DEPARTMENT OF MCA

DBMS LAB
Prepared by
M SURESH
SPHOORTHY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Department of MCA DBMS Lab Manual
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No Topic Page No
1 Lab Objectives 4
2 Lab Plan 5
3 Introduction 7
4 Unit I 8
5 Exeri!ent 1 1"
# Exeri!ent 2 1"
7 Exeri!ent 3 1"
8 Exeri!ent 4 11
$ Exeri!ent 5 11
1" Exeri!ent # 11
11 Exeri!ent 7 11
12 Exeri!ent 8 12
13 Exeri!ent $ 12
14 Exeri!ent 1" 12
15 Exeri!ent 11 13
1# Exeri!ent 12 13
17 Exeri!ent 13 13
18 Exeri!ent 14 13
1$ Exeri!ent 15 14
2" Exeri!ent 1# 14
21 Exeri!ent 17 14
22 Exeri!ent 18 14
23 Exeri!ent 1$ 15
24 %dditional Exercises &or Unit I 1#
25 Unit II 17
2# Exeri!ent 2" 21
27 Exeri!ent 21 21
28 Exeri!ent 22 21
2$ Exeri!ent 23 21
3" Exeri!ent 24 22
31 Exeri!ent 25 22
32 Exeri!ent 2# 22
33 Exeri!ent 27 22
34 Exeri!ent 28 23
35 Exeri!ent 2$ 23
3# Exeri!ent 3" 23
37 Exeri!ent 31 23
38 Exeri!ent 32 23
3$ %dditional Exercises &or Unit II 25
SPHOORTHY Engineering College 2
Department of MCA DBMS Lab Manual
4" Unit III 2#
41 Exeri!ent 33 2$
42 Exeri!ent 34 2$
43 Exeri!ent 35 2$
44 Exeri!ent 3# 3"
45 Exeri!ent 37 3"
4# Exeri!ent 38 3"
47 Exeri!ent 3$ 3"
48 Exeri!ent 4" 31
4$ Exeri!ent 41 31
5" Exeri!ent 42 31
51 %dditional Exercises &or Unit III 32
52 'ule!entar( Exercises 33
53 )e&erences 33
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LAB OBJECTIVES
% vast !ajorit( o& t*e so&t+are alications bein, built use so!e -ind o& a data store
!ec*anis! to er!anentl( store t*e data ,enerated.used b( t*e so&t+are/ 0atabase
!ana,e!ent s(ste!s are co!lex so&t+are s(ste!s t*at rovide a +ide variet( o&
&unctionalit( &or users to structure1 or,ani2e and access data 3uic-l( and e&&icientl(/
0atabase s(ste!s *ave been t*ere since t*e earl( 1$7"4s but *ave ,ro+n in co!lexit(
and si2e/ )elational database !ana,e!ent s(ste!s use relational al,ebra as t*e basis &or
reresentation o& data/ )056' as relational database !ana,e!ent s(ste!s are t*e !ost
oular and +idel( used 056' in t*e !ar-et lace/
In t*is lab1 (ou +ould be exosed to one oular )056'/ 7*e broad one line objective o&
t*e lab is to ,et &a!iliar +it* t*e &unctionalit( and suort rovided b( co!!erciall(
oular )056' and understand *o+ to use it to !eet (our data stora,e and or,ani2ation
re3uire!ents/
0etailed objectives o& t*e lab are8
9ou learn ':L ;'tructured :uer( Lan,ua,e< +*ic* +ould rovide &unctionalit( to8
o Learn *o+ to create tables +*ic* are &unda!ental stora,e bloc-s o& data/
o Learn *o+ to lace constraints on data t*at is entered on tables to ensure
data inte,rit(/
o Learn *o+ to add1 c*an,e and re!ove data &ro! tables/
o Learn *o+ to select a subset o& t*e data (ou +ant to see &ro! t*e collection
o& tables and data/
o Learn *o+ to co!bine table and ,rou !ultile ro+s o& data in table/
9ou learn PL.':L +*ic* +ould rovide t*e abilit( to do iterative ro,ra!!in, at
database level to8
o =rite ro,ra!!in, bloc-s +it* conditionals1 assi,n!ents1 loos1 etc
o Excetion >andlin,/
o 7ransaction oriented ro,ra!s
o 'tored rocedures1 &unctions1 ac-a,es/
o ?ursors +*ic* +ould allo+ ro+ +ise access o& data/
o 7ri,,ers +*ic* +ould allo+ (ou de&ine re and ost actions +*en so!et*in,
c*an,es in t*e database tables/
%t t*e end o& t*e lab1 (ou s*ould be co!&ortable usin, an( oular )056' &or data
access and udatin, and s*ould be co!&ortable +ritin, PL.':L ro,ra!s at database
level usin, Oracle/
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LAB PLAN
Introduction:
=ee- 18 Oracle $i setu @ connectin, to Oracle &ro! ':LAPlus/
Unit I S!L":
=ee- 28 ?reatin,1 %lterin,1 0roin, tables +it* ?onstraints1 Insert 7able/
Exeri!ent 18 ?reate 7ables
Exeri!ent 28 %lter table +it* c*an,es in colu!ns
Exeri!ent 38 %lter table +it* constraints
Exeri!ent 48 0roin, 7ables
Exeri!ent 58 Insertin, 0ata into 7ables/
=ee- 38 Insertin,1 'i!le 'elect1 ?*ar1 Bu!ber1 0ate &unctions
Exeri!ent #8 'i!le 'elect
Exeri!ent 78 'elect +it* conditions/
Exeri!ent 88 Usin, c*aracter &unctions/
Exeri!ent $8 Usin, nu!ber &unctions/
Exeri!ent 1"8 Usin, date &unctions/
=ee- 48 0etailed 'ELE?7 +it* subC3ueries1 E:UICDOIB'1 correlated subC3ueries/
Exeri!ent 118 'in,le ro+ subC3ueries/
Exeri!ent 128 6ultile ro+ subC3ueries/
Exeri!ent 138 E3ual joins/
Exeri!ent 148 correlated subC3ueries/
=ee- 58 E)OUPIBE1 'E71 UP0%7E1 0ELE7E1 FIE='
Exeri!ent 158 %,,re,ate &unctions/
Exeri!ent 1#8 Erouin, clauses
Exeri!ent 178 'elect ,rous +it* *avin,
Exeri!ent 188 Union.Intersection state!ents
Exeri!ent 1$8 ?reatin, and droin, vie+s/
=ee- #8 5ac- Lo,s1 i& an( and.or %dditional Exercises &or Unit I/
Unit II PL#S!L: Progra$ %e&e'op$ent":
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=ee- 78 Iterative PL.':L 5loc-s and &unctions/
Exeri!ent 2"8 'i!le PL.':L 5loc-s
Exeri!ent 218 Bested IG and ?%'E in PL.':L
Exeri!ent 228 BULLIG and ?O%LE'?E &unctions
Exeri!ent 238 =>ILE @ GO) Loos
=ee- 88 7ransaction suort in PL.':L
Exeri!ent 248 ?O66I7 @ )OLL5%?H
Exeri!ent 258 '%FEPOIB7'
=ee- $8 Excetion suort in PL.':L
Exeri!ent 2#8 Excetion 5loc-s
Exeri!ent 278 5UIL7CIB Excetions
Exeri!ent 288 User de&ined Excetions
Exeri!ent 2$8 )aisin, alication error
=ee- 1"8 Gunctions1 Procedures1 Pac-a,es
Exeri!ent 3"8 ?reatin, 'tored Procedures +it* Para!eters/
Exeri!ent 318 ?reatin, 'tored Gunctions +it* Para!eters/
Exeri!ent 328 Erouin, 'tored Pac-a,es/
=ee- 118 5ac- Lo,s1 i& an( and.or %dditional Exercises &or Unit II/
Unit III PL#S!L: Cur(or( ) Trigger("
=ee- 128 0eclare1 Getc*1 Oen1 and ?lose ?ursors
Exeri!ent 338 0eclarin, ?ursors/
Exeri!ent 348 Oenin, @ ?losin, ?ursors/
Exeri!ent 358 Getc* &ro! an oen ?ursor/
Exeri!ent 3#8 %ccessin, current ro+ in t*e cursor/
=ee- 138 5e&ore @ %&ter I)o+ and 'tate!ent 7ri,,ersJ1 Instead o& 7ri,,ers/
Exeri!ent 378 ?reatin, 5e&ore 'tate!ent 7ri,,er/
Exeri!ent 388 ?reatin, %&ter 'tate!ent 7ri,,er/
Exeri!ent 3$8 ?reatin, 5e&ore )o+ 7ri,,er/
Exeri!ent 4"8 ?reatin, %&ter )o+ 7ri,,er/
Exeri!ent 418 ?reatin, 7ri,,ers +it* +*en condition/
Exeri!ent 428 ?reatin, instead o& tri,,ers to relaces udatin, &ro! vie+s/
=ee- 148 5ac- Lo,s1 i& an( and.or %dditional Exercises &or Unit III
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Introduction
)056' is one o& t*e !ost +idel( used lu,,able so&t+are co!onents in !ost enterrise
so&t+are alications/ 7*ou,* )056' alications *ave been t*ere since t*e earl( 1$7"s1
t*e( *ave i!roved tre!endousl( in ter!s o& t*eir &eatures1 t*e si2e o& data t*e( can
*old1 and t*e co!lexit( over t*e last 2" (ears/
Oracle is one o& t*e ver( +idel( used co!!ercial )056' s(ste!s and at t*is oint is t*e
!ar-et leader as &ar as )056' is concerned/ Oracle$i is )056' so&t+are +*ic* suorts
':L 1$$$/ It also suorts ro,ra!!in, lan,ua,e extension to ':L called PL.':L +*ic*
is Oracle rorietar( and is ver( oular to do ro,ra! develo!ent at t*e database
server level/ Ot*er oular 056' so&t+are li-e '(base and ':L 'erver suort t*eir o+n
ro,ra!!in, extensions to ':L 1$$$/
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UNIT I S!L"
':L ;'tructured :uer( Lan,ua,e< is a standard suorted b( all t*e oular relational
database !ana,e!ent s(ste!s in t*e !ar-et lace/ 7*e basis data structure in )056' is a
table/ ':L rovides (ou t*e &eatures to de&ine tables1 de&ine constraints on tables1 3uer(
&or data in table1 and c*an,e t*e data in table b( addin,1 !odi&(in,1 and re!ovin, data/
':L also suorts ,rouin, o& data in !ultile ro+s1 co!binin, tables and ot*er &eatures/
%ll t*ese ut to,et*er1 ':L is a *i,*Clevel 3uer( lan,ua,e standard to access and alter
data in )056'/
:uer(in, &or 0ata8
7*e t(ical s(ntax to 3uer( &or data isK
'ELE?7 clause
G)O6 clause
=>E)E clause
7*ere are o& course a &e+ ot*er additions to t*ese standard clauses/
E)OUP 59
>%FIBE
:uer(in, can be used to8 7o retrieve existin, data &ro! database/
Eet all data &ro! t*e table
Eet selected colu!ns &ro! t*e table/
Eet selected ro+s &ro! t*e table/
Eet selected colu!ns o& selected ro+s &ro! t*e table/
Eet co!uted colu!ns usin, c*ar1 nu!ber1 data &unctions1 ,eneral &unctions1 and
a,,re,atin, &unctions/
Eet data in !ultile ro+s ,roued on an a,,re,atin, &unction alied on one or
!ore colu!ns/
'elect seci&ic a,,re,atin, data on !ultile ro+s usin, *avin, clause/
%l( set oerations li-e Union and Intersection on data sets o& t*e sa!e
cardinalit( and t(e/
Eet data &ro! !ultile tables usin, ?artesian roduct1 e3ualit( join1 unCe3ual join1
and outer join/
?reate vie+s on *(sical data/
0ata 0e&inition Lan,ua,e ;00L<8 7o do +it* alterin, t*e structure o& data base/
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?reate tables/
?reate Indexes on tables/
%lter tables
%dd constraints to tables/
0ro tables/
7runcate tables/
0ro indexes/
?reate se3uences/
0ata 6aniulation Lan,ua,e ;06L<8 7o do +it* addin,1 udatin,1 and deletin, data &ro!
tables/
Insert 0ata
Udate 0ata
0elete 0ata
6er,e 7ables/
0ata ?ontrol Lan,ua,e ;0?L<8 7o do +it* controllin, access to data in tables/
Erant Per!issions
)evo-e Per!issions
?reate and udate roles/
%dd users to roles/
%s (ou can see &ro! above1 ':L ,ives (ou all t*e tools needed to de&ine (our database in
t*e &or! o& table1 de&ine inte,rit( constraint rules on table to ensure data inte,rit(1
c*an,e t*e database as needed and control er!issions on tables at a ver( &ine ,ranular
level/
':L 1$$$ is t*e standard +*ic* is suorted b( all co!!ercial database vendors/ I& (our
3ueries are usin, ':L 1$$$ standard1 t*e( +ill run all )056' servers/ In addition to t*e
':L 1$$$ standard1 !ost co!!ercial databases *ave t*eir o+n extensions to ':L
suorted b( t*e!/ In t*e interest o& ortabilit(1 it +ould be ,ood i& +e stic- +it* ':L
1$$$ standard in our 3uer(in, no !atter +*at )056' +e are usin, unless +e *ave a stron,
reason to ,o &or additional &eatures not included in ':L 1$$$ standard/
SPHOORTHY Engineering College 9
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E*peri$ent I:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
?reate location1 deart!ent1 jobL,rade1 and e!lo(ee tables +it* t*e &ollo+in, colu!ns/
Location8 ;locationLid8nu!ber1 cit(8strin,<
0eart!ent8 ;deart!entLid8nu!ber1 deart!entLna!e8strin,1 *ead8nu!ber1
deart!entLlocation8nu!ber<
DobL,rade8 ;jobL,rade8strin,1 lo+erLbound8nu!ber1 uerLbound8nu!ber<
E!lo(ee8 ;e!lo(eeLid8nu!ber1 &irstLna!e8strin,1 lastLna!e8strin,1 joinLdate8date1
!ana,erLid8nu!ber1 salar(8nu!ber<
'olution8
1/ Understand create table s(ntax/
2/ 0ecide t*e na!e o& t*e table/
3/ 0ecide t*e na!e o& eac* colu!n and its data t(e/
4/ Use t*e create table s(ntax to create t*e said tables/
5/ ?reate ri!ar( -e( constraint &or eac* table as understand &ro! lo,ical table
structure/
E*peri$ent +:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
%lter e!lo(ee table to add jobL,rade colu!n +*ic* is o& strin, data t(e/
'olution8
1/ Learn alter table s(ntax/
2/ 0e&ine t*e ne+ colu!n and its data t(e/
3/ Use t*e alter table s(ntax/
E*peri$ent ,:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
%lter e!lo(ee table to !a-e jobL,rade a &orei,n -e( to jobL,rade table1 !ana,erLid a
&orei,n -e( to e!lo(ee table1 deart!entLid a &orei,n -e( to deart!ent table/
'olution8
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Department of MCA DBMS Lab Manual
4/ Learn alter table s(ntax/
5/ 0e&ine t*e ne+ constraint It(e1 na!e1 colu!ns e&&ectedJ
#/ Use t*e alter table s(ntax &or addin, constraints/
E*peri$ent -:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
?reate a du!!( table called !(Le!lo(ee +it* t*e sa!e de&inition as e!lo(ee table
and t*an dro t*e table/
'olution8
1/ Use create table to create !(Le!lo(ee/
2/ Use dro table to dro !(Le!lo(ee/
E*peri$ent .:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
Insert data into location1 deart!ent1 jobL,rade @ e!lo(ee tables/
'olution8
1/ 0ecide t*e data to add in location/
2/ %dd to location one ro+ at a ti!e usin, insert into s(ntax
3/ 0ecide t*e data to add in deart!ent/
4/ %dd to deart!ent one ro+ at a ti!e usin, insert into s(ntax/
5/ 0ecide t*e data to add in jobL,rade/
#/ %dd to jobL,rade one ro+ at a ti!e usin, t*e insert into s(ntax/
7/ 0ecide t*e data to add in e!lo(ee/
8/ %dd to e!lo(ee one ro+ at a ti!e usin, t*e insert into s(ntax/
E*peri$ent /:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
Eive a list o& all e!lo(ees ;na!es as &irstLna!e1 lastLna!e< +*o belon, to one
deart!entLid/
'olution8
1/ use 'ELE?7 G)O6 =>E)E s(ntax/
2/ select s*ould include &irstLna!e and lastLna!e in t*e ,iven &or!at/
3/ &ro! s*ould include e!lo(ee
4/ +*ere s*ould include condition on deart!entLid
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E*peri$ent 0:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
'elect e!lo(ee lastLna!es &ro! e!lo(ee table +*o belon, to a certain deart!entLid
and *ave a salar( ,reater t*an 5"""/
'olution8
1/ Use 'ELE?7 G)O6 =>E)E s(ntax/
2/ Use %B0 oerator &or 2 conditions in =>E)E/
E*peri$ent 1:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
'elect e!lo(ee lastLna!e +it* &irst letter in caital1 all s!alls and all caitals &ro!
e!lo(ee table &or all e!lo(ees/
'olution8
1/ Use select &ro! +*ere clause/
2/ Use initca1 lo+er1 and uer &unctions on lastLna!e in select clause to ,et t*e
result/
E*peri$ent 2:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
'elect t*e salar( and additional >)% ;7/5M o& t*e salar(< &or eac* e!lo(ee in e!lo(ee
table rounded to a +*ole nu!ber/
'olution8
1/ Use select &ro! +*ere clause and arit*!etic to co!ute >)%/
2/ Use t*e round &unction to round o&& t*e co!uted >)% to t*e nearest +*ole
nu!ber/
E*peri$ent 34:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
'elect e!lo(ee lastLna!e1 joinLdate1 and t*e nu!ber o& da(s *e.s*e *as been +or-in,
in t*e &ir! as o& toda(/
'olution8
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1/ Use t*e select &ro! +*ere clause/
2/ In t*e clause1 ,et t*e current data usin, s(sdate &unction1 ,et t*e di&&erence
bet+een s(sdate and e!lo(ee joinin, date and co!ute t*e da(s in bet+een
usin, t*e da(sLbet+een date &unction/
3/ '*o+ t*e joinLdate usin, !!.dd.(((( &or!at to usin, toLc*ar &unction/
E*peri$ent 33:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
'elect e!lo(ee lastLna!e o& all e!lo(ees +*ose salar( is ,reater t*an t*e salar( o&
e!lo(ee +it* id N 2/
'olution8
1/ Use an inner 3uer( to &irst ,et t*e salar( o& e!lo(eeLid N 2/
2/ 7*e result &ro! t*e inner 3uer( is t*an ,iven in t*e +*ere clause o& t*e outer 3uer(
t*at selects all e!lo(ees +it* salar( ,reater t*an t*at/
E*peri$ent 3+:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
'elect all e!lo(ees +*ose salar( is ,reater t*an t*e salaries o& bot* e!lo(ees +it* ids 2
@ 3/
'olution8
3/ Use an inner 3uer( to &irst ,et t*e salar( o& e!lo(eeLid in ;213</
4/ 7*e result &ro! t*e inner 3uer( is t*an ,iven in t*e +*ere clause o& t*e outer 3uer(
usin, t*e all oerator t*at selects all e!lo(ees +it* salar( ,reater t*an t*at/
E*peri$ent 3,:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
'elect e!lo(ee lastna!e and t*e corresondin, deart!entLna!e &or all e!lo(ees in
e!lo(ees table/
'olution8
1/ Use select &ro! +*ere clause +it* t*e &ro! co!in, &ro! e!lo(ee and deart!ent
tables and a condition joinin, t*ese t+o table usin, t*e &orei,n -e( deart!entLid +*ic*
connects bot* t*e tables +it* an e3ualit( condition/
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E*peri$ent 3-:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
'elect all e!lo(ees +*ose salar( is lesser t*an all e!lo(ees in t*e sa!e job ,rade/
'olution8
1/ Use t*e correlated subC3uer( +*ere t*e inner 3uer( +ill be !ade based on t*e data
co!in, &ro! t*e uer 3uer(/ In t*is case1 t*e salar( and ,rade o& eac* e!lo(ee
ro+ is used to execute t*e inner 3uer( to co!are i& t*ere are an( e!lo(ees in
t*e sa!e ,rade +*o *ave lesser salar( usin, exists clause/
E*peri$ent 3.:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
'elect t*e avera,e salar( o& all e!lo(ees in deart!ent +it* deart!entLid N 2/
'olution8
1/ Use t*e %FE a,,re,ate &unction in select clause/
2/ Use t*e deart!entLid N 2 condition in +*ere clause/
E*peri$ent 3/:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
'elect %FE salar( o& eac* deart!ent +*ic* *as e!lo(ees in e!lo(ee table/
'olution8
1/ Use t*e %FE a,,re,ate &unction in select clause/
2/ 'ince +e +ant avera,e er deart!ent1 *ave deart!entLid in select clause/
3/ Include a ,rouin, clause b( deart!entLid to indicate (ou +ant to a,,re,ate data
b( deart!entLid
E*peri$ent 30:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
'elect !ini!u! salar( o& all deart!ents +*ere t*e !ini!u! salar( is less t*an 1"""/
'olution8
4/ Use t*e 6IB a,,re,ate &unction in select clause/
5/ 'ince +e +ant avera,e er deart!ent1 *ave deart!entLid in select clause/
#/ Include a ,rouin, clause b( deart!entLid to indicate (ou +ant to a,,re,ate data
b( deart!entLid/
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7/ Exclude ,rouin,s +*ic* *ave a !ini!u! salar( ,reater t*an 1""" usin, *avin,
clause/
E*peri$ent 31:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
Eive a list o& all e!lo(ees +*o earn a salar( ,reater t*an 1"""" or +or- in job ,rade
6%B%EE)/
'olution8
1/ =rite a select &ro! +*ere +*ic* ,ives all e!lo(ees +it* salar( ,reater t*an
1""""/
2/ =rite a select &ro! +*ere +*ic* ,ives all e!lo(ees +*ose job ,rade in !ana,er/
3/ ?o!bine t*e! usin, UBIOB clause/
E*peri$ent 32:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
?reate a vie+ t*at s*o+s all e!lo(ees o& deart!entLid N 1" and select &ro! t*e vie+/
'olution8
1/ ?reate vie+ +it* t*e select clause on e!lo(ees table +it* t*e said condition/
2/ =rite a select state!ent usin, t*e vie+ created instead o& table +*enever (ou
need e!lo(ees o& deart!entLid N 1"/
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Unit I Additiona' E*erci(e(
1/ =rite a 3uer( t*at +ould ,ive t*e e!lo(ee na!e1 *is salar( and t*e lo+er end and
*i,*er end salaries o& *is job ,radeO
2/ =rite a 3uer( t*at +ould ,ive t*e e!lo(ee na!e and *is deart!ent na!e usin,
natural join/
3/ =rite a 3uer( +*ic* +ould ,ive all e!lo(ee na!es and t*eir deart!ent na!es/
7*e 3uer( s*ould also return e!lo(ees +*o are currentl( not allotted to an(
deart!ent and deart!ents t*at do not *ave an( e!lo(ees/
4/ =rite a 3uer( to !er,e deart!ent level e!lo(ee table data c*an,es to colle,e
level e!lo(ee table on a eriodic basis/
5/ I +ant to insert a lot o& records in e!lo(ee table +*ic* *as certain constraints on
salar(/ I -no+ all records I a! insertin, +ould be ,ood in salar( &ield/ 7r(in,
insertin, as is and +it* t*e salar( constraint disable be&ore bul- insert and enable
a&ter insert and see t*e ti!e di&&erence/
#/ ?reate index o& salar( colu!n o& e!lo(ee and searc* &or all e!lo(ees +it* a
certain salar(/
7/ Instead o& ,ivin, a uni3ue I0 (oursel&1 +*at can be done to auto!aticall( ,enerate
uni3ue I0/

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UNIT II PL#S!L"
PL.':L is t*e rocedural extension to ':L +it* desi,n &eatures o& ro,ra!!in, lan,ua,es/
0ata !aniulation and 3uer( state!ents o& ':L are included +it*in rocedural units o&
code/
5ene&its o& PL.':L8
PL.':L can i!rove t*e er&or!ance o& an alication/ 7*e bene&its di&&er deendin, on
t*e execution environ!ent8
PL.':L can be used to ,rou ':L state!ents to,et*er +it*in a sin,le bloc- and to
send t*e entire bloc- to t*e server in a sin,le call t*ereb( reducin, net+or-in,
tra&&ic/ =it*out PL.':L1 t*e ':L state!ents are sent to t*e Oracle server one at a
ti!e/ Eac* ':L state!ent results in anot*er call to t*e Oracle server and *i,*er
er&or!ance over*ead/ In a net+or- environ!ent1 t*e over*ead can beco!e
si,ni&icant/
PL.':L can also oerate +it* Oracle server alication develo!ent tools suc* as
Oracle &or!s and Oracle reorts/
PL.':L 5loc- 'tructure8
Ever( unit o& PL.':L co!rises one or !ore bloc-s/ 7*ese bloc-s can be entirel( searate
or nested one +it*in anot*er/ 7*e basic units ;rocedures1 &unctions1 and anon(!ous
bloc-s< t*at !a-e u a PL.':L ro,ra! are lo,ical bloc-s +*ic* can contain an( nu!ber
o& nested subCbloc-s/ 7*ere&ore one bloc- can reresent a s!all art o& anot*er bloc-1
+*ic* in turn can be art o& t*e +*ole unit o& code/
6odulari2ed ro,ra! develo!ent8
Erou lo,icall( related state!ents +it*in bloc-s/
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Best subCbloc-s inside lar,er bloc-s to build o+er&ul ro,ra!s/
5rea- do+n a co!lex roble! into a set o& !ana,eable +ell de&ined lo,ical
!odules and i!le!ent t*e !odules +it* bloc-s/
Place reusable PL.':L code in libraries to be s*ared bet+een Oracle &or!s and
Oracle reorts1 alications1 or store it in a Oracle server to !a-e it accessible to
an( alication t*at can interact +it* an Oracle database/
Identi&iers.Fariables8
In PL.':L1 (ou can use identi&iers to do t*e &ollo+in,8
0eclare variables1 cursors1 constants and excetions and t*en use t*e! in ':L and
rocedural state!ents/
0eclare variables belon,in, to scalar1 re&erence1 co!osite and lar,e object ;LO5<
data t(es/
0eclare variables d(na!icall( based on t*e data structure o& tables and colu!ns in
t*e database/
Procedural Lan,ua,e ?ontrol 'tructures8
Execute a se3uence o& state!ents conditionall(/
Execute a se3uence o& state!ents iterativel( in a loo/
Process individuall( t*e ro+s returned b( a !ultile ro+ 3uer( +it* a cursor/
Errors8
Process Oracle server error +it* excetionC*andlin, routines/
0eclare userCde&ined error conditions and rocess t*e! +it* excetionC*andlin,
routines/
PL.':L 5loc- '(ntax8
0E?L%)E IOtionalJ
Fariables1 cursors1 user de&ined excetions
5EEIB I6andator(J
C ':L 'tate!ents
C PL.':L 'tate!ents
Excetion IOtionalJ
CC %ctions to be er&or!ed +*en errors occur CCCC
EB0 I6andator(JK
Exa!le8
0E?L%)E
vLvariable F%)?>%)2;5<K
5EEIB
'ELE?7 colu!nLna!e
IB7O vLvariable
G)O6 tableLna!eK
EP?EP7IOB
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=>EB excetionLna!e 7>EB
C
C
C
EB0K
%non(!ous1 rocedure and &unction bloc-s8
%non(!ous8
C Bo na!e/
C 'tarts +it* 0E?L%)E state!ent/
Procedure8
C Bo return/
C P)O?E0U)E na!e I'
Gunction8
C )eturns a value
C GUB?7IOB na!e )E7U)B dataCt(e I'
Pro,ra!!in, ?onstructs8
C 0eclarin, Fariables8
o Identi&ier I?OB'7%B7J dataCt(e IBO7 BULLJ
I8N Q 0EG%UL7 exrJK
C %ssi,n!ent8
o Identi&ier 8N exrK
C IG 'tate!ent8
o IG condition 7>EB
'tate!entsK
IEL'E IG condition 7>EB
'tate!entsKJ
IEL'E
'tate!entsKJ
EB0 IGK
C ?%'E 'tate!ent8
o ?%'E selector
=>EB exression1 7>EB result1
=>EB exression2 7>EB result2
/
/
/
=>EB exression 7>EB resultn
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IEL'E resultn1KJ
EB0K
C 5%'I? Loos8
o LOOP
'tate!ent 1K
/
/
/
EPI7 I=>EB conditionJK
EB0 LOOPK

C =>ILE 'tate!ent8
o =>ILE condition LOOP
'tate!ent1K
/
/
/
EB0 LOOPK
C GO) 'tate!ent8
o GO) counter IB I)EFE)'EJ
Lo+erLbound//uerLbound LOOP
'tate!ent1K
/
/
/
EB0 LOOPK
Pac-a,es8
Pac-a,es are collections o& variables1 user de&ined data t(es1 rocedures and &unctions
+*ic* can eit*er be eit*er ublic or rivate/ Pac-a,es are used to ,rou related t*in,s
into one bloc- t*at ,et loads into !e!or( in one ,o/ % ac-a,e cannot be invo-ed
directl(/
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E*peri$ent +4:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
=rite a PL.':L bloc- +*ic* declares a variable and reads t*e last na!e o& e!lo(ee +it*
id N 5 and oututs t*at to standard outut/
'olution8
1/ 0eclare a varc*ar variable
2/ =rite t*e select into clause inside PL.':L 5e,in EB0 bloc-/
E*peri$ent +3:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
=rite a PL.':L bloc- +*ic* declares a variable +it* a value and rints in all caitals i& t*e
value starts +it* R'41 in all s!alls i& it starts +it* R)41 and in initial caitals i& ot*er+ise/
'olution8
1/ Use IG or ?%'E/
E*peri$ent ++:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
=rite a PL.':L bloc- +*ic* declares t+o variables +it* values and rints &irst value i& it is
not null and rints second value i& &irst is null/
'olution8
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Use BULLIG or ?O%LE'?E/
E*peri$ent +,:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
=rite a PL.':L bloc- +*ic* declares a variable and reads t*e last na!e o& e!lo(ees and
oututs t*at to standard outut/
'olution8
3/ 0eclare a varc*ar variable
4/ =rite a LOOP/
E*peri$ent +-:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
=rite a PL.':L bloc- +*ic* udates 2 tables/ I& t*e second udate &ails t*e &irst udate
also *as to be reversed/
'olution8
1/ Use 5EEIB transaction1 EB0 transaction/
2/ ?*ec- &or success o& a 3uer(/
3/ Use )OLL5%?H or ?O66I7 deendin, on 3uer( success/
E*peri$ent +.:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
=rite a PL.':L bloc- +*ic* udates 3 tables/ I& t*e t*ird udate &ails t*e second udate
*as to be reversed +*ile &irst s*ould not ,et e&&ected/
'olution8
1/ Use 5EEIB transaction1 EB0 transaction/
2/ 0e&ine '%FEPOIB7 at t*e end o& &irst udate/
3/ )un 3
rd
udate and c*ec- &or success/
4/ I& 3
rd
&ails1 Use )OLL5%?H to '%FEPOIB7/
E*peri$ent +/:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
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=rite a PL.':L bloc- +it* a si!le Excetion 5loc-/
'olution8
1/ )e&er to Excetion bloc- s(ntax/
E*peri$ent +0:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
=rite a PL.':L bloc- +*ic* declares a variable and reads t*e last na!e o& e!lo(ee +it*
id N 5/ I& t*ere is no e!lo(ee +it* id N 5 an error s*ould be t*ro+n/ Ot*er+ise t*e na!e
*as to be rinted/

'olution8
1/ Use builtCin excetions/
E*peri$ent +1:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
=rite a PL.':L bloc- +*ic* declares a variable and reads t*e last na!e o& e!lo(ee +it*
id N 5/ I& t*e na!e *as 8 c*aracters1 raise an excetion called too !an( c*aracters and
*andle it b( cuttin, t*e lastLna!e to &irst ei,*t c*aracters/

'olution8
1/ Use user de&ined excetions/
E*peri$ent +2:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
7*in- o& a roble! t*at ,enerates an excetion is cau,*t but an alication error *as to
be raised because t*e excetion in &atal/
'olution8
1/ %s a art o& excetion *andlin,1 raise alication error i& t*e situation is not
recoverable/
E*peri$ent ,4:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
?reate a stored rocedure +*ic* ta-es dear!entLid as ara!eter1 inserts all e!lo(ees
o& t*at deart!ent in a table called detLe!lo(ee +it* t*e sa!e structure/
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'olution8
1/ Learn *o+ to use ara!eter in to stored rocedure/
E*peri$ent ,3:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
?reate a &unction +*ic* ta-es dear!entLid as ara!eter and returns t*e na!e o& t*e
deart!ent/
'olution8
1/ Learn *o+ to use ara!eter in &unctions/
E*peri$ent ,+:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
=rite a ac-a,e +*ic* i!le!ents a set o& &unctions t*at +ill co!ute >)%1 0% based on
rules ,iven salar(/
'olution8
1/ I!le!ent one stored &unction t*at +ill co!ute >)% ,iven basic/
2/ I!le!ent one stored &unction t*at +ill co!ute 0% ,iven basic/
3/ Put t*ese in a ac-a,e so it ,ets loaded at one ti!e/
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Unit II Additiona' E*erci(e(
1/ =rite a PL.':L rocedure +*ic* ta-es deart!ent id as ara!eter and ,ives all
e!lo(ees belon, to t*e deart!ent/
2/ =rite a PL.':L rocedure +*ic* ta-es lo+est and *i,*est salar( as ara!eters and
returns all e!lo(ees +it*Cin t*at salar( ran,e/ I& t*ere re no e!lo(ees1 an
excetion *as to be raised and an alication error to be ,ivenO
3/ =rite a PL.':L rocedure +*ere (ou de&ine (our o+n user excetions and *andle
excetions aroriatel(/
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Unit III Cur(or( ) Trigger("
Cur(or(:
Ever( ':L state!ent executed b( t*e Oracle server *as an individual cursor associated
+it* it and are called i!licit cursors/ 7*ere are t+o t(es o& cursors/
I!licit cursors8 0eclared &or all 06L and PL.':L 'ELE?7 state!ents/
Exlicit cursors8 0eclared and na!es b( t*e ro,ra!!er/
Exlicit ?ursors8
o Individuall( rocess eac* ro+ returned b( a !ultile ro+ select state!ent/
o % PL.':L ro,ra! oens a cursor1 rocesses ro+s returned b( a 3uer(1 and t*en
closes t*e cursor/ 7*e cursor !ar-s t*e current osition in t*e active set/
o ?an rocess be(ond t*e &irst ro+ returned b( t*e 3uer(1 ro+ b( ro+/
o Hee trac- o& +*ic* ro+ is currentl( bein, rocessed/
o %llo+ t*e ro,ra!!er to !anuall( control exlicit cursors in t*e PL.:L
bloc-/
?ontrollin, Exlicit ?ursors8
o 0eclare t*e cursor b( na!in, it and de&inin, t*e structure o& t*e 3uer( to be
er&or!ed/ =it*in it/
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o Oen t*e cursor8 7*e OPEB state!ent executes t*e 3uer( and binds t*e variables
t*at are re&erenced/ )o+s identi&ied b( t*e 3uer( are called t*e active set and are
no+ available &or &etc*in,/
o Getc* data &ro! t*e cursor8 %&ter eac* &etc*1 (ou test t*e cursor &or an( existin,
ro+/ I& t*ere are no !ore ro+s to rocess1 t*en (ou !ust close t*e cursor/
o ?lose t*e cursor8 7*e ?LO'E state!ent releases t*e active set o& ro+s/ It is no+
ossible to reoen t*e cursor to establis* a &res* active set/
'(ntax8
0eclarin, a cursor8
?U)'O) cursorLna!e I'
'electLstate!entK
Oenin, a cursor8
OPEB cursorLna!eK
Getc* data &ro! a cursor8
GE7?> cursorLna!e IB7O Ivariable11 variable21S/JQ recordLna!eJK
?losin, a cursor8
?lose cursorLna!eK
Exa!le8
'et 'E)FE)OU7PU7 OB
0E?L%)E
FLe!no e!lo(ees/e!lo(eeLidM79PEK
FLena!e e!lo(ees/lastLna!eM79PEK
?U)'O) e!Lcursor I'
'ELE?7 e!lo(eeLid1 lastLna!e
G)O6 e!lo(eesK
5EEIB
OPEB e!LcursorK
GO) I IB 1//1" LOOP
GE7?> e!Lcursor IB7O vLe!no1 bLena!eK
056'LOU7PU7/ PU7LLIBE ;7OL?>%);vLe!no< QQ R R QQ vLena!e<K
EB0 LOOP
?LO'E e!LcursorK
%ttributes o& an Exlicit ?ursor8
o MI'OPEB Iis cursor oenJ
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o MBO7GOUB0 Iis ro+ not &oundJ
o MGOUB0 Iis ro+ &oundJ
o M)O=?OUB7 Iro+s returned so &arJ
?ursors can be assed ara!eters/ ?ursors also *ave GO) UP0%7E otion +*ic* allo+s
!ore &ine ,rained control o& loc-in, at a table level/ =>E)E ?U))EB7 OG can be used to
al( t*e udate or delete oeration to current ro+ in t*e cursor/
Trigger(:
=*at are tri,,ersO
% tri,,er is a PL.':L bloc- or a PL.':L rocedure associated +it* a table1 vie+1 sc*e!a1
o& t*e database/ It executes i!licitl( +*enever a articular event ta-es lace/ It can
eit*er be8
1/ %lication tri,,er8 Gires +*enever an event occurs +it* a articular alication/
2/ 0atabase 7ri,,er8 Gires +*enever a data event ;suc* as 06L< occurs on a sc*e!a or
database/
=*en s*ould +e use tri,,ersO
7ri,,ers are to be used +*en +e +ant to er&or! related actions and +*en +e +ant to
centrali2e ,lobal oerations/ ?reate stored rocedures and invo-e t*e! in a tri,,er1 i& t*e
PL.':L code is ver( len,t*(/ 7*e excessive use o& tri,,ers can result in co!lex
interdeendencies1 +*ic* !a( be di&&icult to !aintain in lar,e alications/ 7ri,,ers
s*ould not be used +*ere &unctionalit( needed is alread( built into t*e Oracle server or
+*en it is dulicatin, +*at is done b( ot*er tri,,ers/
Exa!le8
% tri,,er called c*ec-Lsal +*ic* runs ever( ti!e a ne+ e!lo(ee is ,ettin, inserted to
en&orce so!e rules on +*at s*ould be t*e !ini!u! salar(/
Ele!ents in a 7ri,,er8
7ri,,er ti!in,
o Gor table8 5EGO)E1 %G7E)
o Gor vie+8 IB'7E%0 OG
7ri,,er event8 IB'E)71 UP0%7E1 O) 0ELE7E
7able na!e8 On table1 vie+
7ri,,er 7(e8 )o+ or state!ent
=*en clause8 )estrictin, condition
7ri,,er bod(8 PL.':L bloc-
T5e&ore tri,,ersU execute t*e tri,,er bod( be&ore t*e tri,,erin, 06L event on a table/
7*ese are &re3uentl( used to deter!ine +*et*er t*at tri,,erin, state!ent s*ould be
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allo+ed to co!lete/ 7*is situation enables (ou to eli!inate unnecessar( rocessin, o&
t*e tri,,erin, state!ent and it eventual rollbac- in cases +*ere an excetion is raised in
t*e tri,,erin, action/
T%&ter tri,,ersU are used +*en t*e tri,,erin, state!ent is to be co!leted be&ore t*e
tri,,erin, action and to er&or! a di&&erent action on t*e sa!e tri,,erin, state!ent i& a
5EGO)E tri,,er is alread( resent/
TInstead o& 7ri,,ersU are used to rovide a transarent +a( o& !odi&(in, vie+s t*at
cannot be !odi&ied directl( t*rou,* ':L 06L state!ents because t*e vie+ is not
in*erentl( !odi&iable/ 9ou can +rite IB'E)71 UP0%7E1 and 0ELE7E state!ents a,ainst t*e
vie+/ 7*e IB'7E%0 OG tri,,er +or-s invisibl( in t*e bac-,round er&or!in, t*e action
coded in t*e tri,,er bod( directl( on t*e underl(in, tables/
7ri,,erin, user events8
o IB'E)7
o UP0%7E
o 0ELE7E
7ri,,er ?o!onents8
o 'tate!ent8 7*e tri,,er bod( executes once &or t*e tri,,erin, event/ 7*is is t*e
de&ault/ % state!ent tri,,er &ires once1 even i& no ro+s are a&&ected at all/
o )o+8 7*e tri,,er bod( executes once &or eac* ro+ a&&ected b( t*e tri,,erin, event/
% ro+ tri,,er is not executed i& t*e tri,,erin, event a&&ects no ro+s/
7ri,,er 5od(8
7*e tri,,er bod( is a PL.':L bloc- or a call to a rocedure/
'(ntax8
?)E%7E IO) )EPL%?EJ 7)IEEE) tri,,erLna!e
7i!in,
Event1 IO) event2 O) event3J
OB tableLna!e
7ri,,erLbod(
E*peri$ent ,,:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
0e&ine a cursor +*ic* runs t*rou,* all e!lo(ees +*o belon, to deart!ent +it* id N 2/
'olution8
1/ Use 0eclare cursor s(ntax +it*in t*e PL.':L bloc- to de&ine t*e cursor +it* a si!le
3uer( +*ic* is select &ro! +*ere usin, e!lo(ee table and a condition deart!entLid N 2
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E*peri$ent ,-:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
0eclare a cursor +*ic* runs t*rou,* all e!lo(ees +*o belon, to deart!ent +it* id N 21
oen t*e cursor and close t*e cursor +it*out doin, an(t*in,/
'olution8
1/ Use oen and close oerations on cursors/ 7*is is si!ilar to oenin, and closin, &ile
*andles/
E*peri$ent ,.:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
0eclare a cursor +*ic* runs t*rou,* all e!lo(ees +*o belon, to deart!ent +it* id N 21
oen t*e cursor and &etc*es one e!lo(ee at a ti!e1 rints t*e last na!e and t*en closes
t*e cursor a&ter all e!lo(ees are done/
'olution8
1/ 0eclare cursor/
2/ Oen t*e cursor/
3/ In a loo1 &etc* eac* ro+ o& a cursor into a variable/
4/ Print t*e variable/
5/ ?ontinue t*e loo till t*ere are no !ore ro+s/
#/ ?lose t*e cursor/
E*peri$ent ,/:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
Use a cursor to loo- at eac* e!lo(ee +*o belon,s to deart!ent +it* id 1"1 c*ec- t*e
job ,rade and aend BE=L to all jobL,rades/
'olution8
1/ Use t*e =>E)E ?U))EB7 to identi&( t*e currentl( &etc*ed ro+ &ro! cursor and run
t*e udate 3uer(/
2/ 7*is is use&ul &or udate and deletes/
E*peri$ent ,0:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
?reate a tri,,er +*ic* +rites a record called Te!lo(ees table bein, c*an,edU +it* ti!e
in a lo, table +*enever an(one atte!ts to c*an,e e!lo(ees table/
'olution8
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1/ =e +ant to +rite a state!ent tri,,er t*at records t*e &act t*at so!eone is c*an,in,
t*e e!lo(ees table in a lo, table usin, be&ore tri,,er/
E*peri$ent ,1:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
?reate a tri,,er +*ic* +rites a record called Te!lo(ees table *as been c*an,edU +it*
ti!e in a lo, table +*enever so!eone success&ull( c*an,es t*e e!lo(ee table/
'olution8
1/ =e +ant to +rite a state!ent tri,,er t*at records t*e &act t*at so!eCone c*an,ed t*e
e!lo(ees table in a lo, table usin, a&ter tri,,er t*at acts on insert1 udate and delete
oerations/
E*peri$ent ,2:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
I!le!ent a solution t*at +ould record all atte!ted udates on salar( in t*e e!lo(ee
table alon, +it* t*e e!lo(ee id1 old salar(1 ne+ salar( and t*e ti!e +*en it +as
atte!ted in anot*er table/
'olution8
1/ Use ro+ be&ore tri,,er in udate oeration/
E*peri$ent -4:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
I!le!ent a solution t*at +ould record all udates on salar( in t*e e!lo(ee table alon,
+it* t*e e!lo(ee id1 old salar(1 ne+ salar( and t*e ti!e +*en it +as udated in anot*er
table/
'olution8
1/ Use ro+ a&ter tri,,er in udate oeration/
E*peri$ent -3:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
I!le!ent a solution to insert a lo, entr( in lo, table +*enever salar( o& e!lo(ees +it*
!ore t*an 2"""" is revised/
'olution8
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1/ =rite a ro+ a&ter tri,,er on e!lo(ee record/
2/ 7*e tri,,er s*ould +or- on t*e condition t*at t*e salar( o& t*e record is ,reater
t*an 2""""/
E*peri$ent -+:
Proble! 'tate!ent8
I!le!ent a solution +*ic* +ould transarentl( !a-e t*e user &eel li-e *e is udatin, a
vie+ but in realit( t*e vie+ is readConl( and a tri,,er is udatin, t*e base tables based on
t*e vie+ udate ,iven b( user/
'olution8
1/ Use t*e instead o& otion in tri,,ers to !a-e tri,,er +or- in lace o& vie+ and
reroduce t*e e&&ect intended/
Unit III Additiona' E*erci(e(
8/ =rite a cursor +*ic* ta-es ara!eters and invo-e a cursor &ro! +it*in a PL.':L
bloc-/
$/ =rite an a&ter tri,,er +*ic* acts at a ro+ level on insert.udate.delete and
trans&er old data to an audit trail table/


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Department of MCA DBMS Lab Manual
Supp'e$entar5 E*erci(e(
1/ 0esi,n a database &or librar( !ana,e!ent in t*e colle,e1 oulate data and +rite
3ueries to return in&or!ation li-e boo-s issued1 boo-s issued to user1 nu!ber o&
boo-s issued1 boo-s reserved1 etc/
2/ 0esi,n a database &or &ee !ana,e!ent in t*e colle,e1 oulatin, data on &ee
a(!ents1 &ee receits and +ritin, 3uer(in, to return data li-e uncollected &ees1
+*ic* aid &ee1 etc/
6e7erence(
=ebC'ites8
+++/otn/oracle/co!
SPHOORTHY Engineering College
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Department of MCA DBMS Lab Manual
5oo-s8
1/ 0atabase 6ana,e!ent '(ste!s1 Hort* @ 'ud*ars*an/
2/ 0atabase 6ana,e!ent '(ste!s1 )a,*ura! Hris*nan/
3/ 0atabase 6ana,e!ent '(ste!s1 El!asri @ Bavat*e/
SPHOORTHY Engineering College
34