Berlin

1 History

This article is about the capital of Germany. For other

uses, see Berlin (disambiguation).

Main articles: History of Berlin and Timeline of Berlin

Berlin (/brln/; German pronunciation: [blin] (
)) is the capital city of Germany and one of the 16
states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million
people,[4] Berlin is Germanys largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most
populous urban area in the European Union.[5] Located
in northeastern Germany on the River Spree, it is the
center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region,
which has about 4.5 million residents from over 180
nations.[6][7][8][9] Due to its location in the European
Plain, Berlin is inuenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the citys area is composed of
forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.[10]

1.1 Etymology
The origin of the name Berlin is uncertain. It may have
its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of
the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old
Polabian stem berl-/birl- (swamp).[26] Folk etymology
connects the name to the German word for bear, Br. A
bear also appears in the coat of arms of the city.

1.2 12th to 16th centuries

First documented in the 13th century, Berlin became the

capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1417), the
Kingdom of Prussia (17011918), the German Empire
(18711918), the Weimar Republic (191933) and the
Third Reich (193345).[11] Berlin in the 1920s was the
third largest municipality in the world.[12] After World
War II, the city was divided; East Berlin became the capital of East Germany while West Berlin became a de
facto West German exclave, surrounded by the Berlin
Wall (19611989).[13] Following German reunication in
1990, the city was once more designated as the capital of
all Germany, hosting 158 foreign embassies.[14]
Berlin is a world city of culture, politics, media, and
science.[15][16][17][18] Its economy is based on high-tech
rms and the service sector, encompassing a diverse
range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations, and convention venues.[19][20] Berlin serves as
a continental hub for air and rail trac and has a highly
complex public transportation network. The metropolis
is a popular tourist destination.[21] Signicant industries
also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction, and electronics.

Map of Berlin in 1688

The earliest evidence of settlements in the area of todays Berlin are a wooden rod dated from approximately
1192[27] and leftovers of wooden houseparts dated to
1174 found in a 2012 digging in Berlin Mitte.[28] The
rst written records of towns in the area of present-day
Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is rst
mentioned in 1197 and Kpenick in 1209, although these
areas did not join Berlin until 1920.[29] The central part
of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Clln on
the Fischerinsel is rst mentioned in a 1237 document,
and Berlin, across the Spree in what is now called the
Nikolaiviertel, is referenced in a document from 1244.[27]
The former (1237) is considered to be the founding date
of the city.[30] The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties. In 1307 they formed an alliance
with a common external policy, their internal administrations still being separated.[31][32]

Modern Berlin is home to renowned universities, orchestras, museums, entertainment venues, and is host to many
sporting events.[22] Its urban setting has made it a soughtafter location for international lm productions.[23] The
city is well known for its festivals, diverse architecture,
nightlife, contemporary arts, and a high quality of living.[24] Over the last decade Berlin has seen the upcoming
of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene.[25]

HISTORY

In 1415, Frederick I became the elector of the

Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until
1440.[33] During the 15th century his successors would
establish Berlin-Clln as capital of the margraviate, and
subsequent members of the Hohenzollern family ruled
until 1918 in Berlin, rst as electors of Brandenburg, then
as kings of Prussia, and eventually as German emperors. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new royal palace in the twin city Berlin-Clln.
The protests of the town citizens against the building culminated in 1448, in the Berlin Indignation (Berliner
Unwille).[34][35] This protest was not successful, however, and the citizenry lost many of its political and economic privileges. After the royal palace was nished in
1451, it gradually came into use. From 1470, with the
new elector Albrecht III Achilles, Berlin-Clln became
the new royal residence.[32] Ocially, the Berlin-Clln
palace became permanent residence of the Brandenburg
electors of the Hohenzollerns from 1486, when John Cicero came to power.[36] Berlin-Clln, however, had to
give up its status as a free Hanseatic city. In 1539, the
electors and the city ocially became Lutheran.[37]

William oered asylum to the French Huguenots. More

than 15,000 Huguenots went to Brandenburg, of whom
6,000 settled in Berlin. By 1700, approximately 20 percent of Berlins residents were French, and their cultural
inuence on the city was immense. Many other immigrants came from Bohemia, Poland, and Salzburg.

1.3

Berlin became the capital of the German Empire in 1871 and

expanded rapidly in the following years. (Unter den Linden in
1900)

17th to 19th centuries

Since 1618, the Margraviate of Brandenburg had been in

personal union with the Duchy of Prussia. In 1701, however, the dual state formed the Kingdom of Prussia, as
Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg now crowned himself as king Frederick I in Prussia. Berlin became the
capital of the new Kingdom. This was a successful attempt to centralize the capital in the very outspread state,
and it was the rst time the city began to grow. In 1709
Berlin merged with the four cities of Clln, Friedrichswerder, Friedrichstadt and Dorotheenstadt under the
name Berlin, Haupt- und Residenzstadt Berlin.[31]
In 1740, Frederick II, known as Frederick the Great
(17401786), came to power. Under the rule of Frederick II, Berlin became a center of the Enlightenment. Following Frances victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition, Napoleon Bonaparte marched into Berlin in 1806,
but granted self-government to the city. In 1815, the city
became part of the new Province of Brandenburg.
Frederick the Great (17121786) was one of Europes
enlightened monarchs.

The Thirty Years War between 1618 and 1648 devastated Berlin. One third of its houses were damaged
or destroyed, and the city lost half of its population.[38]
Frederick William, known as the Great Elector, who
had succeeded his father George William as ruler in 1640,
initiated a policy of promoting immigration and religious
tolerance. With the Edict of Potsdam in 1685, Frederick

The Industrial Revolution transformed Berlin during the

19th century; the citys economy and population expanded dramatically, and it became the main rail hub
and economic center of Germany. Additional suburbs
soon developed and increased the area and population of
Berlin. In 1861, neighboring suburbs including Wedding,
Moabit, and several others were incorporated into Berlin.
In 1871, Berlin became capital of the newly founded
German Empire. In 1881, it became a city district separate from Brandenburg.

1.4

20th to 21st centuries

Berlin in ruins after World War II (Potsdamer Platz, 1945).

Street, Berlin (1913) by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

1.4

such as Auschwitz.[39] During World War II, large parts

of Berlin were destroyed in the 194345 air raids and
during the Battle of Berlin. Around 125,000 civilians
were killed.[40] After the end of the war in Europe in
1945, Berlin received large numbers of refugees from
the Eastern provinces. The victorious powers divided the
city into four sectors, analogous to the occupation zones
into which Germany was divided. The sectors of the
Western Allies (the United States, the United Kingdom
and France) formed West Berlin, while the Soviet sector
formed East Berlin.[41]

20th to 21st centuries

After 1910 Berlin had become a fertile ground for the

German Expressionist movement. In elds such as
architecture, painting and cinema new forms of artistic styles were invented. At the end of World War I
in 1918, a republic was proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building. In 1920, the Greater
Berlin Act incorporated dozens of suburban cities, villages, and estates around Berlin into an expanded city.
The act increased the area of Berlin from 66 to 883 km2
(25 to 341 sq mi). The population almost doubled and
Berlin had a population of around four million. During
the Weimar era, Berlin underwent political unrest due
to economic uncertainties, but also became a renowned
center of the Roaring Twenties. The metropolis experienced its heyday as a major world capital and was known
for its leadership roles in science, the humanities, city
planning, lm, higher education, government, and industries. Albert Einstein rose to public prominence during
his years in Berlin, being awarded the Nobel Prize for
Physics in 1921.
In 1933, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power.
NSDAP rule eectively destroyed Berlins Jewish community, which had numbered 160,000, representing onethird of all Jews in the country. Berlins Jewish population fell to about 80,000 as a result of emigration
between 1933 and 1939. After Kristallnacht in 1938,
thousands of the citys persecuted groups were imprisoned in the nearby Sachsenhausen concentration camp
or, starting in early 1943, were shipped to death camps,

The Berlin Wall in 1986, painted on the western side. People

crossing the so-called death strip on the eastern side were at
risk of being shot.

All four Allies shared administrative responsibilities for

Berlin. However, in 1948, when the Western Allies
extended the currency reform in the Western zones of
Germany to the three western sectors of Berlin, the
Soviet Union imposed a blockade on the access routes
to and from West Berlin, which lay entirely inside Sovietcontrolled territory. The Berlin airlift, conducted by the
three western Allies, overcame this blockade by supplying food and other supplies to the city from June 1948 to
May 1949.[42] In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany
was founded in West Germany and eventually included
all of the American, British, and French zones, excluding
those three countries zones in Berlin, while the Marxist-

GEOGRAPHY

Leninist German Democratic Republic was proclaimed 2 Geography

in East Germany. West Berlin ocially remained an occupied city, but it politically was aligned with the Federal Main article: Geography of Berlin
Republic of Germany despite West Berlins geographic
isolation. Airline service to West Berlin was granted only
to American, British, and French airlines.

Central Berlin. Unter den Linden in foreground and

skyscrapers of Potsdamer Platz up to the right.

The fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989. On 3 October

1990, the German reunication process was formally nished.

The founding of the two German states increased Cold

War tensions. West Berlin was surrounded by East German territory, and East Germany proclaimed the Eastern
part as its capital, a move that was not recognized by the
western powers. East Berlin included most of the historic
center of the city. The West German government established itself in Bonn.[43] In 1961, East Germany began the
building of the Berlin Wall between East and West Berlin,
and events escalated to a tank stando at Checkpoint
Charlie. West Berlin was now de facto a part of West
Germany with a unique legal status, while East Berlin
was de facto a part of East Germany. John F. Kennedy
gave his "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech in 1963 underlining the US support for the Western part of the city.
Berlin was completely divided. Although it was possible
for Westerners to pass from one to the other side through
strictly controlled checkpoints, for most Easterners travel
to West Berlin or West Germany prohibited. In 1971,
a Four-Power agreement guaranteed access to and from
West Berlin by car or train through East Germany.[44]
In 1989, with the end of the Cold War and pressure from
the East German population, the Berlin Wall fell on 9
November and was subsequently mostly demolished. Today, the East Side Gallery preserves a large portion of
the Wall. On 3 October 1990, the two parts of Germany
were reunied as the Federal Republic of Germany, and
Berlin again became the ocial German capital. In 1991,
the German Parliament, the Bundestag, voted to move the
seat of the (West) German capital from Bonn to Berlin,
which was completed in 1999. Berlins 2001 administrative reform merged several districts. The number of
boroughs were reduced from 23 to twelve. In 2006 the
FIFA World Cup Final was held in Berlin.

Berlin Mitte skyline in the 21st century. Landmarks

from left to right: Reichstag building, Fernsehturm
Berlin, Berlin Cathedral, City hall, Brandenburg Gate

2.1 Topography

Aerial view over Berlin Mitte.

Berlin is situated in northeastern Germany, in an area

of low-lying marshy woodlands with a mainly at
topography, part of the vast Northern European Plain
which stretches all the way from northern France to west-

2.3

Cityscape

ern Russia. The Berliner Urstromtal (an ice age glacial

valley), between the low Barnim Plateau to the north and
the Teltow Plateau to the south, was formed by meltwater
owing from ice sheets at the end of the last Weichselian
glaciation. The Spree follows this valley now. In Spandau, Berlins westernmost borough, the Spree empties
into the river Havel, which ows from north to south
through western Berlin. The course of the Havel is more
like a chain of lakes, the largest being the Tegeler See and
Groer Wannsee. A series of lakes also feeds into the upper Spree, which ows through the Groer Mggelsee in
eastern Berlin.[45]

5
Annual precipitation is 570 millimeters (22 in) with
moderate rainfall throughout the year. Snowfall mainly
occurs from December through March, but snow cover
does not usually remain for long. The recent winter of
2009/2010 was an exception since there was a permanent
snow cover from late December till early March.[47]

2.3 Cityscape

Substantial parts of present-day Berlin extend onto

the low plateaus on both sides of the Spree Valley. Large parts of the boroughs Reinickendorf and
Pankow lie on the Barnim Plateau, while most of
the boroughs of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, SteglitzZehlendorf, Tempelhof-Schneberg, and Neuklln lie on
the Teltow Plateau.
The borough of Spandau lies partly within the Berlin
Glacial Valley and partly on the Nauen Plain, which
stretches to the west of Berlin. The highest elevations
in Berlin are the Teufelsberg and the Mggelberge in the
citys outskirts, and in the center the Kreuzberg. While
the latter measures 66 m (217 ft) above sea level, the former both have an elevation of about 115 m (377 ft). The
Teufelsberg is in fact an articial hill composed of a pile
of rubble from the ruins of World War II.

2.2

Climate

View over Berlin-Mitte.

Berlins history has left the city with a highly eclectic

array of architecture and buildings. The citys appearance today is predominantly shaped by the key role it
played in Germanys history in the 20th century. Each
of the national governments based in Berlinthe Kingdom of Prussia, the 1871 German Empire, the Weimar
Republic, Nazi Germany, East Germany, and now the reunied Germanyinitiated ambitious (re-) construction
programs, with each adding its own distinctive style to the
citys architecture.
Berlin was devastated by bombing raids during World
War II, and many of the buildings that had remained after
the war were demolished in the 1950s and 1960s in both
West and East Berlin. Much of this demolition was initiated by municipal architecture programs to build new
residential or business quarters and main roads.

2.4 Architecture
The outskirts of Berlin are covered with woodlands and numerous lakes

Berlin has an oceanic climate (Cfb) according to the

Kppen climate classication system.
Summers are warm and sometimes humid with average
high temperatures of 2225 C (7277 F) and lows of
1214 C (5457 F). Winters are cold with average high
temperatures of 3 C (37 F) and lows of 2 to 0 C (28
to 32 F). Spring and autumn are generally chilly to mild.
Berlins built-up area creates a microclimate, with heat
stored by the citys buildings. Temperatures can be 4 C
(7 F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.[46]

Main article: Architecture in Berlin

The Fernsehturm (TV tower) at Alexanderplatz in Mitte
is among the tallest structures in the European Union at
368 m (1,207 ft). Built in 1969, it is visible throughout
most of the central districts of Berlin. The city can be
viewed from its 204 m (669 ft) high observation oor.
Starting here the Karl-Marx-Allee heads east, an avenue
lined by monumental residential buildings, designed in
the Socialist Classicism style. Adjacent to this area is
the Rotes Rathaus (City Hall), with its distinctive redbrick architecture. In front of it is the Neptunbrunnen,
a fountain featuring a mythological group of Tritons,
personications of the four main Prussian rivers and
Neptune on top of it.

GEOGRAPHY

Potsdamer Platz at night.

A residential building in Kreuzberg.

entrance to all museums, as well as the reconstruction

of the Stadtschloss is continuing.[50][51] Also located on
the island and adjacent to the Lustgarten and palace is
Berlin Cathedral, emperor William IIs ambitious attempt
to create a Protestant counterpart to St. Peters Basilica
in Rome. A large crypt houses the remains of some of
the earlier Prussian royal family. St. Hedwigs Cathedral
is Berlins Roman Catholic cathedral.

The Brandenburg Gate.

The Brandenburg Gate is an iconic landmark of Berlin

and Germany. The Reichstag building is the traditional
seat of the German Parliament, was remodeled by British
architect Norman Foster in the 1990s and features a glass
dome over the session area, which allows free public access to the parliamentary proceedings and magnicent View towards Friedrichstrae
views of the city.
The East Side Gallery is an open-air exhibition of art
painted directly on the last existing portions of the Berlin
Wall. It is the largest remaining evidence of the citys
historical division.
The Gendarmenmarkt, a neoclassical square in Berlin the
name of which derives from the headquarters of the famous Gens d'armes regiment located here in the 18th century, is bordered by two similarly designed cathedrals, the
Franzsischer Dom with its observation platform and the
Deutscher Dom. The Konzerthaus (Concert Hall), home
of the Berlin Symphony Orchestra, stands between the
two cathedrals.

Unter den Linden is a tree-lined eastwest avenue from

the Brandenburg Gate to the site of the former Berliner
Stadtschloss, and was once Berlins premier promenade.
Many Classical buildings line the street and part of
Humboldt University is located there. Friedrichstrae
was Berlins legendary street during the Golden Twenties.
It combines 20th-century traditions with the modern architecture of todays Berlin.

Potsdamer Platz is an entire quarter built from scratch

after 1995 after the Wall came down.[52] To the west of
Potsdamer Platz is the Kulturforum, which houses the
Gemldegalerie, and is anked by the Neue NationalgaThe Museum Island in the River Spree houses ve muse- lerie and the Berliner Philharmonie. The Memorial to
ums built from 1830 to 1930 and is a UNESCO World the Murdered Jews of Europe, a Holocaust memorial, is
Heritage site. Restoration and the construction of a main situated to the north.[53]

7
The area around Hackescher Markt is home to the fash- 3 Demographics
ionable culture, with countless clothing outlets, clubs,
bars, and galleries. This includes the Hackesche Hfe, Main article: Demographics of Berlin
a conglomeration of buildings around several courtyards, On 31 December 2013, the city-state of Berlin had a
reconstructed around 1996. The nearby New Synagogue
is the center of Jewish culture.

Young Berliners at the Tiergarten

The Strae des 17. Juni, connecting the Brandenburg

Gate and Ernst-Reuter-Platz, serves as the central EastWest-Axis. Its name commemorates the uprisings in East
Berlin of 17 June 1953. Approximately half-way from
the Brandenburg Gate is the Groer Stern, a circular trafc island on which the Siegessule (Victory Column) is
situated. This monument, built to commemorate Prussias victories, was relocated 193839 from its previous
position in front of the Reichstag.
The Kurfrstendamm is home to some of Berlins luxurious stores with the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church
at its eastern end on Breitscheidplatz. The church was
destroyed in the Second World War and left in ruins. Nearby on Tauentzienstrae is KaDeWe, claimed
to be continental Europes largest department store. The
Rathaus Schneberg, where John F. Kennedy made his
famous "Ich bin ein Berliner!" speech, is situated in
Tempelhof-Schneberg.

4500000

4000000

3500000
Einwohnerzahl

Schloss Charlottenburg is the largest existing palace in Berlin.

population of 3,517,424 registered inhabitants[4] in an

area of 891.85 km2 (344.35 sq mi).[54] The citys population density was 3,944 inhabitants per km2 . Berlin
is the second most populous city proper in the EU. The
urban area of Berlin comprised about 4 million people
making it the seventh most populous urban area in the
European Union.[5] The metropolitan area of the BerlinBrandenburg region was home to about 4.5 million in
an area of 5,370 km2 (2,070 sq mi). In 2004, the
Larger Urban Zone was home to about 5 million people
in an area of 17,385 km2 (6,712 sq mi).[9] The entire
Berlin-Brandenburg capital region has a population of 6
million.[55]

3000000

2500000

2000000

1500000

1000000
1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Jahr

West of the center, Schloss Bellevue is the residence of Berlins population 18802012
the German President. Schloss Charlottenburg, which
was burnt out in the Second World War is the largest his- National and international migration into the city has a
torical palace in Berlin.
long history. In 1685, following the revocation of the
The Funkturm Berlin is a 150 m (490 ft) tall lattice radio Edict of Nantes in France, the city responded with the
tower at the fair area, built between 1924 and 1926. It is Edict of Potsdam, which guaranteed religious freedom
the only observation tower which stands on insulators and and tax-free status to French Huguenot refugees for ten
has a restaurant 55 m (180 ft) and an observation deck years. The Greater Berlin Act in 1920 incorporated many
126 m (413 ft) above ground, which is reachable by a suburbs and surrounding cities of Berlin. It formed most
of the territory that comprises modern Berlin and inwindowed elevator.
See also: List of sights in Berlin and List of tallest creased the population from 1.9 million to 4 million.
buildings in Berlin

Active immigration and asylum politics in West Berlin

triggered waves of immigration in the 1960s and 1970s.

4 GOVERNMENT

Currently, Berlin is home to about 200,000 Turks,[56]

making it the largest Turkish community outside of
Turkey. In the 1990s the Aussiedlergesetze enabled immigration to Germany of some residents from the former Soviet Union. Today ethnic Germans from countries of the former Soviet Union make up the largest
portion of the Russian-speaking community.[57] The last
decade experienced an inux from various Western countries and some African regions.[58] Young Germans, EUEuropeans and Israelis have settled in the city.

3.1

of the population,[67] and the Roman Catholic Church

with 9.1% of registered members.[67] About 2.7% of the
population identify with other Christian denominations
(mostly Eastern Orthodox)[68] and 8.1% are Muslims.[69]
0.9% of Berliners belong to other religions.[70] Approximately 80% of the 12,000 registered Jews, 0.3%[68] now
residing in Berlin have come from the former Soviet
Union.

International communities

In December 2013, 538,729 residents (15.3% of the population) were of foreign nationality, originating from over
180 dierent countries.[60] Another estimated 460,000
citizens in 2013 are descendants of international migrants
and have either become naturalized German citizens or
obtained citizenship by virtue of birth in Germany.[61] In
2008, about 25%30% of the population was of foreign
origin.[62] 45 percent of the residents under the age of 18
have foreign roots.[63] Berlin is estimated to have from
100,000 to 250,000 non-registered inhabitants.[64]
There are more than 25 non-indigenous communities
with a population of at least 10,000 people, including
Turkish, Polish, Russian, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian,
Italian, Bosnian, Vietnamese, American, Romanian, Bulgarian, Chinese, Austrian, Ghanaian, Ukrainian, French,
British, Spanish, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, Egyptian and Syrian communities.

Berlin Cathedral, held by the Protestant congregation UEK.

Berlin is the seat of the Roman Catholic archbishop of

Berlin and EKBO's elected chairperson is titled bishop of
EKBO. Furthermore, Berlin is the seat of many Orthodox
cathedrals, such as the Cathedral of St. Boris the Baptist,
one of the two seats of the Bulgarian Orthodox Diocese
The most-commonly-spoken foreign languages in Berlin
of Western and Central Europe, and the Resurrection of
are Turkish, English, Russian, Arabic, Polish, Kurdish,
Christ Cathedral of the Diocese of Berlin (Patriarchate
Vietnamese, Serbian, Croatian and French. Turkish,
of Moscow).
Arabic, Kurdish, Serbian and Croatian are heard more
often in the western part, due to the large Middle East- The faithful of the dierent religions and denominaern and former-Yugoslavian communities. English, Viet- tions maintain many places of worship in Berlin. The
namese, Russian, and Polish have more native speakers Independent Evangelical Lutheran Church has eight
parishes of dierent sizes in Berlin.[71] There are 36
in eastern Berlin.[65]
Baptist congregations (within Union of Evangelical Free
See also: Turks in Berlin, Arabs in Berlin and Vietnamese
Church Congregations in Germany), 29 New Apostolic
community of Berlin
Churches, 15 United Methodist churches, eight Free
Evangelical Congregations, six congregations of The
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an Old
Catholic church, and an Anglican church in Berlin.

3.2

Religion

Main article: Religion of Berlin

Berlin has 76 mosques (including 3 Ahmadiyya

mosques), eleven synagogues, and two Buddhist temples,
in addition to a number of humanist and atheist groups.

More than 60% of Berlin residents have no registered religious aliation.[66] The largest denominations
in 2010 were the Protestant regional church body of
the Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian
Upper Lusatia (EKBO) (a church of united administra- 4 Government
tion comprising mostly Lutheran, and few Reformed and
United Protestant congregations; EKBO is a member of
the umbrellas Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) Main article: Politics of Berlin
and Union Evangelischer Kirchen (UEK)) with 18.7%

4.3

Sister cities

Mayor since 2001, Klaus Wowereit

4.1

City state

Since the reunication on 3 October 1990, Berlin has

been one of the three city states in Germany among the
present 16 states of Germany. The city and state parliament is the House of Representatives (Abgeordnetenhaus), which currently has 141 seats. Berlins executive
body is the Senate of Berlin (Senat von Berlin). The Senate of Berlin consists of the Governing Mayor (Regierender Brgermeister) and up to eight senators holding ministerial positions, one of them holding the ocial title Mayor (Brgermeister) as deputy to the Governing
Mayor.
The Social Democratic Party (SPD) and The Left (Die
Linke) took control of the city government after the
2001 state election and won another term in the 2006
state election.[72] Since the 2011 state election, there has
been a coalition of the Social Democratic Party with the
Christian Democratic Union, and for the rst time ever,
the Pirate Party won seats in a state parliament in Germany.

Berlins twelve boroughs and their 96 localities.

which often have historic roots in older municipalities

that predate the formation of Greater Berlin on 1 October 1920 and became urbanized and incorporated into
the city. Many residents strongly identify with their
localities or boroughs. At present Berlin consists of
96 localities, which are commonly made up of several
city neighborhoodscalled Kiez in the Berlin dialect
representing small residential areas.
Each borough is governed by a borough council (Bezirksamt) consisting of ve councilors (Bezirksstadtrte)
and a borough mayor (Bezirksbrgermeister).
The
borough council is elected by the borough assembly
(Bezirksverordnetenversammlung).
The boroughs of
Berlin are not independent municipalities, however. The
power of borough administration is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Berlin. The borough mayors form
the council of mayors (Rat der Brgermeister), led by the
citys governing mayor, which advises the senate. The localities have no local government bodies.

The Governing Mayor is simultaneously Lord Mayor of

the city (Oberbrgermeister der Stadt) and Prime Minister of the Federal State (Ministerprsident des Bundeslan4.3 Sister cities
des). The oce of Berlins Governing Mayor is in the
Rotes Rathaus (Red City Hall). Since 2001 this oce
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany
has been held by Klaus Wowereit of the SPD.[73] On August 26, 2014, Wowereit announced his resignation as of
Berlin maintains ocial partnerships with 17 cities.[77]
December 11, 2014.[74]
Town twinning between Berlin and other cities began
The total annual state budget of Berlin in 2007 exceeded
with sister city Los Angeles in 1967. East Berlins part20.5 ($28.7) billion including a budget surplus of 80
nerships were canceled at the time of German reunica[75]
The total budget included an esti($112) million.
tion and later partially reestablished. West Berlins partmated amount of 5.5 ($7.7) bn, which is directly nerships had previously been restricted to the borough
nanced by either the German government or the German
level. During the Cold War era, the partnerships had re[76]
Bundeslnder.
ected the dierent power blocs, with West Berlin partnering with capitals in the West, and East Berlin mostly
partnering with cities from the Warsaw Pact and its allies.
4.2 Boroughs

There are several joint projects with many other cities,

Main article: Boroughs and localities of Berlin
such as Beirut, Belgrade, So Paulo, Copenhagen,
Berlin is subdivided into twelve boroughs (Bezirke). Helsinki, Johannesburg, Mumbai, Oslo, Shanghai, Seoul,
Each borough contains a number of localities (Ortsteile), Soa, Sydney, New York City and Vienna. Berlin partic-

10

5 ECONOMY

ipates in international city associations such as the Union 5 Economy

of the Capitals of the European Union, Eurocities, Network of European Cities of Culture, Metropolis, Summit Main article: Economy of Berlin
Conference of the Worlds Major Cities, and Conference In 2013, the nominal GDP of the citystate Berlin expeof the Worlds Capital Cities. Berlins ocial sister cities
are:[77]

4.4

Capital city

Berlin is the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany. The President of Germany, whose functions are
mainly ceremonial under the German constitution, has
his ocial residence in Schloss Bellevue.[81] Berlin is the
seat of the German executive, housed in the Chancellery,
the Bundeskanzleramt. Facing the Chancellery is the
Bundestag, the German Parliament, housed in the renovated Reichstag building since the government moved
back to Berlin in 1998. The Bundesrat (federal council, performing the function of an upper house) is the
representation of the Federal States (Bundeslnder) of
Germany and has its seat at the former Prussian House
of Lords.
The Reichstag, seat of the Bundestag
The German Chancellery
The Italian embassy

Berlin is a UNESCO City of Design and recognized for its creative industries and start-up environment.

rienced a growth rate of 1.2% (0.6% in Germany) and

totaled 109.2 (~$142) billion.[83] Berlins economy is
dominated by the service sector, with around 80% of all
companies doing business in services. The unemployment rate reached a 20-year low in June 2014 and stood
at 11.0% .[84]
Important economic sectors in Berlin include life sciences, transportation, information and communication
technologies, media and music, advertising and design, biotechnology, environmental services, construction, e-commerce, retail, hotel business, and medical
engineering.[85]

The Federal Ministry of Finance

Research and development have economic signicance

for the city. The metropolitan region ranks among the
top-3 innovative locations in the EU.[86] The Science
Though most of the ministries are seated in Berlin, and Business Park in Adlershof is the largest technolsome of them, as well as some minor departments, are ogy park in Germany measured by revenue.[87] Within
seated in Bonn, the former capital of West Germany. the Eurozone, Berlin has become a center for business
Discussions to move the remaining branches continue.[82] relocation and international investments.[88]
The ministries and departments of Defence , Justice
and Consumer Protection, Finance, Interior, Foreign,
Economic Aairs and Energy, Labour and Social Aairs 5.1 Companies
, Family Aairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth,
Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety, Food and Agriculture, Economic Cooperation and Development, Health, Transport and Digital Infrastructure and Education and Research are based in the
capital.
Berlin hosts 158 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many think tanks, trade unions, non-prot
organizations, lobbying groups, and professional associations. Due to the inuence and international partnerships
of the Federal Republic of Germany as a state, the capital city has become a venue for German and European
aairs. Frequent ocial visits, and diplomatic consultations among governmental representatives and national
Air Berlin is headquartered in Berlin.
leaders are common in contemporary Berlin.

5.3

Creative industries

Many German and international companies have business or service centers in the city. For some years Berlin
has been recognized as a center of business founders in
Europe.[89] Among the 10 largest employers in Berlin
are the City-State of Berlin, Deutsche Bahn, the hospital
provider Charit and Vivantes, the local public transport
provider BVG, and Deutsche Telekom.
Daimler manufactures cars, and BMW builds motorcycles in Berlin. Bayer Health Care and Berlin Chemie are
major pharmaceutical companies headquartered in the
city. The second largest German airline Air Berlin is
based there as well.[90]

11

5.3 Creative industries

Industries that do business in the creative arts and entertainment are an important and sizable sector of the economy of Berlin. The creative arts sector comprises music, lm, advertising, architecture, art, design, fashion,
performing arts, publishing, R&D, software,[96] TV, radio, and video games. Around 22,600 creative enterprises, predominantly SMEs, generated over 18,6 billion
Euro in total revenue. Berlins creative industries have
contributed an estimated 20% of Berlins gross domestic
product in 2005.[97]

Siemens, a Global 500 and DAX-listed company is partly

headquartered in Berlin. The national railway operator 5.4 Media
Deutsche Bahn and the MDAX-listed media conglomerate Axel Springer SE have their headquarters in the Main articles: Media in Berlin and List of lms set in
central districts.[91] Berlin has a cluster of rail technol- Berlin
ogy companies and is the German headquarter or site Berlin is home to many international and regional teleto Bombardier Transportation,[92] Siemens Mobility,[93]
Stadler Rail and Thales Transportation.[94]

5.2

Tourism and conventions

The ICC is part of the citys exhibition and congress center.

Berlin had 786 hotels with over 132,600 beds in 2013.[95]

The city recorded 26.9 million overnight hotel stays and
11.3 million hotel guests in 2013.[95] Tourism gures have Headquarter of the Axel Springer SE
more than doubled within the last ten years and Berlin has
become the third most-visited city destination in Europe. vision and radio stations.[98] The public broadcaster RBB
Berlin is among the top three congress cities in the world has its headquarters in Berlin as well as the commercial
and home to Europes biggest convention center, the broadcasters MTV Europe, VIVA, and N24. German
Internationales Congress Centrum (ICC) at the Messe international public broadcaster Deutsche Welle has its
Berlin.[19] Several large-scale trade fairs like the con- TV production unit in Berlin, and most national German
sumer electronics trade fair IFA, the ILA Berlin Air broadcasters have a studio in the city including ZDF and
Show, the Berlin Fashion Week (including the Bread and RTL.
Butter tradeshow), the Green Week, the transport fair
InnoTrans, the tourism fair ITB and the adult entertainment and erotic fair Venus are held annually in the city,
attracting a signicant number of business visitors.

Berlin has Germanys largest number of daily newspapers, with numerous local broadsheets (Berliner Morgenpost, Berliner Zeitung, Der Tagesspiegel), and three
major tabloids, as well as national dailies of varying

12

6 INFRASTRUCTURE

sizes, each with a dierent political aliation, such

as Die Welt, Neues Deutschland, and Die Tageszeitung.
The Exberliner, a monthly magazine, is Berlins Englishlanguage periodical focusing on arts and entertainment. Berlin is also the headquarters of the two major
German-language publishing houses Walter de Gruyter
and Springer, each of which publish books, periodicals,
and multimedia products.

grade-separated railway station in Europe.[105] Deutsche

Bahn runs trains to domestic destinations like Hamburg,
Munich, Cologne and others. It also runs an airport express rail service, as well as trains to several international
destinations, e.g. Vienna, Prague, Zurich, Warsaw and
Amsterdam.

Public transport
Berlin is an important center in the European and German
lm industry.[99] It is home to more than 1000 lm The Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe and the Deutsche Bahn
and television production companies, 270 movie the- manage several dense urban public transport systems.[106]
aters, and around 300 national and international coproductions are lmed in the region every year.[86] The
Airports
historic Babelsberg Studios and the production company
UFA are located outside Berlin in Potsdam. The city
is also home of the European Film Academy and the
German Film Academy, and hosts the annual Berlin Film
Festival. With around 500,000 admissions it is the largest
publicly attended lm festival in the world.[100][101]

6
6.1

Infrastructure
Transport

Berlin Tegel Airport

Main article: Transport in Berlin

Berlins transport infrastructure is highly complex, pro-

Berlin departing ights serve 163 destinations around the

globe
Berlin has two commercial airports. Berlin Tegel Airport
(TXL), which lies within the city limits, and Schnefeld
Airport (SXF), which is situated just outside Berlins
south-eastern border in the state of Brandenburg. Both
airports together handled 26,3 million passengers in
2013. In 2014, 67 airlines served 163 destinations in
Berlin Hauptbahnhof is the largest grade-separated railway sta- 50 countries from Berlin.[107] Tegel Airport is an imtion in Europe.
portant hub for Air Berlin as well as a focus city for
Lufthansa, whereas Schnefeld services mainly low-cost
viding a diverse range of urban mobility.[102] A total of carriers, most notably easyJet.
979 bridges cross 197 km (122 mi) of inner-city waterways. 5,334 km (3,314 mi) of roads run through Berlin, Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER) will replace Tegel and
[108]
of which 73 km (45 mi) are motorways ("Autobahn").[86] Schnefeld as single commercial airport of Berlin.
In 2006, 1.416 million motor vehicles were registered in The new airport has been delayed several times
the city.[103] With 358 cars per 1000 residents in 2008 due to poor construction management and technical
[109]
As of August 2014, it is not known when
(570/1000 in Germany), Berlin as a Western global city diculties.
[104]
BER
will
become
operational.[110]
has one of the lowest numbers of cars per capita.
Long-distance rail lines connect Berlin with all of the major cities of Germany and with many cities in neighbor- Cycling
ing European countries. Regional rail lines provide access to the surrounding regions of Brandenburg and to Main article: Cycling in Berlin
the Baltic Sea. The Berlin Hauptbahnhof is the largest

6.3

Health

Berlin is well known for its highly developed bicycle lane

system.[111] It is estimated that Berlin has 710 bicycles
per 1000 residents. Around 500,000 daily bike riders accounted for 13% of total trac in 2009.[112] Cyclists have
access to 620 km (385 mi) of bicycle paths including approximately 150 km (93 mi) of mandatory bicycle paths,
190 km (118 mi) (120 miles) of o-road bicycle routes,
60 km (37 mi) of bicycle lanes on roads, 70 km (43 mi)
of shared bus lanes which are also open to cyclists, 100
km (62 mi) of combined pedestrian/bike paths and 50 km
(31 mi) of marked bicycle lanes on roadside pavements
(or sidewalks).[113]

6.2

13
nearly all power lines are underground cables; only a 380
kV and a 110 kV line, which run from Reuter substation
to the urban Autobahn, use overhead lines. The Berlin
380-kV electric line was built when West Berlins electrical grid was not connected to those of East or West Germany. This has now become the backbone of the citys
energy grid.

6.3 Health

Energy

The Charit university hospital.

Berlin has a long history of discoveries in medicine and

innovations in medical technology.[115] The modern history of medicine has been signicantly inuenced by scientists from Berlin. Rudolf Virchow was the founder
of cellular pathology, while Robert Koch developed vaccines for anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis.[116]

Heizkraftwerk Mitte

The Charit hospital complex is the largest university hospital in Europe, tracing back its origins to the year 1710.
The Charit is spread over four sites and comprises 3,300
beds, around 14,000 sta, 7,000 students, and more than
60 operating theaters, and it has a turnover of over one billion euros annually.[117] The Charit is a joint institution
of the Freie Universitt Berlin and the Humboldt University of Berlin, including a wide range of institutes and
specialized medical centers.
Among them are the German Heart Center, one of
the most renowned transplantation centers, the MaxDelbrck-Center for Molecular Medicine and the MaxPlanck-Institute for Molecular Genetics. The scientic
research at these institutions is complemented by many
research departments of companies such as Siemens and
Bayer. The World Health Summit and several international health related conventions are held annually in
Berlin.

Berlins energy is mainly supplied by the Swedish rm

Vattenfall, which relies more heavily than other electricity producers on lignite as an energy source. Because burning lignite produces harmful emissions, Vattenfall has announced its commitment to transitioning to
cleaner sources, such as renewable energy.[114] In the former West Berlin, electricity was supplied chiey by thermal power stations. To facilitate buering during load
peaks, accumulators were installed during the 1980s at
some of these power stations. These were connected by
static inverters to the power grid and were loaded during 7 Education
times of low energy consumption and unloaded during
periods of high consumption.
Main article: Education in Berlin
In 1993 the power grid connections to the surrounding Berlin has 878 schools that teach 340,658 children in
areas were restored. In the western districts of Berlin, 13,727 classes and 56,787 trainees in businesses and

14

7 EDUCATION

The Freie Universitt

many and Europe. Historically, 40 Nobel Prize winners

are aliated with the Berlin-based universities.

The Humboldt University

The city has four public research universities and 27 private, professional, and technical colleges (Hochschulen),
oering a wide range of disciplines.[120] Over 160,000
students were enrolled in the winter term of 2012/13.[121]
The three largest universities combined have approximately 100,000 enrolled students. There are the
Humboldt Universitt zu Berlin (HU Berlin) with 34,000
students, the Freie Universitt Berlin (Free University of
Berlin, FU Berlin) with about 34,500 students, and the
Technische Universitt Berlin (TU Berlin) with 30,000
students. The Universitt der Knste (UdK) has about
4,000 students and the Berlin School of Economics and
Law has enrollment of about 9,000 students.

elsewhere.[86] The city has a six-year primary education

program. After completing primary school, students continue to the Sekundarschule (a comprehensive school) or
Gymnasium (college preparatory school). Berlin has a
special bilingual school program embedded in the Eu- 7.2
ropaschule in which children are taught the curriculum
in German and a foreign language, starting in primary
school and continuing in high school. Nine major European languages can be chosen as foreign languages in
29 schools.[118]
The Franzsisches Gymnasium Berlin, which was
founded in 1689 to teach the children of Huguenot
refugees, oers (German/French) instruction.[119] The
John F. Kennedy School, a bilingual GermanAmerican
public school located in Zehlendorf, is particularly popular with children of diplomats and the English-speaking
expatriate community. Four schools teach Latin and
Classical Greek. Two of them are state schools (Steglitzer
Gymnasium in Steglitz and Goethe-Gymnasium in
Wilmersdorf), one is Protestant (Evangelisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster in Wilmersdorf), and one
is Jesuit (Canisius-Kolleg in the Embassy Quarter in
Tiergarten).

7.1

Higher education

Research

Science and Technology Park in Adlershof

The city has a high density of research institutions, such as

the Fraunhofer Society, Leibniz Association and the Max
Planck Society, which are independent of, or only loosely
connected to its universities. In 2008, 62,000 scientists
were working in research and development in the city.[86]
Berlin is one of the centers of knowledge and innovation
communities of the European Institute of Innovation and
Technology (EIT).[122]

In addition to the libraries that are aliated with the various universities, the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin is a major
Main article: List of universities, colleges, and research research library. Its two main locations are on Potsdamer
institutions in Berlin
Strae and on Unter den Linden. There are also 86 pubThe Berlin-Brandenburg capital region is one of the most lic libraries in the city.[86] ResearchGate, a global social
prolic centers of higher education and research in Ger- networking site for scientists, is based in Berlin.

8.1

Galleries and museums

Culture

15

Main article: Culture in Berlin

The Alte Nationalgalerie is part of the Museum Island, a

UNESCO World Heritage Site

The Berlinale is considered to be the largest international

spectator lm festival.
The Jewish Museum presents two millennia of GermanJewish
history.

Berlin is known for its numerous cultural institutions,

many of which enjoy international reputation.[22][123] The
diversity and vivacity of the metropolis led to a trendsetting atmosphere.[124] An innovative music, dance and art
scene has developed in the 21st century.
Young people, international artists and entrepreneurs
continued to settle in the city and made Berlin a popular entertainment center in Europe.[125]
The expanding cultural performance of the city was underscored by the relocation of the Universal Music Group
and MTV who decided to move their headquarters and
main studios to the banks of the River Spree.[126] In 2005,
Berlin was named City of Design by UNESCO.[20]

8.1

Apart from the Museum Island, there are many additional museums in the city. The Gemldegalerie (Painting Gallery) focuses on the paintings of the old masters from the 13th to the 18th centuries, while the Neue
Nationalgalerie (New National Gallery, built by Ludwig
Mies van der Rohe) specializes in 20th-century European
painting. The Hamburger Bahnhof, located in Moabit,
exhibits a major collection of modern and contemporary
art. In spring 2006, the expanded Deutsches Historisches
Museum re-opened in the Zeughaus with an overview of
German history through the fall of the Berlin Wall in
1989. The Bauhaus Archive is an architecture museum.

Galleries and museums

See also: List of museums and galleries in Berlin

As of 2011 Berlin is home to 138 museums and more
than 400 art galleries.[86] [127] The ensemble on the
Museum Island is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is
situated in the northern part of the Spree Island between
the Spree and the Kupfergraben.[22] As early as 1841 it
was designated a district dedicated to art and antiquities by a royal decree. Subsequently, the Altes Museum
was built in the Lustgarten. The Neues Museum, which
displays the bust of Queen Nefertiti,[128] Alte Nationalgalerie, Pergamon Museum, and Bode Museum were built The reconstructed Ishtar Gate of Babylon at the Pergamon Muthere. While these buildings once housed distinct collec- seum.
tions, the names of the buildings no longer necessarily
The Jewish Museum has a standing exhibition on two milcorrespond to the names of their collections.

16

8 CULTURE

lennia of German-Jewish history.[129] The German Museum of Technology in Kreuzberg has a large collection of historical technical artifacts. The Museum fr
Naturkunde exhibits natural history near Berlin Hauptbahnhof. It has the largest mounted dinosaur in the world
(a brachiosaurus), and a preserved specimen of the early
bird Archaeopteryx.[130]

Western and Central Europe, made Berlins club scene

a premier nightlife venue. After the fall of the Berlin
Wall in 1989, many historic buildings in Mitte, the former city center of East Berlin, were illegally occupied and
re-built by young squatters and became a fertile ground
for underground and counterculture gatherings. The central boroughs are home to many nightclubs, including the
In Dahlem, there are several museums of world art clubs Watergate, Tresor, E-Werk, and Berghain. The
KitKatClub and several other locations are known for sexand culture, such as the Museum of Asian Art, the
Ethnological Museum, the Museum of European Cul- ually uninhibited parties.
tures, as well as the Allied Museum (a museum of the Clubs are not required to close at a xed time on the
Cold War) and the Brcke Museum (an art museum). In weekends, and many parties last well into the morning, or
Lichtenberg, on the grounds of the former East German all weekend. Berghain features the Panorama Bar, a bar
Ministry for State Security (Stasi), is the Stasi Museum. that opens its shades at daybreak, allowing party-goers a
The site of Checkpoint Charlie, one of the most renowned panorama view of Berlin after dancing through the night.
crossing points of the Berlin Wall, is still preserved and The Weekend Club near Alexanderplatz features a roof
also has a museum, a private venture which exhibits com- terrace that allows partying at almost any time of the day.
prehensive documentation of detailed plans and strategies devised by people who tried to ee from the East.
The Beate Uhse Erotic Museum claims to be the worlds
largest erotic museum.[131]

8.2

Nightlife and festivals

Berghain

The SO36 in Kreuzberg originally focused largely on

punk music, but today has become a venue for many performances. SOUND, located from 1971 to 1988 in Tiergarten and today in Charlottenburg, gained notoriety in
the late 1970s for its popularity with heroin users and
other drug addicts as described in Christiane F.'s book
Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo.[133]
The Karneval der Kulturen (Carnival of Cultures), a
multi-ethnic street parade celebrated every Pentecost
weekend,[134] and the Christopher Street Day are both
supported by the citys government.[135] Berlin is also well
known for the cultural festival, Berliner Festspiele, which
includes the jazz festival JazzFest Berlin. Several technology and media art festivals and conferences are held
in the city, including Transmediale and Chaos Communication Congress. The annual Berlin Festival is focusing
on indie rock and electro pop and is part of the international Berlin Music Week.[136][137]

8.3 Performing arts

French Cathedral during the annual Festival of Lights

Main article: Music in Berlin

Berlin is home to 44 theaters and stages.[86] The
Berlins nightlife is one of the most diverse and vibrant of Deutsches Theater in Mitte was built in 184950 and has
its kind in Europe.[132] Throughout the 1990s, people in operated continuously since then, except for a one-year
their twenties from many countries, particularly those in break (194445) due to the Second World War. The

8.4

LGBT life

17
Karajan.[139] The current principal conductor is Simon
Rattle.[140] The Konzerthausorchester Berlin was founded
in 1952 as the orchestra for East Berlin, since the Philharmonic was based in West Berlin. Its current principal
conductor is Ivan Fischer. The Haus der Kulturen der
Welt presents various exhibitions dealing with intercultural issues and stages world music and conferences.[141]

8.4 LGBT life

Berlin has a long history of gay culture and according to
some authors, in the 1920s the city was the Gay Capital
of Europe. In 1896 Berlin started the rst gay magazine
and the rst gay demonstration was held in 1922.[142] Today the city again has a huge number of gay clubs and
Sir Simon Rattle conducting the renowned Berlin Philharmonic.
festivals. The most famous are Berlin Pride (one of Europes largest gay-lesbian pride event celebrated in June),
Volksbhne at Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz was built in 1913 the Lesbian and Gay City Festival in Berlin-Schneberg
14, though the company had been founded in 1890. The and Kreuzberg Pride in June, Dyke March and Hustlaball.
Berliner Ensemble, famous for performing the works of Berlin is also leading Europe in the number of fetish
Bertolt Brecht, was established in 1949, not far from clubs. Easter in Berlin and Folsom Europe Berlin
the Deutsches Theater. The Schaubhne was founded in are the biggest gay fetish festivals in Europe.[143] The
1962 in a building in Kreuzberg, but in 1981 moved to Schwules Museum (Gay Museum) is an LGBT museum
the building of the former Universum Cinema on Kur- which opened in 1985. The largest gay areas in Berlin
frstendamm.
are located in Schneberg close to Nollendorfplatz, in
Prenzlauer Berg at the Schnhauser Allee.[144][145]

8.5 Cuisine

Dance show at Friedrichstadt-Palast

Berlin has three major opera houses: the Deutsche Oper,

the Berlin State Opera, and the Komische Oper. The
Berlin State Opera on Unter den Linden opened in 1742
and is the oldest of the three. Its current musical director is Daniel Barenboim. The Komische Oper has traditionally specialized in operettas and is located at Unter
den Linden as well. The Deutsche Oper opened in 1912
in Charlottenburg. During the division of the city from
1961 to 1989 it was the only major opera house in West
Berlin. The citys main venue for musical theater performances is the Theater des Westens (built 1895).

Twelve restaurants in Berlin have been included into

the Michelin guide, which ranks the city at the top for
the number of its restaurants having this distinction in
Germany.[146] Apart from that, Berlin is well known
for its vast oerings of vegetarian, vegan and organic
food.[147]

There are seven symphony orchestras in Berlin. The

Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra is one of the preeminent
orchestras in the world;[138] it is housed in the Berliner
Philharmonie near Potsdamer Platz on a street named
for the orchestras longest-serving conductor, Herbert von

Many local foods originated from north German culinary traditions and include rustic and hearty dishes with
pork, goose, sh, peas, beans, cucumbers, or potatoes.
German bakeries oering a variety of breads and pastries are widespread. Typical Berliner fares include

The Currywurst.

18

8 CULTURE

Currywurst, invented in 1949,[148] Buletten (Frikadeller) 8.7 Sports

and the Berliner known in Berlin as a Pfannkuchen.
Berlin is also home to a diverse gastronomy scene re- Main articles: Sport in Berlin and Football in Berlin
ecting the immigrant history of the city. Turkish and Berlin has established a high-prole reputation as a host
Arab immigrants brought their culinary traditions to the
city, such as the falafel and lahmacun, which have become common fast food staples. The modern version of
the dner kebab was invented in Berlin in 1971.[149] Thai
food, tapas bars, sushi restaurants and Italian cuisine can
be found in many parts of the city.

8.6

Recreation
The Olympiastadion hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics and the
2006 FIFA World Cup Final.

The Berlin Zoo is the most visited zoo in Europe and presents the
most diverse range of species in the world.

Zoologischer Garten Berlin, the older of two zoos in the

city, was founded in 1844 and presents the most diverse The annual Berlin Marathon is known as a fast course.
range of species in the world.[150] It was the home of
the captive-born celebrity polar bear Knut.[151] The citys city of international sporting events.[156] The city hosted
other zoo, Tierpark Friedrichsfelde, was founded in 1955. the 1936 Summer Olympics and was the host city for the
[157]
The IAAF World ChamBerlins Botanischer Garten includes the Botanic Mu- 2006 FIFA World Cup nal.
pionships
in
Athletics
was
held
in
the Olympiastadion in
seum Berlin. With an area of 43 hectares (110 acres)
[158]
2009.
and around 22,000 dierent plant species, it is one of the
largest and most diverse collections of botanical life in
the world. Other gardens in the city include the Britzer
Garten, and the Erholungspark Marzahn (also known as
Gardens of the World).[152]

The annual Berlin Marathona course that holds the

most Top 10 world record runsand the ISTAF are
well-established athletic events in the city.[159] The FIVB
World Tour, a beach volleyball Grand Slam event, is
The Tiergarten, located in Mitte, is Berlins largest presented at an inner-city site every year, while the
is one of the biggest skate and
park and was designed by Peter Joseph Lenn.[153] In Mellowpark in Kpenick
[160]
BMX
parks
in
Europe.
Kreuzberg, the Viktoriapark provides a viewing point
over the southern part of inner-city Berlin. Treptower A Fan Fest at Brandenburg Gate, which attracts several
Park, beside the Spree in Treptow, features a large So- hundred-thousand spectators, has become popular during
viet war memorial. The Volkspark in Friedrichshain, international football competitions, like the UEFA Eurowhich opened in 1848, is the oldest park in the city, with pean Championship.[161]
monuments, a summer outdoor cinema and several sports In 2013 around 600.000 Berliners were registered in one
areas.[154]
of the more than 2.300 sports- and tness clubs.[162]
Berlin is also known for its numerous cafs, beach bars Several professional clubs representing the most imporalong the Spree River, ea markets and boutique shops tant spectator team sports in Germany have their base in
which are a source for recreation and leisure.[155]
Berlin:

19

See also

[15] Berlin Capital of Germany. German Embassy in

Washington. Retrieved 18 August 2008.

List of quotes featuring Berlin

[16] Davies, Catriona (10 April 2010). Revealed: Cities that

rule the world and those on the rise. CNN. Retrieved
11 April 2010.

Berolina, personication of the city

10

Notes

[1] Fortgeschriebene Bevlkerungszahlen vom November

2013. Amt fr Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg (in German).
2013. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
[2] Prexes for vehicle registration were introduced in 1906,
but often changed due to the political changes after 1945.
Vehicles were registered under the following prexes: I
A (1906 April 1945; devalidated on 11 August 1945);
no prex, only digits (from July to August 1945), ""
(=BG; 194546, for cars, lorries and busses), "" (=GF;
19451946, for cars, lorries and busses), "M (=BM;
194547, for motor bikes), "M (=GM; 19451947, for
motor bikes), KB (i.e.: Kommandatura of Berlin; for all
of Berlin 194748, continued for West Berlin until 1956),
GB (i.e.: Greater Berlin, for East Berlin 194853), I
(for East Berlin, 195390), B (for West Berlin from 1
July 1956, continued for all of Berlin since 1990).
[3] Bruttoinlandsprodukt (nominal) in BERLIN seit 1995
(in German). 30 March 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
[4] Bevlkerungsstand in Berlin am 31. Dezember 2013
nach Bezirken. Amt fr Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg (in
German). 18 February 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
[5] INSEE. Population des villes et units urbaines de plus de
1 million d'habitants de l'Union europenne (in French).
Retrieved 17 August 2008.
[6] Daten und Fakten Hauptstadtregion.
Brandenburg.de. Retrieved 10 February 2013.

Berlin-

[7] Initiativkreis Europische Metropolregionen in

Deutschland:
Berlin-Brandenburg.
Deutschemetropolregionen.org. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
[8] PowerPoint-Prsentation (PDF). Retrieved 12 March
2013.
[9] City Proles Berlin. Urban Audit. Retrieved 20 August
2008.
[10] Gren Berlin. Lonely Planet. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
[11] Documents of German Unication, 18481871. Modern History Sourcebook. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
[12] Topographies of Class: Modern Architecture and Mass
Society in Weimar Berlin (Social History, Popular Culture, and Politics in Germany).. www.h-net.org. Retrieved 9 October 2009.

[17] Sifton, Sam (31 December 1969). Berlin, the big canvas. The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
See also: Sites and situations of leading cities in cultural
globalisations/Media. GaWC Research Bulletin 146. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
[18] Global Power City Index 2009. Institute for Urban
Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation (Tokyo,
Japan). 22 October 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
[19] ICCA publishes top 20 country and city rankings 2007.
ICCA. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
[20] Berlin City of Design (Press release). UNESCO. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
[21] Berlin Beats Rome as Tourist Attraction as Hordes Descend. Bloomberg. 4 September 2014. Retrieved 11
September 2014.
[22] World Heritage Site Museumsinsel. UNESCO. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
[23] Hollywood Helps Revive Berlins Former Movie Glory.
Deutsche Welle. 9 August 2008. Retrieved 18 August
2008.
[24] Flint, Sunshine (12 December 2004). The Club Scene,
on the Edge. The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August
2008. See also: Ranking of best cities in the world. City
mayors. Retrieved 18 August 2008. and Quality Of Life
Survey 2014. Monocle. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
[25] Young Israelis are Flocking to Berlin. Newsweek (NYC,
United States). 13 June 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
[26] Berger, Dieter (1999). Geographische Namen in Deutschland. Bibliographisches Institut. ISBN 3-411-06252-5.
[27] Berlin dig nds city older than thought. Associated
Press.
[28] Berlin ist lter als gedacht: Hausreste aus dem Jahr 1174
entdeckt. dpa. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
[29] Spandau Citadel. Berlin tourist board. Archived from
the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
[30] The medieval trading center. www.berlin.de. Retrieved
11 June 2013.
[31] Stver B. Geschichte Berlins. Verlag CH Beck, 2010.
ISBN 978-3-406-60067-8
[32] Stadtgrndung Und Frhe Stadtentwicklung, Luisenstdtischer Bildungsverein. Retrieved 10 June 2013

[13] Berlin Wall. Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved 18

August 2008.

[33] The Hohenzollern Dynasty. Antipas. Archived from the

original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2008.

[14] Germany - Embassies and Consulates.

pages.com. Retrieved 23 August 2014.

[34] Berliner Unwillen. Verein fr die Geschichte Berlins e. V.

Retrieved 30 May 2013

embassy-

20

[35] Was den Berliner Unwillen erregte.. Der Tagesspiegel,

26 Oktober 2012
[36] The electors residence. www.berlin.de. Retrieved 11
June 2013.
[37] Berlin Cathedral. SMPProtein. Archived from the original on 18 August 2006. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
[38] Brandenburg during the 30 Years War. WHKMLA. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
[39] Berlin
[40] Clodfelter, Michael (2002), Warfare and Armed ConictsA Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures,
15002000 (2nd ed.), McFarland & Company, ISBN 07864-1204-6
[41] Agreement to divide Berlin. FDR-Library. Retrieved
18 August 2008.
[42] Berlin Airlift / Blockade. Western Allies Berlin. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
[43] Berlin ocial website; History after 1945. City of
Berlin. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
[44] Ostpolitik: The Quadripartite Agreement of September
3, 1971. US Berlin Embassy. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
[45] Satellite Image Berlin. Google Maps. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
[46] weather.com. weather.com. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
[47] Climate gures. World Weather Information Service.
Retrieved 18 August 2008.
[48] World Weather Information Service Berlin. Worldweather.wmo.int. 5 October 2006. Retrieved 7 April
2012.
[49] Climatological Normals of Berlin. Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
[50] Neumann: Stadtschloss wird teurer. Berliner Zeitung (in
German). 24 June 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
[51] Das Pathos der Berliner Republik. Berliner Zeitung (in
German). 19 May 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
[52] Construction and redevelopment since 1990. Senate
Department of Urban Development. Retrieved 18 August
2008.

10 NOTES

[57] Dmitry Bulgakov (11 March 2001). Berlin is speaking

Russians language. Russiajournal.com. Retrieved 10
February 2013.
[58] Berlin wird farbiger.
Die Afrikaner kommen
Nachrichten WELT am SONNTAG WELT ONLINE.
Die Welt (in German). 28 October 2001. Retrieved 2 June
2011.
[59] Foreign residents of Berlin (PDF). Amt fr Statistik
Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). Retrieved 22 April
2013.
[60] Foreign residents of Berlin (PDF). Amt fr Statistik
Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). Retrieved 5 February
2011.
[61] Statistik Berlin/Brandbenburg. Amt fr Statistik BerlinBrandenburg. 31 December 2010. Retrieved 1 January
2009.
[62] Jeder vierte Berliner ist auslndischer Herkunft. Der
Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 19 August 2008.
[63] From Burger Flipper to Brgermeister? Immigrant
Could Become Next Berlin Mayor. Spiegel Online.
[64] Von Andrea Dernbach (23 February 2009). Migration:
Berlin will illegalen Einwanderern helfen Deutschland
Politik Tagesspiegel. Tagesspiegel.de. Retrieved 15
September 2011.
[65] Studie Zwei Millionen Berliner sprechen mindestens
zwei Sprachen Wirtschaft Berliner Morgenpost
Berlin. Morgenpost.de. 18 May 2010. Retrieved 2 June
2011.
[66] Connolly, Kate (26 April 2009). Atheist Berlin to decide
on religions place in its schools. The Guardian (UK).
Retrieved 10 May 2010.
[67] Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland:
Kirchenmitgliederzahlen am 31. Dezember 2010. EKD, 2011, (PDF;
0,45 MB) Abgerufen am 10. Mrz 2012.
[68] Amt fr Statistik Berlin Brandenburg: Die kleine BerlinStatistik 2010. (PDF-Datei). Abgerufen am 4. Januar
2011.
[69] Tabelle 11; die tatschliche Anzahl von Muslimen kann
anhand dieser Gesamtzahl, die auch Angehrige anderer
Religionen (z. B. Minderheiten aus den Herkunftsstaaten,
Deutsche mit einseitigem Migrationshintergrund) und
Nichtreligise einschliet, nur geschtzt werden.
[70] Statistisches Jahrbuch fr Berlin 2010. Abgerufen am
10. Mrz 2012. (PDF). Retrieved 10 February 2013.

[53] Ourousso, Nicolai (9 May 2005). A Forest of Pillars,

Recalling the Unimaginable. The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2008.

[71] Lutheran Diocese Berlin-Brandenburg. Selbstndige

Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche. Retrieved 19 August
2008.

[54] Berlin statistical gures. Amt fr Statistik BerlinBrandenburg (in German). Retrieved 19 August 2008.

[72] Berlin state election, 2006. Der Landeswahlleiter fr

Berlin (in German). Retrieved 17 August 2008.

[55] (German) Hauptstadtregion Berlin-Brandenburg

[73] The Glamor Guy. Time Europe. 8 May 2005. Retrieved

17 August 2008. See also: Landler, Mark (23 September 2006). Berlin Mayor, Symbol of Openness, Has National Appeal. The New York Times. Retrieved 17 August 2008.

[56] Spooner, Andrew (13 May 2007). Berlin: Shish And

Sauerkraut To Go. The Independent (UK). Retrieved 24
May 2010.

21

[74] Klaus Wowereits Rcktritt: Ich stelle mein Amt zur

Verfgung"". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
[75] Berlin schat erstes Etatplus seit dem Krieg.
Spiegel. Retrieved 7 April 2012.

Der

[76] Fahrun, Joachim (10 June 2008). Sarrazin: Keine neuen

Schulden mehr ab 2008. Berliner Morgenpost. Retrieved
17 August 2008.
[77] Berlins international city relations. Berlin Mayors Ofce. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
[78] Miasta partnerskie Warszawy. Biuro Promocji Miasta.
4 May 2005. Retrieved 29 August 2008.

[95] Tourism gures for 2013: Berlin sees faster growth than
Germany as a whole. visitBerlin. Retrieved 26 August
2014.
[96] Berlin Cracks the Startup Code. Businessweek. 12
April 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
[97] Creative Industries in Berlin. Kulturwirtschaft.de. 7
April 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
[98] Media Companies in Berlin and Potsdam. medienboard. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
[99] Wall-to-wall culture. The Age (Australia). 10 November 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2007.

[79] Budapest - Testvrvrosok [Budapest - Twin Cities].

[100] European Film Academy. European Film Academy.
Budapest Fvros nkormnyzatnak hivatalos oldala
Retrieved 7 April 2012.
[Ocial site of the Municipality of Budapest] (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. [101] Berlin Film Festival. Berlinale.de. Retrieved 7 April
Retrieved 14 August 2013.
2012.
[80] Partnersk msta HMP [Prague - Twin Cities HMP].
[102] Broke but dynamic, Berlin seeks new identity. IHT. RePortl Zahranin vztahy [Portal Foreign Aairs"] (in
trieved 19 August 2008.
Czech). 18 July 2013. Archived from the original on 25
June 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
[103] Kraftfahrzeuge und Schienenbestand. Destatis. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
[81] Bundesprsident Horst Khler (in German). Bundespraesident.de. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
[104] Die Hauptstadt des umweltfreundlichen Verkehrs.
[82] Der Regierungsumzug ist berfllig. Berliner Zeitung
(in German). 26 October 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2012.

Berliner Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 11 August 2009.

[105] Berlin Hauptbahnhof. Deutsche Bahn. Retrieved 2 May

2009.
[83] Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen Bruttoinlandsprodukt (in German). statistik-portal. Retrieved 22 Au[106] Amt fr Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg, Die kleine Berlingust 2014.
Statistik. (German) Accessed 6 January 2009.
[84] Wowereit zur aktuellen Arbeitsmarktlage niedrigste
Juni-Arbeitslosigkeit seit 1993 (in German). Berlin.de. [107] 2014 summer ight schedule. FBB. Retrieved 10
September 2014.
Retrieved 22 August 2014.
[85] Poor but sexy. The Economist. 21 September 2006. [108] Airport Berlin Brandenburg International.
Berlin. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
Retrieved 19 August 2008.

Airports

[86] Die kleine Berlin Statistik (PDF). berlin.de. Retrieved [109] New Berlin Airport to Finally Open Next October.
Spiegel Online International. 4 September 2012.
26 August 2014.
[87] The Science and Technology Park Berlin-Adlershof. [110] New York Times online article on the delayed Berlin
Business Location Center. Business Location Center. AuBrandenburg Airport
gust 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
[111] Bike City Berlin. Treehugger. Retrieved 19 August
[88] Global Cities Investment Monitor 2012 (in English).
2008.
KPMG. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
[112] Platz da! fr die Radfahrer. ND. Retrieved 22 March
[89] Berlins 'poor but sexy' appeal turning city into European
2011.
Silicon Valley. The Guardian. 3 January 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
[113] Bicycle Routes and Facilities Bicycle Paths. Senate Department of urban development. Retrieved 19 September
[90] Contact. Air Berlin. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
2008.
[91] DB Schenker to concentrate control functions in Frank[114] Reimer, Nick (30 May 2006). Abgase tiefer gelegt. taz
furt am Main. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
(in German). Retrieved 18 August 2008.
[92] Bombardier Transportation Headquarters
[115] Khne, Anja; Warnecke, Tilmann (17 October 2007).
Berlin leuchtet. Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Re[93] Prol of Siemens Mobility, see contacts. Retrieved 25
trieved 18 August 2008.
December 2013.
[94] Thales Deutschland sites.
2013.

Retrieved 25 December [116] History of the Charit of Berlin. Charit. 6 September

2005. Retrieved 18 August 2008.

22

10 NOTES

[117] Customer company prole. Ansell Healthcare. Re- [137]

trieved 18 August 2008.
[138]
[118] Jahrgangsstufe Null. Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 19 August 2008.

Berlin Music Week website

Charlotte Higgins and Ben Aris in Berlin (29 April 2004).
Is Rattles Berlin honeymoon over?". London: Guardian.
Retrieved 7 April 2012.

[119] Geschichte des Franzsischen Gymnasiums. Franzsis- [139] Wakin, Daniel J. (25 September 2005). Music: Berlin.
The New York Times. Retrieved 7 November 2006.
ches Gymnasium Lyce Franais Berlin (in German). Retrieved 17 August 2008.
[140] Berlin Philharmonic elects Sir Simon Rattle. Culturekiosque.com. 24 June 1999. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
[120] Metropolis of Sciences.
Berlin Partner GmbH.
Archived from the original on 24 April 2008. Retrieved
[141] D. Haus der Kulturen der Welt. Hkw.de. Retrieved 7
19 August 2008.
April 2012.
[121] Wissenschaft und Innovation. Berlin.de (in German).
[142] Krauss, Kenneth (2004). The drama of fallen France:
25 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
reading la comdie sans tickets. Albany: State University
of New York. p. 11. ISBN 0-7914-5953-5.
[122] European Institute of Innovation and Technology:
Home. Europa (web portal). Retrieved 8 June 2010.

[143] Folsom Europe 2011 in Berlin. 27 April 2011.

[123] World Heritage Site Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and [144] Berlin Lesbian and Gay Festival 2011 Berlin Gay Pride
Berlin. UNESCO. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
2011. 25 July 2008.
[124] Hub Cultures 2009 Zeitgeist Ranking. Hub Culture. [145] THE GAY CAPITAL OF EUROPE BERLIN.
Retrieved 30 April 2009.
September 2010.
[125] Boston, Nicholas (10 September 2006).
A New
Williamsburg! Berlins Expats Go Bezirk. The New York
Observer. Retrieved 17 August 2008. See also: Die
Kunstszene. Deutschland Online (in German). Archived
from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved
19 August 2008. and Culture of Berlin. Metropolis.
Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2008.

25

[146] Berlin Minimalist Glamor Retrieved

[147] HappyCows list of cities with the most Listings. Happycow.net. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
[148] Paterson, Tony (15 August 2009). Spicy sausage that is
worthy of a shrine in Berlin. The Independent (London).
[149] Berlin German Foods

[126] Berlins music business booms. Expatica. Archived [150] Hauptstadt-Zoo beliebtester Tierpark.
Rundfunk
from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 19
Berlin-Brandenburg. Retrieved 17 August 2008.
August 2008.
[151] Moore, Tristana (23 March 2007). Baby bear becomes
[127] Sprung in die Wolken. Zitty (in German). 2 July 2008.
media star. BBC News. Retrieved 17 August 2008.
Retrieved 19 August 2008.
[152] Grn Berlin [Green Berlin] (in German). Die Grn
[128] A 3,000-year-old smile. Expatica.com. Retrieved 7
Berlin GmbH. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
April 2012.
[153] Peter Joseph Lenn, Senate Department of Urban De[129] Exhibitions. Jewish Museum Berlin. Archived from the
velopment. Stadtentwicklung.berlin.de. 30 September
original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
2011. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
[130] The World of Dinosaurs.
Naturkundemuseum- [154] Paul Sullivan (30 July 2010). Volkspark Friedrichshain.
berlin.de. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
Slow Travel Berlin. Slow Travel Berlin. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
[131] In Berlin, the Art of Sex. Washingtonpost.com. 18
April 1999. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
[155] Lee, Denny (10 December 2006). 36 Hours in Berlin.
Berlin (Germany): Travel.nytimes.com. Retrieved 7
[132] Wasacz, Walter (11 October 2004). Losing your mind in
April 2012.
Berlin. Metro Times. Retrieved 18 November 2006.
[156] Melbourne retains ultimate sports city title. ABC News.
[133] Christiane F.-Page. Christiane.hurz.at. Retrieved 7
1 April 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
April 2012.
[157] Berlin 1936 Games of the XI Olympiad, www.olympic.
[134] English Summary. Karneval-berlin.de. Retrieved 7
org. Retrieved 18 November 2006. See also: Italy conApril 2012.
quer the world as Germany wins friends.
[135] Berlin for Gays and Lesbians. Web.archive.org. 7 Octo- [158] 12.
IAAF Leichtathletik WM berlin 2009.
ber 2006. Archived from the original on 7 October 2006.
Berlin2009.org. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
Retrieved 7 April 2012.
[159] Berlin Marathon. Scc-events.com. Retrieved 7 April
[136] Berlin Festival website
2012.

23

[160] MELLOWPARK CAMPUS. urbancatalyst-studio.de.

Retrieved 29 August 2014.
[161] 500,000 spectators to watch the game together.
Blogs.bettor.com. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
[162] Der Landessportbund Berlin - Mitglieder. LSB. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
[163] Hertha BSC. Herthabsc.de. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
[164] Union Berlin. Fc-union-berlin.de. Retrieved 7 April
2012.
[165] SPORTWERK 2012. ALBA Berlin. Albaberlin.de.
Retrieved 7 April 2012.
[166] Eisbren Berlin. Eisbaeren.de. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
[167] Fchse Berlin. Fuechse-berlin.de. Retrieved 7 April
2012.

11

References

Chandler, Tertius (1987). Four Thousand Years of

Urban Growth: An Historical Census. Edwin Mellen
Pr. ISBN 0-88946-207-0.
Gill, Anton (1993). A Dance Between Flames:
Berlin Between the Wars. John Murray. ISBN 07195-4986-8.
Gross, Leonard (1999). The Last Jews in Berlin.
Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-0687-2.
Large, David Clay (2001). Berlin. Basic Books.
ISBN 0-465-02632-X.
Read, Anthony; David Fisher (1994). Berlin Rising:
Biography of a City. W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-39303606-5.
Ribbe, Wolfgang (2002). Geschichte Berlins. Bwv
Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag. ISBN 3-83050166-8.
Roth, Joseph (2004). What I Saw: Reports from
Berlin 192033. Granta Books. ISBN 1-86207636-7.
Taylor, Frederick (2007). The Berlin Wall: 13 August 1961 9 November 1989. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 0-06-078614-0.
Maclean, Rory (2014). Berlin: Imagine a City. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84803-5.

12 External links
Berlin.de Ocial website (English)
Exberliner Monthly English-language magazine for
Berlin (English)
English-language city guide for Berlin (English)
Geographic data related to Berlin at OpenStreetMap

24

13

13
13.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Berlin Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin?oldid=632138359 Contributors: JHK, WojPob, Brion VIBBER, Vicki Rosenzweig,
Mav, Zundark, Berek, Koyaanis Qatsi, Jeronimo, Malcolm Farmer, Andre Engels, Eclecticology, Tsja, JeLuF, William Avery, Space
Cadet, SimonP, Schewek, Zoe, Montrealais, R Lowry, Sfdan, Olivier, Renata, Greg Godwin, Patrick, AlexCruise, D, Michael Hardy, Tim
Starling, Zocky, Kwertii, Llywrch, Jahsonic, Liftarn, Gabbe, Jketola, SGBailey, Menchi, Deadstar, CORNELIUSSEON, Ixfd64, Dr jkl,
IZAK, Paul Benjamin Austin, Dori, Pcb21, Ams80, Ahoerstemeier, KAMiKAZOW, Mac, Docu, Samuelsen, Snoyes, Angela, Kingturtle,
Darkwind, Djmutex, Damista, Nikai, Jiang, Evercat, Samw, Lee M, Ghewgill, Tobias Conradi, Mxn, Johan Magnus, BRG, Hhc2, Mulad,
Smith03, Magnus Bck, Trainspotter, Guaka, Mevsfotw, Boson, JonMoore, Lfh, N-true, Colipon, Andrewman327, WhisperToMe, Wik,
DJ Clayworth, Peregrine981, Maya, Tpbradbury, Morwen, Ed g2s, Floydian, Morn, Averell23, Joy, Bjarki S, Sandman, Oaktree b, Jason M,
Secretlondon, Adam Carr, JorgeGG, Chuunen Baka, Bearcat, Robbot, Sander123, Pigsonthewing, Nico, PBS, R3m0t, Moncrief, Jmabel,
Baldhur, Altenmann, Ianb, Sverdrup, Der Eberswalder, Texture, Halibutt, Caknuck, Hadal, UtherSRG, Wikibot, Jacques2, Eliashedberg,
Jor, Guy Peters, Jeremiah, Ancheta Wis, Giftlite, Dbenbenn, JamesMLane, DocWatson42, Christopher Parham, Weasel, Andromeda, Urmas, Seabhcan, Fudoreaper, Netoholic, Tom harrison, Meursault2004, Lupin, Ferkelparade, HangingCurve, Marcika, Alterego, Everyking,
Elf-friend, Anville, Curps, Sunny256, Jdavidb, Stern, Niteowlneils, Ravn, Gilgamesh, Guanaco, Per Honor et Gloria, Sundar, Matthead,
Avala, Jackol, Bobblewik, Deus Ex, Edcolins, Gyrofrog, Vadmium, Rsloch, Thewikipedian, Gadum, Andycjp, Sca, Bact, Antandrus,
Domino theory, Wzwz, Jossi, Nzpcmad, OwenBlacker, RetiredUser2, Ganymead, Sam Hocevar, Je Rutsch, Aaron Einstein, Neutrality,
Burschenschafter, Marcus2, Okapi, Ukexpat, Ius, Dcandeto, Hardouin, Venividiwiki, Picapica, Bojin, Randwicked, Esperant, , SYSS
Mouse, Tungol, Mernen, Brianjd, Antitext, Dbach, PZFUN, Miroslawa, Reinthal, DanielCD, Jiy, Ultratomio, Newkai, EugeneZelenko,
Discospinster, Neep, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Supercoop, Rama, Schuetzm, Psd, HeikoEvermann, Alistair1978, Michael Zimmermann, Deelkar, Hhielscher, Gronky, SpookyMulder, Urban-b, Bender235, ESkog, Deprifry, Kaisershatner, S.K., Brian0918, CanisRufus, El C, IsarSteve, Lycurgus, SpencerWilson, Bletch, Kwamikagami, Yitzhak, Sietse Snel, Femto, Markussep, RobNS, Jlin, Thuresson,
Bobo192, NetBot, Imars, AndreHuppertz, Che090572, Malafaya, Acntx, ArkansasTraveler, Kappa, Pokrajac, Diceman, Guidod, Man vyi,
Wikinaut, Pschemp, Llywelyn, M0rph, MPerel, Sam Korn, Cpettauer, Leifern, Misterblues, Eddideigel, APPER, Methegreat, Jumbuck,
Corax, Mark Lewis, Alansohn, Anthony Appleyard, Arminia, 119, Atlant, Jeltz, Nader, Improv, Hipocrite, Andrewpmk, Andrew Gray,
Swarve, Riana, Lectonar, Lightdarkness, Sligocki, Wheatley000, Denniss, Zerogeewhiz, Hadija, Bart133, Snowolf, Wtmitchell, Here,
Rebroad, ProhibitOnions, Cburnett, Suruena, VivaEmilyDavies, Staeiou, Sciurin, BLueFiSH.as, Bsadowski1, Kusma, Someoneinmyheadbutitsnotme, Blaxthos, Michaelm, Tchaika, Saxifrage, TShilo12, Tournesol, Preaky, Bobrayner, Newnoise, Angr, Boothy443, Firsfron, OwenX, Woohookitty, RHaworth, TigerShark, Muya, Scott.wheeler, Acone, JeremyA, MONGO, Andrea.gf, Smmurphy, Tickle me,
Karmosin, Wayward, Dtaw2001, Doco, Jules7484, Chaucer, Nilshennes, Calrfa Wn, Deltabeignet, BD2412, Li-sung, Kbdank71, FreplySpang, JIP, TobyJ, Grammarbot, Ketiltrout, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Jake Wartenberg, Gryndor, Vary, Tawker, Pabix, Funnyhat, Ligulem,
Big Moira, The wub, Olessi, Fred Bradstadt, RCBot, FlaBot, Johnnyw, Naraht, Ian Pitchford, RobertG, Ground Zero, Jax-wp, CalJW,
CarolGray, Sean WI, RexNL, Ewlyahoocom, Gurch, Mee Merone, Skeeter08865, McDogm, Supersaiyanplough, OpenToppedBus, Acela
Express, WouterBot, King of Hearts, Chobot, Kresspahl, Sherool, Madden, Jaraalbe, Jared Preston, DVdm, 334a, Gplefka, Wasted Time
R, Roboto de Ajvol, JPD, YurikBot, Wavelength, AlanFord, Brandmeister (old), RussBot, Longbow4u, Clib, Conscious, Stephenb, Gaius
Cornelius, Neilbeach, Gustavb, Andie Gilmour, NawlinWiki, Edinborgarstefan, UCaetano, Msikma, Astral, Kingje, Dr31, Terli, Endurance, Waterguy, Yoninah, Retired username, Blur4760, DAJF, Daniel Mietchen, Jpbowen, Kanaye, Tony1, Zwobot, Rosensteel, Bucketsofg, Joshlk, Snarius, Lockesdonkey, BOT-Superzerocool, PS2pcGAMER, Spitshine, Erickoch, Martinwilke1980, Hezzard, MrBland,
Nlu, Ms2ger, FF2010, Zzuuzz, Lt-wiki-bot, Bayerischermann, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Closedmouth, Sotakeit, KDLarsen, Chanheigeorge, David Justin, GraemeL, JoanneB, Silverhelm, Tracyfennell, Shran, Carabinieri, Ine12xso, Hayden120, Curpsbot-unicodify,
Rootlevel, David Biddulph, ArgosDad, Kungfuadam, Jonathan.s.kt, Tzale, DVD R W, Caponer, Luk, Sardanaphalus, Attilios, SmackBot,
YellowMonkey, BishkekRocks, Iacobus, David Kernow, Estoy Aqu, McGeddon, Blue520, Serte, Chairman S., Piccadilly, Nickst, Puregenius, Esauvage, Darklock, YacozA, ZS, Kris12, Edgar181, P b1999, Athinaios, Sebesta, Commander Keane bot, ThompsJohn, Aksi great,
Peter Isotalo, WolframSiever, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Grollp, Polaron, Averette, Chris the speller, Improbcat, Nestore, Persian
Poet Gal, Rex Germanus, QTCaptain, Ksenon, Jprg1966, Monsterxxl, MalafayaBot, Liebeae, LitaMartin, SchftyThree, Jammycakes,
Bhoesicol, Jimini, Whispering, Kungming2, Baronnet, Yurigerhard, [email protected], Wisden17, Darshbegarsh, Miles Pateman,
Raphie, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Duncancumming, Tamfang, Timmypees, WorldWide Update, OrphanBot, Jennica, OOODDD,
MJCdetroit, Homestarmy, Wes!, Feenix, Addshore, Greenshed, Grover cleveland, Cameron Nedland, Flyguy649, ArtVandelay13, Benjudah, Stuckinkiel, Jwy, Nakon, Caniago, RJN, Anorak2, Meiktila, Eran of Arcadia, Jaellee, Zonk43, Katt, Shushruth, Jgrimmer, Curly
Turkey, Galis, Ck lostsword, Pilotguy, Kukini, Wilt, Ohconfucius, JLogan, SashatoBot, Interwiki de, Madchen Hoch, Fertuno, Harryboyles, Takamaxa, Srikeit, Piratelooksat30some2001, Kuru, John, Darkildor, LUCPOL, Marco polo, DLiebisch, Xakaxunknownx, Merchbow, Green Giant, Blueplane, Ph89, IronGargoyle, European Girl, Ckatz, MarkSutton, Pedantic of Purley, Beetstra, Fooloomanzoo,
AxG, Dersh, Dhp1080, Manifestation, Kfbs06, Condem, Dr.K., AEMoreira042281, Andrwsc, Jose77, NeroN BG, Norena, DabMachine,
MikeWazowski, Dontworry, OnBeyondZebrax, Fredil Yupigo, Dockingman, Wfgiuliano, Joseph Solis in Australia, Nubzor, Tony Fox,
Drogo Underburrow, Hearts of clear lake, Dunne409, Stevegillis01, Adambiswanger1, Courcelles, Tawkerbot2, ROGNNTUDJUU!, Axt,
RaviC, Robendo, Aaadreri, Lahiru k, JForget, Wolfdog, Anon user, CmdrObot, Drianhoward, Ale jrb, Mattbr, Van helsing, Jwolf1979,
Styler 13, Page Up, R9tgokunks, NisseSthlm, DanielRigal, Ken Gallager, Engelmann15, Pshopboy, Flammingo, Lear 21, Mattbuck, AndrewHowse, Karl schroeder, Cydebot, Pais, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Conversion script, Ryan, Botboy22, Westee, Przemek Jahr, Aufbauten, Gogo Dodo, JFreeman, Rracecarr, Julian Mendez, Codingmasters, Xndr, Tawkerbot4, TCTomm, DumbBOT, Esmerlda, Hawkmc,
MarcelLionheart, Gbaddorf, Phonemonkey, Omicronpersei8, Robertsteadman, Esc luver, Kim53, JohnInDC, Joowwww, Mathpianist93,
BetacommandBot, CieloEstrellado, Thijs!bot, ChKa, Epbr123, Wikid77, Knarf-bz, Killarney Daniel, Gralo, Fuse101, Fluxbot, Marek69,
Tapir Terric, Bobblehead, A3RO, DaQuirin, Merbabu, X201, Goober-peas, Evanescenceboy, Keelm, Philippe, Blathnaid, Futurebird,
Escarbot, Just the way, Nick San, Wikiniki, Mentisto, David Liuzzo, KrakatoaKatie, Tenerer, AntiVandalBot, Luna Santin, OnNYTurf,
Bcnviajero, Xenophon (bot), Smith2006, Coyets, Pjort, Tadas12, Modernist, Superzohar, Malcolm, MECU, ARTEST4ECHO, Myanw,
Really Evil Pole, Schultheis, TuvicBot, Sluzzelin, JAnDbot, Tobibln, Deective, Leuko, Jaypee1, MER-C, Thundernlightning, Drakcron,
VeronicaPR, Roleplayer, Rjh1962, WildlifeAnalysis, Longhairandabeard, Reichsgauleiter Hansen, Magioladitis, .snoopy., Bongwarrior,
VoABot II, Stonemad GB, Jmorrison230582, T@nn, JNW, Michi.bo, Manderiko, Ling.Nut, Je dean, Corporal Tunnel, Avicennasis, Catgut, Mkdw, Styrofoam1994, SnapSnap, DerHexer, Dkriegls, Brandon1978, River-phoenix-fan93, WLU, Pax:Vobiscum, Unify,
Matthias Rder, Cocytus, R sirahata, MartinBot, CliC, 52 Pickup, BetBot, El Krem, Rettetast, Keith D, Jay Litman, CalendarWatcher,
R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, Net-net, Ruud64, Siegheil, Pomte, Tgeairn, Ssolbergj, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards,
Nev1, DrKiernan, Weissmann, Trusilver, Planemo, EscapingLife, Bogey97, Rhinestone K, Eliz81, Tricknik, Happytrail, Semlow, Ide

13.2

Images

25

Nov, Gzkn, Acalamari, G-41614, Marcsin, Ivanopolo, Katalaveno, McSly, Bushy moustache, Samtheboy, Engunneer, Chriswiki, AntiSpamBot, (jarbarf), Mrceleb2007, Junafani, Sundar1, Alexvgtb, Tatrgel, Ahuskay, Uk-giacomo, Guided, FJPB, Hanssterkendries, 2812,
Keizuko, Toanke, Juliancolton, Moster123, Interlaker, DorganBot, Treisijs, Inter16, Pdcook, Andy Marchbanks, Inwind, Idioma-bot, Funandtrvl, ChaosNil, Nothingbutmeat, VolkovBot, ABF, Chris.dillon, Thialhar, Postlebury, Dino340, Perfectmiss, Spongeman2007, Classical geographer, LeilaniLad, Philip Trueman, Rkt2312, TXiKiBoT, Eddie6705, Bellwars, Schlammbad, Hashman420, Malljaja, Miranda,
Anonymous Dissident, Ripeugenedebs, Charlesdrakew, Sammybhushan, Piperh, Champsdfw, Martin451, Der Wolf im Wald, Chay dud,
CanOfWorms, HarryBa, Thedarkhawk, Mkpumphrey, PDFbot, Bentley4, Luuva, Yaan, TaborG, Mwilso24, Baxterguy, Complex (de),
GiZiBoNG, 2112 rush, Loco4240, Belamp, Sexyguy44, Synthebot, Oleanna1104, Frenty456, Le Fou, Anarchovegan, Sue Rangell, AlleborgoBot, Symane, Portia327, Logan, Rwyeoa, Uncle Scrooge, 1988ja, GirasoleDE, Michellecrisp, EJF, Romuald Wrblewski, Thucydides of Thrace, SieBot, Pbponvho, Tresiden, LarsHolmberg, Eoghan888, BotMultichill, Winchelsea, Gerakibot, YourEyesOnly, Dawn
Bard, Caltas, Weygre, Triwbe, Yintan, Barliner, Purbo T, TorLillqvist, Happysailor, Flyer22, Kcuello, Aara5250123, Arbor to SJ, Ventur, Hxhbot, Momo san, Matthewedwards, Herthaner93, JSpung, PabDab, Ljpernic, Mileeast, Oxymoron83, Harry, Rhcastilhos, Polounit,
Lightmouse, SH84, Twoshirou, BenoniBot, Nilankapieris, Maelgwnbot, WikiLaurent, Verdadero, Markrushmore, Kesselring88, Amazonien, Aceman9188, ImageRemovalBot, JamesBaine, Faithlessthewonderboy, Atif.t2, Sfan00 IMG, ClueBot, LAX, Tmol42, PipepBot,
Bernard Ladenthin, The Thing That Should Not Be, Wikilikedl, Diamondage, Meekywiki, Drmies, Sevilledade, Mild Bill Hiccup, A.Savin,
Uncle Milty, SuperHamster, Schoeld797, Karanime, Imperium Europeum, Niceguyedc, Hthomasc, P. S. Burton, Patrick Sanders, Neverquick, CharlieRCD, Secret (renamed), Cirt, Carodejnik, DragonBot, Shayan183!, Excirial, Hamilton365, Jusdafax, Eeekster, Viipuri,
Ziko, Whiskasisakitten, Jotterbot, JamieS93, Michael.palomino-at-gmx.ch, Dekisugi, BOTarate, DanSchultz, John Paul Parks, Bowl2021,
Thingg, Halgin, DerBorg, DoctorEric, Natyuyyyx, Sir James D, A.h. king, Life of Riley, XLinkBot, Freddie72, Fastily, Colors99, Roxy
the dog, Nathan Johnson, Koumz, Thinem, Burningview, Swift as an Eagle, Sir Sputnik, Rockybiggs, TFOWR, WikHead, Wjw0111,
Mm40, JinJian, Feierabend, Madi013, KJohansson, Good Olfactory, Mjfv, Vanished user 352535, Stealman, Spelled word, Mjd666, Some
jerk on the Internet, Atethnekos, Hubschrauber729, Njaelkies Lea, Laurinavicius, Noozgroop, Sebastian scha., FDT, Ferozfaza, Download, CarsracBot, PranksterTurtle, Alandeus, The Boy With A Torn In His Side, Debresser, LemmeyBOT, LinkFA-Bot, Tsange, Lyaios,
Tassedethe, Numbo3-bot, Tstitz87, Ondewelle, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Sindinero, Skyaxx, Steak, MuZemike, Frmatt, Angrysockhop, Ben
Ben, Legobot, Jwnabd, Luckas-bot, Yobot, O Fenian, TaBOT-zerem, House1630, Yngvadottir, Jnivekk, G. Capo, Kahn Souphanousinphone, Sinep gib groot, Nallimbot, Reenem, QueenCake, KamikazeBot, Hemi1608, Alexrk2, IW.HG, Ghurabadeen, TreadingWater,
Synchronism, Grammar777g, ZapThunderstrike, Starbois, AnomieBOT, Lucki19, 1exec1, Paralympic, BsBsBs, Jim1138, Galoubet, AdjustShift, Thesunrise1983, Kingpin13, Ulric1313, Bluerasberry, Mahmudmasri, Materialscientist, Alagemo, Biglatrell, OllieFury, NoSync,
Bob Burkhardt, SeventhHell, Rczimler, PhilaRegion1062, ArthurBot, Quebec99, Pio Box, LilHelpa, Obersachsebot, Xqbot, TinucherianBot II, Texmon, Beenjuity, ChildofMidnight, Ulf Heinsohn, Gensanders, Aribfes, DSisyphBot, Topworld International, Clubtransmediale,
Tukogbani, MGA73, Petropoxy (Lithoderm Proxy), Jane McCann, Pariiiisssian, Benw1212, Coltsfan, RibotBOT, SDKmac, SebastianHellmann, Doulos Christos, Jdude2007, GhalyBot, Shadowjams, Katalla, Hornymanatee, Gamer12895, H. Jonat, Antman100, Chainmaster,
FrescoBot, LucienBOT, Remotelysensed, Paine Ellsworth, Hucknn1, Tobby72, Lothar von Richthofen, JenRa, One Way Motorway,
Henrys931, Princeali95, Peterzier, Tegel, Askalan, M2545, Jakmcd, Wireless Keyboard, HamburgerRadio, Bert166, OgreBot, Amplitude101, Steez4, Hataylibo31, Greo0, Wow Scotland !, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Abani79, Elockid, HRoestBot, Voz7, LinDrug,
Venerable Train, Emanuilsabotinov, Only green 2, ElNuevoEinstein, Jeppiz, TadWohlrapp, Horst-schlaemma, Tim1357, Megaman7de,
FoxBot, TobeBot, Verpacker Ing., Melthamman, Sakhani, Samantha1102, Vadiaa, Lotje, Afhaalchinees, Teddycom, Dinamik-bot, Vrenator, Extra999, Bigbossfarin, Reaper Eternal, Snoozlepet, GGT, Jerd10, Robert Clausen, Diannaa, Theologiae, Berlininlondon, IRISZOOM, Innotata, Tbhotch, Reach Out to the Truth, FritzPaulVater, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Jamiegoddard4, Goodshope, Stephreef, FranceMens, Mean as custard, RjwilmsiBot, Toby2020, TjBot, Barry567, Collinsafag, Ripchip Bot, TimeClock871, Peaceworld111, Cherrypop09, Infernet, Ekonontheekonon, Greatgreenwhale, Username4322, DASHBot, Will-i-am558, Totti76, Andyrom75, Albarno, EmausBot, Paavo273, Daleydavies, Sir Arthur Williams, John of Reading, Acather96, WikitanvirBot, Immunize, Gfoley4, Heil Hellwig! Fhrer
und Wikikanzler, Eppukoo, Dewritech, Lhoaxt, Improver 03 04, RA0808, Kilon22, Wadsworth57, Bobmoney711, 4meter4, Jkadavoor,
KarlMathiessen, Marrante, Sp33dyphil, FinnishDriver, Maturion, Jim Michael, Tommy2010, Karlos87, 1brettsnyder, Dfeldt97, Ahm922,
ZroBot, Josve05a, Dolphin Jedi, Dolovis, John Paul Jones 34, Shuipzv3, Inhakito, Raymond in der englischen Ausgabe, Daniela Valjan, , Subtropical-man, H3llBot, IIIraute, SporkBot, Gz33, Rcsprinter123, TransientAircraft, DeJaVu921, Pun, Orange Suede
Sofa, Crazyneeds2010, ChuispastonBot, MeganHernandez (WMF), Gnesener1900, Polli1233, Boysporting, LZ6387, Kantianer, Mjbmrbot, Berlin 11011, ClueBot NG, Squarrels, Jopug, Michaelmas1957, Herra660, Kenpen98, Iamiyouareyou, Tke101, Maxboner, Piddisk, MusicGeek101, Worldglobal, Duke ipchart, Levin Holtkamp, Putterscotch, Alphasinus, Cntras, Mariuszkalczewiak, Blartyfarty,
Rezabot, Diruhel, Pensionero, Patriot 1992, Widr, Artystarty, Evansmith1122, Strovolos01, Helpful Pixie Bot, Hasel, Horst, Cera Nola,
Dbcook256, BG19bot, Determinate, Nachteilig, Shibbybrohan, SwedBoy, Szylla2011, Only Red, Hallows AG, Wiki13, MusikAnimal, AvocatoBot, Spieren, Metricopolus, Xakon, Midnight Green, Amolbot, Mmovchin, INTERRAILS, Zbcc, JohnnyWhonny, Meatsgains, Eio,
Marekkaleja, OPolkruikenz, Ernio48, TomeHale, Friends147, Fotoriety, Markov Vasiliy, Lefterispapi, Aresceo, , Klilidiplomus, Russianamerican1, Viveiro83, Nogoodfacts, RGloucester, Jediknightelectro1997, Lieutenant of Melkor, ClarioMax, Bushida, BattyBot, Iloverussia, TwainBot, Boeing720, Darylgolden, Davie99, Oksisane, Eruiz68, ChrisGualtieri, 22dragon22burn, Avda-berlin, Comatmebro, SarahMollnar, Dogatron451, SD5bot, Soulparadox, Nirvana101, Pterosaurus Rex, APerson, Mr. Kruzkin 18, Femanulix, Konign6,
Dexbot, Rezonansowy, Indiasummer95, JKBay, Reverend Mick man34, Aditya Mahar, Charles Essie, Ssbbplayer, TwoTwoHello, Casual, Lugia2453, Boof25, Zagraba, Johnny1744, Mr. Kruzkin 17, Jhaxelxy75, Princelyddd, Toga1962, Solarislv, DavidPKendal, JustAMuggle, Knut.polarbear, Anulf12, QatarStarsLeague, SnrRailways, Bottweiser, Super127, Happyhappyfunfun, Hashtablakoo2000, Vanamonde93, PlanetEditor, Chosenone(1)1, Eyesnore, Inglok, FoxyOrange, Alexandre Candalaft, Derptheherp, Tentinator, Berlin -the place
ro be, French Achilles Last Stand, Lindenhurst Liberty, Lorrio, Ac2k, Decentman12, Kuyi123w, Harrongorman, BigCat82, Svobi1966,
Serten, HelloKittyDude, Ray Lightyear, Jbobbink, JohanahoJ, Zinoural, Blurred203, Feedthepope, Navarrevisca, Lolcats789, Msviolin,
Carter12345, WikUzytkownik, Splagelouf, Monkbot, TheMetaphorer, Ghs7h, Your Loving Whore, Chrissperl, Sgbrimer, Git2000, BellevueLove, Reliablesource420, Ouahgorhsg, Rejennn, Mr.coolig, Bre04, Lindy Flow, Connaught4, Jamessux and Anonymous: 2291

13.2

Images

File:Air_Berlin_Boeing_737-700;_D-ABBT@TXL;31.12.2012_685ap_(8438321804).jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Air_Berlin_Boeing_737-700%3B_D-ABBT%40TXL%3B31.12.2012_685ap_%288438321804%29.jpg
License: CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors: Air Berlin Boeing 737-700; D-ABBT@TXL;31.12.2012/685ap Original artist: Aero Icarus from
Zrich, Switzerland
File:Alte_Nationalgalerie_abends_(Zuschnitt).jpg

Source:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Alte_

26

13

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Nationalgalerie_abends_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thomas Wolf,
www.foto-tw.de

File:Arms_of_Bucharest.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Arms_of_Bucharest.svg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: File:Stema municipiu bucuresti.svg Original artist: Zorlot
File:BER-Destinations.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/BER-Destinations.png License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: CellarDoor85 (Robert Aehnelt)
File:Baden_Groes_Landeswappen_1947-1952.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Baden_Gro%
C3%9Fes_Landeswappen_1947-1952.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Please edit this les description and provide a proper
source.
HELP: (1) The picture claims to show an original insignia. Own work is therefor no proper source. The provided source doesn't show an original depiction
nor an orinal description and is probably POV (point of view). (2) For coat of arms please use the blason and/or the picture of an original interpretation
of the blason to provide an adequate source, but at least one or more refernces to literature. (3) If this depiction is a derivative of other picture(s) please use
the template Template:Derived from to avoid sequence errors to make this work more transparent for other users and to avoid an infringement of the
copyright licence of the pictures this one is derived from. In some cases it also might be polite to name the author of those pictures, in other cases it might be
obligatory. Thank you for your great work. Original artist: Fornax

File:Berlin,_Kreuzberg,_Axel-Springer-Strasse_56,_Axel-Springer-Hochhaus_01.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/
License:
wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Berlin%2C_Kreuzberg%2C_Axel-Springer-Strasse_56%2C_Axel-Springer-Hochhaus_01.jpg
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Beek100
File:Berlin,_Kreuzberg,_Chamissoplatz_4,_Mietshaus.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Berlin%
2C_Kreuzberg%2C_Chamissoplatz_4%2C_Mietshaus.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Beek100
File:Berlin3.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Berlin3.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own
work Original artist: Boris Vasiljev (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Boris_Vasiljev' title='User talk:Boris Vasiljev'>talk</a>)
File:Berlin_Adlershof_Wista_Bessy.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Berlin_Adlershof_Wista_
Bessy.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Berlin_Downtown_Friedrichstrae.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Berlin_Downtown_
Friedrichstra%C3%9Fe.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dl.mooz
File:Berlin_HKW_Mitte.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Berlin_HKW_Mitte.jpg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Berlin_Montage_4.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Berlin_Montage_4.jpg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: File:Berlin - Schloss-Charlottenburg.jpg by Lestath Original artist: see above

File:Berlin_Subdivisions.svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Berlin_Subdivisions.svg
LiOriginal artist:
cense: Public domain Contributors: This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator.
TUBS<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:TUBS' title='User talk:TUBS'><img alt='Email Silk.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Email_Silk.svg/15px-Email_Silk.
File:Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_Victoria_Hotel_um_1900.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/
Berlin_Unter_den_Linden_Victoria_Hotel_um_1900.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original image: Photochrom print (color
photo lithograph)
Reproduction number: LC-DIG-ppmsca-00340 from Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Photochrom Prints Collection
Original artist: Unknown
File:Berlin_hauptbahnhof_no_2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Berlin_hauptbahnhof_no_2.jpg
License: CC-BY-2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: janine pohl (jacoon)
File:Berlin_in_Germany_and_EU.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Berlin_in_Germany_and_EU.
png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: de:file:Deutschland karte nonum.gif by de:Benutzer:Jack the shark Original artist: User:
Athinaios
File:Berlin_marathon.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Berlin_marathon.jpg License: CC-BY-3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: KJohansson
File:Berlin_mitte_spreebogenpark_blick_auf_charite_10.08.2011_13-31-03.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/1/15/Berlin_mitte_spreebogenpark_blick_auf_charite_10.08.2011_13-31-03.JPG License: CC-BY-3.0 Contributors: Own
work Original artist: Dirk Ingo Franke
File:Berlin_night.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Berlin_night.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/ktz/59433562/ Original artist: Robert Debowski
File:Berlin_population2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Berlin_population2.svg License: CC0
Contributors: Berlin_population.svg <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin_population.svg' class='image'><img alt='Berlin
population.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Berlin_population.svg/50px-Berlin_population.svg.png'
width='50' height='25' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Berlin_population.svg/75px-Berlin_population.
svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Berlin_population.svg/100px-Berlin_population.svg.png 2x'
data-le-width='800' data-le-height='400' /></a>
Original artist: Berlin_population.svg: Gorgo
File:Berlin_potsdamer_platz_db_haus_atnight.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Berlin_
potsdamer_platz_db_haus_atnight.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: janine pohl
File:Berliner_Dom_Spreeinsel.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Berliner_Dom_Spreeinsel.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dnsob
File:Berliner_Olympiastadion_night_2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Berliner_Olympiastadion_
night_2.jpg License: CC-BY-3.0 Contributors:

13.2

Images

27

Berliner_Olympiastadion_night.jpg Original artist: Berliner_Olympiastadion_night.jpg: Tobi 87

File:Berlinermauer.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Berlinermauer.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Bethanien06.jpg
Original artist: Noir
File:Blason_La_Fert-Gaucher.svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Blason_La_Fert%C3%
A9-Gaucher.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Blason_de_Dublin.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Blason_de_Dublin.svg License: CC-BY-SA3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 Contributors: dessin personnel (own work) Original artist: Spedona
File:Blason_de_Madrid.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Blason_de_Madrid.svg License: CC-BYSA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: SanchoPanzaXXI
File:Blason_paris_75.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Blason_paris_75.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Blason_ville_si_Ljubljana_(Slovnie).svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Blason_ville_si_
Ljubljana_%28Slov%C3%A9nie%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 Contributors: Own work, based upon Uradni list (Ocial
Gazette), No. 32/2012 Original artist: User:DancingPhilosopher
File:Brandenburg_Wappen.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Brandenburg_Wappen.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Landtag des Landes Brandenburg [1] Original artist: David Liuzzo
File:Brandenburger_Tor_morgens.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Brandenburger_Tor_morgens.
jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thomas Wolf, www.foto-tw.de
File:Bremen_Wappen(Mittel).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Bremen_Wappen%28Mittel%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: Mittleres_Wappen_Bremen.png on Wikimedia Commons Original artist: David Liuzzo
File:Cityscape_Berlin.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Cityscape_Berlin.jpg License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thomas Wolf, www.foto-tw.de
File:Coa_Hungary_Town_Budapest.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Coa_Hungary_Town_
Budapest.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Madboy74
File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.
svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Christian Bier (talk contribs)
File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Riga_small.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Coat_of_Arms_of_Riga_small.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.rigassvetki.lv/2010/uploads/file/files/WWW_Buklets_A3_LV.pdf Original artist:
Unknown
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Baden-Wrttemberg_(lesser).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Coat_of_
arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_%28lesser%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Berlin.svg Source:
cense: Public domain Contributors:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_Berlin.svg Li-

Gelb HKS 4 (RGB 255-201-0, #c900, Umrechnungstabelle Druckfarben + Screenfarben) Original artist: Ottfried Neubecker
(19081992) <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Creator:Ottfried_Neubecker' title='Link back to Creator infobox template'><img alt='Link back to Creator infobox template' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.
svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png' width='15' height='15' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/
23px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/30px-Blue_pencil.svg.png
2x' data-le-width='600' data-le-height='600' /></a> <a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70824' title='wikidata:Q70824'><img
alt='wikidata:Q70824'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20' height='11' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050'
data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Coat_of_
arms_of_Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.berlin.de/sen/inneres/hoheitszeichen/index.
html Original artist: Unknown
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hamburg.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Hamburg.svg
License: Public domain Contributors:
Heraldry of the world Original artist: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: PDF-yer Stand der Reform der Landesverwaltung direct link to le Original artist:
diese Datei konvertiert: Madden
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_
Saxony.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.niedersachsen.de/live/live.php?navigation_id=6865&article_id=19957&
_psmand=1000 Original artist: Gustav Vlker
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_(great).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/
74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: PDF le Original artist:
Bundesland Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
File:Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westfalia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Coat_of_arms_
of_North_Rhine-Westfalia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: taken from PDF le on www.landtag.nrw.de, 2008-10-05 converted
by User:Madden Original artist: Wappenentwurf (1947): Wolfgang Pagenstecher fr das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen

28

13

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_

Rhineland-Palatinate.svg License: Public domain Contributors: PDF le Original artist: Land Rheinland-Pfalz
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Wappen entnommen aus dem Landessignet Sachsens - Variante 2 - von der oziellen Internetseite. Siehe sachsen.de - Geschichte (2006Feb-25) Original artist: Freistaat Sachsen; House of Wettin
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_
Schleswig-Holstein.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sofia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Coat_of_arms_of_Sofia.svg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work, and File:BG_Sofia_coa.svg Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_
Gold.png License: Public domain Contributors: redraw (Arz) Original artist: Arz
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Zagreb.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Zagreb.svg License: Public domain Contributors: THE CITY OF ZAGREB - EMBLEM AND FLAG Original artist: original unknown, SVG: User:Justass
File:Coat_of_arms_of_borough_Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/
Coat_of_arms_of_borough_Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
www.berlin.de Original artist:
diese Datei: Jwnabd
File:Coat_of_arms_of_borough_Lichtenberg.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Coat_of_arms_of_
borough_Lichtenberg.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
www.berlin.de Original artist:
diese Datei: Jwnabd
File:Coat_of_arms_of_borough_Marzahn-Hellersdorf.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Coat_of_
arms_of_borough_Marzahn-Hellersdorf.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
www.berlin.de Original artist:
diese Datei: Jwnabd
File:Coat_of_arms_of_borough_Mitte.svg Source:
borough_Mitte.svg License: Public domain Contributors:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Coat_of_arms_of_

www.berlin.de Original artist:

diese Datei: Jwnabd
File:Coat_of_arms_of_borough_Neukoelln.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Coat_of_arms_of_
borough_Neukoelln.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
www.berlin.de Original artist:
diese Datei: Jwnabd
File:Coat_of_arms_of_borough_Pankow.svg Source:
borough_Pankow.svg License: Public domain Contributors:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Coat_of_arms_of_

www.berlin.de Original artist:

Wappenentwurf: Jrg Mantzsch
File:Coat_of_arms_of_borough_Reinickendorf.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Coat_of_arms_
of_borough_Reinickendorf.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
www.berlin.de Original artist:
diese Datei: Jwnabd
File:Coat_of_arms_of_borough_Spandau.svg Source:
borough_Spandau.svg License: Public domain Contributors:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Coat_of_arms_of_

www.berlin.de Original artist:

diese Datei: Jwnabd
File:Coat_of_arms_of_borough_Steglitz-Zehlendorf.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Coat_of_
arms_of_borough_Steglitz-Zehlendorf.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
www.berlin.de Original artist:
diese Datei: Jwnabd
File:Coat_of_arms_of_borough_Tempelhof-Schoeneberg.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Coat_
of_arms_of_borough_Tempelhof-Schoeneberg.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
www.berlin.de Original artist:
diese Datei: Jwnabd

13.2

Images

29

File:Coat_of_arms_of_borough_Treptow-Koepenick.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Coat_of_

arms_of_borough_Treptow-Koepenick.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
www.berlin.de Original artist:
diese Datei: Jwnabd
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg Source:
Berlin_color.svg License: Public domain Contributors:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_

Farbgebung nach Vorgabe des Landesarchivs Berlin: Rot HKS 12 (RGB 243-59-29, #f33b1d, Umrechnungstabelle Druckfarben + Screenfarben) Original artist:
Ottfried Neubecker (19081992) <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Creator:
Ottfried_Neubecker' title='Link back to Creator infobox template'><img alt='Link back to Creator infobox template'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png'
width='15'
height='15'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/23px-Blue_pencil.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/30px-Blue_pencil.svg.png
2x'
data-le-width='600'
data-le-height='600' /></a> <a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70824' title='wikidata:Q70824'><img alt='wikidata:Q70824'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20'
height='11'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050'
data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:CurryWurst.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/CurryWurst.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Julio Costa Zambelli
File:D-ABMC_(8629266400)_(2).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/D-ABMC_%288629266400%
29_%282%29.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors: D-ABMC Original artist: Bjrn from Niedersachsen /lower saxony
File:EU_Member_States{}_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/EU_
Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work, File:Coat of arms of the European
Union.svg Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: ? Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Belgium.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Van den Bussche, E., Chief of Protocol, Belgian Federal Department of the Interior (2008) Noble Belgique, Mre chrie LE PROTOCOLE EN BELGIQUE (PROTOCOL IN BELGIUM), Heule: Editions UGA ISBN: 9789067689359. Original artist: Dbenbenn and
others
File:Flag_of_Berlin.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Gesetz ber die Hoheitszeichen des Landes Berlin. Vom 13. Mai 1954. (PDF, 61.511 Bytes)
Original artist:
diese Datei: Jwnabd
File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_
Herzegovina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kseferovic
File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: The ag of Bulgaria. The colors are specied at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&n=
000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317 Original artist: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman,
R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370,
<a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MaGa'
title='User:MaGa'>Ma</a><a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif'
class='image'><img
alt='Croatian
squares
Ljubicic.gif'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif/15px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif'
width='15'
height='15'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif/23px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif/30px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.gif
2x' data-le-width='202' data-le-height='202' /></a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MaGa' title='User
talk:MaGa'>Ga</a> (based on Decision of the Parliament)
File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
File based on the specication given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi,
User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?

30

13

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_German_Reich_(19351945).svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_German_
Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fornax
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: ? Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)
File:Flag_of_Greece_(1822-1978).svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_
%281822-1978%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) User:Makaristos
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: From http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/cir/o_skupstini/simboli/simboli.asp. Original artist: sodipodi.com
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color guidelines
(Russian/English) This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/law/vi/1951_to_1960/1955/195511/195511300001 http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/
Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=820 Original artist: Lu Ly v li theo ngun trn
File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1955-1980).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_
Union_%281955-1980%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: self-made from Image:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg using background color from Image:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg Original artist: Cmapm
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: ?
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Franzoesischer_Dom_-_Festival_of_Lights_2011.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/
Franzoesischer_Dom_-_Festival_of_Lights_2011.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Avda
File:Freie_Universitaet_Berlin_-_Gebaeudekomplex_Rost-_und_Silberlaube.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/4/43/Freie_Universitaet_Berlin_-_Gebaeudekomplex_Rost-_und_Silberlaube.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Friedrich_Zweite_Alt.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Friedrich_Zweite_Alt.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Originally uploaded to de.wikipedia (All user names refer to de.wikipedia):
Original artist: Anton Gra
File:Giraffe-berlin-zoo.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Giraffe-berlin-zoo.jpg License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Adamantios
File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Flo Beck
File:Helsinki.vaakuna.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Helsinki.vaakuna.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Uploaded by Ningyou Original artist: Drawn by Ningyou

13.2

Images

31

File:Humboldt_monument.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Humboldt_monument.jpg License: CCBY-2.0 Contributors: Berlin - Humbold-Universitt Original artist: Rudi Heim from Hannover, Germany
File:ICC_Funkturm_Berlin.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/ICC_Funkturm_Berlin.jpg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bleppo
File:In_Berghain.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/In_Berghain.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.01.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Marcheur1976
File:Insigne_Romanum.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Insigne_Romanum.svg License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Insigne_Varsoviae.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Insigne_Varsoviae.svg License: CC-BY-SA2.5 Contributors: File:POL Warszawa COA.svg Original artist: Poznaniak
File:Ishtar_Gate_at_Berlin_Museum.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Ishtar_Gate_at_Berlin_
Museum.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/24065742@N00/151247206/ Original artist: Rictor
Norton
File:Jewishmuseumberlin2007.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Jewishmuseumberlin2007.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Lear 21 at en.wikipedia. Later
version(s) were uploaded by Angr at en.wikipedia.
File:Journalists_during_the_Berlin_Film_Festival_in_2008.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/
Journalists_during_the_Berlin_Film_Festival_in_2008.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/bigarnex/
2257842669/sizes/l/in/photostream/ Original artist: Arnold Fang
File:Kirchner_1913_Street,_Berlin.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Kirchner_1913_Street%2C_
Berlin.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Klaus_Wowereit_2012-02-24.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Klaus_Wowereit_2012-02-24.
jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Superbass
File:Landessymbol_Freistaat_Bayern.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Landessymbol_Freistaat_
Bayern.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Bayerisches Staatsministerium des Innern; http://www.stmi.bayern.de/buerger/staat/
wappen/detail/05762/index.php Original artist: Freistaat Bayern
File:Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_The_City_of_London.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Lesser_
Coat_of_Arms_of_The_City_of_London.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work, File:Coat_of_Arms_of_The_City_of_
London.svg Original artist: Ssolbergj, Sodacan
File:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Lesser_coat_of_arms_
of_Copenhagen.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work based on: File:Kbenhavns byvben 1894.png Original artist:
Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg: *Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Brussels.svg: S. Solberg J. and autors of source les
File:Lisbonne_blason.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Lisbonne_blason.png License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MicheletB
File:Live8_berlin_publikum.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Live8_berlin_publikum.jpg License:
CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Luftbild_bln-schmoeckwitz.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Luftbild_bln-schmoeckwitz.jpg
License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Matthias Renner (Marathoni62)
File:Merchant_flag_of_Japan_(1870).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Merchant_flag_of_Japan_
%281870%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: kahusi - <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Kahusi' title='User
talk:Kahusi'>(Talk)</a>'s le Original artist: kahusi - <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Kahusi' title='User talk:
Kahusi'>(Talk)</a>
File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist:
?
File:Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: This image is available from Library and Archives Canada under the reproduction reference number PA140126 and under the MIKAN ID number 3191705
Original artist: Michael M. Dean (Canada. Dept. of National Defence/Ministre de la dfense nationale)
File:Praha_CoA_CZ_small.svg Source:
Public domain Contributors:
Original artist: Petr Dlouh

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Praha_CoA_CZ_small.svg License:

File:PrefSymbol-Tokyo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/PrefSymbol-Tokyo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Pmx
File:Rattle_BPH-Rittershaus1-Wikipedia.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Rattle_
BPH-Rittershaus1-Wikipedia.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: The permission to use this work has been archived in the
Wikimedia OTRS system. Full documentation is available only to OTRS volunteers as ticket #2009070810025831. If you wish to reuse
this work elsewhere, please read the instructions at COM:REUSE. If you are a Commons user and wish to conrm the permission, please
leave a note at the OTRS noticeboard. Original artist: Monika Rittershaus / per OTRS
File:Schloss_Charlottenburg_2005_282.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Schloss_Charlottenburg_
2005_282.JPG License: CC-BY-2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Norbert Aepli, Switzerland (User:Noebu)
File:Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg
Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg License:
A.Savin (userpage contact)

Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/
CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:

32

13

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Speaker_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:States_of_Germany.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg License: CC-BYSA-2.0-de Contributors: Image:Karte Bundesrepublik Deutschland.svg Original artist: Escondites
File:Stockholm_vapen_bra.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Stockholm_vapen_bra.svg License: CCBY-SA-2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Koyos
File:Tashkent_emblem.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Tashkent_emblem.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Thefalloftheberlinwall1989.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Thefalloftheberlinwall1989.JPG
License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Original photo by unknown author. Reproduction from public documentation/memorial by Lear 21
Original artist: Unknown photographer, Reproduction by Lear 21
File:US_flag_45_stars.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/US_flag_45_stars.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:US_flag_48_stars.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/US_flag_48_stars.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Visit-suomi-2009-05-by-RalfR-014.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/
Visit-suomi-2009-05-by-RalfR-014.jpg License: GFDL 1.2 Contributors: Own work; de:User:Ralf Roletschek, Fahrradmonteur.de
Original artist: Marcela (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ralf_Roletschek' title='User talk:Ralf Roletschek'>talk</a>)
File:Wapen_Amsterdam.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Wapen_Amsterdam.svg License: Public
domain Contributors:
Original artist:
File:Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg License: Public domain Contributors: PDF-Broschre Das Wappen des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt Original artist: Land Sachsen-Anhalt
File:Wappen_Wuerttemberg-Baden.svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Wappen_
Wuerttemberg-Baden.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: drawing by kjunix using Image:Wappen
Wuerttemberg-Baden.png as sample.
File:Wappen_Wuerttemberg-Hohenzollern.svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Wappen_
Wuerttemberg-Hohenzollern.svg License: Public domain Contributors: drawing by kjunix, using http://www.s-line.de/homepages/
m-ebener/Besatzungslaender-n-200.jpg as a sample. Original artist:
File:Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Fahnen Kssinger: Flaggenkatalog 2012, Seite 37
Original artist: Entwurf vom Landesarchiv Saarbrcken fr das Saarland
File:Wien_Wappen.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Wien_Wappen.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Flag of Wien (state).svg on Wikimedia Commons Original artist: David Sebastian Liuzzo, Murraybuckley
File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al.
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors:
Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Snorky
File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AleXXw
File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk contribs), based
on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber
File:ZLB-Berliner_Ansichten-Januar.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/ZLB-Berliner_
Ansichten-Januar.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Scanned by the Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin (ZLB) Original
artist: J. M. F. Schmidt
File:ber_den_Dchern_von_Berlin.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/%C3%9Cber_den_D%C3%
A4chern_von_Berlin.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bleppo

13.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0