CHAPTER 11

11.1. Show that E

xs
= Ae
jk
0
z+
is a solution to the vector Helmholtz equation, Sec. 11.1, Eq. (30),
for k
0
=

0
and any and A: We take
d
2
dz
2
Ae
jk
0
z+
= (jk
0
)
2
Ae
jk
0
z+
= k
2
0
E
xs
11.2. A 100-MHz uniform plane wave propagates in a lossless medium for which
r
= 5 and
r
= 1.
Find:
a) v
p
: v
p
= c/

r
= 3 10
8
/

5 = 1.34 10
8
m/s.
b) : = /v
p
= (2 10
8
)/(1.34 10
8
) = 4.69 m
1
.
c) : = 2/ = 1.34 m.
d) E
s
: Assume real amplitude E
0
, forward z travel, and x polarization, and write
E
s
= E
0
exp(jz)a
x
= E
0
exp(j4.69z) a
x
V/m.
e) H
s
: First, the intrinsic impedance of the medium is =
0
/

r
= 377/

5 = 169 .
Then H
s
= (E
0
/) exp(jz) a
y
= (E
0
/169) exp(j4.69z) a
y
A/m.
f) < S >= (1/2)Re {E
s
H

s
} = (E
2
0
/337) a
z
W/m
2
12.3. An H eld in free space is given as H(x, t) = 10 cos(10
8
t x)a
y
A/m. Find
a) : Since we have a uniform plane wave, = /c, where we identify = 10
8
sec
1
. Thus
= 10
8
/(3 10
8
) = 0.33 rad/m.
b) : We know = 2/ = 18.9 m.
c) E(x, t) at P(0.1, 0.2, 0.3) at t = 1 ns: Use E(x, t) =
0
H(x, t) = (377)(10) cos(10
8
t
x) = 3.7710
3
cos(10
8
t x). The vector direction of E will be a
z
, since we require
that S = E H, where S is x-directed. At the given point, the relevant coordinate is
x = 0.1. Using this, along with t = 10
9
sec, we nally obtain
E(x, t) = 3.77 10
3
cos[(10
8
)(10
9
) (0.33)(0.1)]a
z
= 3.77 10
3
cos(6.7 10
2
)a
z
= 3.76 10
3
a
z
V/m
11.4. Small antennas have low eciencies (as will be seen in Chapter 14) and the eciency increases
with size up to the point at which a critical dimension of the antenna is an appreciable fraction
of a wavelength, say /8.
a) An antenna is that is 12cm long is operated in air at 1 MHz. What fraction of a wavelength
long is it? The free space wavelength will be

air
=
c
f
=
3.0 10
8
m/s
10
6
s
1
= 300 m, so that the fraction =
1.2
300
= 4.0 10
3
b) The same antenna is embedded in a ferrite material for which
r
= 20 and
r
= 2, 000.
What fraction of a wavelength is it now?

ferrite
=

air

r
=
300
p
(20)(2000)
= 1.5m fraction =
1.2
1.5
= 0.8
221
11.5. A 150-MHz uniform plane wave in free space is described by H
s
= (4 +j10)(2a
x
+ja
y
)e
jz
A/m.
a) Find numerical values for , , and : First, = 215010
6
= 3 10
8
sec
1
. Second,
for a uniform plane wave in free space, = 2c/ = c/f = (3 10
8
)/(1.5 10
8
) = 2 m.
Third, = 2/ = rad/m.
b) Find H(z, t) at t = 1.5 ns, z = 20 cm: Use
H(z, t) = Re{H
s
e
jt
} = Re{(4 + j10)(2a
x
+ ja
y
)(cos(t z) + j sin(t z)}
= [8 cos(t z) 20 sin(t z)] a
x
[10 cos(t z) + 4 sin(t z)] a
y
. Now at the given position and time, t z = (3 10
8
)(1.5 10
9
) (0.20) = /4.
And cos(/4) = sin(/4) = 1/

2. So nally,
H(z = 20cm, t = 1.5ns) =
1

2
(12a
x
+ 14a
y
) = 8.5a
x
9.9a
y
A/m
c) What is |E|
max
? Have |E|
max
=
0
|H|
max
, where
|H|
max
=
p
H
s
H

s
= [4(4 + j10)(4 j10) + (j)(j)(4 + j10)(4 j10)]
1/2
= 24.1 A/m
Then |E|
max
= 377(24.1) = 9.08 kV/m.
11.6. A uniform plane wave has electric eld E
s
= (E
y0
a
y
E
z0
a
z
) e
x
e
jx
V/m. The intrinsic
impedance of the medium is given as = || e
j
, where is a constant phase.
a) Describe the wave polarization and state the direction of propagation: The wave is linearly
polarized in the y-z plane, and propagates in the forward x direction (from the e
jx
factor).
b) Find H
s
: Each component of E
s
, when crossed into its companion component of H

s
,
must give a vector in the positive-x direction of travel. Using this rule, we nd
H
s
=

E
y

a
z
+
E
z

a
y

E
y0
||
a
z
+
E
z0
||
a
y

e
x
e
j
e
jx
A/m
c) Find E(x, t) and H(x, t): E(x, t) = Re

E
s
e
jt

= [E
y0
a
y
E
z0
a
z
] e
x
cos(t x)
H(x, t) = Re

H
s
e
jt

= [E
y0
a
z
+ E
z0
a
y
] e
x
cos(t x )
where all amplitudes are assumed real.
d) Find < S > in W/m
2
:
< S >=
1
2
Re {E
s
H

s
} =
1
2

E
2
y0
+ E
2
z0

e
2x
cos a
x
W/m
2
e) Find the time-average power in watts that is intercepted by an antenna of rectangular
cross-section, having width w and height h, suspended parallel to the yz plane, and at a
distance d from the wave source. This will be
P =
Z Z
plate
< S > dS = | < S > |
x=d
area =
1
2
(wh)

E
2
y0
+ E
2
z0

e
2d
cos W
222
11.7. The phasor magnetic eld intensity for a 400-MHz uniform plane wave propagating in a
certain lossless material is (2a
y
j5a
z
)e
j25x
A/m. Knowing that the maximum amplitude
of E is 1500 V/m, nd , , , v
p
,
r
,
r
, and H(x, y, z, t): First, from the phasor expression,
we identify = 25 m
1
from the argument of the exponential function. Next, we evaluate
H
0
= |H| =

H H

=

2
2
+ 5
2
=

29. Then = E
0
/H
0
= 1500/

29 = 278.5 . Then
= 2/ = 2/25 = .25 m = 25 cm. Next,
v
p
=

=
2 400 10
6
25
= 1.01 10
8
m/s
Now we note that
= 278.5 = 377
r

r
= 0.546
And
v
p
= 1.01 10
8
=
c

r

r

r
= 8.79
We solve the above two equations simultaneously to nd
r
= 4.01 and
r
= 2.19. Finally,
H(x, y, z, t) = Re

(2a
y
j5a
z
)e
j25x
e
jt

= 2 cos(2 400 10
6
t 25x)a
y
+ 5 sin(2 400 10
6
t 25x)a
z
= 2 cos(8 10
8
t 25x)a
y
+ 5 sin(8 10
8
t 25x)a
z
A/m
11.8. An electric eld in free space is given in spherical coordinates as E
s
(r) = E
0
(r)e
jkr
a

V/m.
a) nd H
s
(r) assuming uniform plane wave behavior: Knowing that the cross product of E
s
with the complex conjugate of the phasor H
s
eld must give a vector in the direction of
propagation, we obtain,
H
s
(r) =
E
0
(r)

0
e
jkr
a

A/m
b) Find < S >: This will be
< S >=
1
2
Re {E
s
H

s
} =
E
2
0
(r)
2
0
a
r
W/m
2
c) Express the average outward power in watts through a closed spherical shell of radius r,
centered at the origin: The power will be (in this case) just the product of the power
density magnitude in part b with the sphere area, or
P = 4r
2
E
2
0
(r)
2
0
W
where E
0
(r) is assumed real.
d) Establish the required functional form of E
0
(r) that will enable the power ow in part c
to be independent of radius: Evidently this condition is met when E
0
(r) 1/r
223
11.9. A certain lossless material has
r
= 4 and
r
= 9. A 10-MHz uniform plane wave is propagating
in the a
y
direction with E
x0
= 400 V/m and E
y0
= E
z0
= 0 at P(0.6, 0.6, 0.6) at t = 60 ns.
a) Find , , v
p
, and : For a uniform plane wave,
=

=

c

r
=
2 10
7
3 10
8
p
(4)(9) = 0.4 rad/m
Then = (2)/ = (2)/(0.4) = 5 m. Next,
v
p
=

=
2 10
7
4 10
1
= 5 10
7
m/s
Finally,
=
r

=
0
r

r
= 377
r
4
9
= 251
b) Find E(t) (at P): We are given the amplitude at t = 60 ns and at y = 0.6 m. Let the
maximum amplitude be E
max
, so that in general, E
x
= E
max
cos(t y). At the given
position and time,
E
x
= 400 = E
max
cos[(2 10
7
)(60 10
9
) (4 10
1
)(0.6)] = E
max
cos(0.96)
= 0.99E
max
So E
max
= (400)/(0.99) = 403 V/m. Thus at P, E(t) = 403 cos(2 10
7
t) V/m.
c) Find H(t): First, we note that if E at a given instant points in the negative x direction,
while the wave propagates in the forward y direction, then H at that same position and
time must point in the positive z direction. Since we have a lossless homogeneous medium,
is real, and we are allowed to write H(t) = E(t)/, where is treated as negative and
real. Thus
H(t) = H
z
(t) =
E
x
(t)

=
403
251
cos(2 10
7
t) = 1.61 cos(2 10
7
t) A/m
11.10. In a medium characterized by intrinsic impedance = ||e
j
, a linearly-polarized plane wave
propagates, with magnetic eld given as H
s
= (H
0y
a
y
+ H
0z
a
z
) e
x
e
jx
. Find:
a) E
s
: Requiring orthogonal components of E
s
for each component of H
s
, we nd
E
s
= || [H
0z
a
y
H
0y
a
z
] e
x
e
jx
e
j
b) E(x, t) = Re {E
s
e
jt
} = || [H
0z
a
y
H
0y
a
z
] e
x
cos(t x +).
c) H(x, t) = Re {H
s
e
jt
} = [H
0y
a
y
+ H
0z
a
z
] e
x
cos(t x).
d) < S >=
1
2
Re{E
s
H

s
} =
1
2
||

H
2
0y
+ H
2
0z

e
2x
cos a
x
W/m
2
224
11.11. A 2-GHz uniform plane wave has an amplitude of E
y0
= 1.4 kV/m at (0, 0, 0, t = 0) and is
propagating in the a
z
direction in a medium where
00
= 1.6 10
11
F/m,
0
= 3.0 10
11
F/m, and = 2.5 H/m. Find:
a) E
y
at P(0, 0, 1.8cm) at 0.2 ns: To begin, we have the ratio,
00
/
0
= 1.6/3.0 = 0.533. So
=
r

0
2

s
1 +

00

2
1

1/2
= (2 2 10
9
)
r
(2.5 10
6
)(3.0 10
11
)
2
h
p
1 + (.533)
2
1
i
1/2
= 28.1 Np/m
Then
=
r

0
2

s
1 +

00

2
+ 1

1/2
= 112 rad/m
Thus in general,
E
y
(z, t) = 1.4e
28.1z
cos(4 10
9
t 112z) kV/m
Evaluating this at t = 0.2 ns and z = 1.8 cm, nd
E
y
(1.8 cm, 0.2 ns) = 0.74 kV/m
b) H
x
at P at 0.2 ns: We use the phasor relation, H
xs
= E
ys
/ where
=
r

0
1
p
1 j(
00
/
0
)
=
r
2.5 10
6
3.0 10
11
1
p
1 j(.533)
= 263 + j65.7 = 271
6
14

So now
H
xs
=
E
ys

=
(1.4 10
3
)e
28.1z
e
j112z
271e
j14

= 5.16e
28.1z
e
j112z
e
j14

A/m
Then
H
x
(z, t) = 5.16e
28.1z
cos(4 10
9
t 112z 14

)
This, when evaluated at t = 0.2 ns and z = 1.8 cm, yields
H
x
(1.8 cm, 0.2 ns) = 3.0 A/m
225
11.12. Describe how the attenuation coecient of a liquid medium, assumed to be a good conductor,
could be determined through measurement of wavelength in the liquid at a known frequency.
What restrictions apply? Could this method be used to nd the conductivity as well? In a
good conductor, we may use the approximation:

.
=
.
=
r

2
where =
2

Therefore, in the good conductor approximation,

.
= 2/. From the above formula, we
could also nd

.
=
4

2
f
which would work provided that again, we are certain that we have a good conductor, and
that the permeability is known.
11.13. Let jk = 0.2 +j1.5 m
1
and = 450 +j60 for a uniform plane wave propagating in the a
z
direction. If = 300 Mrad/s, nd ,
0
, and
00
: We begin with
=
r

0
1
p
1 j(
00
/
0
)
= 450 + j60
and
jk = j
p

0
p
1 j(
00
/
0
) = 0.2 + j1.5
Then

0
1
p
1 + (
00
/
0
)
2
= (450 + j60)(450 j60) = 2.06 10
5
(1)
and
(jk)(jk)

=
2

0
p
1 + (
00
/
0
)
2
= (0.2 + j1.5)(0.2 j1.5) = 2.29 (2)
Taking the ratio of (2) to (1),
(jk)(jk)

=
2
(
0
)
2

1 + (
00
/
0
)
2

=
2.29
2.06 10
5
= 1.11 10
5
Then with = 3 10
8
,
(
0
)
2
=
1.11 10
5
(3 10
8
)
2
(1 + (
00
/
0
)
2
)
=
1.23 10
22
(1 + (
00
/
0
)
2
)
(3)
Now, we use Eqs. (35) and (36). Squaring these and taking their ratio gives

2
=
p
1 + (
00
/
0
)
2
p
1 + (
00
/
0
)
2
=
(0.2)
2
(1.5)
2
We solve this to nd
00
/
0
= 0.271. Substituting this result into (3) gives
0
= 1.07 10
11
F/m. Since
00
/
0
= 0.271, we then nd
00
= 2.90 10
12
F/m. Finally, using these results in
either (1) or (2) we nd = 2.28 10
6
H/m. Summary: = 2.28 10
6
H/m,

0
= 1.07 10
11
F/m, and
00
= 2.90 10
12
F/m.
226
11.14. A certain nonmagnetic material has the material constants
0
r
= 2 and
00
/
0
= 4 10
4
at
= 1.5 Grad/s. Find the distance a uniform plane wave can propagate through the material
before:
a) it is attenuated by 1 Np: First,
00
= (4 10
4
)(2)(8.854 10
12
) = 7.1 10
15
F/m.
Then, since
00
/
0
<< 1, we use the approximate form for , given by Eq. (51) (written
in terms of
00
):

.
=

00
2
r

0
=
(1.5 10
9
)(7.1 10
15
)
2
377

2
= 1.42 10
3
Np/m
The required distance is now z
1
= (1.42 10
3
)
1
= 706 m
b) the power level is reduced by one-half: The governing relation is e
2z
1/2
= 1/2, or
z
1/2
= ln2/2 = ln2/2(1.42 10

3) = 244 m.
c) the phase shifts 360

: This distance is dened as one wavelength, where = 2/

= (2c)/(
p

0
r
) = [2(3 10
8
)]/[(1.5 10
9
)

2] = 0.89 m.
11.15. A 10 GHz radar signal may be represented as a uniform plane wave in a suciently small
region. Calculate the wavelength in centimeters and the attenuation in nepers per meter if
the wave is propagating in a non-magnetic material for which
a)
0
r
= 1 and
00
r
= 0: In a non-magnetic material, we would have:
=
r

0
r
2

s
1 +

00
r

0
r

2
1

1/2
and
=
r

0
r
2

s
1 +

00
r

0
r

2
+ 1

1/2
With the given values of
0
r
and
00
r
, it is clear that =

0
= /c, and so
= 2/ = 2c/ = 3 10
10
/10
10
= 3 cm. It is also clear that = 0.
b)
0
r
= 1.04 and
00
r
= 9.0010
4
: In this case
00
r
/
0
r
<< 1, and so
.
=
p

0
r
/c = 2.13 cm
1
.
Thus = 2/ = 2.95 cm. Then

.
=

00
2
r

0
=

00
r
2

0
p

0
r
=

2c

00
r
p

0
r
=
2 10
10
2 3 10
8
(9.00 10
4
)

1.04
= 9.24 10
2
Np/m
c)
0
r
= 2.5 and
00
r
= 7.2: Using the above formulas, we obtain
=
2 10
10

2.5
(3 10
10
)

s
1 +

7.2
2.5

2
+ 1

1/2
= 4.71 cm
1
and so = 2/ = 1.33 cm. Then
=
2 10
10

2.5
(3 10
8
)

s
1 +

7.2
2.5

2
1

1/2
= 335 Np/m
227
11.16. Consider the power dissipation term,
R
E Jdv in Poyntings theorem (Eq. (70)). This gives
the power lost to heat within a volume into which electromagnetic waves enter. The term
p
d
= E J is thus the power dissipation per unit volume in W/m
3
. Following the same
reasoning that resulted in Eq. (77), the time-average power dissipation per volume will be
< p
d
>= (1/2)Re {E
s
J

s
}.
a) Show that in a conducting medium, through which a uniform plane wave of amplitude E
0
propagates in the forward z direction, < p
d
>= (/2)|E
0
|
2
e
2z
: Begin with the phasor
expression for the electric eld, assuming complex amplitude E
0
, and x-polarization:
E
s
= E
0
e
z
e
jz
a
x
V/m
2
Then
J
s
= E
s
= E
0
e
z
e
jz
a
x
A/m
2
So that
< p
d
>= (1/2)Re

E
0
e
z
e
jz
a
x
E

0
e
z
e
+jz
a
x

= (/2)|E
0
|
2
e
2z
b) Conrm this result for the special case of a good conductor by using the left hand side of
Eq. (70), and consider a very small volume. In a good conductor, the intrinsic impedance
is, from Eq. (85),
c
= (1 + j)/(), where the skin depth, = 1/. The magnetic eld
phasor is then
H
s
=
E
s

c
a
y
=

(1 + j)
E
0
e
z
e
jz
a
y
A/m
The time-average Poynting vector is then
< S >=
1
2
Re {E
s
H

s
} =

4
|E
0
|
2
e
2z
a
z
W/m
2
Now, consider a rectangular volume of side lengths, x, y, and z, all of which are
very small. As the wave passes through this volume in the forward z direction, the power
dissipated will be the dierence between the power at entry (at z = 0), and the power
that exits the volume (at z = z). With small z, we may approximate e
2z
.
= 1 2z,
and the dissipated power in the volume becomes
P
d
= P
in
P
out
=
h

4
|E
0
|
2
i
xy
h

4
|E
0
|
2
(1 2z)
i
xy =

2
|E
0
|
2
(xyz)
This is just the result of part a, evaluated at z = 0 and multiplied by the volume. The
relation becomes exact as z 0, in which case < p
d
>(/2)|E
0
|
2
.
It is also possible to show the relation by using Eq. (69) (which involves taking the
divergence of < S >), or by removing the restriction of a small volume and evaluating
the integrals in Eq. (70) without approximations. Either method is straightforward.
228
11.17. Let = 250 + j30 and jk = 0.2 + j2 m
1
for a uniform plane wave propagating in the a
z
direction in a dielectric having some nite conductivity. If |E
s
| = 400 V/m at z = 0, nd:
a) < S > at z = 0 and z = 60 cm: Assume x-polarization for the electric eld. Then
< S > =
1
2
Re {E
s
H

s
} =
1
2
Re

400e
z
e
jz
a
x

400

e
z
e
jz
a
y

=
1
2
(400)
2
e
2z
Re

a
z
= 8.0 10
4
e
2(0.2)z
Re

1
250 j30

a
z
= 315 e
2(0.2)z
a
z
W/m
2
Evaluating at z = 0, obtain < S > (z = 0) = 315 a
z
W/m
2
,
and at z = 60 cm, P
z,av
(z = 0.6) = 315e
2(0.2)(0.6)
a
z
= 248 a
z
W/m
2
.
b) the average ohmic power dissipation in watts per cubic meter at z = 60 cm: At this point
a aw becomes evident in the problem statement, since solving this part in two dierent
ways gives results that are not the same. I will demonstrate: In the rst method, we
use Poyntings theorem in point form Eq.(69), which we modify for the case of time-
independent elds to read: < S >=< J E >, where the right hand side is the
average power dissipation per volume. Note that the additional right-hand-side terms in
Poyntings theorem that describe changes in energy stored in the elds will both be zero
in steady state. We apply our equation to the result of part a:
< J E >= < S >=
d
dz
315 e
2(0.2)z
= (0.4)(315)e
2(0.2)z
= 126e
0.4z
W/m
3
At z = 60 cm, this becomes < J E >= 99.1 W/m
3
. In the second method, we solve for
the conductivity and evaluate < J E >= < E
2
>. We use jk = j

0
p
1 j(
00
/
0
)
and
=
r

0
1
p
1 j(
00
/
0
)
We take the ratio,
jk

= j
0

1 j

00

= j
0
+
00
Identifying =
00
, we nd
= Re

jk

= Re

0.2 + j2
250 + j30

= 1.74 10
3
S/m
Now we nd the dissipated power per volume:
< E
2
>= 1.74 10
3

1
2

400e
0.2z

2
At z = 60 cm, this evaluates as 109 W/m
3
. One can show that consistency between the
two methods requires that
Re

=

2
This relation does not hold using the numbers as given in the problem statement and the
value of found above. Note that in Problem 11.13, where all values are worked out, the
relation does hold and consistent results are obtained using both methods.
229
11.18. Given, a 100MHz uniform plane wave in a medium known to be a good dielectric. The phasor
electric eld is E
s
= 4e
0.5z
e
j20z
a
x
V/m. Not stated in the problem is the permeability,
which we take to be
0
. Determine:
a)
0
: As a rst step, it is useful to see just how much of a good dielectric we have. We use
the good dielectric approximations, Eqs. (60a) and (60b), with =
00
. Using these, we
take the ratio, /, to nd

=
20
0.5
=

1 + (1/8)(
00
/
0
)
2

(
00
/2)
p
/
0
= 2

00

+
1
4

00

This becomes the quadratic equation:

00

2
160

00

+ 8 = 0
The solution to the quadratic is (
00
/
0
) = 0.05, which means that we can neglect the
second term in Eq. (60b), so that
.
=

0
= (/c)
p

0
r
. With the given frequency of
100 MHz, and with =
0
, we nd
p

0
r
= 20(3/2) = 9.55, so that
0
r
= 91.3, and nally

0
=
0
r

0
= 8.1 10
10
F/m.
b)
00
: Using Eq. (60a), the set up is
= 0.5 =

00
2
r

0

00
=
2(0.5)
2 10
8
s

=
10
8
2(377)

91.3 = 4.0 10
11
F/m
c) : Using Eq. (62b), we nd

.
=
r

1 + j
1
2

00

=
377

91.3
(1 + j.025) = (39.5 + j0.99) ohms
d) H
s
: This will be a y-directed eld, and will be
H
s
=
E
s

a
y
=
4
(39.5 + j0.99)
e
0.5z
e
j20z
a
y
= 0.101e
0.5z
e
j20z
e
j0.025
a
y
A/m
e) < S >: Using the given eld and the result of part d, obtain
< S >=
1
2
Re{E
s
H

s
} =
(0.101)(4)
2
e
2(0.5)z
cos(0.025) a
z
= 0.202e
z
a
z
W/m
2
f) the power in watts that is incident on a rectangular surface measuring 20m x 30m at
z = 10m: At 10m, the power density is < S >= 0.202e
10
= 9.2 10
6
W/m
2
. The
incident power on the given area is then P = 9.2 10
6
(20)(30) = 5.5 mW.
230
11.19. Perfectly-conducting cylinders with radii of 8 mm and 20 mm are coaxial. The region between
the cylinders is lled with a perfect dielectric for which = 10
9
/4 F/m and
r
= 1. If E in
this region is (500/) cos(t 4z)a

V/m, nd:
a) , with the help of Maxwells equations in cylindrical coordinates: We use the two curl
equations, beginning with E = B/t, where in this case,
E =
E

z
a

=
2000

sin(t 4z)a

=
B

t
a

So
B

=
Z
2000

sin(t 4z)dt =
2000

cos(t 4z) T
Then
H

=
B

0
=
2000
(4 10
7
)
cos(t 4z) A/m
We next use H = D/t, where in this case
H =
H

z
a

+
1

(H

a
z
where the second term on the right hand side becomes zero when substituting our H

.
So
H =
H

z
a

=
8000
(4 10
7
)
sin(t 4z)a

=
D

t
a

And
D

=
Z

8000
(4 10
7
)
sin(t 4z)dt =
8000
(4 10
7
)
2

cos(t 4z) C/m

2
Finally, using the given ,
E

=
D

=
8000
(10
16
)
2

cos(t 4z) V/m

This must be the same as the given eld, so we require
8000
(10
16
)
2

=
500

= 4 10
8
rad/s
b) H(, z, t): From part a, we have
H(, z, t) =
2000
(4 10
7
)
cos(t 4z)a

=
4.0

cos(4 10
8
t 4z)a

A/m
c) S(, , z): This will be
S(, , z) = EH =
500

cos(4 10
8
t 4z)a

4.0

cos(4 10
8
t 4z)a

=
2.0 10
3

2
cos
2
(4 10
8
t 4z)a
z
W/m
2
231
11.19d) the average power passing through every cross-section 8 < < 20 mm, 0 < < 2. Using
the result of part c, we nd < S >= (1.0 10
3
)/
2
a
z
W/m
2
. The power through the given
cross-section is now
P =
Z
2
0
Z
.020
.008
1.0 10
3

2
d d = 2 10
3
ln

20
8

= 5.7 kW
11.20. Voltage breakdown in air at standard temperature and pressure occurs at an electric eld
strength of approximately 3 10
6
V/m. This becomes an issue in some high-power optical
experiments, in which tight focusing of light may be necessary. Estimate the lightwave power
in watts that can be focused into a cylindrical beam of 10m radius before breakdown occurs.
Assume uniform plane wave behavior (although this assumption will produce an answer that
is higher than the actual number by as much as a factor of 2, depending on the actual beam
shape).
The power density in the beam in free space can be found as a special case of Eq. (76)
(with =
0
,

= = 0):
| < S > | =
E
2
0
2
0
=
(3 10
6
)
2
2(377)
= 1.2 10
10
W/m
2
To avoid breakdown, the power in a 10-m radius cylinder is then bounded by
P < (1.2 10
10
)( (10
5
)
2
) = 3.75 W
232
11.21. The cylindrical shell, 1 cm < < 1.2 cm, is composed of a conducting material for which
= 10
6
S/m. The external and internal regions are non-conducting. Let H

= 2000 A/m at
= 1.2 cm.
a) Find H everywhere: Use Amperes circuital law, which states:
I
H dL = 2(2000) = 2(1.2 10
2
)(2000) = 48 A = I
encl
Then in this case
J =
I
Area
a
z
=
48
(1.44 1.00) 10
4
a
z
= 1.09 10
6
a
z
A/m
2
With this result we again use Amperes circuital law to nd H everywhere within the
shell as a function of (in meters):
H
1
() =
1
2
Z
2
0
Z

.01
1.09 10
6
d d =
54.5

(10
4

2
1) A/m (.01 < < .012)
Outside the shell, we would have
H
2
() =
48
2
= 24/ A/m ( > .012)
Inside the shell ( < .01 m), H

= 0 since there is no enclosed current.

b) Find E everywhere: We use
E =
J

=
1.09 10
6
10
6
a
z
= 1.09 a
z
V/m
which is valid, presumeably, outside as well as inside the shell.
c) Find S everywhere: Use
P = EH = 1.09 a
z

54.5

(10
4

2
1) a

=
59.4

(10
4

2
1) a

W/m
2
(.01 < < .012 m)
Outside the shell,
S = 1.09 a
z

24

=
26

W/m
2
( > .012 m)
233
11.22. The inner and outer dimensions of a copper coaxial transmission line are 2 and 7 mm, respec-
tively. Both conductors have thicknesses much greater than . The dielectric is lossless and
the operating frequency is 400 MHz. Calculate the resistance per meter length of the:
a) inner conductor: First
=
1

f
=
1
p
(4 10
8
)(4 10
7
)(5.8 10
7
)
= 3.3 10
6
m = 3.3m
Now, using (90) with a unit length, we nd
R
in
=
1
2a
=
1
2(2 10
3
)(5.8 10
7
)(3.3 10
6
)
= 0.42 ohms/m
b) outer conductor: Again, (90) applies but with a dierent conductor radius. Thus
R
out
=
a
b
R
in
=
2
7
(0.42) = 0.12 ohms/m
c) transmission line: Since the two resistances found above are in series, the line resistance
is their sum, or R = R
in
+ R
out
= 0.54 ohms/m.
11.23. A hollow tubular conductor is constructed from a type of brass having a conductivity of
1.2 10
7
S/m. The inner and outer radii are 9 mm and 10 mm respectively. Calculate the
resistance per meter length at a frequency of
a) dc: In this case the current density is uniform over the entire tube cross-section. We
write:
R(dc) =
L
A
=
1
(1.2 10
7
)(.01
2
.009
2
)
= 1.4 10
3
/m
b) 20 MHz: Now the skin eect will limit the eective cross-section. At 20 MHz, the skin
depth is
(20MHz) = [f
0
]
1/2
= [(20 10
6
)(4 10
7
)(1.2 10
7
)]
1/2
= 3.25 10
5
m
This is much less than the outer radius of the tube. Therefore we can approximate the
resistance using the formula:
R(20MHz) =
L
A
=
1
2b
=
1
(1.2 10
7
)(2(.01))(3.25 10
5
)
= 4.1 10
2
/m
c) 2 GHz: Using the same formula as in part b, we nd the skin depth at 2 GHz to be =
3.25 10
6
m. The resistance (using the other formula) is R(2GHz) = 4.1 10
1
/m.
234
11.24 a) Most microwave ovens operate at 2.45 GHz. Assume that = 1.2 10
6
S/m and
r
= 500
for the stainless steel interior, and nd the depth of penetration:
=
1

f
=
1
p
(2.45 10
9
)(4 10
7
)(1.2 10
6
)
= 9.28 10
6
m = 9.28m
b) Let E
s
= 50
6
0

V/m at the surface of the conductor, and plot a curve of the amplitude
of E
s
vs. the angle of E
s
as the eld propagates into the stainless steel: Since the
conductivity is high, we use (82) to write
.
=
.
=

f = 1/. So, assuming that the

direction into the conductor is z, the depth-dependent eld is written as
E
s
(z) = 50e
z
e
jz
= 50e
z/
e
jz/
= 50 exp(z/9.28)
| {z }
amplitude
exp(j z/9.28
| {z }
angle
)
where z is in microns. Therefore, the plot of amplitude versus angle is simply a plot of
e
x
versus x, where x = z/9.28; the starting amplitude is 50 and the 1/e amplitude (at
z = 9.28 m) is 18.4.
11.25. A good conductor is planar in form and carries a uniform plane wave that has a wavelength
of 0.3 mm and a velocity of 3 10
5
m/s. Assuming the conductor is non-magnetic, determine
the frequency and the conductivity: First, we use
f =
v

=
3 10
5
3 10
4
= 10
9
Hz = 1 GHz
Next, for a good conductor,
=

2
=
1

f
=
4

2
f
=
4
(9 10
8
)(10
9
)(4 10
7
)
= 1.1 10
5
S/m
235
11.26. The dimensions of a certain coaxial transmission line are a = 0.8mm and b = 4mm. The outer
conductor thickness is 0.6mm, and all conductors have = 1.6 10
7
S/m.
a) Find R, the resistance per unit length, at an operating frequency of 2.4 GHz: First
=
1

f
=
1
p
(2.4 10
8
)(4 10
7
)(1.6 10
7
)
= 2.57 10
6
m = 2.57m
Then, using (90) with a unit length, we nd
R
in
=
1
2a
=
1
2(0.8 10
3
)(1.6 10
7
)(2.57 10
6
)
= 4.84 ohms/m
The outer conductor resistance is then found from the inner through
R
out
=
a
b
R
in
=
0.8
4
(4.84) = 0.97 ohms/m
The net resistance per length is then the sum, R = R
in
+ R
out
= 5.81 ohms/m.
b) Use information from Secs. 6.3 and 8.10 to nd C and L, the capacitance and inductance
per unit length, respectively. The coax is air-lled. From those sections, we nd (in free
space)
C =
2
0
ln(b/a)
=
2(8.854 10
12
)
ln(4/.8)
= 3.46 10
11
F/m
L =

0
2
ln(b/a) =
4 10
7
2
ln(4/.8) = 3.22 10
7
H/m
c) Find and if +j =
p
jC(R + jL): Taking real and imaginary parts of the given
expression, we nd
= Re
n
p
jC(R + jL)
o
=

LC

s
1 +

R
L

2
1

1/2
and
= Im
n
p
jC(R + jL)
o
=

LC

s
1 +

R
L

2
+ 1

1/2
These can be found by writing out
= Re
n
p
jC(R + jL)
o
= (1/2)
p
jC(R + jL) + c.c.
where c.c denotes the complex conjugate. The result is squared, terms collected, and the
square root taken. Now, using the values of R, C, and L found in parts a and b, we nd
= 3.0 10
2
Np/m and = 50.3 rad/m.
236
11.27. The planar surface at z = 0 is a brass-Teon interface. Use data available in Appendix C to
evaluate the following ratios for a uniform plane wave having = 4 10
10
rad/s:
a)
Tef
/
brass
: From the appendix we nd
00
/
0
= .0003 for Teon, making the material a
good dielectric. Also, for Teon,
0
r
= 2.1. For brass, we nd = 1.5 10
7
S/m, making
brass a good conductor at the stated frequency. For a good dielectric (Teon) we use the
approximations:

.
=

2
r

0
=

00

1
2

0
=
1
2

00

c
p

0
r

.
=
p

1 +
1
8

00

.
=

0 =

c
p

0
r
For brass (good conductor) we have

.
=
.
=
p
f
brass
=
s

1
2

(4 10
10
)(4 10
7
)(1.5 10
7
) = 6.14 10
5
m
1
Now

Tef

brass
=
1/2 (
00
/
0
) (/c)
p

0
r

f
brass
=
(1/2)(.0003)(4 10
10
/3 10
8
)

2.1
6.14 10
5
= 4.7 10
8
b)

Tef

brass
=
(2/
Tef
)
(2/
brass
)
=

brass

Tef
=
c

f
brass

0
r Tef
=
(3 10
8
)(6.14 10
5
)
(4 10
10
)

2.1
= 3.2 10
3
c)
v
Tef
v
brass
=
(/
Tef
)
(/
brass
)
=

brass

Tef
= 3.2 10
3
as before
11.28. A uniform plane wave in free space has electric eld given by E
s
= 10e
jx
a
z
+ 15e
jx
a
y
V/m.
a) Describe the wave polarization: Since the two components have a xed phase dierence
(in this case zero) with respect to time and position, the wave has linear polarization,
with the eld vector in the yz plane at angle = tan
1
(10/15) = 33.7

to the y axis.
b) Find H
s
: With propagation in forward x, we would have
H
s
=
10
377
e
jx
a
y
+
15
377
e
jx
a
z
A/m = 26.5e
jx
a
y
+ 39.8e
jx
a
z
mA/m
c) determine the average power density in the wave in W/m
2
: Use
P
avg
=
1
2
Re {E
s
H

s
} =
1
2

(10)
2
377
a
x
+
(15)
2
377
a
x

= 0.43a
x
W/m
2
or P
avg
= 0.43 W/m
2
237
11.29. Consider a left-circularly polarized wave in free space that propagates in the forward z direc-
tion. The electric eld is given by the appropriate form of Eq. (100).
a) Determine the magnetic eld phasor, H
s
:
We begin, using (100), with E
s
= E
0
(a
x
+ ja
y
)e
jz
. We nd the two components of
H
s
separately, using the two components of E
s
. Specically, the x component of E
s
is
associated with a y component of H
s
, and the y component of E
s
is associated with a
negative x component of H
s
. The result is
H
s
=
E
0

0
(a
y
ja
x
) e
jz
b) Determine an expression for the average power density in the wave in W/m
2
by direct
application of Eq. (77): We have
P
z,avg
=
1
2
Re(E
s
H

s
) =
1
2
Re

E
0
(a
x
+ ja
y
)e
jz

E
0

0
(a
y
ja
x
)e
+jz

=
E
2
0

0
a
z
W/m
2
(assuming E
0
is real)
11.30. In an anisotropic medium, permittivity varies with electric eld direction, and is a property
seen in most crystals. Consider a uniform plane wave propagating in the z direction in such a
medium, and which enters the material with equal eld components along the x and y axes.
The eld phasor will take the form:
E
s
(z) = E
0
(a
x
+a
y
e
jz
) e
jz
where =
x

y
is the dierence in phase constants for waves that are linearly-polarized
in the x and y directions. Find distances into the material (in terms of ) at which the eld
is:
a) Linearly-polarized: We want the x and y components to be in phase, so therefore
z
lin
= m z
lin
=
m

, (m = 1, 2, 3...)
b) Circularly-polarized: In this case, we want the two eld components to be in quadrature
phase, such that the total eld is of the form, E
s
= E
0
(a
x
ja
y
)e
jz
. Therefore,
z
circ
=
(2n + 1)
2
z
circ
=
(2n + 1)
2
, (n = 0, 1, 2, 3...)
c) Assume intrinsic impedance that is approximately constant with eld orientation and
nd H
s
and < S >: Magnetic eld is found by looking at the individual components:
H
s
(z) =
E
0

a
y
a
x
e
jz

e
jz
and
< S >=
1
2
Re {E
s
H

s
} =
E
2
0

a
z
W/m
2
where it is assumed that E
0
is real. is real because the medium is evidently lossless.
238
11.31. A linearly-polarized uniform plane wave, propagating in the forward z direction, is input to a
lossless anisotropic material, in which the dielectric constant encountered by waves polarized
along y (
ry
) diers from that seen by waves polarized along x (
rx
). Suppose
rx
= 2.15,

ry
= 2.10, and the wave electric eld at input is polarized at 45

to the positive x and y axes.

Assume free space wavelength .
a) Determine the shortest length of the material such that the wave as it emerges from the
output end is circularly polarized: With the input eld at 45

, the x and y components are

of equal magnitude, and circular polarization will result if the phase dierence between
the components is /2. Our requirement over length L is thus
x
L
y
L = /2, or
L =

2(
x

y
)
=
c
2(

rx

ry
)
With the given values, we nd,
L =
(58.3)c
2
= 58.3

4
= 14.6
b) Will the output wave be right- or left-circularly-polarized? With the dielectric constant
greater for x-polarized waves, the x component will lag the y component in time at the out-
put. The eld can thus be written as E = E
0
(a
y
ja
x
), which is left circular polarization.
11.32. Suppose that the length of the medium of Problem 11.31 is made to be twice that as determined
in the problem. Describe the polarization of the output wave in this case: With the length
doubled, a phase shift of radians develops between the two components. At the input, we
can write the eld as E
s
(0) = E
0
(a
x
+ a
y
). After propagating through length L, we would
have,
E
s
(L) = E
0
[e
j
x
L
a
x
+ e
j
y
L
a
y
] = E
0
e
j
x
L
[a
x
+ e
j(
y

x
)L
a
y
]
where (
y

x
)L = (since
x
>
y
), and so E
s
(L) = E
0
e
j
x
L
[a
x
a
y
]. With the reversal
of the y component, the wave polarization is rotated by 90

, but is still linear polarization.

11.33. Given a wave for which E
s
= 15e
jz
a
x
+ 18e
jz
e
j
a
y
V/m, propagating in a medium
characterized by complex intrinsic impedance, .
a) Find H
s
: With the wave propagating in the forward z direction, we nd:
H
s
=
1

18e
j
a
x
+ 15a
y

e
jz
A/m
b) Determine the average power density in W/m
2
: We nd
P
z,avg
=
1
2
Re {E
s
H

s
} =
1
2
Re

(15)
2

+
(18)
2

= 275 Re

W/m
2
239
11.34. Given the general elliptically-polarized wave as per Eq. (93):
E
s
= [E
x0
a
x
+ E
y0
e
j
a
y
]e
jz
a) Show, using methods similar to those of Example 11.7, that a linearly polarized wave
results when superimposing the given eld and a phase-shifted eld of the form:
E
s
= [E
x0
a
x
+ E
y0
e
j
a
y
]e
jz
e
j
where is a constant: Adding the two elds gives
E
s,tot
=

E
x0

1 + e
j

a
x
+ E
y0

e
j
+ e
j
e
j

a
y

e
jz
=

E
x0
e
j/2

e
j/2
+ e
j/2

| {z }
2 cos(/2)
a
x
+ E
y0
e
j/2

e
j/2
e
j
+ e
j
e
j/2

| {z }
2 cos(/2)
a
y

e
jz
This simplies to E
s,tot
= 2 [E
x0
cos(/2)a
x
+ E
y0
cos( /2)a
y
] e
j/2
e
jz
, which is
linearly polarized.
b) Find in terms of such that the resultant wave is polarized along x: By inspecting the
part a result, we achieve a zero y component when 2 = (or odd multiples of ).
240