 47. Mining operations. Mining operations in
forest lands shall be regulated and conducted with
due regard to protection, development and utilization
of other surface resources.
Location, prospecting, exploration, utilization or
exploitation of mineral resources in forest
reservations shall be governed by Mining laws, rules
and regulations. No location, prospecting,

exploration, utilization, or exploitation of mineral

resources inside forest concessions shall be allowed
unless proper notice has been served upon the
licensees thereof and the prior approval of the
Director, secured.
Mine tailings and other pollutants affecting the health
and safety of the people, water, fish, vegetation,
animal life and other surface resources, shall be
filtered in silt traps or other filtration devices and
only clean exhausts and liquids shall be released
therefrom.
Surface-mined areas shall be restored to as near its
former natural configuration or as approved by the
Director prior to its abandonment by the mining
concern.
Section
48. Mineral
Reservations. Mineral
reservations which are not the subject of mining
operations or where operations have been suspended
for more than five (5) years shall be placed under
forest management by the Bureau.
Mineral reservations where mining operations have
been terminated due to the exhaustion of its minerals
shall revert to the category of forest land, unless
otherwise reserved for other purposes.
Section 49. Roads and other infrastructure. Roads
and other infrastructure in forest lands shall be
constructed with the least impairment to the resource
values thereof.
Government agencies undertaking the construction of
roads, bridges, communications, and other
infrastructure and installations inside forest lands,
shall coordinate with the Bureau, especially if it will
involve the utilization or destruction of timber and/or
other forest resources, or watershed disturbance
therein, in order to adopt measures to avoid or reduce
damage or injury to the forest resource values.
They shall likewise extend assistance in the planning
and establishment of roads, wharves, piers, port
facilities, and other infrastructure in locations
designated as wood-processing centers or for the
convenience of wood-based industries.
In order to coincide and conform to government
plans, programs, standards, and specifications,
holders of license agreements, licenses, leases and
permits shall not undertake road or infrastructure
construction or installation in forest lands without the

prior approval of the Director, or in alienable and

disposable lands, civil reservations and other
government lands, without the approval of the
government
agencies
having
administrative
jurisdiction over the same.

Section 52. Census of kaingineros, squatters,

cultural minorities and other occupants and residents
in forest lands. Henceforth, no person shall enter into
forest lands and cultivate the same without lease or
permit.

All roads and infrastructure constructed by holders of

license agreements, licenses, leases and permits
belong to the State and the use and administration
thereof shall be transferred to the government
immediately upon the expiration or termination
thereof. Prior thereto the Bureau may authorize the
public use thereof, if it will not be detrimental to
forest conservation measures.

A complete census of kaingineros, squatters, cultural

minorities and other occupants and residents in forest
lands with or without authority or permits from the
government, showing the extent of their respective
occupation and resulting damage, or impairment of
forest resources, shall be conducted.

Where roads are utilized by more than one

commercial forest user, the Bureau shall prescribe the
terms and conditions of joint use including the
equitable sharing of construction and/or maintenance
costs, and of the use of these roads by other parties
and the collection of such fees as may be deemed
necessary.
Section 50. Logging roads. There shall
indiscriminate construction of logging roads.

be

Such roads shall be strategically located and their

widths regulated so as to minimize clear-cutting,
unnecessary damage or injury to healthy residuals,
and erosion. Their construction must not only serve
the transportation need of the logger but, most
importantly, the requirement to save as many healthy
residuals as possible during cutting and hauling
operations.
Section 51. Management of occupancy in forest
lands. Forest occupancy shall henceforth be
managed. The Bureau shall study, determine and
define which lands may be the subject of occupancy
and prescribed therein, an agro-forestry development
program.
Occupants shall undertake measures to prevent and
protect forest resources.
Any occupancy in forest land which will result in
sedimentation, erosion, reduction in water yield and
impairment of other resources to the detriment of
community and public interest shall not be allowed.
In areas above 50% in slope, occupation shall be
conditioned upon the planting of desirable trees
thereon and/or adoption of other conservation
measures.

The Bureau may call upon other agencies of the

government and holders of license agreement,
license, lease and permits over forest lands to
participate in the census.
Section 53. Criminal Prosecution. Kaingineros,
squatters, cultural minorities and other occupants
who entered into forest lands before the effectivity of
this Code, without permits or authority, shall not be
prosecuted: Provided, That they do not increase their
clearings: Provided, further, That they undertake,
within two (2) months from the notice thereof, the
activities which will be imposed upon them by the
Bureau in accordance with a management plan
calculated to conserve and protect forest resources.
E. SPECIAL USES
Section 54. Pasture in forest lands. No forest land
50% in slope or over may be utilized for pasture
purposes.
Forest lands which are being utilized for pasture shall
be maintained with sufficient grass cover to protect
soil, water and other forest resources.
If grass cover is insufficient, the same shall be
supplemented with trees or such vegetative cover as
may be deemed necessary.
The size of forest lands that may be allowed for
pasture and other special uses shall be determined by
rules and regulations, any provision of law to the
contrary notwithstanding.
Section 55. Wildlife. Wildlife may be destroyed,
killed, consumed, eaten or otherwise disposed of,
without the necessity of permit, for the protection of
life, health, safety and property, and the convenience
of the people.

However, the Director may regulate the killing and

destruction of wildlife in forest lands in order to
maintain an ecological balance of flora and fauna.
Section 56. Recreation. The Bureau shall, in the
preparation of multiple-use management plans,
identify and provide for the protection of scenic areas
in all forest lands which are potentially valuable for
recreation and tourism, and plan for the development
and protection of such areas to attract visitors thereto
and meet increasing demands therefor.
The construction and operation of necessary facilities
to accommodate outdoor recreation shall be done by
the Bureau with the use of funds derived from rentals
and fees for the operation and use of recreational
facilities by private persons or operators, in addition
to whatever funds may be appropriated for such
purposes.
Section 57. Other special uses of forest lands. Forest
lands may be leased for a period not exceeding
twenty-five (25) years, renewable upon the expiration
thereof for a similar period, or held under permit, for
the establishment of sawmills, lumber yards, timber
depots, logging camps, rights-of-way, or for the
construction of sanatoria, bathing establishments,
camps, salt works, or other beneficial purposes which
do not in any way impair the forest resources therein.
F. QUALIFICATIONS
Section 58. Diffusion of benefits. The privilege to
utilize, exploit, occupy, or possess forest lands, or to
conduct any activity therein, or to establish and
operate wood-processing plants, shall be diffused to
as many qualified and deserving applicants as
possible.
Section 59. Citizenship. In the evaluation of
applications of corporations, increased Filipino
equity and participation beyond the 60%
constitutional limitation shall be encouraged. All
other factors being equal, the applicant with more
Filipino equity and participation shall be preferred.
Section 60. Financial and technical capability. No
license agreement, license, lease or permit over forest
lands shall be issued to an applicant unless he proves
satisfactorily that he has the financial resources and
technical capability not only to minimize utilization,
but also to practice forest protection, conservation
and development measures to insure the perpetuation
of said forest in productive condition.

Section 61. Transfers. Unless authorized by the

Department Head, no licensee, lessee, or permittee
may transfer, exchange, sell or convey his license
agreement, license, lease or permit, or any of his
rights or interests therein, or any of his assets used in
connection therewith.
The licensee, lessee, or permittee shall be allowed to
transfer or convey his license agreement, license,
lease or permit only if he has not violated any
forestry law, rule or regulation; has been faithfully
complying with the terms and conditions of the
license agreement, license, lease or permit; the
transferee has all the qualifications and none of the
disqualifications to hold a license agreement, license,
lease or permit; there is no evidence that such transfer
or conveyance is being made for purposes of
speculation; and the transferee shall assume all the
obligations of the transferor.
The transferor shall forever be barred from acquiring
another license agreement, license, lease or permit.
Section 62. Service contracts. The Department Head,
may in the national interest, allow forest products
licensees, lessees, or permittees to enter into service
contracts for financial, technical, management, or
other forms of assistance, in consideration of a fee,
with any foreign person or entity for the exploration,
development, exploitation or utilization of the forest
resources, covered by their license agreements,
licenses, leases or permits. Existing valid and binding
service contracts for financial, technical, management
or other forms of assistance are hereby recognized as
such.
Section 63. Equity sharing. Every corporation
holding a license agreement, license, lease or permit
to utilize, exploit, occupy or possess any forest land,
or conduct any activity therein, or establish and
operate a wood-processing plant, shall within one (1)
year after the effectivity of this Code, formulate and
submit to the Department Head for approval a plan
for the sale of at least twenty percent (20%) of its
subscribed capital stock in favor of its employees and
laborers.
The plan shall be so implemented that the sale of the
shares of stock shall be effected by the corporation
not later than the sixth year of its operation, or the
first year of the effectivity of this Code, if the
corporation has been in operation for more than 5
years prior to such effectivity.

No corporation shall be issued any license agreement,

license, lease or permit after the effectivity of this
Code, unless it submits such a plan and the same is
approved for implementation within the sixth year of
its operation.
The Department Head shall promulgate the necessary
rules and regulations to carry out the provisions of
this section, particularly on the determination of the
manner of payment, factors affecting the selling
price, establishment of priorities in the purchase of
the shares of stock, and the capability of the
deserving employees and laborers. The industries
concerned shall extend all assistance in the
promulgation of policies on the matter, such as the
submission of all data and information relative to
their operation, personnel management, and asset
evaluation.
G. REGULATORY FEES
Section 64. Charges, fees and bonds. The
Department Head, upon recommendation of the
Director, shall fix the amount of charges, rental,
bonds and fees for the different kinds of utilization,
exploitation, occupation, possession, or activity
inside forest lands, the filing and processing of
applications therefor, the issuance and renewal of
license agreements, licenses, leases and permits, and
for other services; Provided, That all fees and charges
presently being collected under existing laws and
regulations shall continue to be imposed and
collected until otherwise provided; Provided, further,
That timber taken and removed from private lands for
commercial purposes shall be exempt from the
payment of forest charges.
Section 65. Authority of Department Head to impose
other fees. In addition to the fees and charges
imposed under existing laws, rules and regulations,
the Department Head is hereby authorized, upon
recommendation of the Director and in consultation
with representatives of the industries affected, to
impose other fees for forest protection, management,
reforestation, and development, the proceeds of
which shall accrue into a special deposit of the
Bureau as its revolving fund for the aforementioned
purposes.
Section 66. Collection and Disbursement. The
collection of the charges and fees above-mentioned
shall be the responsibility of the Director or his
authorized representative. The Director shall remit
his monthly collection of fees and charges mentioned
in Section 64 to the Treasurer of the Philippines

within the first ten (10) days of the succeeding

month; Provided, That the proceeds of the collection
of the fees imposed under Section 65 and the special
deposit heretofore required of licensees shall be
constituted into a revolving fund for such purposes
and be deposited in the Philippine National Bank, as
a special deposit of the Bureau. The Budget
Commissioner and the National Treasurer shall effect
the quarterly releases out of the collection accruing to
the general fund upon request of the Director on the
basis of a consolidated annual budget of a work
program approved by the Department Head and the
President.
In the case of the special deposit revolving fund,
withdrawals therefrom shall be effected by the
Department Head on the basis of a consolidated
annual budget prepared by the Director of a work
program for the specific purposes mentioned in
Section 65.
Section 67. Basis of Assessment. Tree measurement
shall be the basis for assessing government charges
and other fees on timber cut and removed from forest
lands, alienable or disposable lands, and the civil
reservations; Provided, That until such time as the
mechanics of tree measurement shall have been
developed and promulgated in rules and regulations,
the present scaling method provided for in the
National Internal Revenue Code shall be used.
The Director may, with the approval of the
Department Head, prescribe a new method of
assessment of forest products and collection of
charges thereon based upon the result of production
cost and market studies undertaken by the Bureau;
Provided, That such charges shall not be lower than
those now imposed.
CHAPTER
CRIMINAL OFFENSES AND PENALTIES

IV

Section 68. Cutting, gathering and/or collecting

timber or other products without license. Any person
who shall cut, gather, collect, or remove timber or
other forest products from any forest land, or timber
from alienable and disposable public lands, or from
private lands, without any authority under a license
agreement, lease, license or permit, shall be guilty of
qualified theft as defined and punished under Articles
309 and 310 of the Revised Penal Code; Provided,
That in the case of partnership, association or
corporation, the officers who ordered the cutting,
gathering or collecting shall be liable, and if such
officers are aliens, they shall, in addition to the

penalty, be deported without further proceedings on

the part of the Commission on Immigration and
Deportation.
The Court shall further order the confiscation in favor
of the government of the timber or forest products to
cut, gathered, collected or removed, and the
machinery, equipment, implements and tools used
therein, and the forfeiture of his improvements in the
area.
The same penalty plus cancellation of his license
agreement, lease, license or permit and perpetual
disqualification from acquiring any such privilege
shall be imposed upon any licensee, lessee, or
permittee who cuts timber from the licensed or leased
area of another, without prejudice to whatever civil
action the latter may bring against the offender.
Section 69. Unlawful occupation or destruction of
forest lands. Any person who enters and occupies or
possesses, or makes kaingin for his own private use
or for others any forest land without authority under a
license agreement, lease, license or permit, or in any
manner destroys such forest land or part thereof, or
causes any damage to the timber stand and other
products and forest growths found therein, or who
assists, aids or abets any other person to do so, or sets
a fire, or negligently permits a fire to be set in any
forest land shall, upon conviction, be fined in an
amount of not less than five hundred pesos (P500.00)
nor more than twenty thousand pesos (P20,000.00)
and imprisoned for not less than six (6) months nor
more than two (2) years for each such offense, and be
liable to the payment of ten (10) times the rental fees
and other charges which would have been accrued
had the occupation and use of the land been
authorized under a license agreement, lease, license
or permit: Provided, That in the case of an offender
found guilty of making kaingin, the penalty shall be
imprisoned for not less than two (2) nor more than
(4) years and a fine equal to eight (8) times the
regular forest charges due on the forest products
destroyed, without prejudice to the payment of the
full cost of restoration of the occupied area as
determined by the Bureau.
The Court shall further order the eviction of the
offender from the land and the forfeiture to the
Government of all improvements made and all
vehicles, domestic animals and equipment of any
kind used in the commission of the offense. If not
suitable for use by the Bureau, said vehicles shall be
sold at public auction, the proceeds of which shall
accrue to the Development Fund of the Bureau.

In case the offender is a government official or

employee, he shall, in addition to the above penalties,
be deemed automatically dismissed from office and
permanently disqualified from holding any elective
or appointive position.
Section 70. Pasturing Livestock. Imprisonment for
not less than six (6) months nor more than two (2)
years and a fine equal to ten (10) times the regular
rentals due, in addition to the confiscation of such
livestock and all improvement introduced in the area
in favor of the government, shall be imposed upon
any person, who shall, without authority under a
lease or permit, graze or cause to graze livestock in
forest lands, grazing lands and alienable and
disposable lands which have not as yet been disposed
of in accordance with the Public Land Act; Provided,
That in case the offender is a corporation, partnership
or association, the officers and directors thereof shall
be liable.
Section 71. Illegal occupation of national parks
system and recreation areas and vandalism
therein. Any person who shall, without permit,
occupy for any length of time any portion of the
national parks system or shall, in any manner, cut,
destroy, damage or remove timber or any species of
vegetation or forest cover and other natural resources
found therein, or shall mutilate, deface or destroy
objects of natural beauty or of scenic value within
areas in the national parks system, shall be fined not
less than two hundred (P200.00) pesos or more than
five hundred (P500.00) pesos exclusive of the value
of the thing damaged; Provided, That if the area
requires rehabilitation or restoration as determined by
the Director, the offender shall also be required to
restore or compensate for the restoration of the
damage; Provided, Further, That any person who,
without proper permit shall hunt, capture or kill any
kind of bird, fish or wild animal life within any area
in the national parks system shall be subject to the
same penalty; Provided, Finally, That the Court shall
order eviction of the offender from the land and the
forfeiture in favor of the Government of all timber or
any species of vegetation and other natural resources
collected or removed, and any construction or
improvement made thereon by the offender. If the
offender is an association or corporation, the
president or manager shall be directly responsible and
liable for the act of his employees or laborers.
In the event that an official of a city or municipal
government is primarily responsible for detecting and
convicting the violator of the provisions of this
Section, fifty per centum (50%) of the fine collected

shall accrue to such municipality or city for the

development of local parks.
Section 72. Destruction of wildlife resources. Any
person violating the provisions of Section 55 of this
Code, or the regulations promulgated thereunder,
shall be fined not less than one hundred (P100.00)
pesos for each such violation and in addition shall be
denied a permit for a period of three (3) years from
the date of the violation.
Section
73. Survey
by
unauthorized
person. Imprisonment for not less than two (2) nor
more than four (4) years, in addition to the
confiscation of the implements used in the violation
of this section including the cancellation of the
license, if any, shall be imposed upon any person who
shall, without permit to survey from the Director,
enter any forest lands, whether covered by a license
agreement, lease, license, or permit, or not, and
conduct or undertake a survey for whatever purpose.
Section 74. Misclassification and survey by
government official or employee. Any public officer
or employee who knowingly surveys, classifies, or
recommends the release of forest lands as alienable
and disposable lands contrary to the criteria and
standards established in this Code, or the rules and
regulations promulgated hereunder, shall, after an
appropriate administrative proceeding, be dismissed
from the service with prejudice to re-employment,
and upon conviction by a court of competent
jurisdiction, suffer an imprisonment of not less than
one (1) year and a fine of not less than one thousand,
(P1,000.00) pesos. The survey, classification or
release of forest lands shall be null and void.
Section
75. Tax
declaration
on
real
property. Imprisonment for a period of not less than
two (2) nor more than four (4) years and perpetual
disqualification from holding an elective or
appointive office, shall be imposed upon any public
officer or employee who shall issue a tax declaration
on real property without a certification from the
Director of Forest Development and the Director of
Lands or their duly designated representatives that
the area declared for taxation is alienable and
disposable lands, unless the property is titled or has
been occupied and possessed by members of the
national cultural minorities prior to July 4, 1955.
Section 76. Coercion and influence. Any person who
coerces, influences, abets or persuades the public
officer or employee referred to in the two preceding
sections to commit any of the acts mentioned therein

shall suffer imprisonment of not less than one (1)

year and pay a fine of five hundred (P500.00) pesos
for every hectare or a fraction thereof so improperly
surveyed, classified or released.
Section 77. Unlawful possession of implements and
devices used by forest officers. Imprisonment for a
period of not less than (2) nor more than four (4)
years and a fine of not less than one thousand pesos
(P1,000.00), nor more than ten thousand
(P10,000.00) pesos in addition to the confiscation of
such implements and devices, and the automatic
cancellation of the license agreement, lease, license
or permit, if the offender is a holder thereof, shall be
imposed upon any person who shall, without
authority from the Director or his authorized
representative, make, manufacture, or has in his
possession any government marking, hatchet or other
marking implement, or any marker, poster, or other
devices officially used by officers of the Bureau for
the marking or identification of timber or other
products, or any duplicate, counterfeit, or imitation
thereof, or make or apply a government mark on
timber or any other forest products by means of any
authentic or counterfeit device, or alter, deface, or
remove government marks or signs, from trees, logs,
stumps, firewoods or other forest products, or
destroy, deface, remove or disfigure any such mark,
sign, poster or warning notices set by the Bureau to
designate the boundaries of cutting areas, municipal
or city forest or pasture, classified timber land, forest
reserve, and areas under the national park system or
to make any false mark or imitation of any mark or
sign herein indicated; Provided, That if the offender
is a corporation, partnership or association, the
officers and directors thereof shall be liable.
Section 78. Payment, collection and remittance of
forest charges. Any person who fails to pay the
amount due and payable under the provisions of this
Code, the National Internal Revenue Code, or the
rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, shall
be liable to the payment of a surcharge of twenty-five
per centum (25%) of the amount due and payable.
Any person who fails or refuses to remit to the proper
authorities said forest charges collectible pursuant to
the provisions of this Code or the National Internal
Revenue Code, or who delays, obstructs or prevents
the same, or who orders, causes or effects the transfer
or diversion of the funds for purposes other than
those specified in this Code, for each such offense
shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not
exceeding one hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00)
and/or imprisonment for a period of not exceeding

six (6) years in the discretion of the Court. If the

offender is a government official or employee, he
shall, in addition, be dismissed from the service with
prejudice to reinstatement and with disqualification
from holding any elective or appointive office.
If the offender is a corporation, partnership or
association, the officers and directors thereof shall be
liable.
Section 79. Sale of wood products. No person shall
sell or offer for sale any log, lumber, plywood or
other manufactured wood products in the
international or domestic market unless he complies
with grading rules and established or to be
established by the Government.
Failure to adhere to the established grading rules and
standards, or any act of falsification of the volume of
logs, lumber, or other forest products shall be a
sufficient cause for the suspension of the export,
sawmill, or other license or permit authorizing the
manufacture or sale of such products for a period of
not less than two (2) years.
A duly accredited representative of the Bureau shall
certify to the compliance by the licensees with
grading rules.
Every dealer in lumber and other building material
covered by this Code shall issue an invoice for each
sale of such material and such invoice shall state that
the kind, standard and size of material sold to each
purchaser in exactly the same as described in the
invoice. Any violation of this Section shall be
sufficient ground for the suspension of the dealer's
license for a period of not less than two (2) years and,
in addition thereto, the dealer shall be punished for
each such offense by a fine of not less than two
hundred pesos (P200.00) or the total value of the
invoice, whichever is greater.
Section 80. Arrest; Institution of criminal actions. A
forest officer or employee of the Bureau shall arrest
even without warrant any person who has committed
or is committing in his presence any of the offenses
defined in this Chapter. He shall also seize and
confiscate, in favor of the Government, the tools and
equipment used in committing the offense, and the
forest products cut, gathered or taken by the offender
in the process of committing the offense. The
arresting forest officer or employee shall thereafter
deliver within six (6) hours from the time of arrest
and seizure, the offender and the confiscated forest
products, tools and equipment to, and file the proper

complaint with, the appropriate official designated by

law to conduct preliminary investigations and file
informations in court.
If the arrest and seizure are made in the forests, far
from the authorities designated by law to conduct
preliminary investigations, the delivery to, and filing
of the complaint with, the latter shall be done within
a reasonable time sufficient for ordinary travel from
the place of arrest to the place of delivery. The seized
products, materials and equipment shall be
immediately disposed of in accordance with forestry
administrative orders promulgated by the Department
Head.
The Department Head may deputize any member or
unit of the Philippine Constabulary, police agency,
barangay or barrio official, or any qualified person to
protect the forest and exercise the power or authority
provided for in the preceding paragraph.
Reports and complaints regarding the commission of
any of the offenses defined in this Chapter, not
committed in the presence of any forest officer or
employee, or any of the deputized officers or
officials, shall immediately be investigated by the
forest officer assigned in the area where the offense
was allegedly committed, who shall thereupon
receive the evidence supporting the report or
complaint.
If there is prima facie evidence to support the
complaint or report, the investigating forest officer
shall file the necessary complaint with the
appropriate official authorized by law to conduct a
preliminary investigation of criminal cases and file an
information in Court.
PD No. 1775: AMENDING SECTION EIGHTY
OF
PRESIDENTIAL
DECREE
NUMBERED SEVEN HUNDRED FIVE, AS
AMENDED, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS
THE "REVISED FORESTRY CODE OF
THE
PHILIPPINES."
WHEREAS, it is of common knowledge that only few
criminal cases are being filed against violators of the
forestry laws, rules and regulations because of the
apparent lack of manpower in the prosecuting arm of
the Bureau of Forestry Development which
predicament could not be feasibly augmented due to
the present economic situation of the country;

WHEREAS, it is of common knowledge that only few

criminal cases are being filed against violators of the
forestry laws, rules and regulations because of the
apparent lack of manpower in the prosecuting arm of
the Bureau of Forestry Development which
predicament could not be feasibly augmented due to
the present economic situation of the country;
WHEREAS, Section 80 of the "Revised Forestry
Code of the Philippines", or any other law, rule and
regulation does not authorize members of the
Philippine Constabulary/Integrated National Police to
file complaints against forest law violators except
when they are lawfully deputized by the Minister of
Agriculture and Natural Resources pursuant to the
said Code;
NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS,
President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers
vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby degree
that:
SECTION 1. Section 80 of Presidential Decree No.
705 is amended to read as follows:
"Sec. 80. Arrest: institution of criminal actions. A forest officers or employee of the Bureau or any
personnel of the Philippines Constabulary/ Integrated
National Police shall arrest even without warrant any
person who has committed or committing in his
presence any of the offenses defined in this Chapter.
He shall also seize and confiscate, in favor of the
Government, the tools and equipment used in
committing the offense, and the forest products cut,
gathered or taken by the offender in the process
committing the offense. The arresting forest officer or
employee shall thereafter deliver within six (6) hours
from the time of arrest and seizure, the offender and
the confiscated forest product, tools and equipment
and file the proper complaint with, the appropriate
official designated by law to conduct preliminary
investigation and file information in Court.
If the arrest and seizure are made in the forest, far
from the authorities designated by the law to conduct
preliminary investigations, the delivery to, and filing
of the complaint with, the latter shall be done within
a reasonable time sufficient to the place of delivery.
The seized products, materials and equipment shall
be immediately disposed of in accordance with
forestry administrative orders promulgated by the
Department Head.

The Department Head may deputized any agency,

Bering or barrio official, or any qualified person to
protect the forest and exercise the power or authority
provided for in the preceding paragraph.
Reports and complaints regarding the commission of
any of the offenses defined in this Chapter, not
committed in the presence of any forest officer or
employee, or any personnel of the Philippine
Constabulary/Integrated National Police or any of the
deputized officers of officials, shall immediately be
investigated by the forest officer assigned in the area
or
any
personnel
of
the
Philippine
Constabulary/Integrated National Police where the
offense was allegedly committed, who shall
thereupon receive the evidence supporting the report
or complaint. If there is a prima facie evidence to
support the complaint or report the investigating
forest officer and/ or members of the Philippine
Constabulary/Integrated National Police shall file the
necessary complaint with the appropriate official
authorized by law to conduct a preliminary
investigation of criminal case and file an information
in Court."
Executive Order No. 318: PROMOTING
SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT IN
THE PHILIPPINES
WHEREAS, the Constitution provides for the
protection and advancement of the right of the people
to a balanced and healthy environment in accord with
the rhythm and harmony of nature, to protect the
Filipino people from disaster like floods or landslide,
and from threats to environmental and economic
security like wood and water shortage, biodiversity
loss, air pollution and drought. Likewise, it provides
for the full, efficient and rights-based use of natural
resources to abate poverty, promote industrialization
and full employment, affirm the diverse cultures of
the Filipino, and ensure their availability to present
and
future
generations;
WHEREAS, Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)
is provided in the Global Plan of implementation of
the World Summit on Sustainable Development
adopted in Johannesburg, as an international strategy
for
developing
and
managing
forests;
WHEREAS, important
socio-economic
and
environmental changes and policy reforms that
directly affect the forestry sector have taken place
since the issuance in 1975 of Presidential Decree No.
705, otherwise known as the Revised Forestry Code
of Philippines, and unless and until otherwise

directed by Congress, there is a need to provide

guidance to national agencies and instrumentalities
on how to best harmonize these policy reforms and
make the forestry sector responsive to external
changes, and attain SFM in the Philippines;
WHEREAS, logging or any commercial exploitation
of forestry resources in old growth forests,
proclaimed watersheds and other areas covered by
the National Integrated Protected Areas System
(NIPAS) is prohibited to ensure the perpetual
existence of all native plants and animals;
WHEREAS, a
watershed-based
integrated
ecosystem management approach is deemed
appropriate for SFM due to the interrelationships and
interactions between and among the various
ecosystems of a watershed such as the uplands and
coastal
areas:
NOW, THEREFORE, I GLORIA MACAPAGAL
ARROYO, President of the Republic of the
Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by
the
Constitution,
do
hereby
order:
SECTION 1. Declaration of Policy. It shall be the
Policy of the Government to pursue the sustainable
management of forests and forestlands in watersheds.
Watersheds shall be deemed as ecosystem
management units and shall be managed in a holistic,
scientific, rights-based, technology-based and
community-based manner and observing the
principles of multi-use, decentralization and
devolution, and active participation of local
government units (LGUs), synergism of economic,
ecological, social and cultural objectives, and the
rational utilization of all resources found therein. It
shall likewise be the policy of the Government to
promote sound, effective and efficient, globallycompetitive and equitable forestry practices in both
public
and
private
domains.

or as primarily for protection purposes, and

in both cases, placed under a formal
management scheme.
2.

2.2. Holistic, Sustainable and

Development of Forestry Resources

1.

State forestlands shall be identified,

classified and delineated/demarcated on the
ground and shall constitute the permanent
forest estate unless otherwise stipulated by
Congress; the same shall be categorized and
managed either as primarily for production

Integrated

1.

The development and management of the

Philippines forests and forestlands including
the coastal forests shall be for the highest
and widest public benefit and shall be based
on the inherent productive capacity and
sustainable use of these resource for the
present and future generation of Filipinos.

2.

The priority development, protection and

management activity of any management
unit shall be the rehabilitation of open
and/or
denuded,
degraded,
fragile
forestlands; and slope stabilization and
protection to address occurrence of floods,
landslides and similar ecological disasters.

3.

The establishment of tree parks, regreening

and roadside planting of forest species in
open and appropriate spaces shall be
prioritized to mitigate worsening urban air
quality and global warming.

2.3. Community-Based Forest Conservation and

Development
1.

Community-Based Forest Management

(CBFM) shall be the primary strategy in all
forest conservation and development and
related activities, including joint ventures,
production sharing and co-production; it
shall be encouraged in all private sector
forestry enterprises and ventures.

2.

CBFM shall be a collaborative undertaking

of the national government and the LGUs,
local peoples, community organizations,
civil society organizations (CSOs), and
private business entities.

3.

Local cultures, values, traditions, religious

beliefs and the rights of indigenous peoples
to their ancestral lands and domains as
promoted and/or defined by existing

SECTION 2. Guiding Principles. The pursuit of

these policies shall be guided by the following
principles:
2.1.Delineation, Classification and Demarcation of
State Forestlands

Conversions of forestlands into non-forestry

uses shall be allowed only through an act of
Congress and upon the recommendation of
concerned government agencies.

legislation shall be recognized and respected

in all forestry undertakings of the State and
the private sector.

use of watersheds, forests and forestlands

for ecological and environmental services
such as, but not limited to power generation,
supplying domestic and irrigation water, and
eco-tourism, shall be developed and
promoted to finance forest protection,
rehabilitation, and development.

2.4. Incentives for Enhancing Private Investments,

Economic
Contribution
and
Global
Competitiveness of Forest-Based Industries
1.

The government shall provide a favorable

and stable policy and investment
environment-friendly forest based industries,
ensure their sustainable raw material supply
and encourage value-added processing incountry to boost rural employment and the
economy.

2.

Filipino entrepreneurship in forestry shall be

encouraged and supported.

3.

A package of incentives and services that are

responsive to the development of forests in
private and public forestlands shall be
adopted to encourage the development of
private forests, including the deregulation of
privately-developed forests and privatelyplanted trees and enhancement of capacities
of stakeholders to engage in private forest
development and related activities.

4.

5.

The development of high-value tree crops

and non-timber forest crops in public
forestlands, private lands and in home forest
gardens shall be promoted and encouraged
to enhance economic and ecological benefits
and attain self-sufficiency in the countrys
wood requirements.
Incentives shall be provided to encourage
co-management
of
forest
resources
involving national and other government
agencies (NGAs/OGAs), LGUs, CSOs, and
the private sector.

3.

Appropriate and doable mechanisms for

adopting the principles of environment and
natural resources accounting (ENRA) and
watershed ecosystems as minimum spatial
units of accounts shall be developed and
institutionalized.

4.

Innovative
financial
systems
and
approaches, such as securitization, bonds
and collaborative investments, shall be
encouraged to support sustainable forest
management and enterprises and the
conservation of forest-based biodiversity in
the Philippines.

5.

Government investments in and out-sourced

financing for forest development such as the
application
of
clean
development
mechanism (CDM) shall be prioritized in
favor of forestlands that serve a significantly
large population such as critical watersheds
and/or which serve to reduce poverty and
inequitable access to forests such as those
under CBFM and/or co-management by
NGAs/OGAs, LGUs, industries, CSOs, and
local communities.

2.6. Institutional Support for SFM

1.

The principles and practices of good

governance
such
as
transparency,
accountability and participatory decisionmaking, in transactions, decisions and
actions affecting forestry, in all levels, and
the policy of streamlining, decentralization,
devolution and deregulation shall be
adopted, promoted and institutionalized in
the Government service.

2.

Partnerships and collaboration between and

among the DENR, NGAs/OGAs, LGUs,
professional forestry organizations, local
communities,
civic
groups,
CSOs,
basic sectors, academic and other research
and development institutions and other
stakeholders shall be promoted.

2.5 Proper Valuation and Pricing of Forestry

Resources and Financing SFM
1.

Mechanism for proper valuation and fair and

comprehensive pricing of forest products
and services, including water for domestic,
industrial, irrigation and power generation,
biodiversity and eco-tourism, shall be
developed and promoted.

2.

Local, regional and national plow-back

mechanisms of utilizing proceeds from the

3.

Forestry administrative
institutions,
including
development, shall be
modernized.

4.

Academic programs and scientific research

shall be harnessed to generate information,
technologies and policies that will
strengthen
national
capacities for SFM under the frameworks of
watershed ecosystem management (WEM)
and CBFM.

5.

6.

7.

systems
research
upgraded

and
and
and

Human resources development programs for

all stakeholders shall be rationalized and
upgraded in support of SFM; forestry
extension services by NGAs/OGAs and
LGU shall be upgraded and intensified and
undertaken with CSOs, to support CBFM,
pirvate forestry, forestry co-management
enterprises, and the development of forestbased biodiversity.
Forest land use plans shall be incorporated
by LGUs in their comprehensive land use
plans. National Government agencies shall
assist LGUs in this endeavor.
Networks and linkages involved with local
and international institutions, CSOs, LGUs,
and industries involved in the promotion and
practice
of
SFM
shall
be
strengthened.

WHEREAS, Article II, Section 10 provides for the

promotion of social justice to all citizens in all phases
of national development;
WHEREAS, Article XIV, Section 17 mandates the
State to recognize and respect the rights of the
indigenous peoples to their ancestral domains and
consider their customs, traditions and beliefs in the
formulation of laws and policies;
WHEREAS, Executive Order No. 192, series of
1987, mandates the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) as the primary
government agency responsible for the sustainable
management and development of the country's
natural resources;
WHEREAS, the Philippines 2000 and the
government's Social Reform Agenda support people
empowerment and the full, meaningful and
indispensable participation of communities as
immediate stakeholders of the forestland resources in
the protection and management of the forest
ecosystem;
WHEREAS, the 25-year Master Plan for Forestry
Development also recognizes the indispensable role
of local communities in forest protection,
rehabilitation, development and management, and
targets the protection, rehabilitation, management,
and utilization of at least 4 million hectares of
forestlands, through the community-based forest
management strategy;
WHEREAS, entrusting the responsibility for forest
rehabilitation, protection, and conservation to the
community of stakeholders and affording them
equitable access to the forest and coastal resources
are viable forestland management strategies as borne
by the experience of the DENR and various
supporting agencies;

EO No . 263: ADOPTING COMMUNITY-BASED

FOREST MANAGEMENT AS THE NATIONAL
STRATEGY TO ENSURE THE SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY'S
FORESTLANDS
RESOURCES
AND
PROVIDING
MECHANISMS
FOR
ITS
IMPLEMENTATION
WHEREAS, Article II, Section 16 of the 1987
Constitution provides for the protection and
advancement of the right of the Filipino people, both
men and women, to a healthful and balanced ecology;

NOW, THEREFORE, I FIDEL V. RAMOS, President

of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in
me by law, do hereby order that:
Sec. 1. Community-based forest management (herein
referred to as CBFM) shall be the national strategy to
achieve sustainable forestry and social justice.
Sec. 2. The DENR, through its Community and
Provincial Environment and Natural Resource
Offices, in coordination with the local government
units and the Department of Interior and Local

Government (DILG) shall, at all times, take into

account the needs and aspirations of local
communities whose livelihood depends on the
forestlands.
Sec. 3. Participating organized communities may be
granted access to the forestland resources under long
term tenurial agreements, provided they employ
environment-friendly, ecologically-sustainable, and
labor-intensive harvesting methods. Such harvesting
methods shall be mentioned under a site-specific
management plan of each recipient community and
duly approved by the DENR.
Sec. 4. The indigenous peoples may participate in the
implementation of CBFM activities in recognition of
their rights to their ancestral domains and land rights
and claims.
Sec. 5. A CBFM Steering Committee shall be created
immediately and headed by the DENR with members
from the Departments of Agriculture, Trade and
Industry, Agrarian Reform, Finance, Science and
Technology, Labor and Employment, Interior and
Local Government, Budget and Management,
National Defense and Justice; National Economic
Development and Authority; Philippine Commission
on Countrywide Development under the Office of the
President, Committee on Flagship Programs and
Projects of the Office of the President; Presidential
Management Staff under the Office of the President;
Cooperative Development Authority, and Offices of
Northern and Southern Cultural Communities. The
Committee may invite representatives from the
Philippine Chamber of Commerce, Philippine Wood
Products Association, NGO coalition groups, and
other public and private organizations to become
members of the Steering Committee. The Committee
shall formulate and develop policy guidelines that
will create incentives and conditions necessary to
effectively carry out community-based forest
management strategy. Accordingly, members of the
CBFM Steering Committee should, at least, be
represented by concerned Assistant Secretaries or
heads of bureaus and agencies.
Sec. 6. The DENR shall work with local
governments, people's organizations (POs), nongovernment organizations (NGOs), religious groups,
business and industry, and other concerned
organizations to ensure that communities are
empowered to initiate and achieve the objectives of
this Order.

Sec. 7. In its budget preparation, the DENR shall

allot adequate funds to effectively accomplish CBFM
targets and shall seek supplementary funding from
local and foreign supporting agencies and
organizations. DENR shall ensure the inclusion of
budgetary allocation for CBFM in the annual General
Appropriations Act, pending the passage of the
revised Forestry Code.
Sec. 8. The DENR shall establish a Communitybased Forest Management Special Account
(CBFMSA) to support the implementation of the
strategy and provide financial and professional
incentive system for deserving communities and
government personnel.
Sec. 9. The DENR may source local and international
grants and donations for the establishment of the
CBFM Special Account. Other sources of fund may
later be determined by the CBFM Steering
Committee subject to existing government
regulations.
Sec. 10. The DENR shall support and set up jointly
with relevant colleges and universities, private and
public organizations, arrangements for a community
forestry training program for members of
participating units, such as people's organizations,
non-government organizations, local government
units, and other government personnel.
Sec. 11. Within six months after the signing of this
Order, the DENR, in consultation with government
financial institutions, such as the Development Bank
of the Philippines (DBP), the Land Bank of the
Philippines (LBP), GSIS and the SSS, shall effect the
creation of favorable financing mechanisms for
access by communities and organizations in the
pursuit of the CBFM strategy and its sub-strategies
such as community training and empowerment,
enterprise development, agroforestry development,
tree plantations, and other non-forest-based
alternative livelihood systems.
Sec. 12. The DENR Secretary shall issue new rules,
regulations, procedures, and guidelines necessary to
implement this Order and repeal or modify existing
ones consistent with the policies set forth by the
CBFM Steering Committee.
Sec. 13. The DENR Secretary shall, within six
months from the signing of this Order, submit to the
Office of the President, a National Comprehensive
Community Forestry Action Plan, which embodies
the Department's short, medium and long-term plans.

The action plan shall be discussed and approved by

the CBFM Steering Committee prior to its
submission to the President.
Sec. 14. All previous executive and administrative
issuances which are inconsistent herewith are
repealed or amended accordingly.

Republic Act No. 9175 : Chain Saw Act of 2002

Section 2. Declaration Policy. It is the policy of the
State consistent with the Constitution, to conserve,
develop and protect the forest resources under
sustainable management. Toward this end, the State
shall pursue an aggressive forest protection program
geared towards eliminating illegal logging and other
forms of forest destruction which are being facilitated
with the use of chain saws. The State shall therefore
regulate the ownership, possession, sale, transfer,
importation and/or use of chain saws to prevent them
from being used in illegal logging or unauthorized
clearing of forests.
Section 3. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Act,
the term:
(a) "Chain saw" shall refer to any portable
power saw or similar cutting implement,
rendered operative by an electric or internal
combustion engine or similar means, that
may be used for, but is not limited to, the
felling of trees or the cutting of timber;
(b) "Chain saw dealer" shall refer to a
person, natural or juridical, engaged in the
manufacture, importation, distribution,
purchase and/or sale of chain saws;
(c) "Department" shall refer to the
Department of Environment and Natural
Resources; and
(d) "Secretary" shall refer to the Secretary of
the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources.
Section 4. Persons Authorized to Manufacturer, Sell
and Import Chain Saws. - Chain saws shall only be
sold and/or imported by manufacturers, dealers
and/or private owners who are duly authorized by the
Department.

Section 5. Persons Authorized to Possess and Use a

Chain Saw. - The Department is hereby authorized to
issue permits to possess and/or use a chain saw for
the felling land/or cutting of trees, timber and other
forest or agro-forest products to any applicant who:
(a) has a subsisting timber license
agreement, production sharing agreement, or
similar agreements, or a private land timber
permit;
(b) is an orchard and fruit tree farmer;
(c) is an industrial tree farmer;
(d) is a licensed wood processor and the
chain saw shall be used for the cutting of
timber that has been legally sold to said
applicant; or
(e) shall use the chain saw for a legal
purpose.
Agencies of the government that use chain saws in
some aspects of their functions must likewise secure
the necessary permit from the Department before
operating the same.
Section 6. Registration of Chain Saws. - Within a
period of three (3) months from the effectivity hereof,
all persons who own or are otherwise in possession of
chain saws must register the same with the
Department, through any of its Community
Environment and Natural Resources Office, which
shall issue the corresponding registration certificate
or permit if it finds such persons to be qualified
hereunder.
Every permit to possess and/or use a chain saw for
legitimate purpose shall be valid for two (2) years
upon issuance: Provided, That permits to possess and
use chainsaw issued to non-commercial orchard and
fruit tree farmers shall be valid for a period of five (5)
years upon issuance. For this purpose, the
Department shall be allowed to collect reasonable
registration fees for the effective implementation of
this Act.
Section 7. Penal Provisions. (a) Selling,
Purchasing,
Re-selling,
Transferring, Distributing or Possessing a
Chain Saw Without a Proper Permit. - Any
person who sells, purchases, transfer the

ownership, distributes or otherwise disposes

or possesses a chain saw without first
securing the necessary permit from the
Department shall be punished with
imprisonment of four (4) years, two (2)
months and one (1) day to six (6) years or a
fine of not less than Fifteen thousand pesos
(P15,000.00) but not more Thirty thousand
pesos (30,000.00) or both at the discretion of
the court, and the chain saw/s confiscated in
favor of the government.
(2) Unlawful Importation or Manufacturing
of Chain Saw. - Any person who imports or
manufactures a chain saw without obtaining
prior authorization from the Department
shall be punished by imprisonment of not
less than one (1) month nor more than six
(6) months and a fine of not less than One
thousand pesos (P1,000.00) for more than
Four thousand pesos (P4,000.00).
(3) Tampering of Engine Serial Number. Any person who is found to have defaced or
tampered with the original registered engine
serial number of any chain saw unit shall be
punished by imprisonment of not less than
one (1) month nor more than six (6) months
and a fine of not less than One thousand
pesos (P1,000.00) nor more than Four
thousand pesos (P4,000.00).
(4) Actual Unlawful Use of Chain Saw. Any person who is found to be in possession
of a chain saw and uses the same to cut trees
and timber in forest land or elsewhere
except as authorized by the Department shall
be penalized with imprisonment of six (6)
years and one (1) day to eight (8) years or a
fine of not less that Thirty thousand pesos
(P30,000.00) but not more than Fifty
thousand pesos (P50,000.00) or both at the
discretion of the court without prejudice to
being prosecuted for a separate offense that
may have been simultaneously committed.
The chain saw unlawfully used shall be
likewise confiscated in favor of the
government.
If the violation under this Section is committed by or
through the command or order of another person,
partnership or corporation, the penalties herein
provided shall likewise be imposed on such other
person, or the responsible officer(s) in such
partnership or corporation.

If the offender is a public official or employee, in

addition to the above penalties, he shall be removed
from office and perpetually disqualified from holding
any public office.
The chain saws confiscated under this Section shall
be sold at public auction to qualified buyers and the
proceeds thereof shall go to the Department.
Section 8. Reward. - Any person who voluntarily
gives information leading to the recovery or
confiscation of an unregistered chain saw and the
conviction of persons charged thereof shall be
entitled to a reward equivalent to twenty person
(20%) of the value of the chain saw unit(s). The
Department is authorized to include in its budget the
amount necessary to carry out the purpose of this
Section.
Section 9. Authority of the Secretary. - To effectively
implement the provisions of this Act, the Secretary
shall issue the implementing rules and regulations
within ninety (90) days upon approval of this Act. He
shall likewise organize an office within the
Department to ensure that requirements imposed by
this Act may be complied with by qualified persons,
within the shortest possible time, at the least possible
expense.
In the Province of Palawan, the provisions of this Act
shall be implemented by the Palawan Council for
Sustainable Development pursuant to Republic Act
No. 7611 or the Strategic Environmental Plan for
Palawan.
Section 10. Revocation of Registration and Permit. The Secretary may revoke any Certificate of
Registration or permit previously issued to a person
found violating the provisions of this Act, or the rules
and regulations issued pursuant thereto.
Section
11. Joint
Congressional
Oversight
Committee. - To monitor and oversee the
implementation of this Act, including the approval of
the rules and regulations issued pursuant hereto, there
is hereby created a Joint Congressional Oversight
Committee to be composed of the Chairpersons of
the Senate Committee on Environment and Natural
Resources and the House Committee on Natural
Resources as Chairperson and Co-Chairperson, five
(5) members of each of the Senate and the House of
Representatives who shall be designated by the
Senate President and the Speaker of the House of
Representatives as members: Provided, That the two
(2) of the five (5) senators and two (2) of the five (5)

House members shall be nominated by the respective

Minority Leaders of the Senate and the House of
Representatives.