CE-481 Bridge Engineering Joe Viola all rights reserved

9/13/2014
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1
CE 481
Bridge Engineering
Class 3
Joe Viola, CE'83, PE, LEED AP, F. ASCE
Thursdays, 6:00-9:00
Office Hours by Appointment
Fall Semester,
2014
Aeroelastic force effects shall be taken into account in the design of bridges and
structural components apt to be wind-sensitive. For the purpose of this Article,
all bridges with a span to depth ratio, and structural components thereof with a
length to width ratio, exceeding 30.0 shall be deemed to be wind-sensitive.
The vibration of cables due to the interaction of wind and rain shall also be
considered.
3.8.3Aeroelastic Instability
Ref: Wikipedia
3.8.3.2Aeroelastic Phenomena
The aeroelastic phenomena of vortex
excitation, galloping, flutter, and divergence
shall be considered where applicable.
Bridges and structural components thereof, including cables, shall be designed
to be free of fatigue damage due to vortex-induced or galloping oscillations.
Bridges shall be designed to be free of divergence and catastrophic flutter up to
1.2 times the design wind velocity applicable at bridge deck height.
Representative wind tunnel tests may be used to satisfy the requirements of
Articles 3.8.3.2 and 3.8.3.3.
3.8.3.3Control of Dynamic Responses
3.8.3.4Wind Tunnel Tests
This Article refers only to freshwater ice in rivers and lakes; ice loads in
seawater should be determined by suitable specialists using site-specific
information.
Ice forces on piers shall be determined with regard to site conditions and
expected modes of ice action as follows:
Dynamic pressure due to moving sheets or floes of ice being carried by stream flow,
wind, or currents;
Static pressure due to thermal movements of ice sheets;
Pressure resulting from hanging dams or jams of ice; and
Static uplift or vertical load resulting from adhering ice in waters of fluctuating level.
The expected thickness of ice, the direction of its movement, and the height of
its action shall be determined by field investigations, review of public records,
aerial surveys, or other suitable means.
3.9ICE LOADS: IC
CE-481 Bridge Engineering Joe Viola all rights reserved
9/13/2014
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Aerial Surveys to see extent of ice
varies from month to month, year
to year. Need to establish
maximum probable thickness.
Ice
Core
3.9.2.1Effective Ice Strength
In the absence of more precise information, the
following values may be used for effective ice
crushing strength:
8.0 ksf, where breakup occurs at melting temperatures
and the ice structure is substantially disintegrated;
16.0 ksf, where breakup occurs at melting temperatures
and the ice structure is somewhat disintegrated;
24.0 ksf, where breakup or major ice movement occurs
at melting temperatures, but the ice moves in large
pieces and is internally sound; and
32.0 ksf, where breakup or major ice movement occurs
when the ice temperature, averaged over its depth, is
measurably below the melting point.
3.9.2Dynamic Ice Forces on Piers
Moving Ice
Floes,
Crushing
Ice
The rest gets into applying and resolving the forces to piers.
Ice pressures on piers frozen into ice sheets shall be investigated where the ice
sheets are subject to significant thermal movements relative to the pier where
the growth of shore ice is on one side only or in other situations that may
produce substantial unbalanced forces on the pier.
3.9.3Static Ice Loads on Piers
Also you should know that there are possibilities for:
3.9.4Hanging Dams and Ice Jams
3.9.5Vertical Forces Due to Ice Adhesion
3.9.6Ice Accretion and Snow Loads on
Superstructures
3.10.1General
Bridges shall be designed to have a low probability of collapse but may suffer
significant damage and disruption to service when subject to earthquake ground
motions that have a seven percent probability of exceedance in 75 yr.
Partial or complete replacement may be required. Higher levels of performance
may be used with the authorization of the Bridge Owner.
Earthquake loads shall be taken to be horizontal force effects determined in
accordance with the provisions of Article 4.7.4 on the basis of the elastic
response coefficient, C
sm
, specified in Article 3.10.4, and the equivalent weight
of the superstructure, and adjusted by the response modification factor, R,
specified in Article 3.10.7.1.
The provisions herein shall apply to bridges of conventional construction. The
Owner shall specify and/or approve appropriate provisions for nonconventional
construction. Unless otherwise specified by the Owner, these provisions need not
be applied to completely buried structures.
3.10EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS: EQ
Also need to consider soil liquefaction effects.
CE-481 Bridge Engineering Joe Viola all rights reserved
9/13/2014
The Cooper Union still the best deal in town!
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The seismic hazard at a bridge site shall be characterized by the acceleration
response spectrum for the site and the site factors for the relevant site class.
The acceleration spectrum shall be determined using either the General
Procedure specified in Article 3.10.2.1 or the Site Specific Procedure specified in
Article 3.10.2.2.
A Site- Specific Procedure shall be used if any one of the following conditions
exist:
The site is located within 6 mi. of an active fault,
The site is classified as Site Class F (Article 3.10.3.1),
Long-duration earthquakes are expected in the region,
The importance of the bridge is such that a lower probability of exceedance
(and therefore a longer return period) should be considered.
3.10.2Seismic Hazard
Site specific studies will typically require a seismologist, and often
time histories that will differ along the length of long bridges.
Basically, IT IS STILL JUST A LOAD CASAE
3 methods:
Single-mode response spectra
Multi-mode response spectra
Time history can be linear or may need to be non-linear
Considerable research has been done on this topic.
Considerable research has been done on means of mitigation.
Strengthening
Design for plastic hinging
Shift response using base isolation
One of the best papers in describing the theory of base isolation:
http://mceer.buffalo.edu/pdf/report/11-0004.pdf
Methods Still Evolving
APPENDIX A3SEISMIC DESIGN FLOWCHARTS
1
.

C
h
o
o
s
i
n
g

P
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
2. Designing components As Can Be Seen, the Procedure is Iterative
We will get back to this after we start to do a little
more on structural analysis for bridges.
CE-481 Bridge Engineering Joe Viola all rights reserved
9/13/2014
The Cooper Union still the best deal in town!
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3.11.5Earth Pressure: EH
Active, At Rest, Passive Earth Pressure much as learned in Professor Guido's classes
3.11.6Surcharge Loads: ES and LS
Surcharge Loads (ES) depend upon loading behind the wall, again, Professor Guido
Live Load Surcharge (LS) when live loads act within height of wall
For example, 10' behind rear face of wall for 20' high wall as measured as the difference
between soil elevations
Abutments and long retaining walls parallel to approach roadway
When an approach slab is used (common practice) "a corresponding reduction in the surcharge
loads may be permitted"
3.11.8Downdrag
When soils settle, additional loads can add to pile end bearing, again, Professor Guido
Make sure to provide drainage behind walls hydrostatic pressure can be
excessive
3.11EARTH PRESSURE: EH, ES, LS, AND DD 3.12FORCE EFFECTS DUE TO SUPERIMPOSED
DEFORMATIONS: TU, TG, SH, CR, SE, PS
-
Interpolate when not right at a contour.
Concrete shown. Steel similar
The design thermal movement range, T, shall depend upon the extreme
bridge design temperatures defined in Article 3.12.2.1 or 3.12.2.2, and be
determined as:
where:
L = expansion length (in.)
= coefficient of thermal expansion (in./in./F)
This works for conventional fixed expansion bearings, on simple or
continuous spans
What about neoprene bearings?
What about redundant structures and arches?
How would temperature loads be modeled?
3.12.2.3Design Thermal Movements
Solar heat gain on top or side surface facing the sun
Different zones
Many bridge types won't be sensitive to this name them!
Simple span multi-girder
Non-redundant structures in general
How about some that WILL be sensitive to this?
3.12.3Temperature Gradient
3.12.4Differential Shrinkage
3.12.5Creep
3.12.6Settlement
3.12.7Secondary Forces from Post-Tensioning, PS
3.13FRICTION FORCES: FR from Post-tensioning
CE-481 Bridge Engineering Joe Viola all rights reserved
9/13/2014
The Cooper Union still the best deal in town!
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Extreme Events
3.14VESSEL COLLISION: CV
Statistical evaluation
Vessel sizes using channel
Depth of water limiting vessel size nearer shore
Vessel, tide and river velocities
3.15BLAST LOADING
Sadly, a Modern Reality...
Detail appropriate offset distances
Design for blast
Quiz 1
Any question on primary load cases?