www.sakshieducation.

com
www.sakshieducation.com

CIRCLES PART - I

Equation of A Circle:
The equation of the circle with centre C (h, k) and radius r is (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2
.
Proof: Let P(x
1
, y
1
) be a point on the circle.
P lies in the circle PC = r
2 2
1 1
(x h) (y k) r + =
(x
1
h)
2
+ (y
1
k)
2
= r
2
.

The locus of P is (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2
.

The equation of the circle is (xh)
2
+ (yk)
2
= r
2
.------(1)

Note: The equation of a circle with centre origin and radius r is (x0)
2
+ (y0)
2
= r
2
i.e., x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
which is the standard equation of the circle.

Note: On expanding equation (1), the equation of a circle is of the form x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.

Theorem: If g
2
+ f
2
c 0, then the equation x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle
with centre (g, f) and radius
2 2
g f c + .
Note: If ax
2
+ ay
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle, then its centre =
g f
,
a a




and its radius

2 2
g f ac
| a |
+
.


www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

Theorem:
The equation of a circle having the line segment joining A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
) as diameter
is
1 2 1 2
(x x )(x x ) (y y )(y y ) 0 + = .

Let P(x,y) be any point on the circle. Given points A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
).
Now
2
APB

= . (Angle in a semi circle.)
Slope of AP. Slope of BP =-1

( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
1 2
1 2
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
1
0
y y y y
x x x x
y y y y x x x x
x x x x y y y y

=

=
+ =


Definition: Two circles are said to be concentric if they have same center.

The equation of the circle concentric with the circle x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is of the form
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + k = 0.
The equation of the concentric circles differs by constant only.

Parametric Equations of A Circle:
Theorem: If P(x, y) is a point on the circle with centre C(,) and radius r, then x = + r cos,
y = + r sin where 0 < 2.

www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

Note: The equations x = + r cos, y = + r sin, 0 < 2 are called parametric equations of the
circle with centre (, ) and radius r.

Note: A point on the circle x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
is taken in the form (r cos, r sin). The point (r cos, r sin)
is simply denoted as point.

Theorem:
(1) If g
2
-c > 0 then the intercept made on the x axis by the circle x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
2
2 g ac
2) If f
2
c >0 then the intercept made on the y axis by the circle x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
2
2 f bc


Note: The condition for the x-axis to touch the circle
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 (c > 0) is g
2
= c.

Note: The condition of the y-axis to touch the circle
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 (c > 0) is f
2
= c.

Note: The condition for the circle x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 to touch the coordinate axes is
g
2
= f
2
= c.
Position of Point:
Let S = 0 be a circle and P(x
1
, y
1
) be a point I in the plane of the circle. Then
i) P lies inside the circle S = 0 S
11
< 0
ii) P lies in the circle S = 0 S
11
= 0
iii) P lies outside the circle S = 0 S
11
= 0
Power of a Point:
Let S = 0 be a circle with centre C and radius r. Let P be a point. Then CP
2
r
2
is called power of P
with respect to the circle S = 0.

www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

Theorem: The power of a point P(x
1
, y
1
) with respect to the circle S = 0 is S
11
.

Theorem: The length of the tangent drawn from an external point P(x
1
, y
1
) to the circle S = 0
is
11
S .
Very Short Answer Questions
1. Find the equation of the circle with centre C and radius r where.
i) C = (1, 7), r =
Sol. Equation of the circle is
( x-h)
2
+ (y-k)
2
=
2

( x-1)
2
+ (y-7)
2
=
2

x
2
2x + 1 + y
2
14y + 49 =
x
2
+ y
2
2x 14y + 0
4x
2
+ 4y
2
8x 56y + 175 = 0

ii) C = (a, -b); r = a + b
Equation of the circle is
(x-h)
2
+ (y-k)
2
=
2

Equation of the circle is
( x-a)
2
+ (y-(-b))
2
=
2

x
2
2xa + a
2
+ y
2
+2by + b
2
= a
2
+2ab + b
2

x
2
+ y
2
2xa + 2by 2ab = 0

2. Find the equation of the circle passing through the origin and having the centre at (-4, -3).
Sol. Centre (h, k) = (-4, -3)
Equation of the circle is
(x h)
2
+ ( y k)
2
= r
2
;
(x +4)
2
+ (y +3)
2
= r
2

Circle is passing through origin
(0 +4)
2
+ (0 + 3)
2
= r
2
www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

r
2
= 25
(x +4)
2
+ (y +3)
2
= 25
Hence equation of the circle is
x
2
y
2
+ 8x + 6y = 0

3. Find the equation of the circle passing through (2, -1) having the centre at (2, 3).

Sol. Centre C = (2, 3), point P = (2, -1)
Radius CP =
2
=4
Equation of circle be
(x-2)
2
+ (y-3)
2
= 4
2

Ans. x
2
+ y
2
4x 6y 3 = 0

4. Find the equation of the circle passing the through (-2, 3) having the centre at (0, 0).
Ans. x
2
y
2
= 13

5. Find the value of a if 2x
2
+ ay
2
3x + 2y -1 = 0 represents a circle and also find its radius.

Sol.
The equation of second degree ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0represents a circle, if
a = b, h = 0 and g
2
+ f
2
- c 0
If 2x
2
+ ay
2
3x + 2y -1 = 0 represents a circle, then a = 2 and the equation is
2x
2
+ 2y
2
3x + 2y -1 = 0
x
2
+ y
2
- x + y - = 0
g = - ; f = , c = -
C = (-g, -f) =
Radius =
= =

www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

6. Find the values of a, b if ax
2
+ bxy + 3y
2
5x + 2y 3 = 0 represent a circle. Also find the
radius and centre of the circle.

Sol. The equation of second degree ax
2
+ 2hy + by
2
+ 2gx + 2hy + c = 0 represents a circle if
a = b, h = 0, g
2
+ f
2
- c 0
ax
2
+ bxy + 3y
2
5x + 2y 3 = 0 represents a circle if b = 0, a = 3
Equation of circle is3x
2
+ 3y
2
5x + 2y 3 = 0
x
2
+ y
2
- x + y 1 = 0
g = - f = c = - 1
C = (-g, -f) =
Radius =
= =

7. If x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy 12 = 0 represents a circle with centre (2, 3) find g, f and its radius.

Sol. Centre C = (-g, -f)= (2,3)

g = - 2, f = -3, c = - 12
Radius =
=
= 5 units

8. If x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy = 0 represents a circle with centre (-4, -3) then find g, f and the radius
of the circle.
Sol. C = (-g, -f)
C = (-4, -3)
g = 4, f = 3
Radius =
= 5 units
www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

9. If x
2
+ y
2
-4x + 6y + c = 0 represents a circle with radius 6 then find the value of c.
Sol.
Centre = (-g, -f) = (2,-3)
r =
2 2
g f c + ; g = - 2, f = 3
6 =
36 = 13 cc = - 23

10. Find the centre and radius of the circle of each whose equation is given below.
i) x
2
+ y
2
4x-8y -41 = 0
Sol. Given circle is
x
2
+ y
2
-4x 8y 41 = 0
g = - 2, f = - 4, c = - 41
Centre = (-g, -f) = (2, 4)

Radius =
=
= Units

ii) 3x
2
+ 3y
2
5x 6y + 4 = 0

Sol. Equation of the circle is
3x
2
+ 3y
2
5x 6y + 4 = 0
x
2
+ y
2
- then g = - ; f = - 1 ;and c =
Centre = (-g, -f) =
r = = = units




www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

11. Find the equations of the circles for which the points given below are the end points of a
diameter.
i) (1, 2), (4, 6)

Sol . Equation of the circle with (x
1
, y
1
), (x
2
, y
2
) as ends of a diameter is
(x-x
1
) (x-x
2
) + (y-y
1
) (y-y
2
) = 0
(x-1) (x-4) + (y-2) ( y-6) = 0
x
2
-5x + 4 + y
2
-8y + 12 = 0
x
2
+ y
2
5x 8y + 16 = 0

ii) (-4, 3); (3, -4)
Sol. Equations of circle with (x
1
, y
1
) and
(x
2
, y
2
) are end points of diameter is
( x-x
1
) (x-x
2
)+(y-y
1
) (y-y
2
) = 0
Required equation of circle be
(x+4) (x-3) + (y-3) (y+4) = 0
X
2
+ y
2
+ x + y 24 = 0

12. Obtain the parametric equation of each of the following circles.
i) x
2
+y
2
= 4
Sol. C (0, 0), r = 2
Parametric equations are
x = r cos = 2 cos
y = r sin = sin, 0< 2

ii) 4 ( x
2
+y
2
) = 9
Sol. x
2
+ y
2
=
Centre C (0, 0), r =
Parametric equations are
x = cos, y = sin, 0 2

www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

iii) ( x-3)
2
+ (y-4)
2
= 8
2

Sol. Parametric equations are
x = h+ r cos , y =k+r sin , 0< 2
Here (h,k) is the centre of the circle.
x = 3 + 8 cos , y = 4 +8 sin, 0 < 2
x = 2+5 cos, y = 3+5 sin, 0 < 2

13. Locate the position of the point P with respect to the circle S=0 when
i) P(3,4) and S x
2
+ y
2
- 4x 6y 12=0
Sol. S x
2
+ y
2
- 4x 6y 12
Given point P(3,4)
S
11
= 3
2
+ 4
2
4.3 -6.4 -12
= 9 + 16 12 24- 12
= - 23 0
P (3, 4) lies inside the circle

ii) P(1,5) and S x
2
+y
2
-2x 4y + 3 = 0
Sol. S
11
=(1)
2
+(5)
2
2(-1) -4(5) +3 =7
S
11
0 P is outside the circle

14. Find the power of the point P with Respect to the circle S = 0 When
i) P = (5,-6), and S x
2
+ y
2
+8x +12y+15
Sol. Power of the point =S
11

= 25 + 36 + 40 -72 + 15 = 116 -72 = 44

ii) P = (2,4) and S x
2
+ y
2
- 4x 6y -12
Power of the point = 4 + 16 -8 -24 -12
= - 24.



www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

15. Find the length of tangent from P to the circle S = 0 when i) P =(-2,5) and S x
2
+ y
2
-25.
Sol. Length of tangent =
= = 2 units

i)P =(-2,5) and S x
2
+y
2
-5x +4y -5
Sol. Length of the tangent
=
= units

16. If the length of the tangent from (5, 4) to the circle X
2
+ y
2 +
2ky = 0 is 1 then find k.

Sol. Length of tangent = =
But length of tangent =1
1 =
Squaring both sides we get 1 =41 + 8K
K = -5 units.

17) If the length of the tangent from (2, 5) to the circle x
2
+y
2
5x +4y + k =0 is then fine k.
Sol. Length of tangent =
=
= 37 = 39 +k
K = - 2 units.








www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

Short Answer Questions

1. If the abscissa of points a, B are the roots of the equation, x
2
+ 2ax b
2
= 0 and ordinates of
A, B are roots of y
2
+ 2py q
2
= 0, then find the equation of a circle for which AB is a diameter.

Sol.

Let A(x
1
,y
1
), B (x
2
,y
2
) be the points.
Given x
1
,x
2
are the roots of x
2
+ 2ax b
2
= 0,therefore, x
1
+x
2
= 2a and x
1
x
2
= b
2

Given y
1
,y
2
are the roots of y
2
+ 2py q
2
= 0therefore, y
1
+y
2
= 2p and y
1
y
2
= q
2

Equation of the circle with (x
1
, y
1
), (x
2
, y
2
) as ends of a diameter is
( x-x
1
) ( x-x
2
) + (y-y
1
) (y-y
2
) = 0
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
(x
1
+x
2
)x (y
1
+y
2
)y + x
1
x+ y
1
y
2
= 0
x
2
+ y
2
+2ax +2py b
2
q
2
=0.


2. Show that A (3,-1) lies on x
2
+ y
2
-2x +4y =0 and find the other end of diameter through A.

Sol.
Equation of the circle is x
2
+ y
2
-2x + 4y = 0---------- (1)
substituting A (3,-1) in eq. (1)
3
2
+ (-1)
2
-2(3) + 4(-1) = 9 +1 -6 -4 =0
Therefore A (3,-1) is a point on the given circle.
Centre of the circle is C =(1,-2)
Let B(h, k) be the other end of the diameter.
Then centre C = midpoint of diameter AB
( )
3 1
1, 2 ,
2 2
h k +
=



(h,k) = (-1,-3)



www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

3. Find the equation of a circle which passes through (2,-3) and (-4, 5) and having the centre
on 4x + 3y +1 = 0
Sol.
Let S(a,b) be the centre of the circle.
S(a,b) is a point on the line 4x + 3y +1 = 0
=> 4a + 3b +1 = 0 ----------(1)
A(2,-3)and B(-4,5) are two points on the circle.
Therefore, SA=SB => SA
2
=SB
2

=>( a - 2)
2
+ (b +3)
2
= ( a +4)
2
+ (b 5)
2

=> 3a-4b+7 = 0 ----(2)
Solving (1) and (2), we get
(a,b) = (-1,1) = centre.
Raidus= SA = ( ) ( )
2 2
2+1 -3 -1 +
= 5
Equation of the circle is( x +1)
2
+ (y 1)
2
= 5
2

= x
2
+ y
2
+2X -2y -23 = 0


4. Find the equation of a circle which passes through (4, 1) (6,5) and having the centre on
4x + 3y -24 = 0
Ans. x
2
+ y
2
6x -8y + 15 = 0

5. Find the question of a circle which is concentric with x
2
+ y
2
-6x -4y 12 = 0 and passing
through (-2, 14).
Sol. Equation of the circle concentric with x
2
+ y
2
-6x -4y 12 = 0 is x
2
+ y
2
-6x -4y +k = 0
It is passing through (-2,14)
(-2)
2
- (14)
2
6 (-2) -4 (14) + k = 0
156 + k =0
k = - 156
If the circle is
x
2
+ y
2
-6x -4y 156 = 0

www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

6. Find the question of the circle whose centre lies on the X axis and passing through (-2,3)
and (4,5).

Sol. Let the circle be
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ________(i)
Centre is (-g,-f)
But centre is on x-axis, f = 0
( i) is passing through
(-2, 3) and (4,5)
4+9-4g +6f +c = 0
-4g + c = -13 ____(ii)
And
16+25+8g+10f + c =0
8g+c = -41 ____(iii)
(iii) (ii) we get
12g = -28
3g = -7 => g = -

From (ii) c = - ,
From (i) required equation will be
3(x
2
+ y
2
) 14x -67 = 0.











www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

Long Answer Questions

1. Find the equation of circle passing through each of the following three points.

i) (3, 4); (3, 2); (1, 4)
Let the equation of circle be x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
It is passing through (3, 4); (3, 2); (1, 4)
Given points satisfy above equation then
9 + 16 + 6g + 8f + c = 0
25+6g + 8f + c = 0 _____(i)
9 + 4 + 6g + 4f + c = 0
13 + 6g + 4f + c = 0 _____(ii)
1+16+2g +8f +c = 0
17+2g +8f +c = 0________(iii)
(ii) (i) we get
-12 -4f = 0 (or) f = - 3
(ii) (iii) we get-4 +4g -4f = 0
g f = 1 => g = - 2
Now substituting g, f in equation (i) we get
25 + 6 (-2) +8 (-3) + c = 0
We get c = 11
Required equation of circle be
X
2
+ y
2
-4x 6y + 11 = 0

Practice problem (5,7); (8,1); (1,3)
Ans. 3(x
2
+y
2
) 29x 19y + 56 = 0






www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

2. i) Find the equation of the circle passing through (0,0) and making intercepts 4,3 on X axis
and Y axis respectively.
Sol.


Let the equation of the circle be x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
Given circle is making intercepts 4, 3 on x, y axes respectively.
Therefore, (4,0) and (0,3) are two points on the circle.
Circle is passing through
(0,0), (4,0) and (0,3).
(0,0) 0 + 0 + 2g(0) + 2f(0) + c = 0
C = 0
(4,0) 16+0+8g+2f.0+c =0
G = 2 as c = 0
(0,3) 0+ 9+2g.0+6f +c = 0
f = - as c = 0
Required equation of circle is X
2
+ y
2
-4x 3y = 0

ii) Find the equation of the circle passing through (0, 0) and making intercept 6 units on
X- axis and intercept 4 units on Y axis.
Sol.


www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

OA = 6 units
OB = 4 units
Let D,E be the mid points of OA and OB.
Then OD = 3 units OE = 2 units
Co ordinates of centre c are( 3,2)
Radius OC =
=
Equation of circle with ( h,k) as centre be radius is ( x-h)
2
+ (y-k)
2
= r
2

Required equation of circle be
(x-3)
2
+ (y-2)
2
= 13
x
2
+y
2
-6x -4y = 0.

3. Show that the following four points in each of the following are concyclic and find the
equation of the circle on which they lie.
i) (1, 1), (-6, 0), (-2,2), (-2,-8)

First find the equation of the circle passing through the points (1, 1), (-6, 0), (-2, 2)

The circle passing through (1, 1), (-6, 0), (-2, 2) is x
2
+ y
2
+ 4x +6y 12 = 0
Substitute (-2,-8) in above equation, then
(-2)
2
+ (-8)
2
+ 4(-2) +6(-8) 12 = 0
4+64-8-48-12 =0
0 =0.
Hence the points are concyclic. And the equation of the circle is
x
2
+ y
2
+ 4x +6y 12 = 0







www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

4. If (2, 0), (0,1) (4,5), (0,c) are concyclic and then find c.
1
st
find the equation of the circle passing through (2, 0), (0, 1) (4, 5) then substitute (0, c).
Ans. 1 or


5. Find the equation of the circum circle of the triangle formed by the straight lines given in
each of the following.

i) 2x + y = 4; x + y = 6; x + 2y = 5
Sol.
Given lines are
2x + y = 4---------(1)
x + y = 6---------(2)
x + 2y = 5---------(3)

On solving (1) and (2), we get
B = (-2,8)
On solving (1) and (3), we get
A = (1,2)
On solving (3) and (2), we get
C = (7,-1)
Let S(h,k) be the circum centre of the triangle ABC
Then SA = SB = SC.
SA = SB => SA
2
= SB
2

=>( 1 h)
2
+ ( 2 k)
2
= ( -2 h)
2
+ ( 8 k)
2

=> h
2
+ k
2
2h-4k+5 = h
2
+ k
2
+ 4h-16k+68
www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

=> 6h-12k+63 =0 --------(4)
SA = SC => SA
2
= SC
2

=>( 1 h)
2
+ ( 2 k)
2
= ( 7 h)
2
+ ( -1 k)
2

=> h
2
+ k
2
2h-4k+5 = h
2
+ k
2
-14h+2k+50
=> 12h-6k -45 = 0--------(5)
Solving (4) and (5), We get S=(17/2,19/2)
Now radius = SA
=
2 2
17 19
1 2
2 2

+


=
225
2

Equation of the circle is
2 2
17 19 225
x y
2 2 2

+ =



=>x
2
+ y
2
-17x-19y +50 = 0.

ii) x + 3y -1 = 0; x + y + 1 = 0; 2x +3y +4 = 0
Ans. x
2
+ y
2
+12x+12y +7 = 0


6. Show that the locus of the point of intersection of the lines x cos + y sin = a, xsin - y
cos = b( is a parameter) is a circle.

Sol. Equations of the given lines are x cos + y sin = a
y sin - y cos = b
Let p(X
1
,
Y
1
) be the point of intersection
x
1
cos + y
1
sin = a (1)
x
1
sin - y
1
cos = b (2)
Squaring and adding (1) and (2)
(x
1
cos + y
1
sin )
2
+ (x
1
sin - y
1
cos)
2
=

2
+b
2
x cos
2
+ Y sin
2
+2 x
1
y
1

Cos sin + X sin
2
+ Y cos
2

www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com

-2 x
1
y
1
cos sin = a
2
+b
2

x (cos
2
+sin
2
) + y (sin
2
+cos
2
)
=a
2
+b
2
x +y == a
2
+b
2
.

Locus of p(x
1,
y
1
) is which represents a circle
X
2
+y
2
= a
2
+ b
2

7. Show that the locus of a point such that the ratio of distance of it from two given Point is
constant k( 1) is a circle.

Sol. Let P(x
1,
y
1
) be a point on the locus Let A(a, 0), B(-a, 0)be two given points

Given = k, ( 1)
= K
By Squaring and cross multiplying, we get
(x
1
-a)
2
+ = k
2
[(x
1
+ a)
2
+ ]
(1-k
2
) ( + +a
2
) + (-1-k
2
) (2ax
1
) = 0
+ 2 ax + a
2
= 0
Locus of p(x
1
, y
1
) is
x
2
+ y
2
-2 0
1
1
2
2
2
= +

+
a ax
k
k

Which represents a circle. (Here k




www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com


8. If a point P is moving such that the Lengths of tangents drawn from P to
X
2
+ y
2
+ 6x + 18y + 26 = 0 are in the Ratio 2:3, then find the equation of the Locus of P.
Sol. Let p(x, y) be any point on the locus.
Let. S X
2
+ y
2
+ 4x + 6y -12 = 0
Lengths of tangents from P to S=0 is
PT
1
=
Let. S
1
= x
2
+y
2
+6x+18y+26=0
Length Tangent from P to S
1
=0 is
PT
2
=

Given
2
1
PT
PT
=

2
2
2
1
PT
PT
=
9
2
2
2
1
. 4 PT PT =
9 (x
2
+ y
2
4x 6y 12)
= 4(x
2
+ y
2
+ 6x + 18y +26)
9x
2
+ 9y
2
36x 54y 108
= 4x
2
+ 4y
2
+24x+72y +104
Locus of P is 5x
2
+ 5y
2
60x 126y 212 =0











www.sakshieducation.com
www.sakshieducation.com


9. If a point P is Moving such that the Lengths of the tangents drawn from P to the circles
x
2
+ y
2
+8x + 12y +15 = 0 and x
2
+y
2
-4x-6y -12 =0 are equal then find the equation of the locus
of

Sol.
S=x
2
+ y
2
+8x + 12y +15 = 0
S
1
x
2
+ y
2
- 4x - 6y - 12 = 0
P (x
1,
y
1
)is any point on the locus and PT
1
, PT
2
are the tangents from P to the two circles.
Given condition is
PT
1
,= PT
2

2 2
1 2
PT PT =
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
8 12 15
4 6 12
12 18 27 0
( )4 6 9 0
x y x y
x y x y
x y
or x y
+ + + +
= +
+ + =
+ + =

Locus of P(x
1-
y
1
) is 4x + 6y + 9 = 0