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Transducers (Lecture Notes)

This document discusses transducers and resistive transduction. It begins by defining transducers as devices that convert physical quantities into electrical signals. Transducers are then classified into four main groups: self-generating analog, variable parameter analog, frequency/pulse generating, and digital. Variable parameter analog transducers produce an output proportional to changes in resistance, capacitance, or inductance. Resistive transduction, one of the most common methods, varies the resistance of an element through mechanisms like mechanical stress, temperature, or light intensity. Potentiometers rely on displacement of a sliding contact along a resistive element to determine the output resistance and are used to measure various physical quantities.

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1K views13 pages

Transducers (Lecture Notes)

This document discusses transducers and resistive transduction. It begins by defining transducers as devices that convert physical quantities into electrical signals. Transducers are then classified into four main groups: self-generating analog, variable parameter analog, frequency/pulse generating, and digital. Variable parameter analog transducers produce an output proportional to changes in resistance, capacitance, or inductance. Resistive transduction, one of the most common methods, varies the resistance of an element through mechanisms like mechanical stress, temperature, or light intensity. Potentiometers rely on displacement of a sliding contact along a resistive element to determine the output resistance and are used to measure various physical quantities.

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Lecturer: Jomo N.

Gill
MEASUREMENTS AND
INSTRUMENTATION
ELE 4101
LECTURE IX
CONCEPTS TO BE EXAMINED
2
- Transducers
General classes of transducers
Variable parameter analog transducers
Resistive transduction
TRANSDUCERS
All physical quantities measured with electronic
instruments are first converted into signal
voltages, which can in turn be amplified or
otherwise made into suitable form for recording or
indication. As used in instrumentation, the term
transducer denotes the devices used to make this
conversion.
3
Transducers use almost all known
electromechanical principles to convert the
measured quantities into their electrical analogs.
GENERAL CLASSES OF
TRANSDUCERS
Transducers are classified into four main groups:
- self-generating analog
- variable parameter analog
- frequency or pulse generating
- digital
4
contd
Analog transducers produce an electrical output
signal that is a proportional continuous
measurement of the input signal variations.
5
Pulse rate transducers produce voltage pulses
whose frequency or random pulse generation rate
is proportional to the input parameter variations.
Digital transducers produce a unique coded
voltage or current form for each discrete value
sensed.
VARIABLE PARAMETER
ANALOG TRANSDUCERS
These produce an output which is a proportional
fraction of an original resistance, capacitance or
inductance.
6
The changes in resistance, inductance or
capacitance caused by the physical phenomenon
being measured, are translated into corresponding
voltage or current effects. These are then
converted into an output signal.
contd
The conversion requires auxiliary circuitry. The
Wheatstone bridge and its variations are
commonly used.
7
RESISTIVE TRANSDUCTION
The variation of resistance is one of the most
common transduction principles. The resistance of
a resistive element can be varied by several
methods, including:
8
- sliding a wire along a rheostat
- applying mechanical stress
- varying light intensity to a photosensitive
material
- changing its temperature
contd
Resistive transduction is used by:
- displacement transducers
- strain gauges
- resistive temperature devices (RTDs)
- thermistors
- photoconductive devices
9
contd
10
POTENTIOMETERS
The potentiometer or slidewire resistor relies on
rotation or mechanical displacement of a sliding
contact to determine the value of the resistance
output. They are used in the direct measurement
of linear and angular displacement and motion.
11
Potentiometers also find application as the sensing
element in many transducers designed to measure
pressure, acceleration, force, and liquid level.
contd
The resistive element consists of either wound
wire, or a ribbon of deposited carbon film,
platinum, or other compound.
12
Inside a potentiometer
Schematic diagrams
VARIOUS TYPES OF
POTENTIOMETERS
13

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