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Data Communication and Networking

1. The document discusses IP addressing concepts like address sizes for 8, 16, and 64 bit addresses, representing addresses in binary and decimal, IP address classes, subnetting, network masks, and basic IP operations like AND, OR, and NOT. 2. Key information includes that an 8 bit address allows for 256 possible addresses, a 16 bit address allows for 65,536 addresses, and a 64 bit address allows for a very large number of addresses. Address classes are also discussed along with subnetting techniques to create variable sized subnets from address blocks. 3. Operations like AND, OR and NOT are demonstrated on sample IP addresses to calculate network and broadcast addresses as well as determine valid host ranges for subnets.

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abdullah.khan
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2K views

Data Communication and Networking

1. The document discusses IP addressing concepts like address sizes for 8, 16, and 64 bit addresses, representing addresses in binary and decimal, IP address classes, subnetting, network masks, and basic IP operations like AND, OR, and NOT. 2. Key information includes that an 8 bit address allows for 256 possible addresses, a 16 bit address allows for 65,536 addresses, and a 64 bit address allows for a very large number of addresses. Address classes are also discussed along with subnetting techniques to create variable sized subnets from address blocks. 3. Operations like AND, OR and NOT are demonstrated on sample IP addresses to calculate network and broadcast addresses as well as determine valid host ranges for subnets.

Uploaded by

abdullah.khan
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

1Q. a- 8 bit address means 2^8= 256.

b- 16 bit address mean 2^16=65,536 .


c- 64 bit address means 2^64= 18 446 744 073 709 551 616 (or) 1.845X1019.
2Q.1024 addresses so It needed 10 to represent an address.
3Q. 3^10 = 59,049
4Q. a- 114.34.2.8
a- 01110010 00100010 00000010 00001000
b- 129.14.6.8
b- 10000001 00001110 00000110 00001000
c- 208.34.54.12
c- 11010000 00100010 00110110 00001100
d- 238.34.2.1
d- 11101110 00100010 00000010 00000001
5Q. a- 114.34.2.8
a- 0x72220208
b- 129.14.6.8
b- 0x810E0608
c- 208.34.54.12
c- 0xD0220201
d- 238.34.2.1
d- 0xEE220201
6Q. a- 0x1347FEAB
a- 00010011 01000111 11111110 10101011
b- 0xAB234102

b- 10101011 00100011 01000001 00000010


c- 0x0123A2B
c - 00000001 00100011 10100010 10111110
d -0x00001111
d- 00000000 00000000 00010001 00010001
7Q. a Class A
a- 2 Hexadecimal digits.
b- Class B
b- 4 Hexadecimal digits.
c- Class C
c- 6 Hexadecimal digits.
8Q. a- 01111111 11110000 01100111 01111101
a- 127.243.135.221
b- 10101111 11000000 11111000 00011101
b- 175.192.240.29
c- 11011111 10110000 00011111 01011101
c 223.176.31.93
d- 11101111 11110111 11000111 00011101
d- 239.247.199.29
9Q. a- 208.34.54.12
a- Class C
b- 238.34.2.1
b- Class D
c- 242.34.2.8
c- Class E

d- 129.14.6.8
d- Class B
10Q. a- 11110111 11110011 10000111 11011101
a- Class E
b- 10101111 11000000 11110000 00011101
b- Class B
c- 11011111 10110000 00011111 01011101
c- Class C
d- 11101111 11110111 11000111 00011101
d- Class D
11Q. a- 114.34.2.8
a- Netid : 114 hostid: 34.2.8
b- 132.56.8.6
b- Netid: 132.56 hostid: 8.6
c- 208.34.54.12
c- Netid: 208.34.54 hostid: 12
d- 251.34.98.5
d- Reserved for future use.
12Q. First Address - 14.7.24.0
Last Address - 14.14.34.255
The above address is belongs to Class A
The number of address in the network is 2^32-n = 2^24 = 16777216
13Q. First address -122.12.7.0
2048 address in the range.

2048 =2^11, Last address ?


The number of addresses in the network is 2^32 n = 2^11
We assume the and operation to find the first address (network address). The first address is
122.12.7.0/21
Address in binary
Complement of the mask (NOT):
Last address

01111010 00001100 00000111 00000000


00000000 00000000 00000111 11111111
01111010 00001100 00000111 11111111

Last address is 122.12.7.255/21


14Q. a- NOT(22.14.70.34)
a- 00010110 00001110 01000110 00100010
11101001 11110001 10111001 11011101 / NOT OPERATION
11101001 11110001 10111001 11011101
If NOT applied for above Address is 233.241.185.221
b- NOT (145.36.12.20)
b- 110.219.243.235
c NOT(200.7.2.0)
c- If NOT operation applied for aboe address is 55.248.253.255
d-NOT( 11.20.255.255)
d- If NOT operation applied for above address is 244.235.0.0
15Q. a- (22.14.70.34) AND (255.255.0.0)
a- answer is 22.14.70.34
255.255.0.0
22.14.0.0

>AND operation

b- (12.11.60.12) AND (255.0.0.0)


b- Answer is

12.14.70.34
255.0. 0. 0
12.0.0.0.0

>AND Operation

c- (14.110.160.12) AND(255.200.140.0)
c- Answer is

14.110.160.12

255.200.140.0
14.72.128.0
d- (28.14.40.100)AND(255.128.100.0)
d- Answer is 28.14.40.100
255.128.100.0
28.0.32.0

>And Operation

16Q. a- (22.14.70.34) OR(255.255.0.0)


a- Answer is 22.14.70.34
255.255.0.0
255.255.70.34

>OR Operation

b- (12.11.60.12) OR(255.0.0.0)
b- Answer is 12.11.60.12
255.0.0.0
255.11.60.12

> OR Operation

c- (14.110.160.12) OR( 255.200.140.0)


c- Answer is

14.110.160.12
255.200.140.0
255.246.172.12

>OR Operation

d- (28.14.40.100) OR(255.200.140.0)
d- Answer is

28.14.40.100
255.200.140.0
255.142.108.100

>OR Operation

17Q. IP Address
subnet mask
First Address

:
:
:

25.34.12.56
255.255.0.0
25.34.0.0

IP Address
Subnet mask
Last Address

:
:
:

25.34.12.56
In Class A >OR Operation
0.0.255.255
25.34.255.255

18Q. IP Address
Subnet mask
First Address

:
:
:

131.134.112.66
255.255.224.0
131.134.96.0

:
:
:

131.134.112.66
0.0.31.255
131.134. 127.255

IP Address
Subnet mask
Last address

In Class A >AND Operation

In Class B

>AND Operation

In Class B >OR Operation

19Q. IP Address
Subnet mask
First Address
IP Address
Subnet mask
Last Address

: 202.44.82.16
: 255.255.255.192
: 202.44.82.0

In Class C

>AND Operation

: 202.44.82.16
: 63.255.255.255
: 202.44.82.255

In Class C

>OR Operation

20Q. a-1024 subnets in class A


1024 = 2^10
In Class A prefix length 8.
Prefix Length is n sub =n+log2^1024
n sub = 8+10 =18
Class-A
Address
Subnetmask Binary notation
Dotted-decimal
CIDR
/18
11111111 11111111 11000000 00000000 255.255.192.0
b- 256 Subnets in class B
256= 2^8
In Class B prefix length is 16.
Prefix Length is n sub = n+log2^256
n sub = 16+8
n sub = 24
Class-B
Address Subnetmask in Binary notation
Dotted-decimal
CIDR
/24 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0
c- 32 Subnets in class -C
32 =2^5
In Class C prefix length is 24.
Prefix length is n sub = n+log2^32
n sub = 24+5
nsub = 29
Class-C
CIDR

Address Subnetmask in Binary notation


Dotted-decimal
/29
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.248

d-4 Subnets in class -C


4= 2^2
In Class prefix length is 24.
Prefix length is n sub = n+log2^4
n sub = 24+2
n sub = 26
Class-C
Address Subnetmask in Binary notation
Dotted-decimal
CIDR
/26 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 255.255.255.192.0

21Q. IP Address 25.34.12.56/16


IP Address Networkmask First Address(AND)

25.34.12.56
255.255.0.0
25.34.0.0

IP Address 25.34.12.56
complement of the Mask (NOT)- 0.0.255.255
Last Address (OR) 25.34.255.255
22Q. IP Address - 182.44.82.16/26
IP Address Networkmask First Address (AND) -

182.44.82.16
255.255.255.192
182.44.82.16

IP Address 182.44.82.16
Complement of the Mask (NOT) 0.0.0.63
Last Address (OR) 182.44.82.63
23Q. Desired Subnet
a- 2
b- 62
c- 122
d- 250

- Number of 1's that must be added to the mask


- One
- Five
- Five
- Six

24Q. Answer Explanation :

- Binary Notation
-1
- 00111110
- 01111010
- 11111010

Block Address -16.0.0.0/8


500 Fixed-length subnets mean 2^500 = 2^9
Already Block Address consist 8 prefix length
n sub = n+log2^500
So If we want 500 block address mean n sub =n+log2^500
n sub =8+lo2^500
n sub = 8+9=17
Number of address is 2^32-n =2^2^17
2^32-n =2^15
Subnet address
Subnet mask
Broad cast address Valid host range
16.0.0.0
255.22.128.0
16.0.128.255
16.0.0.1 to 16.0.127 .254
16.0.128.255
255.255.128.0
16.0.255.255
16.0.128.255 to 16.0.255.254
24th Answers:
a- Subnet Mask -255.255.128.0
b- Number of addresses in each subnet is 32,768.
c- First subnet First address is 16.0.0.0/17
First subnet Last address is 16.0.128.255
d- Last Subnet First address is 16.0.128.255
Last Subnet Last address is 16.0.255.255
25Q. Answer Explanation:

Block Address is 130.56.0.0/16

create 1024 subnets, 1024=2^10


Already block consist prefix length is 16
n sub = n+log2^1024
So If we want 1024 mean, n sub = n+log2^1024
n sub = 16+10
n sub = 26
Number of address is 2^32-n= 2^32-26
2^32-n = 2^6 =64
Subnet address
130.56.0.0
130.56.0.64
130.56.0.128
130.56.0.192

Subnet mask
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.192

Broadcast address
130.56.0.64
130.56.0.128
130.56.0.192
130.56.0.255

Valid host range


130.56.0.1 to 130.56.0.63
130.56.0.64 to130.56.0.127
130.56.0.128to 130.56.0.191
130.56.0.192 to 130.56.0.254

25 th Answers:
a- Subnet Mask 255.255.255.192
b- Number of address in each subnet is = 64
c- First subnet First address is = 130.56.0.0
First subnet Last address is = 130.56.0.64
d- Last Subnet First address is =130.56.0.192
last subnet Last address is = 130.56.0.255
26Q. Answer Explanation: Block Address is 211.17.180.0/24
Create 32 subnets, 32= 2^5
Already block consist prefix length is 24
So If we need to create 32 subnets mean n sub = n+log32
n sub = 24+5
n sub = 29
Number of addresses is 2^32-n = 2^32-29
2^32-n = 2^3
2^32-n = 8
Subnet address Subnet mask
Broadcast address
211.17.180.0
255.255.255.248
211.17.180.8
211.17.180.8
255.255.255.248
211.17.180.16
211.17.180.16
255.255.255.248
211.17.180.24
211.17.180.24
255.255.255.248
211.17.180.32
211.17.180.32
255.255.255.248
211.17.180.40
And so on
211.17.180.248 255.255.255.248
211.17.180.255
26 th answers:
a- Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.248
b- Number of addresses in each subnet is 8
c- First subnet First address is 211.17.180.0
First Subnet Last address is 211.17.180.8
d- Last Subnet First address is 211.17.180.248
Last Subnet Last address is 211.17.180.255

Valid host range


211.17.180.0 to 211.17.180.7
211.17.180.8 to 211.17.180.15
211.17.180.16 to 211.17.180.23
211.17.180.24 to 211.17.180.31
211.17.180.32 to 211.17.180.39
211.17.180.248 to 211.17.180.254

27Q.
a- /24
b- /8
c- /27
d- /28
28Q.
a- Range of addresses in address block is 123.56.77.32/29
My answer is including the Network address and broadcast address
123.56.77.32 - 123.56.77.39
b- Range of addresses in given address block is 200.17.21.128/27
200.17.21.128 200.17.21.159(includes network and broad cast address)
c-Range of address in given address block is 17.34.21.128/23
range between 17.34.16.0 -17.34.17.255 (includes network and broad cast address)
d- Rande of address in given as 180.34.64.64/30
range between 180.34.64.64 -180.34.64.67
29Q. Yes, we can find the prefix length if address is given in block. So I will give an example
Example:
First address is 230.8.24.0
Last address is 230.8.24.63
The difference between first address last bit digit is 0 and last address last bit digit is 63
if we substract from 255 last address last digitwecould get the network mask length in first
address.
That is 255-63 =192
If we see the subnet mask for the first address in binary notation
First IP address 11100110 00001000 00011000 00000000
Subnet mask
11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000
230
8
24
0
Last IP address 11100110 00001000 00011000 0011111
Complement
00000000 00000000 00000000 0011111
230
8
24
63
From above mask if we see in first and last address we can say thet the prefix length is 26.
30Q.Yes, we can find the prefix length if they give the number of address and first address.
Example: No.of addresses are =32 and first address is 167.199.170.82
Total number of addresses 32 =2^5
Prefix length is n sub= 2^32-n
n sub = 2^32-5
n sub = 2^27
Equation is,
the value of prefix lenth can be found from n sub =2^32-n, then n=log2^32/N

n sub =32-log2^N
If we substitute the value prefix length n = 32-log2^N
n= 32-log2^32
n= 32-log2^32
n= 27.
31Q. Yes, If prefix legth is same in blocks of the classless addressing it could be be possible.

32Q. First group: 200X128 =25,600


Second group: 400X16 =6400
Third group : 2000X4 = 8000
Solution:

n1 =16+log(65536/25600) =17
n2= 16+log(65536/6400) =19
n3= 16+log(65536/8000)= 19

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