Scribd
Upload
56 views14 pages

Obj. 10 Deductive Reasoning

This document discusses deductive reasoning and logical concepts like the law of detachment, law of syllogism, and biconditional statements. It provides examples of applying these logical rules and writing definitions as biconditional statements. The key points covered are that deductive reasoning uses general facts to derive specific conclusions, the law of detachment and syllogism are rules for valid deductive arguments, and a biconditional statement means the conditional and converse are both true.

Uploaded by

Ron Julienne Rebugio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
56 views14 pages

Obj. 10 Deductive Reasoning

This document discusses deductive reasoning and logical concepts like the law of detachment, law of syllogism, and biconditional statements. It provides examples of applying these logical rules and writing definitions as biconditional statements. The key points covered are that deductive reasoning uses general facts to derive specific conclusions, the law of detachment and syllogism are rules for valid deductive arguments, and a biconditional statement means the conditional and converse are both true.

Uploaded by

Ron Julienne Rebugio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Obj.

10 Deductive Reasoning
Objectives
The student is able to (I can):
Apply the Law of Detachment and the Law of Syllogism in
logical reasoning
Write and analyze biconditional statements.

Recall from Inductive Reasoning:


One counterexample is enough to
disprove a conjecture.
If we cant come up with a
counterexample, how can we prove that a
conjecture is true for every case?

deductive
reasoning

The process of using logic to draw


conclusions from given facts, definitions,
and properties.
Inductive reasoning uses specific cases and
observations to form conclusions about
general ones (circumstantial evidence).
Deductive reasoning uses facts about
general cases to form conclusions about
specific cases (direct evidence).

Example

Decide whether each conclusion uses


inductive or deductive reasoning.
1. Police arrest a person for robbery when
they find him in possession of stolen
merchandise.
Inductive reasoning
2. Gunpowder residue tests show that a
suspect had fired a gun recently.
Deductive reasoning

Most of our conjectures can be phrased as


if p then q. This is often written p q.
Law of Detachment
If p q is a true statement and p is
true, then q is true.

Examples

Determine if the conjecture is valid by the


Law of Detachment.
Given: If a student passes his classes, the
student is eligible to play sports.
Ramon passed his classes.
Conjecture: Ramon is eligible to play
sports.
valid
Given: If you are tardy 3 times, you must
go to detention. Shea is in
detention.
Conjecture: Shea was tardy at least 3
times.
not valid

Law of Syllogism
If p q and q r are true statements,
then p r is a true statement.
Examples

Determine if each conjecture is valid by the


Law of Syllogism.
Given: If a number is divisible by 4, then it
is divisible by 2. If a number is even,
then it is divisible by 2.
Conjecture: If a number is divisible by 4,
then it is even.
x: A number is divisible by 4
y: A number is divisible by 2
z: A number is even
not valid
x y and z y; therefore, x z

Determine if each conjecture is valid by the


Law of Syllogism.
Given: If an animal is a mammal, then it
has hair. If an animal is a dog, then
it is a mammal.
Conjecture: If an animal is a dog, then it
has hair.
x: An animal is a mammal
y: It has hair
z: An animal is a dog
x y and z x, therefore z y
or
z x and, x y therefore z y
valid

biconditional
statement

A statement whose conditional and


converse are both true. It is written as
pp if and only if q,
q pp iff q,
q or pp q.
This means that p q is true, and q p
is true.

To write the conditional statement and


converse within the biconditional, first
identify the hypothesis and conclusion,
then write p q and q p.
Example:
Two lines are parallel if and only if they
never intersect.
Conditional: If two lines are parallel, then
they never intersect.
Converse: If two lines never intersect, then
they are parallel.

Example

Write the conditional and converse from the


biconditional statement.
A solution is a base iff it has a pH greater
than 7.
Conditional: If a solution is a base, then it
has a pH greater than 7.
Converse: If a solution has a pH greater
than 7, then it is a base.

Writing a biconditional statement:


1. Identify the hypothesis and conclusion.
2. Write the hypothesis, if and only if,
and the conclusion.
Example

Write the converse and biconditional from:


If 4x + 3 = 11, then x = 2.
Converse: If x = 2, then 4x + 3 = 11.
Biconditional: 4x + 3 = 11 iff x = 2.

Remember, for a biconditional to be true,


both the conditional and the converse must
be true.
Determine if the biconditional is true, or if
false, give a counterexample.
A quadrilateral is a square if and only if it
has four right angles.
Conditional: If a quadrilateral is a square,
then it has four right angles.
TRUE
Converse: If a quadrilateral has four right
FALSE
angles, then it is a square.
(it could be a rectangle)

Any definition in geometry can be written


as a biconditional.
Write each definition as a biconditional:
1. A rectangle is a quadrilateral with four
right angles.
A quadrilateral is a rectangle iff it
has four right angles.
2. Congruent angles are angles that have
the same measure.
Angles are congruent angles iff they
have the same measure.

You might also like