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Electric Charge and Electric Field: Physics Ii 1

1) The document introduces electric charge and electric fields, including how charge behaves in conductors and insulators. It describes Coulomb's law for calculating electrostatic force. 2) Electric fields can be mapped by measuring the force on a test charge and show how fields from multiple charges superimpose according to the principle of superposition. 3) Electric dipoles, such as water molecules, have no net charge but do have a dipole moment that interacts with electric fields.

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Nur Eizzati
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
69 views38 pages

Electric Charge and Electric Field: Physics Ii 1

1) The document introduces electric charge and electric fields, including how charge behaves in conductors and insulators. It describes Coulomb's law for calculating electrostatic force. 2) Electric fields can be mapped by measuring the force on a test charge and show how fields from multiple charges superimpose according to the principle of superposition. 3) Electric dipoles, such as water molecules, have no net charge but do have a dipole moment that interacts with electric fields.

Uploaded by

Nur Eizzati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1 Chapter 1

Electric Charge and Electric Field


PHYSICS II 1
Chapter 1 outline Chapter 1 outline
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Electric charge
1.3 Movement of charges
1.4 electrostatic force
1.5 Electric fields
1.6 Principle of Superposition
1.7 Electric dipoles
PHYSICS II 2
Goals for Chapter 1 Goals for Chapter 1
By the end of this topic, student will ale !
To understand electric charge and see how charge behaves
in conductors and insulators
To calculate force with Coulombs Law
To consider the electric field as a map of force on a test
charge
To see how electric fields superimpose
To visualize and consider the path of electric field lines
around a charge or charges
To see the unique applications of electric dipoles11
PHYSICS II "
1.1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction
Water pervades the science of
chemistry and biology. Its
not only what we drink when
were thirsty, but its been
called the universal solvent.
Even if we were to only look Even if we were to only look
at water, and water as a
solvent, we would see a
simple problem like salt
dissolving in water is the
interaction of electrostatic
charges, of ions and dipoles.
PHYSICS II #
1.2 Electric charge 1.2 Electric charge
Glass rods, plastic tubes, silk, and fur can be used to demonstrate
the movement of electrons and how their presence or absence
make for powerful forces of attraction and repulsion.
PHYSICS II $
The photocopier, a very clever tool The photocopier, a very clever tool
The world may have come to take copiers for
granted, but they are amazing devices. They use
charge to hold fine dust in patterns until the pattern
may be transferred to paper and made permanent
with heat.
PHYSICS II %
How is the atom arranged? Why is it easiest to move electrons? How is the atom arranged? Why is it easiest to move electrons?
Visualize a football
stadium as an atom.
Electrons would be garden
peas in the highest seats
with charge of 1. Protons
would be basketballs or
melons with charge of +1,
and neutrons would reside and neutrons would reside
about the protons with no
charge. All of the protons
and neutrons could be in a
small basket on the 50-
yard line.
PHYSICS II &
Consider lithium as a Consider lithium as a cation cation, an anion, and , an anion, and
a neutral a neutral
Lets study the subatomic arrangement of lithium with
all charges balanced and the way only electrons move to
make the atom an ion (+ or ).
PHYSICS II '
1.3 Movement of charges 1.3 Movement of chargescharging by charging by
conduction conduction
Materials that allow easy passage
of charge are called conductors.
Materials that resist electronic
flow are called insulators.
The motion of electrons through
conducts and about insulators
allows us to observe opposite allows us to observe opposite
charges attract and like charges
repel.
PHYSICS II (
Electrons move freely and charges may be Electrons move freely and charges may be
induced induced
Take a childs toy, a rubber balloon. If you rub the balloon
vigorously on a fuzzy sweater then bring the balloon slowly
toward a painted concrete or plaster wall, the balloon will stick to
the wall and remain for some time.
The electrostatic force between static electrons and the induced
positive charge in the wall attract more strongly than the weight
of the balloon. of the balloon.
PHYSICS II 1)
Static electricity about an insulator can Static electricity about an insulator can
shift shift
The motion of static charges about a plastic comb and light bits
of paper can cause attractive forces strong enough to overcome
the weight of the paper.
PHYSICS II 11
Charges will seek motion to ground Charges will seek motion to ground
An uncharged conductor can attract the charge imparted
to paint droplets.
PHYSICS II 12
1.4 Charles Coulomb determined the electrostatic force law 1.4 Charles Coulomb determined the electrostatic force law
Coulombs Law allows the calculation of electrostatic
attraction or repulsion.
PHYSICS II 1"
Examples of electrical force calculated Examples of electrical force calculated
Ia Ia
Examples of electrical force calculated Examples of electrical force calculatedIb Ib
PHYSICS II 1$
Examples of electrical force calculated Examples of electrical force calculated
IIa IIa
PHYSICS II 1%
Examples of electrical force calculated Examples of electrical force calculated
IIb IIb
PHYSICS II 1&
1.5 Electric fields may be mapped by force on a test charge 1.5 Electric fields may be mapped by force on a test charge
If one measured the force on a test charge at
all points relative to another charge or
charges, an electric field may be mapped.
This experiment is often done in ones mind
(called a gedanken experiment).
The electric force on a charged body is
exerted by the electric field created by other
charged bodies.
Definition of electric field as electric force per
unit charge unit charge
O
O
q
F
E
r
r
=
Electric fields I Electric fields I the point charge the point charge
Fields of force may be sketched for different arrangements
of charge.
Consider the electric field E produced at point P by an
isolated point charge q at S.
1
qq
F
o
=
2
4 r
F
o
o
o

=
r
r
q
E
o

4
1
2

=
r
PHYSICS II 2)
Electric fields II Electric fields IIcharges in motion charges in motion
within a field within a field
Example 21.7
When the terminals of a battery are connected to two large parallel conducting
plates, the resulting charges on the plates cause an electric field E in the region
between the plates that is very nearly uniform.
If the plates are horizontal and separated by 1.0cm and the plates are connected
to a 100 volt battery, the magnitude of the field is E=1.0 x 10
4
N/C.
Suppose the direction of E is vertically upward, as shown in figure
(a) If an electron is release from rest at the (a) If an electron is release from rest at the
upper plate, what is its acceleration?
(b) What speed and kinetic energy does the
electron acquire while traveling 1.0 cm
to lower plate?
(c) How much time is required for it to
travel this distance?
An electron has charge e = 1.60x10

19
C and mass m=9.11x10
31
kg.
PHYSICS II 22
Electric fields II Electric fields IIcharges in motion within charges in motion within
a field a field
PHYSICS II 2"
1*% Principle of Superposition 1*% Principle of Superposition
1 1 2 3
12 13 1
1 12 13
2 3
1
For example the net force exerted on by and is equal to:
Here and are the forces exerted on by and , respectively.
In general the force exerted

on
F F q q q
F F q q q
F
q
F = +
r r
r r r r
1 12 13 14 1 1
2
12 13
by n charges is given by the equation:
...
One must remember that , , ...are vectors and thus
we must use use vector addition. Inthe example of fig.f we have
n
n i
i
F F F F F F
F F
=
= + + + + =

r r r r r r
r r
:
1 12 14
F F F = +
r r r
+he net electric force e,erted y a
group of charges is e-ual to the .ector
su/ of the contriution fro/ each
charge*
we must use use vector addition. Inthe example of fig.f we have:
Si/ilar in electric field, the net electric field e,erted y a
group of charges is e-ual to the .ector su/ of the
contriution fro/ each charge*
+his is the priciple of superposition of electric fields
F
r r r
r
r
....
3 2 1
+ + + = = E E E
q
F
E
r r r r
Electric fields add as vectors Electric fields add as vectors
Example 21.9
Point charges q
1
and q
2
of +12 nC and 12nC, respectively, are placed
0.10m apart. This combination of two charges with equal magnitude and
opposite sign is called an electric dipole.
Co/pute the electric field cause y -1, the field
caused y -2, and the total field 0a1 at point a,
01 at point and 0c1 at point c*
PHYSICS II 2%
PHYSICS II 2&
PHYSICS II 2'
PHYSICS II 2(
PHYSICS II ")
Electric field lines map out regions of equivalent force I Electric field lines map out regions of equivalent force I
PHYSICS II "1
d
+ q
- q
+q/2 +q/2
P
( )
A system of two equal charges of opposite sign
placed at a distance is known as an "electric
dipole". For every electric dipole we associate
a vector known as "the electric dipol
q d
Electric Dipole
e moment"
(symbol )defined as follows:
The magnitude
The direction of is along the line that connects
p
p qd
p
=
r
r
1.7
-q
The direction of is along the line that connects
the two charges and points from - to .
Many molecules have a built-in electric dip
p
q q +
r
2
ole
moment. An example is the water molecule (H O)
The bonding between the O atom and the two H
atoms involves the sharing of 10 valence electrons
(8 from O and 1 from each H atom)
PHYSICS II "2
Consider force and torque on a dipole Consider force and torque on a dipole
) sin )( ( d qE =
E p
r
r r
=
Both force F(+) and F() have magnitude qE, but their direction
are opposite.
Therefore, the net force on an electric dipole in a uniform external
electric field is zero.
The individual torque ( = F. x, F and x is perpendicular) is
) sin )( ( d qE =
E p =
qd p =
The product of the charge q and the separation d is the magnitude
of a quantity called the electric dipole moment, denoted by p:
2nit ! Coulo/ /eter 0C*/1
Potential Energy of an Electric 3ipole Potential Energy of an Electric 3ipole
When a dipole changes direction in an electric field, the electric-
field torque does work on it, with a corresponding change in
potential energy.
d pE d dW sin = =
) ( ) sin (
1 2
2
pECos pECos d pE W = =

In a finite displace/ent fro/


1
to
2
, the total wor4 is
) (
1 2
1
U U W =

pECos U =
E p U
r
r
=
+herefore
or
PHYSICS II "$
Su//ary Su//ary
Properties of
Electric charge,
conductors, and
insulators *
Coulombs
la!" Coulo/5s law is la!" Coulo/5s law is
the asic law of
interaction for point
electric charges*
9 2 2
0
1
8 988 10 N m /C
4
= .
1 2
2
0
1
4
q q
F
r
=
Electric field ! a .ector
-uantity, is the force per
unit charge e,erted on a
test charge at any point
#uperposition of
electric fields" +he
principle of superposition
2
0
1

4
q
r
=
r
E r
0
0
q
r
r
F
E =
principle of superposition
of electric fields states
that the electric field of
any co/ination of
charges is the .ector su/
of the fields caused y the
indi.idual charges*
Electric field lines" Field lines pro.ide a
graphical representation of electric fields*
6t any point on a field line, the tangent to
the line is in the direction of at that
point* +he nu/er of lines per unit area
0perpendicular to their direction1 is
proportional to the /agnitude of at the
point*
) sin )( ( d qE =
E p U
E p
r
r
r
r r
=
=

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