SECOND DIVISION

[G.R. No. 158002. February 28, 2005]

SPOUSES AURORA N. DE PEDRO and ELPIDIO DE PEDRO, petitioners, vs. ROMASAN
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION and MANUEL KO, respondents.
DECISION
CALLEJO, SR., J.:
This is a petition for review on certiorari of the Court of Appeals Decision[1] in CA-G.R. CV No.
68424 dated November 29, 2002, as well as its Resolution dated April 11, 2003 denying the motion for
reconsideration thereof. The assailed decision affirmed the trial courts order dismissing the
petitioners complaint for damages.
This case proceeded from the following antecedents:
On December 1, 1997, petitioner spouses Aurora and Elpidio de Pedro filed a Complaint for Damages
with Prayer for Preliminary Injunction against respondents Romasan Development Corporation and
Manuel Ko. The complaint stated, inter alia, that the spouses De Pedro were the registered owners
of a parcel of land in Barangay San Isidro, now Barangay Inarawan, Antipolo, Rizal, with an area of
50,000 square meters, covered and described in Original Certificate of Title (OCT) No. P-691,
issued by the Register of Deeds of Marikina City, Metro Manila on March 26, 1992; that they had
been continuously paying the real estate taxes on the said property; that sometime in January
1997, the respondents started putting up a barbed-wire fence on the perimeter of the adjacent
property; and that in the course of such construction, the petitioners farm house was destroyed
and bamboos and other trees were cut.[2]
The complaint further alleged that the respondents made claims that the petitioners farm house
and the trees were built and planted on a portion of the adjacent property owned by the
respondents. The respondents then prevented and refused to allow the petitioners and their
families to enter the property, through security guards. The respondents, likewise, threatened to
clear the trees and scrape the area owned by the petitioners with the use of a bulldozer. The petitioners
also alleged that as a consequence of the illegal and wrongful acts of the respondents, they suffered
actual damages and incurred expenses; as such, they were entitled to moral and exemplary damages,
and expenses of litigation and attorneys fees.[3]
On June 16, 1998, the respondents filed their Answer to the complaint, alleging therein that the
respondent corporation was the owner of the land as evidenced by Transfer Certificate of Title
(TCT) No. 236044 which was issued by the Register of Deeds on March 5, 1993. By fencing the
property in order to determine its metes and bounds, the respondent corporation merely exercised its
rights of ownership over the property. The respondents further maintained that the petitioners failed to
establish the metes and bounds of the property which was claimed to have been usurped by them. A
counterclaim for damages was, likewise, interposed against the petitioners.
On September 18, 1998, the trial court issued an Order granting the joint motion of the parties to have
a relocation survey on the property in order to verify its location.[4] The survey team consisted of
Robert Pangyarihan, Chief of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Region
IV, Surveys Division as Chairman of the Survey Team;[5] Engr. Avelino L. San Buenaventura,
representing the petitioners; and Engr. Patricio Cabalo, representing the respondents.

On January 30, 1999, the survey team issued a Report on the relocation survey with the following
recommendation:
WHEREFORE, this Commission finds that OCT No. P-691 of the plaintiff overlaps TCT No. 236044
of parcel H-162341 of the defendant but finds on the contrary that this land is not the actual area that is
being claimed and occupied by the plaintiff but another parcel instead, namely H-164008. The
overlapping of titles was brought about by the double issuance of title for H-162341 but the technical
descriptions of OCT No. P-691 describing a land different from the actual occupation of the plaintiff
was a result of the defective survey.[6]
The survey team made the following findings: (1) TCT No. 236044 originated from OCT No. 438 in
the name of Marcelino Santos, which was based on a Homestead Patent. The said OCT was, in turn,
based on Plan H-162341 surveyed on March 8, 1935 and approved on June 30, 1937; (2) under the
Cadastral Map Sheet of the Lungsod Silangan Cadastre or CM 14-38 N., 121-12 E on file with the
Records Division of the DENR, Region IV, H-162341, the land covered by the said OCT was reflected
as Lot 10455; (3) OCT No. P-691, under the name of petitioner Aurora de Pedro, was based on Plan
Cad. 04-0097-63-D which was a subdivision survey of Lot 10455 of the Lungsod Silangan Cadastre;
(4) Lot 10455 was subdivided into Lots 10455-A to 10455-G; (5) Lot 10455-G was the subject of the
petitioners application for a Free Patent; and (6) the land occupied by petitioner Aurora de Pedro is
actually a portion of Lot 10454/H-164008 originally registered on July 2, 1965 under OCT No. 468
based on Homestead Patent No. 99480 under the name of Isidro Benitez.[7] The survey team further
declared that:
The nature of this case, however, is one of overlapping titles even if the erroneous technical
descriptions rectified because even while it may not fall inside the titled H-162341, the lot of Mrs. de
Pedro, et al. given the correct description of the boundary, falls inside another titled parcel under H164008. Both H-162341 and H-164008 are presently registered in the name of Romasan Development
Corporation, the defendant.
The granting of Free Patent to Mrs. de Pedro, et al. over a previously titled property is unwarranted or
can be unwittingly an act resulting in double titling by the CENRO, DENR in Antipolo City.[8]
Based on the report, the respondents filed a Manifestation/Motion to Dismiss, averring that there was
no legal or factual basis for the complaint as shown by the findings of the survey team; hence, the
petitioners had no cause of action against them.[9] The petitioners did not file any opposition to the
motion. Thus, on December 22, 1999, the trial court issued an Order granting the motion and ordering
the dismissal of the complaint on the ground that the petitioners had no cause of action.[10]
The petitioners filed a motion for reconsideration of the order, contending that (1) the findings and
conclusions of the survey team were unreliable; (2) the chairman of the team was facing criminal and
administrative charges in connection with the performance of his duties; (3) the technical description
of the property contained in OCT No. P-691 was conclusive and should prevail over the findings of the
team; and (4) the petitioners had a cause of action for damages against the respondents. According to
the petitioners, it was premature for the court to dismiss the complaint without affording them the right
to adduce their evidence on their claim for damages.[11]
The petitioners appended to their motion the counter-affidavit of Jesus Pampellona, Deputy Land
Inspector, Office of the Community Environment and Natural Resources Office in Antipolo City.
Pampellona alleged that subsequent to the application for a free patent filed by petitioner Aurora de
Pedro over Lots 10455-F and 10455-G, he conducted the required ocular inspections to determine the
truth of her claim of actual possession over the properties subject of her application. He found out that
she was in actual, public, adverse and continuous possession of the lots applied for by her, and that

they were with several improvements, like petitioner Aurora de Pedros house and several fruit-bearing
trees with an average age of 20 to 25 years. He averred that, as evidence of her ownership and
possession over the lots, petitioner Aurora de Pedro also submitted an Extrajudicial Partition with
Waiver of Rights dated May 10, 1991, executed by the heirs of Marcelino Santos, and an Affidavit of
Waiver of Rights dated June 6, 1991, which she herself executed. Pampellona declared that there was
no overlapping of claims or rights over the subject lot based on a certification from the Lands
Management Bureau of the DENR in Manila, and that there was no existing record of a previous
Homestead Application applied for by Marcelino Santos. He asserted that he secured another
Certification dated January 17, 1991 to the effect that Lot No. 10455, Mcad-585 located in San Isidro,
Antipolo, Rizal, was not covered by any public land application and there was no record of the alleged
Homestead Application 162341 under the name of Marcelino Santos. Pampellona, likewise, alleged
that respondent corporation was the ninth (9th) transferee from the alleged original registered owner,
Marcelino Santos, in whose favor OCT No. 438 Homestead Patent was issued on August 30, 1937.[12]
Also appended to the said motion for reconsideration were Certifications from the Lands Management
Bureau, stating that Plan H-164008 was not available on file despite diligent efforts in locating the
same, and that H-164008 was not listed in the EDP listing; and Certifications from the Register of
Deeds of Rizal and Marikina City that OCT No. 468 issued on July 2, 1965 was not among the records
on file with them.[13]
The respondents opposed the petitioners motion, claiming that the petitioners failed to oppose the
appointment of the chairman of the team before the relocation survey. Moreover, since according to
the report, the land claimed by the petitioners was covered by the title under the name of respondent
corporation, the petitioners claim for damages had no leg to stand on.[14]
On July 11, 2000, the trial court issued an Order denying the petitioners motion for reconsideration,
without prejudice to the filing of an appropriate action for the correction or alteration of the technical
description of the property covered by OCT No. P-691.[15]
The petitioners appealed the order to the Court of Appeals (CA). On November 29, 2002, the CA
rendered a Decision affirming the assailed orders. The CA ruled that the result of the relocation survey
has the presumption of regularity, such that it must be respected absent any clear showing that it had
been irregularly conducted by the survey team. The CA held that the petitioners had every opportunity
to question and object to the composition of the survey team before the trial court; since they failed to
do so, they cannot now be allowed to do the same on appeal. According to the CA, it could not take
judicial notice of the alleged cases filed against the chairman of the survey team since this was not one
of the matters which the courts could take judicial notice of, whether mandatory or directory.[16]
Finally, the CA ruled that the respondents could not be adjudged liable for the damages allegedly
sustained by the petitioners as a consequence of a valid and justified exercise of ownership over the
disputed property. The CA reiterated the trial courts holding that the petitioners were not barred from
filing the appropriate action where they may seek to correct whatever mistake or irregularity that their
title had.[17]
On April 11, 2003, the CA issued a Resolution denying the motion for reconsideration filed by the
petitioners; hence, this petition for review.
The petitioners rely upon the following grounds in support of their petition:
I. THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS GRAVELY ERRED AND DECIDED THE ISSUES
IN THE INSTANT CASE IN A MANNER CONTRARY TO ESTABLISHED LAW AND

JURISPRUDENCE BY HOLDING THAT THE INSTANT CASE IS A SIMPLE CASE FOR

DAMAGES.
II. THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS GRAVELY ERRED AND DECIDED THE ISSUES
IN THE INSTANT CASE IN A MANNER CONTRARY TO ESTABLISHED LAW AND
JURISPRUDENCE BY HOLDING THAT THE RESULTS OF THE PRIOR RELOCATION
SURVEY ENJOYS THE PRESUMPTION OF REGULARITY THEREBY DISPOSSESSING
PETITIONERS OF THEIR OWNERSHIP OVER THE DISPUTED PROPERTY DESPITE CLEAR
AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT:
A. THE TITLE OF PETITIONER AURORA N. DE PEDRO IS VALID AND
INDEFEASIBLE; AND
B. THE TITLE OF RESPONDENT ROMASAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION IS
DEFECTIVE.
III. THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS GRAVELY ERRED AND DECIDED THE ISSUES
IN THE INSTANT CASE IN A MANNER CONTRARY TO ESTABLISHED LAW AND
JURISPRUDENCE IN NOT RULING THAT PETITIONERS HAD BEEN DEPRIVED OF THEIR
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO COUNSEL.[18]
The petitioners maintain that petitioner Aurora de Pedro is the registered owner of the subject property
as evidenced by OCT No. P-961, and that this title is conclusive of their ownership over the same.[19]
They aver that their title cannot be the subject of a collateral attack.[20]
The petitioners contend that in contrast to their title, the title of the respondents is defective. This can
be gleaned from the certifications issued by the Lands Management Bureau attesting to the fact that
Survey Plan H-164008, under the name of the respondents does not exist and that its verification is not
listed in the EDP listing, as well as the certifications from the Register of Deeds of Rizal and Marikina
that OCT No. 468, upon which the respondents title was allegedly based, does not exist.[21]
The petitioners further posit that the relocation survey report cannot prevail over the technical
description of the property in their title. They likewise assail the relocation survey report by alleging
that Pangyarihan, the chairman of the survey team, is the respondent in a number of criminal and
administrative cases relating to the performance of his duties.[22]
The petitioners also claim that the CA mischaracterized their complaint as a complaint for damages.
They submit that their complaint is not a simple case for damages but one for the recovery of
possession over the disputed property on the strength of their ownership over the same. They blame
the ambiguity of the complaint on the inadequacies of their former counsel.[23]
Finally, the petitioners assert that they were deprived of their right to due process because their
previous counsel did not adequately defend them. They aver that their rights were prejudiced by their
former counsels negligence; hence, such negligent acts should not be binding on them.[24]
On the other hand, the respondents submit that the petitioners are now in estoppel to assail the veracity
and validity of the relocation survey report since they actively participated in its preparation.[25] They
assert that the survey report is entitled to full faith and credence as it was prepared and made by
competent persons who were appointed by the trial court, represented the parties, and were qualified to
exact a report based on their expertise.[26] They maintain that the petitioners objection to the
appointment of Pangyarihan as chairman of the survey team is a mere afterthought and they should
have objected to it from the very start.[27]

The respondents aver that since the survey report revealed that there was error in the technical
description of the petitioners property and that it was the petitioners who usurped the respondents
property, the claim for damages can no longer be sustained.[28] The private respondents also assert that
the fact that the plan and the verification of the survey plan of H-164008 do not exist in the records of
the Register of Deeds is not sufficient proof that their title is defective.[29]
Further, the respondents submit that the dismissal of the complaint was not due to the negligence of the
petitioners former counsel but was based on the result of the survey, the conduct of which was agreed
upon by the parties. Even if the former counsel of the petitioners made a mistake on how to proceed
with the case, such mistake is not so gross and is still binding on the client.[30] The respondents added
that the failure to oppose the Manifestation/Motion to Dismiss was not solely the former counsels
fault, since at the time the new counsel entered his appearance, such motion had not yet been resolved
by the trial court and the new counsel had still ample time to oppose it.[31]
The pivotal issue between the parties in the trial court is whether or not, as claimed by the petitioners
in their complaint, the subject property is a portion of the property covered by OCT No. P-691; or, as
claimed by the respondents in their answer to the complaint, whether the subject property is a portion
of the property covered by TCT No. 236044, which appears to be a portion of that property originally
registered in 1937 as gleaned from TCT No. 236044.
In contrast to the apposite claims of the parties, the Survey Team found that the subject property,
which is part of the lot actually occupied by the petitioners, is a portion of Lot 10454/H-164008 which
was originally covered by OCT No. 468 issued to Isidro Benitez, whereas the technical description of
Lot 10455-G covered by OCT No. P-691 was erroneous for being the result of a defective survey.
The resolution of the issue will involve the alteration, correction or modification either of OCT No. P691 under the name of petitioner Aurora de Pedro, or TCT No. 236044 under the name of respondent
corporation. If the subject property is found to be a portion of the property covered by OCT No. P691 but is included in the technical description of the property covered by TCT No. 236044, the latter
would have to be corrected. On the other hand, if the subject property is found to be a portion of the
property covered by TCT No. 236044 but is included in the property covered by OCT No. P-691, then
the latter title must be rectified. However, the rectification of either title may be made only via an
action filed for the said purpose,[32] conformably with Section 48 of Act No. 496, which provides:
SEC. 48. Certificate not subject to collateral attack. A certificate of title shall not be subject to
collateral attack. It cannot be altered, modified, or cancelled except in a direct proceeding in
accordance with law.
It has been held that a certificate of title, once registered, should not thereafter be impugned, altered,
changed, modified, enlarged or diminished except in a direct proceeding permitted by law.[33] The
resolution of the issue is, thus, not dependent on the report of the survey team filed in the trial court.
The action of the petitioners against the respondents, based on the material allegations of the
complaint, is one for recovery of possession of the subject property and damages. However, such
action is not a direct, but a collateral attack of TCT No. 236044.[34] Neither did the respondents directly
attack OCT No. P-691 in their answer to the complaint. Although the respondents averred in said
answer, by way of special and affirmative defenses, that the subject property is covered by TCT No.
236044 issued in the name of the respondent corporation, and as such the said respondent is entitled to
the possession thereof to the exclusion of the petitioners, such allegation does not constitute a direct
attack on OCT No. P-691, but is likewise a collateral attack thereon. Indeed, in Ybanez v. Intermediate
Appellate Court,[35] we held that:

It was erroneous for petitioners to question the Torrens Original Certificate of Title issued to private
respondent over Lot No. 986 in Civil Case No. 671, an ordinary civil action for recovery of possession
filed by the registered owner of the said lot, by invoking as affirmative defense in their answer the
Order of the Bureau of Lands, dated July 19, 1978, issued pursuant to the investigatory power of the
Director of Lands under Section 91 of Public Land Law (C.A. 141 as amended). Such a defense
partakes of the nature of a collateral attack against a certificate of title brought under the operation of
the Torrens system of registration pursuant to Section 122 of the Land Registration Act, now Section
103 of P.D. 1259. The case law on the matter does not allow a collateral attack on the Torrens
certificate of title on the ground of actual fraud. The rule now finds expression in Section 48 of P.D.
1529 otherwise known as the Property Registration Decree.[36]
Thus, the court a quo had no jurisdiction to resolve the decisive issue raised by the parties in the trial
court; hence, it behooved the trial court to order the dismissal of the complaint on that ground.
The petitioners anchor their claim of lawful possession of the subject property on their allegation that
said property is a portion of the property covered by OCT No. P-691 in the name of petitioner Aurora
de Pedro. The petitioners were burdened to prove not only their ownership over the property covered
by OCT No. P-691 but also that the subject property is a portion of the property covered by the said
title and, if they fail to do so, the complaint must be dismissed.
We agree with the petitioners that, generally, a certificate of title shall be conclusive as to all
matters contained therein and conclusive evidence of the ownership of the land referred to
therein. However, it bears stressing that while certificates of title are indefeasible, unassailable
and binding against the whole world, including the government itself, they do not create or vest
title.[37] They merely confirm or record title already existing and vested. They cannot be used to
protect a usurper from the true owner, nor can they be used as a shield for the commission of fraud;
neither do they permit one to enrich himself at the expense of others.[38]
As we had the occasion to state in Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System v. Court of
Appeals:[39]
It must be observed that the title of petitioner MWSS was a transfer from TCT No. 36957 which was
derived from OCT No. 994 registered on May 3, 1917. Upon the other hand, private respondents title
was derived from the same OCT No. 994 but dated April 19, 1917. Where two certificates (of title)
purport to include the same land, the earlier in date prevails. x x x. In successive registrations, where
more than one certificate is issued in respect of a particular estate or interest in land, the person
claiming under the prior certificate is entitled to the estate or interest; and the person is deemed to hold
under the prior certificate who is the holder of, or whose claim is derived, directly or indirectly, from
the person who was the holder of the earliest certificate issued in respect thereof. Hence, in point of
priority issuance, private respondents title prevails over that of petitioner MWSS.
Lastly, a certificate is not conclusive evidence of title if it is shown that the same land had already
been registered and an earlier certificate for the same is in existence. Since the land in question
has already been registered under OCT No. 994 dated April 19, 1917, the subsequent
registration of the same land on May 3, 1917 is null and void.[40]
While it is true that the petitioners claimed damages against the respondents on account of the latters
alleged trespass on the subject property and the alleged destruction of the petitioners property, the
resolution by the court a quo of the claim for damages against the petitioners is riveted to its resolution
of the issue of whether the subject property is a portion of the petitioners property covered by OCT
No. P-691 or the respondents property covered by TCT No. 236044.

IN LIGHT OF ALL THE FOREGOING, the petition is DENIED for lack of merit. The Decision of
the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 68424 affirming the assailed Orders of the Regional Trial
Court is AFFIRMED. The complaint is DISMISSED without prejudice. No costs.
SO ORDERED.
Puno, (Chairman), Austria-Martinez, Tinga, and Chico-Nazario, JJ., concur.

WHETHER THE PREMISES LEASED BY BGC FROM MSBF IS WITHIN THE SEVEN-HECTARE AREA THAT
PROCLAMATION NO. 1670 GRANTED TO MSBF BY WAY OF USUFRUCT.

A usufruct may be constituted for a specified term and under such conditions as the parties may deem
convenient subject to the legal provisions on usufruct.[9] A usufructuary may lease the object held in
usufruct.[10] Thus, the NHA may not evict BGC if the 4,590 square meter portion MSBF leased to BGC is within
the seven-hectare area held in usufruct by MSBF. The owner of the property must respect the lease entered
into by the usufructuary so long as the usufruct exists.[11] However, the NHA has the right to evict BGC if BGC
occupied a portion outside of the seven-hectare area covered by MSBFs usufructuary rights.
A usufruct gives a right to enjoy the property of another with the obligation of preserving its form and
substance, unless the title constituting it or the law otherwise provides.[22] This controversy would not have
arisen had MSBF respected the limit of the beneficial use given to it. MSBFs encroachment of its benefactors
property gave birth to the confusion that attended this case. To put this matter entirely to rest, it is not
enough to remind the NHA to respect MSBFs choice of the location of its seven-hectare area. MSBF, for its
part, must vacate the area that is not part of its usufruct. MSBFs rights begin and end within the sevenhectare portion of its usufruct.

Antecedent Facts
On 24 October 1968, Proclamation No. 481 issued by then President Ferdinand Marcos set aside
a 120-hectare portion of land in Quezon City owned by the NHA[4] as reserved property for the
site of the National Government Center (NGC). On 19 September 1977, President Marcos
issued Proclamation No. 1670, which removed a seven-hectare portion from the coverage of the
NGC. Proclamation No. 1670 gave MSBF usufructuary rights over this segregated portion, as
follows:
Pursuant to the powers vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the Philippines, I,
FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Republic of the Philippines, do hereby exclude from the
operation of Proclamation No. 481, dated October 24, 1968, which established the National
Government Center Site, certain parcels of land embraced therein and reserving the same for the

Manila Seedling Bank Foundation, Inc., for use in its operation and projects, subject to private rights if
any there be, and to future survey, under the administration of the Foundation.
This parcel of land, which shall embrace 7 hectares, shall be determined by the future survey based on
the technical descriptions found in Proclamation No. 481, and most particularly on the original survey
of the area, dated July 1910 to June 1911, and on the subdivision survey dated April 19-25, 1968.
(Emphasis added)
MSBF occupied the area granted by Proclamation No. 1670. Over the years, MSBFs occupancy
exceeded the seven-hectare area subject to its usufructuary rights. By 1987, MSBF occupied
approximately 16 hectares. By then the land occupied by MSBF was bounded by Epifanio de los
Santos Avenue (EDSA) to the west, Agham Road to the east, Quezon Avenue to the south and
a creek to the north.
On 18 August 1987, MSBF leased a portion of the area it occupied to BGC and other
stallholders. BGC leased the portion facing EDSA, which occupies 4,590 square meters of the
16-hectare area.
On 11 November 1987, President Corazon Aquino issued Memorandum Order No. 127 (MO
127) which revoked the reserved status of the 50 hectares, more or less, remaining out of the
120 hectares of the NHA property reserved as site of the National Government Center. MO 127
also authorized the NHA to commercialize the area and to sell it to the public.
On 15 August 1988, acting on the power granted under MO 127, the NHA gave BGC ten days to
vacate its occupied area. Any structure left behind after the expiration of the ten-day period will be
demolished by NHA.
BGC then filed a complaint for injunction on 21 April 1988 before the trial court. On 26 May
1988, BGC amended its complaint to include MSBF as its co-plaintiff.