ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765

ISSN (Online): 2278 8875

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 7, July 2014

DOI: 10.15662/ijareeie.2014.0307009
Copyright to IJAREEIE www.ijareeie.com 10439
PSO Technique for Solving the Economic
Dispatch Problem Considering the Generator
Constraints

Dr. L.V.Narasimha Rao
1

Professor, Dept. of EEE, K L University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
1

ABSTRACT: By economic dispatch means, to find the generation of the different units in a plant so that the total fuel
cost is minimum and at same time the total demand and losses at any instant must be met by the total generation. The
classical optimizations of continuous functions have been considered. Various factors like optimal dispatch, total cost,
incremental cost of delivered power, total system losses, loss coefficients and absolute value of the real power
mismatch are evaluated for a simple system by hand calculation. The MATLAB programs were developed to solve
Economic Load Dispatch Problem of an n-unit Plant through lambda iterative method and Particle Swarm Optimization

KEYWORDS: frequency hopping sequence (FHS) , optimal power flow (OPF)

I.INTRODUCTION

In a practical power system, the power plants are not located at the same distance from the centre of loads and
their fuel costs are different. Also under normal operating conditions, the generating capacity is more than the total load
demand and losses. Thus there are many options for scheduling the generation. With large interconnection of electrical
networks, the energy crisis in the world and continuous rise in prices, it is very essential to reduce the running charges
of electrical energy .i.e. reduce the fuel consumption for meeting a particular demand. In an interconnected power
system, the objective is to find the real and reactive power scheduling of each power plant in such a way as to minimize
the operating cost. This means that the generators real and reactive powers are allowed to vary within certain limits so
as to meet a particular load demand with minimum fuel cost. This is called the optimal power flow (OPF) problem. The
OPF is used to optimize the power flow solution of large scale power system. This is done by minimizing selected
objective functions. While maintaining an acceptable system performance in terms of generator capability limits and
output of the compensating devices. The objective functions, also known as cost functions may present economic costs,
system security or other objectives. Efficient reactive power planning enhances operation as well as system security.

In this project our aim was to find optimal solution to the Economic dispatch including losses and generating
limits .There are several methods to solve Economic load dispatch problem. Hence we considered one of the
conventional methods i.e. lambda iterative method and one of the Artificial Intelligence methods i.e. Particle Swarm
Optimization. Lambda iterative method was done by considering a specific lambda value and co-ordination equations
were derived. From this equation we got a solution in which inequality constraints imposed on generation of each plant
and equality condition were satisfied. Particle Swarm Optimization is also used to solve the same problem. In this
method various steps involved are Initialization, Evaluation etc. Through all the above process the optimal solution
was derived.The results of both the Lambda iterative method and Particle Swarm Optimization method were compared
and the best method was identified as Particle Swarm Optimization method

II.ECONOMIC DISPATCH

It considers a network with N mobile unlicensed nodes that move in an environment according to some stochastic
mobility models. It also assumes that entire spectrum is divided into number of M non-overlapping orthogonal channels
having different bandwidth. The access to each licensed channel is regulated by fixed duration time slots. Slot timing is
assumed to be broadcast by the primary system. Before transmitting its message, each transmitter node, which is a node

ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
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DOI: 10.15662/ijareeie.2014.0307009
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with the message, first selects a path node and a frequency channel to copy the message. After the path and channel
selection, the transmitter node negotiates and handshakes with its path node and declares the selected channel
frequency to the path. The communication needed for this coordination is assumed to be accomplished by a fixed
length frequency hopping sequence (FHS) that is composed of K distinct licensed channels. In each time slot, each
node consecutively hops on FHS within a given order to transmit and receive a coordination packet. The aim of
coordination packet that is generated by a node with message is to inform its path about the frequency channel decided
for the message copying.Furthermore, the coordination packet is assumed to be small enough to be transmitted within
slot duration. Instead of a common control channel, FHS provides a diversity to be able to find a vacant channel that
can be used to transmit and receive the coordination packet. If a hop of FHS, i.e., a channel, is used by the primary
system, the other hops of FHS can be tried to be used to coordinate. This can allow the nodes to use K channels to
coordinate with each other rather than a single control channel. Whenever any two nodes are within their
communication radius, they are assumed to meet with each other and they are called as contacted. In order to announce
its existence, each node periodically broadcasts a beacon message to its contacts using FHS. Whenever a hop of FHS,
i.e., a channel, is vacant, each node is assumed to receive the beacon messages from their contacts that are transiently in
its communication radius.

III.EFFICIENT COMMUNICATION

The use of electricity is absolutely necessary in modern day-to-day life. The quality of electricity is stated in
terms of constant voltage, constant frequency and uninterrupted power supply at minimum cost. To provide
uninterrupted power supply and to return profit on the capital investment we need to cut down the cost of generation of
electricity. That means proper operation is very important. There are many factors involved in the successful operation
of a power system. The system is expected to supply power instantaneously and continuously to meet customers
demands under all operating conditions. It is also expected that the voltage supplied to the consumers need to be
maintained at or near the nominal rated value. For this proper operating procedure must be observed to avoid damage to
equipment or other facilities of the system. All of these operating requirements must be achieved simultaneously with
minimum cost for production and distribution of power. Economic factors influenced by actions of operating personnel
include the loading of generating equipment, particularly of thermal units, where efficiency of unit and fuel costs
are major factors in the cost of power production. Purchase power availability, cost and scheduling of overhaul and/or
repairs of equipment all affect operating costs. The cost of generation includes the fixed costs (like salaries and capital
cost etc) and Variable costs (like fuel cost, maintenance cost and operation cost etc. An engineer is always concerned
with cost of Product and Services. For a power system to return a profit on the capital invested, proper operation is very
important.
2.1Development of Economic Load Dispatch Methods
The progress of optimal dispatch goes far back as the early 1920s, when engineers were concerned with the
problem of economic allocation of generation or the proper division of the load among the generating units available.
Prior to 1930, various methods were in use such as: (a) the base load method where the next most efficient unit is
loaded to its maximum capability, then the second most efficient unit is loaded, etc., (b). best point loading, where
units are successively loaded to their lowest heat rate point, beginning with the most efficient unit and working down to
the least efficient unit, etc. It was recognized as early as 1930, that the incremental method, later known as the equal
incremental method, yielded the most economic results. In 1954, co-ordination equation was developed for solving
economic dispatch problem. A breakthrough in the mathematical formulation of the economic dispatch problem was
achieved by Carpentier in the early 1960s who treated the entire work in an exact manner. The solution of Carpentiers
formulation is a non-linear optimization which has been the subject of much study though the present and its
implementation in real time remains a challenge.

Aoki, et al. presented a new Parametric Quadratic Programming method to solve an economic load dispatch problem
with dc load flow type network security constraints.

C.E. Lin and G.L. Viviani presented a method to solve the economic power dispatch problem with piecewise
quadratic cost functions. The solution approach is hierarchical, which allows for decentralized computations..

ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765
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Pereira, et al. described a method for the Economic Dispatch with security-constrained dispatch that can take into
account the system rescheduling capabilities. The methodology is based on the Benders Decomposition principle
which allows the iterative solution of a base-case economic dispatch and separate contingency analysis with generation
rescheduling.

Lin, et al. presented a real time economic dispatch method by calculating the penalty factors from a base case data
base. The basic strategy of the proposed method assumes that a base case data base of economic dispatch solution is
established according to statistical average of system operation data of the daily demand curve.

Zi-Xiong Liang presented a zoom feature applied to the dynamic programming method for solving economic dispatch
of a system of thermal generating units including transmission line losses.
Gerald B. Sheble, et al. proposed a genetic-based algorithm to solve an economic dispatch problem. The algorithm
utilizes payoff information of perspective solutions to evaluate optimality.
K.P. Wong and Y.W. Wong established a hybrid genetic / simulated-annealing approach for solving the thermal
generator scheduling problem. It develops a method for encoding generator schedules in the hybrid approach..
T. Yalcinoz and M.J. Short proposed a Neural Networks approach for solving Economic Dispatch problem with
transmission capacity constraints.
Allen J. Wood, Bruce F. Wollenberg presented a several classical optimization techniques for solving economic Load
dispatch problem. These are Lambda Iteration Method, Gradient method and Dynamic Programming (DP) method, etc.

2.2 Economic Load Dispatch - Thermal Stations

A power system is a mix of different type of generations, out of which thermal, hydro and nuclear power
generations contribute the active share. However, economic operation has conveniently been considered by proper
scheduling of thermal or hydrogenation only. As for the safety of nuclear station, these types of stations are required to
run at its base loads only and there is a little scope for the schedule of nuclear plants in practice.Economy of operation
is most significant in case of thermal stations, as the variable costs are much higher compared to other type of
generations. This can be considered by looking at various costs of different stations.


Cost

Thermal
stations

Hydro
stations

Nuclear
stations
1. Fixed costs 20% 75% 70%
2. Fuel cost 70% 0 20%
3. Other operational costs 10% 25% 10%

Table 2.1: Various Costs of different Stations

Obviously the cost of fuel form the major portion of all variable costs and the purpose of economic operation is to
reduce the cost of fuel. This is a static optimization problem. This project deals with the economic load dispatch of the
thermal plants.
2.3 Generator Operating Cost Curves
The major component of the generator operating cost is the fuel input/hour, while maintenance contributes
only to a small extent. The fuel cost is meaningful incase of thermal and nuclear stations. But for the hydro station
where the energy storage is apparently free, the operating cost of such is not meaningful.
The different operating cost curves are:
i. Input output curve.
ii. Incremental fuel cost curve.




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i. Input Output Curve
The input output curve of a unit can be expressed in million kilocalories per hour or directly in terms of
Rs./hour versus output in megawatts. The cost curve can be determined experimentally. A typical curve is shown in the
fig. Where (MW)
min
is the minimum-loading limit below which it is uneconomical to operate the unit and (MW)
max
is
the maximum output limit. By fitting a suitable degree polynomial, an expression for operating cost can be written as
F
i
(P
gi
) Rs/hr at output (P
gi
)





















Where the suffix i stands for the unit number. It is generally sufficient to fit a second-degree polynomial i.e.
F
i
(P
gi
)= 1/2 a
i
*P
2
gi
+ b
i
*P
gi
+ c
i

Significance: It specifies efficiency and cost of fuel used per hour as a function of power Generation.

ii. Incremental Fuel Cost Curve















(MW)
min
(MW)
max
Power output, MW

0

O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

C
o
s
t

i
n

R
s
/
h
r

Fig 2.1: Input-Output curve of a generating unit
(MW)
min
(MW)
max
Power output, MW

0

I
n
c
r
e
m
e
n
t
a
l

f
u
e
l

C
o
s
t

R
s
/
M
W
h
r

Fig 2.2: Incremental fuel cost vs. power out put
Actual
incremental
cost curve
Linear
approximation

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We know that the operating cost of the thermal plant is
F
i
(P
gi
) = 1/2 a
i
*P
2
gi
+ b
i
*P
gi
+ c
i

The slope of the cost curve is called the incremental fuel cost curve
(IC)
i
= dF
i
/dP
gi
= a
i
*P
gi
+ b
i

It is expressed in terms of Rs/MWhr. A typical plot of this curve is shown above.For better accuracy incremental fuel
cost may be expressed by a number of short line segments (piecewise linearization) alternatively we can fit a
polynomial of suitable degree to represent IC curve in the inverse form equation.
P
gi
=

i
+
i
(IC)
i
+
i
(IC)
2
i
+
Significance: The curve represents the increase in cost rate per increase in one mega watt output.

2.6 Economic Load Dispatch Problem

2.6.1 Economic Dispatch
The objective of economic load dispatch of electric power generation is to schedule the committed generating
unit outputs so as to meet the load demand at minimum operating cost while satisfying all units and operational
constraints of the power system.
The economic dispatch problem is a constrained optimization problem and it can be mathematically expressed
as follows:

n
Minimize F
T
= F
i
(P
i
)
i =1

Where, F
T
: total generation cost (Rs/hr)
n : number of generators
P
i
: real power generation of i
th
generator (MW)
F
i
(P
i
) : generation cost for P
i

Subject to a number of power systems network equality and inequality constraints. These constraints include:
2.6.2 System Active Power Balance
For power balance, an equality constraint should be satisfied. The total power generated should be the same as
total load demand plus the total line losses
n
P
D
+ P
L
- P
i
= 0
i =1
Where, P
D
: total system demand (MW)


P
L
: transmission loss of the system (MW)

2.6.3 Generation Limits
Generation output of each generator should be laid between maximum and minimum limits. The
corresponding inequality constraints for each generator are
P
n,min
P
n
P
n,max

Where, P
n,min
: minimum power output limit of n
th
generator (MW)
P
n,max
: maximum power output limit of n
th
generator (MW)
The generation cost function F
n
(P
n
) is usually expressed as a quadratic polynomial:
F
n
(P
n
) = a
n
P
n
2
+ b
n
P
n
+ c
i

Where, a
n
, b
n
and c
n
are fuel cost coefficients.

2.6.4 Network Losses
Since the power stations are usually spread out geographically, the transmission network losses must be taken
into account to achieve true economic dispatch. Network loss is a function of unit generation. To calculate network
losses, two methods are in general use. One is the penalty factors method and the other is the B coefficients method.

ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765
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The latter is commonly used by the power utility industry. In the B coefficients method, network losses are expressed as
a quadratic function:
P
L
= P
m
B
mn
P
n

Where, B
mn
are constants called B coefficients or loss coefficients.

III. ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH USING LAMBDA ITERATION METHOD

The detailed Algorithm for solving the economic load dispatch problem using lambda iteration method is given
below
Step 1: Read data namely cost-coefficients, B-coefficients, P limits and power demand.
Step 2: Make an initial guess

and

for the Lagrange multiplier.
Step 3: Calculate the generations based on equal incremental production cost.
Step 4: Calculate the generations at all buses using the equation
1- (f
n
/ ) -
mn
P
m

P
n
=
(F
nn
/ ) + 2B
nn

Step 5: For each unit, check the generation limits and impose the limits
in case of violation.
If P
n
> P
nmax
, set P
n
= P
nmax

If P
n
< P
nmin
, set P
n
= P
nmin
Step 6: Check if the difference in power at all generator buses between
two Consecutive iterations is less than a prespecified value. If not, go back to step 3.
Step 7: Calculate the loss using the relation
P
L
= P
m
B
mn
P
n
And calculate mismatch between generator power and demand plu losses.
P = | P
G
- P
L
- P
D
|
Step 8: Check if P is less than (a specified value)
If yes, stop calculation and calculate cost of generation with these
values of powers. Otherwise, go to step 9.
Step 9: Increase by (a suitable step size); if P < 0 or
Decrease by (a suitable step size); if P > 0
and repeat from step 4.

















mn

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Flow Chart


















































Solve for P
n

1- (f
n
/ ) -
mn
P
m

P
n
=
(F
nn
/ ) + 2B
nn

Check if P
n
> P
n
max

n = n+1
No
No
P
n
= P
n
max


Yes
Yes
Check if all buses
have been
accounted
~
No
Check if P
n
< P
n
min

P
n
= P
n
min


Is
|
P
i
k
P
i
k-1
|<

No
Yes
k=k+
1

Yes
Start
Read units fuel cost data, P limits,
B coefficient, demand etc
Assume suitable value of and
Determine P
n
corresponding
to incremental cost
production
Set k=0
Set n=1
a
m
n

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Fig. 3.1 Flow Chart of Lambda Iteration Method for Economic Load Dispatch


VI. PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION


4.1Outline of the Basic Particle Swarm Optimization:
This project presents a quick solution to the constrained ED problem using the PSO algorithm to search for
optimal or near optimal generation quantity of each unit. The search procedures of the proposed method were as shown
below.
Step 1: Specify the upper and lower bound generation power of each unit, ancalculate F
max
and F
min
. Initialize
randomly the individuals of the population according to the limit of each unit including individual dimensions,
searching points, and velocities. These initial individuals must be feasible candidate solution that satisfies the
practical operation constraints.
Step 2: To each individual Pg of the population, employ the B-coefficient lossformula to calculate the transmission
loss P
L
.
Step 3: Calculate the evaluation value of each individual Pg
i
in the population using the evaluation function
f given by (4).
Step 4: Compare each individuals evaluation value with its pbest. The bestevaluation value among the pbests is
denoted as gbest.
Step 5: Modify the member velocity v of each individual Pg
i
according to (5V
id
(t+1)
= . V
i
(t)
+ C
1
*rand ()*(pbest
id
-
Pg
id
(t)
) + C
2
*Rand ()*(gbest
d
- Pg
id
(t)
)
i = 1, 2. . . n; d=1, 2 . . . m Where n is the population size, m is the number of units, and the value is set
by (3).

Step 6: If V
id
(t+1)
> V
d
max
, then V
id
(t+1)
= V
d
max
.
If V
id
(t+1)
< V
d
min
, then V
id
(t+1)
= V
d
min
.
Step 7: Modify the member position of each individual Pg
i
according to (6)
Pg
id
(t+1)
= Pg
id
(t)
+ v
id
(t+1)
(6)
Pg
id
(t+1)
must satisfy the constraints, namely the prohibited operating Zones and ramp rate limits. If Pg
id
(t+1)

violates the constraints the Pg
id
(t+1)
must be modified toward the near margin of the feasible solution.
Step 8: If the evaluation value of each individuals is better than the previouspbest, the current value is set to be
pbest. If the best pbest is better than gbest, the value is set to be best.
Step 9: If the number of iterations reaches the maximum, then go to step 10. Otherwise, go to step 2.
Yes
PP= P
G
- P
L
- P
D

Calculate P
L
= P
m
B
mn
P
n

and P = | P
G
- P
L
- P
D
|
No
~
Check if P<
Print generation & cal.
cost of generation

Is PP>0
=+
a
=-

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Step 10: The individual that generates the latest gbest is the optimal generatiopower of each unit with the minimum
total generation cost.


Flow chart








































Start
Update best of local bests as gbest

Initialize particles with random
Position (P) and Velocity vector (V)

Calculate fitness for each population

Update the population local best

Define the parameter of PSO constants
C
1
, C
2
, Particle (P), and Dimension (D)

Update particles Velocity using (5) and
Position using (6)

If iteration
Completed

Stop

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V. MATLAB
% PURE ECONOMIC DISPATCH PROBLEM USING LAMBDA ITERATION METHOD
clear all
clc
opf=fopen('lamb_eco.doc','w+');
no_units=6;
Pd=1450;
a=[0.0070 0.0095 0.0090 0.0090 0.0080 0.0075];
b=[7 10 8.5 11 10.5 12];
c=[240 200 300 150 200 120];
Pmax=[500 200 300 150 200 120];
Pmin=[100 50 80 50 50 50];

B=[ 0.000017 0.000012 0.000007 -0.000001 -0.000005 -0.000002
0.000012 0.000014 0.000009 0.000001 -0.000006 -0.000001
0.000007 0.000009 0.000031 0.000000 -0.000010 -0.000006
-0.000001 0.000001 0.000000 0.000024 -0.000006 -0.000008
-0.000005 -0.000006 -0.000010 -0.000006 0.000129 -0.000002
-0.000002 -0.000001 -0.000006 -0.000008 -0.000002 0.000150 ];

itermax=1000;
epsilon=0.1;
alpha=2*a;
clc
Pg=zeros(no_units,1);
del_lambda=0.010;
tic;deltaP=10;iter=0;
EPd=Pd/no_units;
while abs(deltaP)>epsilon && iter< itermax
iter=iter+1;
for i=1:no_units
sigma=B(i,:)*Pg-B(i,i)*Pg(i);
Pg(i)=(1-(b(i)/lambda)-(2*sigma))/(alpha(i)/lambda+2*B(i,i));
if Pg(i)<Pmin(i)
Pg(i)=Pmin(i);
end
if Pg(i)>Pmax(i)
Pg(i)=Pmax(i);
end
end
P_loss=Pg'*B*Pg;
Pt=sum(Pg);
deltaP=Pt-Pd-P_loss;
error(iter)=deltaP;

if deltaP>0
lambda=lambda-del_lambda;
end
if deltaP<0
lambda=lambda+del_lambda;
end

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end
fprintf(opf,'\n ECONOMIC DISPATCH USING LAMBDA ITERATION METHOD\n');
if iter<itermax
fprintf(opf,'\n Problem converged in %d iterations\n',iter);
else
fprintf(opf,'\n Problem diverged in %d iterations\n',iter);
end
fprintf(opf,'\n Optimal Lambda = %g\n',lambda);
for i=1:no_units
fprintf(opf,'\n Pgen(%d)=%g MW',i,Pg(i));
end
fprintf(opf,'\n Total Power Generation, P_total = %g MW\n',Pt);
fprintf(opf,'\n Total Power Demand = %g MW',Pd);
fprintf(opf,'\n Total Power Loss = %g MW',P_loss);
fprintf(opf,'\n\n Error= %g\n',deltaP);
Ft=0.0;
for i=1:no_units
F(i)=c(i)+b(i)*Pg(i)+a(i)*Pg(i)*Pg(i);
fprintf(opf,'\n Fuel cost of Gen.(%d)= %g Rs/Hr',i,F(i));
Ft=Ft+F(i);
end
fprintf(opf,'\n Total fuel cost= %g Rs/Hr\n',Ft);
runtime=toc;
fprintf(opf,'\n CPU time = %g sec.\n\n',runtime);
fclose('all')

5.1 Code for particle swarm optimization
% Particle swarm optimization
clear all;
clc;
opf=fopen('pso_eco.doc','w+');
no_units=6;
Pd=1200;
a=[240 200 300 150 200 120];
b=[7 10 8.5 11 10.5 12];
c=[0.0070 0.0095 0.0090 0.0090 0.0080 0.0075];
pmax=[500 200 300 150 200 120];
pmin=[100 50 80 50 50 50];

B=[ 0.000017 0.000012 0.000007 -0.000001 -0.000005 -0.000002
0.000012 0.000014 0.000009 0.000001 -0.000006 -0.000001
0.000007 0.000009 0.000031 0.000000 -0.000010 -0.000006
-0.000001 0.000001 0.000000 0.000024 -0.000006 -0.000008
-0.000005 -0.000006 -0.000010 -0.000006 0.000129 -0.000002
-0.000002 -0.000001 -0.000006 -0.000008 -0.000002 0.000150 ];

no_part=60;
itermax=1000;
alpha=b;
beta=2*c;
for i=1:no_units
Lambda_min(i)=alpha(i)+beta(i)*pmin(i);

ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 8875

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 7, July 2014

DOI: 10.15662/ijareeie.2014.0307009
Copyright to IJAREEIE www.ijareeie.com 10450
Lambda_max(i)=alpha(i)+beta(i)*pmax(i);
end
lambda_min=min(Lambda_min);
lambda_max=max(Lambda_max);
lambda_min=lambda_min';
lambda_max=lambda_max';
for i=1:no_part
part(i)= unifrnd(lambda_min,lambda_max);
end
Pbest=zeros(1,no_part);
vel_max=(lambda_max-lambda_min)/10;
for i=1:no_part
vel(i)= unifrnd(-vel_max,vel_max);
end
c1=2;
c2=2;
psi=c1+c2;
K=2/abs(2-psi-sqrt(psi*psi-4*psi));
Gbest=0.0;
P=zeros(no_part,no_units);
tic;
for iter=1:itermax
for i=1:no_part
for k=1:no_units
temp=0;
for j=1:no_units
if j~=k
temp=temp+B(k,j)*P(i,j);
end
end
end
temp=2*temp;
for j=1:no_units
Nr(j)=1-(alpha(j)/part(i))-temp;
Dr(j)=(beta(j)/part(i))+(2*B(j,j));
if P(i,j)>pmax(j)
P(i,j)=pmax(j);
end
if P(i,j)<pmin(j)
P(i,j)=pmin(j);
end
end
P_loss=0;
for k=1:no_units
for j=1:no_units
P_loss=P_loss+(P(i,k)*B(k,j)*P(i,j));
end
end
Pgen(i)=0.0;
for j=1:no_units
Pgen(i)=Pgen(i)+P(i,j);
end

ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 8875

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
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(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 7, July 2014

DOI: 10.15662/ijareeie.2014.0307009
Copyright to IJAREEIE www.ijareeie.com 10451
error(i)=Pgen(i)-Pd-P_loss;
fit(i)= 1.0/(100.0+abs(error(i))/Pd);
if Pbest(i)<fit(i)
Pbest(i)=fit(i);
Pbest_part(i)=part(i);
end
if Gbest<Pbest(i)
Gbest=Pbest(i);
Gbest_part=Pbest_part(i);
end
Wmin=0.4;
Wmax=0.9;
W=Wmax-((Wmax-Wmin)*iter/itermax);
vel(i)=K*(W*vel(i)+c1*rand()*(Pbest_part(i)-part(i))+c2*rand()*(Gbest_part-part(i)));
if abs(vel(i))>vel_max
if vel(i)<0.0
vel(i)=-vel_max;
end
if vel(i)>0.0
vel(i)=vel_max;
end
end
tpart=part(i)+vel(i);
for k=1:no_units
ttemp=0;
for j=1:no_units
if j~=k
ttemp=ttemp+B(k,j)*P(i,j);
end
end
end
ttemp=2*ttemp;
for j=1:no_units
Nr(j)=1-(alpha(j)/tpart)-ttemp;
Dr(j)=(beta(j)/tpart)+2*B(j,j);
if tp(j)>pmax(j)
tp(j)=pmax(j);
end
if tp(j)<pmin(j)
tp(j)=pmin(j);
end
end
tP_loss=0;
for k=1:no_units
for j=1:no_units
tP_loss=tP_loss+(tp(k)*B(k,j)*tp(j));
end
end
tpgen=0.0;
for j=1:no_units, tpgen=tpgen+tp(j);
end
terror=tpgen-Pd-tP_loss;

ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 8875

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 7, July 2014

DOI: 10.15662/ijareeie.2014.0307009
Copyright to IJAREEIE www.ijareeie.com 10452
Error(iter)=terror;
tfit= 1.0/(1.0+abs(terror)/Pd);
if tfit>fit(i)
part(i)=tpart;
Pbest(i)=tfit;
Pbest_part(i)=part(i);
end
if Gbest<Pbest(i)
Gbest=Pbest(i);
Gbest_part=Pbest_part(i);
end
end
if abs(terror)<0.01
break;
end
end
runtime=toc;
fprintf(opf,'\n ECONOMIC DISPATCH USING PSO\n');
fprintf(opf,'\n Problem converged in %d iterations\n',iter);
fprintf(opf,'\n Optimal Lambda= %g\n',Gbest_part);
for j=1:no_units
fprintf(opf,'\n Pgen(%d)= %g MW',j,tp(j));
end
fprintf(opf,'\n Total Power Generation = %g MW\n',sum(tp));
fprintf(opf,'\n Total Power Demand = %g MW',Pd);
fprintf(opf,'\n Total Power Loss = %g MW\n',tP_loss);
fprintf(opf,'\n Error= %g\n',terror);
total_cost=0.0;
for j=1:no_units
Fuel_cost(j)=a(j)+b(j)*tp(j)+c(j)*tp(j)*tp(j); total_cost=total_cost+Fuel_cost(j);
end
for j=1:no_unitsfprintf(opf,'\n Fuel cost of Gen.(%d)= %g Rs/Hr',j,Fuel_cost(j));
end
fprintf(opf,'\n Total fuel cost= %g Rs/Hr\n',total_cost);
fprintf(opf,'\n cpu time = %g sec.',runtime);
fclose('all');
Using the Trust-Worthy algorithm it defines a threshold value to the SUs to overcome the PUE attacks. It enables CR-
Networks nodes to efficiently utilize the available spectrum channels. Nodes, which can easily find various licensed
channel opportunities without interfering the primary system increases. This reveals that it has a potential to be able to
convert the various network conditions into a performance improvement.

VI .RESULTS

The effectiveness of the proposed method is tested with six generating units system. There are two methods
used for solving the Economic load Dispatch. Firstly the problem is solved by conventional Lambda iterative method.
Then a proposed PSO method is applied to solve the problem. A reasonable loss coefficients matrix of power system
network was employed to draw the transmission line loss and satisfy the transmission capacity constraints. The
program is written in MATLAB software.The generator cost coefficients; generation limits and B- coefficient matrix of
six units system are taken from [4].These Parameters are shown in Appendix-I. The Economic Load Dispatch solution
for the six-unit system is solved using conventional technique (lambda-iteration) and PSO technique and then results
are compared. The results of Economic Load dispatch using Conventional method and PSO are shown in Table 1. and
Table 2. for 500MW, 700MW, 1000MW, 1200 MW, 1350MW and 1450MW

ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 8875

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
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(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 7, July 2014

DOI: 10.15662/ijareeie.2014.0307009
Copyright to IJAREEIE www.ijareeie.com 10453



S.No


Load
demand(MW)

P
1

(MW)

P
2

(MW)

P
3

(MW)

P
4

(MW)

P
5

(MW)

P
6

(MW)

P
L

(MW)

Fuel cost
(Rs./Hr)

1.

500

216.388

50

85.702

50

50

50

1.991

6106.21

2.

700

312.282

73.420

159.487

50

59.14

50

4.164

8288.81

3.

1000

391.557

132.135

220.812

93.182

122.043

50

8.127

11957.20

4.

1200

434.380

163.796

254.043

128.659

155.661

76.594

11.307

14559.00

5.

1350

466.385

187.465

278.916

150

180.562

101.657

14.212

16586.10

6.

1450

497.113

200

300

150

200

120

16.739

17980.10

Table .1. Test results of Lambda-iteration method for 6- unit system


S.No


Load
demand(MW)

P
1

(MW)

P
2

(MW)

P
3

(MW)

P
4

(MW)

P
5

(MW)

P
6

(MW)

P
L

(MW)

Fuel cost
(Rs./Hr)

1.

500

216.106

50

85.880

50

50

50

1.991

6105.02

2.

700

312.957

77.806

160.516

50

52.928

50

4.199

8287.55

3.

1000

393.634

138.455

222.537

90.271

113.217

50

8.123

11930.40

4.

1200

438.852

172.501

257.243

125.645

146.350

70.708

11.293

14538.10

5.

1350

470.988

196.721

281.878

150

169.617

94.887

14.086

16575.50

6.

1450

500

200

300

150

196.687

120

16.688

17975.20
TABLE .2.TEST RESULTS OF PSO METHOD FOR 6- UNIT SYSTEM
VII. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

By economic dispatch means, to find the generation of the different units in a plant so that the total fuel cost is
minimum and at same time the total demand and losses at any instant must be met by the total generation. The classical
optimizations of continuous functions have been considered. Various factors like optimal dispatch, total cost, incremental
cost of delivered power, total system losses, loss coefficients and absolute value of the real power mismatch are evaluated
for a simple system by hand calculation. The MATLAB programs were developed to solve Economic Load Dispatch
Problem of an n-unit Plant through lambda iterative method and Particle Swarm Optimization. The results for the
individual methods are tabulated in the previous section. From the results it can be concluded that, the lambda iterative
method heavily depends on the selection of initial value. If the initial guess value is far from the actual value, it takes
much time to provide converged solution. Sometimes, the solution may not converge. In other words, the convergence of
lambda iteration method depends on initial guess of lambda. Whereas PSO method always provides converged solution
which does not require initial value of lambda. In this work, the ramp rate constraints are not included. Also the concept
of prohibited zones is not incorporated. In future work, this can be extended by incorporating prohibited zones along with
ramp rate constraints


ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 8875

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 3, Issue 7, July 2014

DOI: 10.15662/ijareeie.2014.0307009
Copyright to IJAREEIE www.ijareeie.com 10454
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