Exit Strategies

Buyers and suppliers need to have a clearly defined exit strategy

agreed during the pre-contract stage to avoid difficulties should the
relationship turn sour (Barton, 2012).
Concept Overview
Definition
An exit strategy details the methods for withdrawing from a working relationship with a supplier (Elango, 2008; Kam
et al., 2011). The term is also widely used to refer to the process of business owners exiting or selling a business or
business unit, and in the financial markets with the trading of stocks and shares. Here we refer to exit strategies
specifically in relation to the ending of contracting relationships between buyers and suppliers.
Description
There are many reasons why contracts come to an end, including non-performance by one or both parties, a
significant change in the requirements of either party, or that the contract has run its course (Burnes and
Anastasiadis, 2003; Elango, 2008). In almost all cases, having a well-developed exit strategy is critical. The strategy
is usually developed as the means by which to withdraw from a working relationship with a supplier. It can
incorporate the process of returning assets, transferring back key employees and the conditions under which a
relationship can terminate, for example, the failure to meet service level agreements, changes in circumstances, and
ethical breaches (Elango, 2008; Kam et al., 2011). The strategy usually details timescales for key actions and the
party responsible for such actions (Elango, 2008, Kam et al., 2011).
Exit strategies and contract escape clauses are particularly relevant with respect to outsourcing and subcontracting.
Outsourcing typically involves restructuring an enterprise around core competencies and external relationships, and
demonstrates a long-term strategic commitment - this differs to subcontracting which can be a short-term tactical
approach (Elango, 2008; Lysons and Farrington, 2006). There may be a significant transfer of assets and people to
the outsource supplier and it is therefore important to establish a contract that entitles the company to re-purchase
relevant assets and have key staff transfer back to it at the conclusion of the contract however the contract's end is
brought about. The exit strategy, documented in the contract, is a way of ensuring that the supplier is responsible for
guaranteeing that appropriate information, staff and other assets are transferred (CIPS: Business Process Re-
engineering & Business Process Outsourcing). This transfer process might mean returning assets back in-house or
cooperating in transitioning them to a new supplier under an agreed timescale set-out in the exit strategy (Burnes
and Anastasiadis, 2003). In discussing exit strategies, there is a tendency to see them as predominantly for the
benefit of the buyer. However, there are equally crucial reasons for why exit strategies and escape clauses benefit
suppliers.
Business Evidence
Strengths
An exit strategy can generally reduce the likelihood of legal complications further down the line in the event of a
problem with a chosen outsourcing provider (Burnes and Anastasiadis, 2003).
By enforcing an exit strategy, companies have some degree of control over legal costs that would otherwise
arise if problems occurred without implementing an exit strategy (Burnes and Anastasiadis, 2003; Kam et al.,
2011).
Implementing an exit strategy encourages suppliers to act in a professional way and to cooperate (CIPS
Australia: Wheres the Exit?)
Weaknesses
Exit strategies must be discussed at the early stages of the relationship and treated sensitively: too much
emphasis on the exit strategy or handling discussions unprofessionally could signal a red flag to the supplier
concerning future commitment and cooperation, thus also negatively impacting agreed service levels (Power et
al., 2004).
There are no hard and fast rules for discussing the exit strategy. Timing is an important issue in international
outsourcing where business negotiations in some cultures depend strongly on effective relationship
management, such as in China concerning the cultural phenomenon of saving face (Kam et al., 2011).
Because the non-performance aspect of an exit strategy is tied to key performance indicators (KPIs), the KPIs
themselves may leave either the supplier or the buyer less than satisfied. The exit strategy therefore might not
be viewed as ideal by one of the parties but nonetheless sufficient for the working relationship to commence
and the required products or services purchased (Burnes and Anastasiadis, 2003).
Case Evidence
IBM failed to help energy company NiSource Inc. achieve projected cost savings of US$530m, causing the
latter to amend a 10-year US$1.6bln contract after two and a half years. NiSource's exit strategy enabled the
company to reconfigure elements of the contract and backsource some of the processes in-house (Nevers,
2008).
Cable and Wireless signed a 10-year contract in 1998 worth 1.8bln covering IT infrastructure outsourcing.
However, the deal ended less than half way through when C&W sought legal action against IBM for alleged
overcharging (McLaughlin and Peppard, 2006).
US financial services firm Wachovia outsourced some functions to Hewitt Associates in a US$450m agreement
but then later backsourced some processes in-house, creating a 'blend of in-house and outsourced solutions'
(Workforce Management, 2008b).
Business Application
Implementation Information
Fundamentally, the exit strategy should contain concrete details on the timescales for key actions and the party
responsible for these actions. Neither the buyer nor the supplier can predict the future, but an exit strategy is a
logically sound way to reduce the risks encountered when a relationship ends (Burnes and Anastasiadis, 2003;
Elango, 2008; Power et al., 2004). The non-performance aspect of an exit strategy should be based on established
KPI that are central to the contract and remit of the project.
Implementation Steps
1.
Hold discussions prior to meeting with suppliers about the nature of the relationship and what the KPIs
should be.
2.
Discuss assets to be held by the supplier that will need to be transferred: staff members; information
on any contracts with third parties; data to be held by the supplier; and intellectual property issues.
3.
Ensure that all parties are satisfied before proceeding to formally draft the exit strategy and before
signing any agreement.
CIPS Australia: Wheres the Exit?
Success Factors
The practical implementation of an exit strategy is, to a large extent, dependent upon maintaining a working
relationship with the outgoing supplier (CIPS Australia: Wheres the Exit?).
It is imperative to avoid terminating a contract in a way that damages the financial integrity of a small supplier
(or a supplier of any size for that matter). Ultimately, a reasonable notice period defined within the exit strategy
"will assist the supplier to either, seek new work to fill the gap, or restructure" (CIPS Australia: Wheres the
Exit?).
For outsourcing activities, penalties for non-performance are common and emphasise the importance of
meeting the specified performance requirements (Lysons and Farrington, 2006).
It is important to include a general clause in the contract to the effect that, the supplier is required to provide all
such assistance as may be necessary to ensure a seamless handover to a new supplier (CIPS Australia:
Wheres the Exit?).
Measures
Consider KPI turnaround time or schedule of performance can be suitable for outsourcing relationships, for
example, specify a performance time for services (Lysons and Farrington, 2006).
Consider KPI downtime: how will the exit strategy come into play when measuring the downtime of equipment
or when the supplier is unavailable for a specified period of time? (Lysons and Farrington, 2006).
Conduct cost comparisons: at regular intervals between the current supplier and potential other suppliers
(Lysons and Farrington, 2006).
Professional Tools
Video
Rights to terminate an English law contract for breach
cipsintelligence.cips.org/video/o-86U4LH9Nk
File Downloads
CIPS Source Downloads
CIPS: Wheres the Exit?
cipsintelligence.cips.org/opencontent/wheres-the-exit
CIPS & PACG: Business process re-engineering & business process outsourcing
cipsintelligence.cips.org/opencontent/business-process-re-engineering-business-process-outsourcing
CIPS: Contract Management
cipsintelligence.cips.org/opencontent/cips-purchasing-and-supply-management.-contract-management
Further Reading
Web Resources
Exit strategies are critical when outsourcing problem functions
kburl.me/v24mw
Bringing a function back in-house
kburl.me/uq1lf
The issue of backsourcing
kburl.me/fpyvc
Case study highlighting the importance of an exit strategy
kburl.me/v3oi3
Making an exit: a clearly defined exit strategy
kburl.me/ygzcx
Print Resources
Offshoring opportunities: strategies and tactics
http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0471716731?tag=knowled0f-21
Well-referenced text on global outsourcing
http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0230235506?tag=knowled0f-21
Implications of outsourcing and offshoring
http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/159140875X?tag=knowled0f-21
Basic reading on outsourcing and exit strategies
http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0749444304?tag=knowled0f-21
E-business strategy contains information on exit strategies
http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1599040042?tag=knowled0f-21
References
Barton, P. (2012) Making an Exit. Supply Management, Vol. 12(3), p.18.
Bullen, C.V., LeFave, R. and Selig, G.J. (2010) Implementing Strategic Sourcing. Van Haren Publishing,
Netherlands.
Burnes, B. and Anastasiadis, A. (2003) Outsourcing: A Public-private Sector Comparison. Supply Chain
Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8(4), pp. 355-66.
CIO (2005) Outsourcing - and Backsourcing - at JPMorgan Chase. [Online] Available at:
www.cio.com/article/10524/Outsourcing_and_Backsourcing_at_JPMorgan_Chase [Accessed: 8 February
2012].
CIPS Australia: Wheres the Exit?
CIPS: Business Process Re-engineering & Business Process Outsourcing.
Elango, B. (2008) Using Outsourcing for Strategic Competitiveness in Small and Medium-sized Firms.
Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, Vol. 18(4), pp. 322-32.
HR World (2008) TrendWatcher: Backsourcing - Bringing HR Processes Back In-House. [Online] Available at:
www.hrworld.com/features/trendwatcher-backsourcing-072508/ [Accessed: 8 February 2012].
Kam, B.A., Chen, L. and Wilding, R. (2011) Managing Production Outsourcing Risks in China's Apparel
Industry: A Case Study of Two Apparel Retailers. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol.
16(6), pp. 428-45.
Lysons, K. and Farrington, B. (2006) Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. Pearson Education, Essex,
UK.
McLaughlin, D. and Peppard, J. (2006) IT Backsourcing: From 'Make or Buy' to 'Bringing it Back In-house'.
Proceedings of the Fourteenth European Conference on Information Systems, Dublin.
Nevers, K. (2008) NiSource Admits Outsourcing Jobs to IBM was a Failure. [Online] Available at:
chestertontribune.com/Business/138 nisource_admits_outsourcing_jobs.htm [Accessed: 8 February 2012].
Power, M., Bonifazi, C. and Desouza, K.C. (2004) The Ten Outsourcing Traps to Avoid. Journal of Business
Strategy, Vol. 25(2), pp. 37-42.
Supply Management (2005) Outsourcing a 'Problem' Function. [Online] Available at:
www.supplymanagement.com/resources/q-and-a/2005/outsourcing-a-problem-function/locale=en.? [Accessed:
8 February 2012].
Workforce Management (2008a) Starbucks Terminates HRO Contract With Convergys. [Online] Available at:
old.workforce.com/section/news/article/starbucks-terminates-hro-contract-convergys.php [Accessed: 8
February 2012].
Workforce Management (2008b) Wachovia Takes HR Process Back From Hewitt. [Online] Available at:
www.workforce.com/article/20080227/NEWS01/302279996 [Accessed: 8 February 2012].