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Comp2041 W1

The document discusses various Linux commands and filters for manipulating text streams. It covers commands like ls, cat, head, tail, grep, tr, and regular expressions. Key points include: ls | wc counts the number of files, lines, and characters in a directory; head/tail can be used to view the beginning/end of files; grep with options like -i and -v can search files ignoring case or showing non-matching lines; tr can transliterate characters; and regular expressions use symbols like * and . to match patterns.

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136 views3 pages

Comp2041 W1

The document discusses various Linux commands and filters for manipulating text streams. It covers commands like ls, cat, head, tail, grep, tr, and regular expressions. Key points include: ls | wc counts the number of files, lines, and characters in a directory; head/tail can be used to view the beginning/end of files; grep with options like -i and -v can search files ignoring case or showing non-matching lines; tr can transliterate characters; and regular expressions use symbols like * and . to match patterns.

Uploaded by

EmmaYoung
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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# Introduction

-------------Lab exercises (10%)


Two assignments (30%)
Exam (60%) - must pass exam + solve two of the programming questions
# Reading Material
-----------------The Practice of Programming - Kernighan & Pike
Code Complete (2ed) - McConnell
Learning Perl (5ed) = Schwartz, Phoenix & Foy
Unix Shell Programming - Kochgan & Wood 2003
# Filters
--------"filter": program that transforms a data stream
# argc
-----If argc == 1, then there are no command line arguments
# Interrupt Program
------------------Ctrl + C will stop program
# Standard Input
---------------This is a stream of bytes coming into your program.
# significance of ? in command line
----------------------------------i.e. wc hp?.txt
This will count for files hp1.txt, hp2.txt, hp5.txt, etc.
# Using Filters
--------------If no files are given in command line, then the filter reads from standard input
.
To read from file data1:
filter data1
OR
filter < data1
To read from multiple files:
filter data1 data2 data3
To read from data1, standard input (stdin), then data2:
filter data1 - data2
Filter options introduced by a "-":
They have a "short" form (-v) and a "long" form (-verbose)

Short forms can usually be combined (-av vs -a -v)


--help or -? often give list of all command-line options
To find out what filters are available: apropos keyword
### Lecture Two
===============
## ls | wc
---------Using "word counter" filter on directory
Will show number of files in directory, number of lines,
and number of characters in file names
## cat | cat | etc...
--------------------Put "hello" into stdin and "hello" will be printed out.
## head/tail
-----------Head copies first 10 lines of input, and tail last 10 lines.
ls|head -3
will provide you with first three files in directory
tail -2 wc.c
will provide you with last two lines in wc.c file
head -1000 file.c|tail -1
will provide you with the 1000th line in the file.c
## egrep
-------Grep is case-sensitive. To ignore case, go "egrep -i"
"-v" will display lines that do not match the pattern
egrep Wool text.c
Will provide you with all lines with a mention of "Wool" in it
egrep -i Sheep hp?.txt|egrep Harry
Will find lines with sheep and harry in it (non case-sensitive).
egrep Andrew
Will repeat back any stdin lines with "Andrew" in them
egrep -i computing course_codes | egrep -v COMP | wc
Will provide all courses with computing (non case sensitive)
as well as anything without COMP and number of lines (first number)
egrep '\|' test
to find lines containing "|" using egrep in file "test"
egrep 'Ron and Hermione' hp?.txt | wc.c
Will provide number of times this phrase is in a line in hp texts

## tr: transliterate characters

------------------------------tr 'sourceChars' 'destChars' < someText


Will convert text char by char (not permanently)
tr 'abc' '123' < someText where someText is a-z:
123defghijkl...etc.
will convert all a's to 1 and all b's to 2
shorthands available: 'a-z', 'A-Z', '0-9', 'a-e'
if no corresponding character (destChars is smaller than sourceChars)
last char in destChars is used
-c
-s
-d

map all characters not occurring in sourceChars (complement)


squeeze adjacent repeated characters out (only copy the first)
delete all characters in sourceChars (no destChars)

## Regular Expressions
---------------------A 'regular expression' (regexp) defines a set of strings.
Characters which have special meanings (* [ ^) can be avoided by
escaping them with \
## Regular Expressions Basics
----------------------------p* denotes zero or more repetitions of p
egrep 'ab*c'
a, followed by any number of b`s, followed by c
Back will work, abbc, will work, etc.
A dot matches any single character
egrep 'a.c'
a, followed by any letter, followed by c
e.g. abc, adc, aec
egrep 'Hermione.*Ron' hp?.txt
Hermione followed by any number of characters, followed by Ron.

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