Financial Statement Analysis 2009

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Table of Contents
Course Description ................................................................................................................... 6
Course Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 6
Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) ......................................................................... 6
Course Prerequisite ................................................................................................................... 7
Required Textbook ........................................................................................................................ 7
Reference Books ....................................................................................................................... 7
Book for fun .............................................................................................................................. 7
Course Materials ....................................................................................................................... 7
COURSE REQUIREMENT ..................................................................................................... 8
EVALUATION OF THE STUDENT PERFORMANCE ........................................................ 8
COURSE DURATION ............................................................................................................ 8
EVALUATION OF STUDENT PERFORMANCE ................................................................ 8
HOME WORK AND ASSIGNMENT ..................................................................................... 9
Teaching and Learning Activities (TLA) ............................................................................... 10
Alignment Among Course Intended Learning Outcome, Teaching and Learning Activities
and Assessment Tasks ............................................................................................................ 10
Standards of Assessment ........................................................................................................ 11
Assignments ........................................................................................................................... 11
Financial Statement Analysis Package ................................................................................... 12
Course Outline for Financial Statement Analysis .................................................................. 12
Chapter 01: Overview Analysis of Financial Statements ..................................................... 13
Learning Objectives................................................................................................................ 13
A GOOD ANALYSIS REPORT CONSISTS OF 6 SECTIONS:.......................................... 13
Building Blocks of Analysis ................................................................................................... 15
Framework for Financial Statement Analysis ........................................................................ 16
Purpose: .................................................................................................................................. 16
Business Survival: .................................................................................................................. 17
Effective Financial Statement Analysis .................................................................................. 17
Limitations of Financial Statement Analysis .......................................................................... 17
Major Tools Include ............................................................................................................... 17
Horizontal Analysis ................................................................................................................ 18
Vertical Analysis .................................................................................................................... 20
Common Size Statements ....................................................................................................... 21
RATIO ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................... 21
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LIQUIDITY RATIOS ............................................................................................................ 21
Liquidity and Efficiency ......................................................................................................... 22
Solvency ................................................................................................................................. 23
Profitability Ratios.................................................................................................................. 24
Market Strength Ratios ........................................................................................................... 25
Essay Questions and Solution ................................................................................................ 26
Solution .................................................................................................................................. 27
Problems ................................................................................................................................. 29
I) _ True/False Questions ....................................................................................................... 29
II) Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................................................ 29
P1-1) ....................................................................................................................................... 32
P1-2) ....................................................................................................................................... 32
P1-3) ....................................................................................................................................... 32
P1-4) ....................................................................................................................................... 33
P1-5) ....................................................................................................................................... 33
P1-6) ....................................................................................................................................... 34
P1-7) ....................................................................................................................................... 35
P1-8) ....................................................................................................................................... 36
P1-9) ....................................................................................................................................... 36
P1-10) ..................................................................................................................................... 37
P1-11) ..................................................................................................................................... 37
P1-12) ..................................................................................................................................... 38
P1-13) ..................................................................................................................................... 39
PROBLEM 1-11B ...................................................................................................................... 40
PROBLEM 1-12B ...................................................................................................................... 41
PROBLEM 1-13B ...................................................................................................................... 43
PROBLEM 1-14B ...................................................................................................................... 44
PROBLEM 1-15B ...................................................................................................................... 45
PROBLEM 1-16B ...................................................................................................................... 48
PROBLEM 1-17B ...................................................................................................................... 49
Chapter 02: Earnings and Cash Flow Analysis ..................................................................... 50
ANALYSIS OBJECTIVES (Cash =Lifeblood of Business) .......................................... 50
Purpose of the Statement of Cash Flows ............................................................................ 50
Classification of Cash Flows (Cash inflows and cash outflows.) ....................................... 50
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Format of the Statement of Cash Flows ................................................................................. 52
Reporting Cash Flows from Operations ................................................................................. 52
Schedule of Cash Flows from Operating Activities ( Indirect Method) ................................. 52
THE DIRECT METHOD OF PREPARING THE STATEMENT OF CASH .......................... 53
ANALYZING THE STATEMT OF CASH FLOWS ................................................................. 56
Cash-generating efficiency ..................................................................................................... 56
Cash flow yield ....................................................................................................................... 56
Cash flows to sales ................................................................................................................. 57
Cash flows to assets ................................................................................................................ 57
Free Cash Flow ....................................................................................................................... 57
Balance Sheet ......................................................................................................................... 58
Income Statement ................................................................................................................... 59
Cash Flow Statement .............................................................................................................. 59
Profitability Ratios.................................................................................................................. 60
Per Share Calculations ............................................................................................................ 60
Market Value Ratios ............................................................................................................... 60
Market Value Ratios for Borg Corporation ............................................................................ 60
Financial Statement Forecasting ............................................................................................. 60
Problem 7-18 Market Value Ratios ........................................................................................ 62
Pro Forma per Share Measures ............................................................................................... 63
Price Projections ..................................................................................................................... 63
Notes: ...................................................................................................................................... 64
Review Problem and Solution ................................................................................................ 65
Solution .................................................................................................................................. 66
Operating activities:................................................................................................................ 66
Problems ................................................................................................................................. 67
I.True/False Questions ............................................................................................................ 67
II. Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................................................ 67
P2-113) ................................................................................................................................... 71
P2-114. ................................................................................................................................... 71
P2-115. ................................................................................................................................... 72
P2-116. ................................................................................................................................... 73
P2-121. ................................................................................................................................... 74
P2-122. ................................................................................................................................... 75
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P2-Needles1) .......................................................................................................................... 76
P2-cj1) .................................................................................................................................... 77
P2-cj2) .................................................................................................................................... 78
P2-cj3) .................................................................................................................................... 78
Chapter 03: Credit Analysis ................................................................................................... 83
ANALYSIS OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................ 83
Credit Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 84
- Credit Information ......................................................................................................... 85
- Credit Scoring: ................................................................................................................ 85
Liquidity and Working Capital ............................................................................................... 85
Current Ratio .......................................................................................................................... 86
Operating Activity Analysis of Liquidity ............................................................................... 88
Interpretation of Receivables Liquidity Measures .................................................................. 88
Interpreting Inventory Turnover ............................................................................................. 89
Liquidity of Current Liabilities ............................................................................................... 89
Basics of Solvency ................................................................................................................. 90
Motivation for Debt ................................................................................................................ 90
Capital Structure Composition and Solvency ......................................................................... 91
Capital Structure Ratios .......................................................................................................... 92
Interpretation of Capital Structure Measures .......................................................................... 92
Asset-Based Measures of Solvency ........................................................................................ 92
What is Financial Distress? .................................................................................................... 93
Valuation ................................................................................................................................ 94
Options for Relieving Financial Distress ................................................................................. 94
Insolvency .............................................................................................................................. 94
Largest U.S. Bankruptcies ...................................................................................................... 95
What Happens in Financial Distress? ..................................................................................... 96
Predicting Corporate Bankruptcy: The Z-Score Model.......................................................... 96
The Z-Score Model for Private Firms .................................................................................... 97
Chapter 04: Financial Reporting Template (FRT) for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
(SMEs) .................................................................................................................................... 99
Phnom Penh, 16 June 2006 .................................................................................................... 99
- Forward ........................................................................................................................ 101
Overview of Financial Reporting Template for SMEs ......................................................... 102
Overview .............................................................................................................................. 102
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What is the FRT? .................................................................................................................. 102
1. Corporate information / enterprise information ............................................................ 102
2. Statement by the directors / statement by the owner .................................................... 103
3. Balance Sheet ............................................................................................................... 103
4. Income statement .......................................................................................................... 103
5. Notes to the financial statements .................................................................................. 103
Benefits of using FRT ........................................................................................................... 104
1. Better manage the business ........................................................................................ 104
Income Statement - Measure of operational performance ........................................... 104
Balance Sheet - Financial position ....................................................................................... 105
2. Better access to finance ............................................................................................... 105
3. Cost savings .................................................................................................................. 106
Definitions ............................................................................................................................ 106
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 106
Definitions ............................................................................................................................ 106
Balance Sheet ....................................................................................................................... 106
Related parties ...................................................................................................................... 106
ABC Co. Ltd ............................................................................................................................. 3
Balance sheet ............................................................................................................................ 3
31 December 20XX
1
................................................................................................................. 3
ABC Co. Ltd ............................................................................................................................... 4
Income statement .................................................................................................................... 4
Year ended 31 December 20XX
1
............................................................................................... 4
ABC Co. Ltd ............................................................................................................................. 5
Notes to the financial statements .............................................................................................. 5
31 December 20XX
1
................................................................................................................. 5
1. Organization and principal activities ............................................................................ 5
2. Significant accounting policies ................................................................................. 5
Basis of preparation .......................................................................................................... 5
(a) Currency and foreign exchange ................................................................................ 5
(c) Inventories ............................................................................................................ 5
(d) Receivables ........................................................................................................... 5

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Financial Statement Analysis (FSA)
Teacher: Nut Khorn

Course Description
This course is an introduction to financial statement analysis, aiming to provide you
the basic skills and techniques to analyze financial statements for the purpose of
valuation. You will learn how to evaluate financial statements and perform
prospective, credit, and equity analyses. Students will also learn how to recast and
adjust financial statements to obtain a better estimate of earning power. Last,
valuation models will be applied to estimate the intrinsic value of the firm.
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Course Objectives
This course is designed to prepare you to interpret and analyze financial statements
effectively. This course explores in greater depth financial reporting topics
introduced in the core course in financial accounting and also examines additional
topics not covered in that course. The viewpoint is that of the user of financial
statements. This course is designed primarily for students who expect to be intensive
users of financial statements as part of their professional responsibilities.
The pre-requisites for this course are the core course in financial accounting and the
core course in managerial accounting.

The goal of this course is to better equip students with the skills needed to perform
financial restatement and interpret financial statements properly. Further, the subject
aims to provide the prerequisite knowledge that will enable students to perform
critical analysis on a firm performance. The course best suits the following students
(but not limited to):
Those who aspire to be a financial analyst.
Those who aspire to pursue advanced study in financial
economics/accounting.
Those who want to understand the inter-disciplinary concepts among
accounting, economics, and finance.

Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs)
By the end of the course, students should be able to:
CILO01 Construct the basic skills needed to perform financial
restatement and interpret financial statements properly.
CILO02 Develop the prerequisite knowledge to perform critical
analysis on a firm performance.

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Course Prerequisite
Introduction to Accounting (BUSI1002) is a prerequisite. For those who are rusty on
accounting concepts, you are strongly recommended to review materials taught in
your Introduction to Accounting course. Knowledge on Corporate Finance
(FINA1003) is essential for performing valuation analysis. Students are expected to
be familiar with concepts of time value of money (e.g., present value, future value,
PV of annuity, and amortization schedule), basic asset pricing models (e.g., CAPM),
and cost of capital (e.g., Weighted Average Cost of Capital). Advanced knowledge
of accounting will be a big plus, e.g., Intermediate Accounting I&II (BUSI0019 &
BUSI0020). The workload is demanding and students are expected to spend more
than 10 hours per week on this course.
Required Textbook
Subramanyam and Wild (SW), Financial Statement Analysis, 10th International
Edition, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, 2009.
Reference Books
J.R. Williams, S.F. Haka, M.S. Bettner, J.V. Carcello (WHBC), Financial
Accounting, 13th edition, 2008, McGraw-Hill International Edition.
White, Sondhi, and Fried (WSF), The Analysis and Use of Financial Statements, 3rd
edition, 2003
Book for fun
The Intelligent Investor: The Definitive Book on Value Investing. A Book of
Practical Counsel by Benjamin Graham, Jason Zweig, and Warren Buffet

Course Materials
The readings, problems, and cases for the course come from Financial Reporting
and Statement Analysis: A Strategic Perspective, 5
th
edition, by Clyde Stickney,
Paul R. Brown, and James Wahlen.
We will also be using the Dell Computer 2005 10-K filing during the class.
For a pdf printable and downloadable file, go to:

http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/sec/10k-fy05.pdf
Please bring both to class as we will be using them throughout the semester.
Three internet addresses may prove useful to you at some point in the course:
1. Filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission: http://www.sec.gov
2. Pronouncements of the Financial Accounting Standards Board:
http://www.fasb.org
3. Pronouncements of the International Accounting Standards Committee:
http://www.iasc.org.uk
4. My Web Blog: www.nutkhorn.wordpress.com

Table of Contents
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COURSE REQUIREMENT
Student must have basic knowledge of Business mathematics, statistics, business,
Accounting Principles, Financial Accounting, corporate finance, investment,
financial management, economics and so on.
EVALUATION OF THE STUDENT PERFORMANCE
Course assessment:
Attendance and participation. 10 %
Home work. 20%
Assignment................... 30 %
Mid-term Exam 20%
Final Examination .. 20 %

Total: .. 100%

COURSE DURATION
The duration of this course will take approximately one month and one week or
forty-eight (48) hours to complete. Formal class room lectures/ discussion lasting 15
hours will be conducted once a week.
EVALUATION OF STUDENT PERFORMANCE
Beside formal classroom lectures and theoretical discussions, the students will also
be introduced to class Self-study questions, questions, exercises, problems, and case-
Chapter 1: Overview of Financial Statement Analysis
Chapter 2: Financial Reporting and Analysis
Chapter 3: Analyzing Financing Activities
Chapter 4: Analyzing Investing Activities
Chapter 5: Analyzing Investing Activities: Interoperate Investments
Chapter 6: Analyzing Operating Activities
Chapter 7: Cash Flow Analysis
Chapter 8: Return on Invested Capital and Profitability Analysis
Chapter 9: Prospective Analysis
Chapter 10: Credit Analysis
Chapter 11: Equity Analysis and Valuation
Comprehensive Case: Applying Financial Statement Analysis
Appendix A: Financial Statements
- Colgate Palmolive Co.
- Campbell Soup
Interest Tables
References
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study and discussion that will provide them with a more comprehensive learning
package in this course.
It is expected that formal class discussions will provide the conceptual and
knowledge-oriented learning, while the class exercises and case study will provide
students the experiential, development and sharpening of their managerial skills.
Through this process, students can become more involved in the learning process. It
is therefore essential that students participate actively in class discussions and during
the Q & A group case study presentations. The class exercises and case study are
generally action oriented in that individuals or groups of students investigate a
situation, develop conclusions, and/or recommendations, and present their
ideas/views to their class colleagues.
Work Requirement for a financial statement Analysis Major under Mr. Nut Khorn
I will apply the international standard when I teach all accounting courses I
will require that you do all the assigned work before class:

Read your textbook (slide presentation is not complete)
Read the power point materials
Do the assignments
Prepare for all examinations.
Internet research work.
To perform well in my courses, you need to spend about a minimum of 15
hours per week for this class. If you do not want to make this commitment,
then do not take my courses.
You should be present in all my classes. If you do not show up for my
lectures, I will consider you as absent (no need to give excuses).
If you fail any of my courses (I hope you wont), you must retake a new
written examination plus an oral examination to prove that you know the
subjects.

HOME WORK AND ASSIGNMENT
Students MUST COMPLY STRICTLY with the following instructions in writing
their Home Work, Individual Assignments, Group Case-study and Group Case-Study
Presentation.
1. The student(s) is expected to do his/her own research in order to write up
individual assignments and home work.
2. All Individual Assignments/Home work and Group Case-Study MUST be type
written on A-4 sized paper with adequate margins. You should include a TITLE
PAGE and a LIST OF CONTENTS.
3. Use headings and sub-headings to organize your report, including supporting
material(s) as attachments.
4. All reference books/published materials you refer to should be properly referenced
(arrange in this order: name of author(s), year, and title of the book, publisher, and
the country the book was published) and this must be included in a bibliography at
the end of the assignment.
5. Use text referencing when you cite somebody elses work from your references.
Citation may mean direct quoting, or paraphrasing, or summarizing, or simply to
make a statement of that author's view of finding. An example of text referencing:
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Beamer and Varner (2001), suggested that culture is not something we are born with,
but rather it is learned.
6. Number all pages sequentially and securely staple and/or bind all sheets together.
Schedule of Class Meetings and Assignments

Date Chapter Topic
Class Preparation and
Home work Assignments
Dec
13,20
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Ch01
1) Benefit of Financial Statements by using FRT
of MEF of Cambodia in my Web Blog.
2) Use Annual Report of Best Buy A4-A5 and Apple
A25-A26 Financial Report and then comparison in each
company in my Web Blog to analyze CONSOLIDATED
STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS and CONSOLIDATED
BALANCE SHEETS, Common-size Financial
Statements and Ratios Analysis.

Group Assignments = 4
students
Ch01 P1-5, P1-11, P1-13 Home Work
Ch02 P2-114, P2-122 Home Work
Ch 03
Ch04

Teaching and Learning Activities (TLA)

Teaching and Learning
Activities (TLA) TLA1
Lecture
Instructor will give lectures on major
concepts and issues.
TLA2 tutorial discussion
Students are expected to engage in
discussion during lecture and tutorial
meetings. Most in-depth learning
takes place when students actively
engage themselves in discussions
thought presenting and sharing their
ideas
TLA3 Consultation
Both instructor and teaching assistant
hold weekly consultation hours to
answer students questions.

Alignment Among Course Intended Learning Outcome, Teaching and Learning
Activities and Assessment Tasks

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Standards of Assessment
Grade Grade Definition Description
A+, A. A-
High distinction
80%-100%
Strong evidence of superb ability to fulfill the
intended learning outcomes of the course at all
levels of learning: describe, apply, evaluate,
and synthesis.
B+, B, B-
Distinction
70%-79%
Strong evidence of the ability tofulfill the
intended learning outcomes of the course at all
levels of learning: describe, apply, evaluate,
and synthesis.
C+, C, C-
Credit pass
60%-69%
Evidence of adequate ability to fulfill the
intended learning outcomes of the course at
low levels of learning such as describe and
apply but not at high levels of learning such as
evaluate and synthesis
D
Pass
50%-59%
Evidence of basic familiarity with the subject.
F
Fail
<50%
Little evidence of basic familiarity with the
subject.

Assignments
Readings, cases and/or problems are assigned for each class. You should
come to class prepared to discuss your analysis of the cases and
problems. Regular class participation is important to the learning process
for you and your classmates.
Ten percent of your grade will be based on class preparation. You can
receive these points either from actively discussing the cases and
problems in class or handing in the assignment at the end of the class. No
late assignments will be accepted nor will I accept e-mailed or faxed
assignments. If you choose to hand in the assignment, please make two
copies one for you and one for me.
All assignments should be prepared using word processing software with
type size no smaller than 12 point. You can include tables or
spreadsheets as well, as long as they are carefully labeled and defined.
During class discussions, please feel free to make changes to your
solutions, but do so in a way that clearly indicates that they are the result
of class discussion (e.g., using a different color of ink).
You may work in groups to discuss homework assignments. However, each
person should prepare his/her own individual homework solutions to be
submitted. Ideally, you should work through each days assignment on
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your own before discussion it with anyone. You can then make changes
to your solution based on your learning in any discussion. Interpretations
of the analysis should be in your own words.
Additional assignments either will be discussed in class or are extra
problems for your benefit. I will tell you the assignments that will be
discussed in class prior to that class.

Financial Statement Analysis Package
A financial statement analysis package (FSAP) is available to ease the calculation of
financial ratios and perform other analyses. Access FSAP and the user manual at
http://www.swlearning.com

Course Outline for Financial Statement Analysis
Teaching Weeks Chapters Topics Due Dates Time Allowed
Week 1 Ch 01
Overview of Financial
Statement Analysis

Dec 13, 2010
15 Hrs
Week 2
Ch 02
Earnings and Cash
Flow Analysis
15 hrs
Mid-term Examination
Week 3 Ch03 Credit Analysis 15 Hrs
Week 4 Ch04
FRT for SMEs of
MEF

Final Examination

Related Web Addresses
Filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission:
www.sec.gov (click on Edgar Data Base)
Pronouncement of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB):
www.fasb.org
Pronouncement of the International Accounting Standards Committee
www.iasc.org.uk
Professional Announcements and membership info for CPAs:
www.aicpa.org
Financial Data and current business news:
www.hoovers.com (for about 10,000 companys financial and nonfinancial info)
www.disclosure.com,
www.fortune.com,
www.cnnfn.com

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Chapter 01: Overview Analysis of Financial Statements

Learning Objectives
1. Organize a systematic financial ratio analysis using common-size financial
statements and the DuPont framework.
2. Recognize the potential impact that differing accounting methods can have on the
financial ratios of otherwise essentially identical companies.
3. Understand how foreign companies report their financial results to U.S. investors.
4. Describe the purpose and format of the SECs Form 20-F.
5. Convert foreign currency financial statements into U.S. dollars using the
translation method.
6. Incorporate material from the entire text into the preparation of a statement of
cash flows.

Review Points: A manager should be able to understand what the information is
telling him. If he doesnt understand it, he will not use it to make a decision. If he
misunderstands it, he might make a bad decision.
Information is provided to management to assist them with planning, controlling and
decision making. Management decision is likely to be better when they are provided
with better quality information.

A GOOD ANALYSIS REPORT CONSISTS OF 6 SECTIONS:
1. Executive summary- the executive summary is brief and focuses on important
analysis results and conclusions
2. Analysis overview- background material on the company- its industry, and its
economic environment.
3. Evidential matter- financial statements and information used in the analysis.
This includes ratios, trends, comparisons, statistics and all analytical measures
assembled. Often organized under the building blocks of analysis.
4. Assumptions- identification of important assumptions for estimates.
5. Important factors- listing of important favorable and unfavorable factors, both
quantitative and qualitative, for company performance- usually listed by areas
of analysis.
6. Inferences- includes forecasts, estimates, interpretations and conclusions
drawing on all sections of the report.

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Chapter Preview
This chapter shows how to use information in financial statements to evaluate a
companys performance and condition. We describe the purpose of financial
statement analysis, its basis building block, the information available, standards for
comparisons, and tools of analysis. The chapter emphasizes three major analysis
tools: horizontal analysis, vertical analysis, and ratio analysis.

Building Blocks of Analysis
Liquidity and Efficiency: Ability to meet short-term obligations and to
efficiently generate revenues.
Solvency: Ability to generate future revenues and meet long-term
obligations.
Profitability: Ability to provide financial rewards sufficient to attract and
retain financing.
Market Prospects: Ability to generate positive market expectations.

Analysis of Financial Statements
Basics of Analysis
- Purpose
- Building Blocks
- Information
- Standards for
Comparisons
- Tools

Horizontal Analysis
- Comparative
Balance Sheet
- Comparative
Income
statements
- Trend analysis

Vertical Analysis
- Common-size
Balance Sheet
- Common- size
income statement
- Common-size
graphics

Ratio Analysis
- Liquidity and
efficiency
- Solvency
- Profitability
- Market prospects
- Ratio Summary

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Framework for Financial Statement Analysis

Financial Statement Analysis is the examination of both the relationships
among financial statement numbers and the trends of those numbers over
time. Financial Statement Analysis will help business owners and other
interested people to analyse the data in financial statements to provide them
with better information about such key factors for decision making and
ultimate business survival.
Financial statement analysis involves analysing the information provided in
the financial statements to:
-Provide information about the organisations:
Past performance
Present condition
Future performance
-Assess the organisations:
Earnings in terms of power, persistence, quality and growth
Solvency
Purpose:
To use financial statements to evaluate an organisations
Financial performance
Financial position.
To have a means of comparative analysis across time in terms of:
Intracompany basis (within the company itself)
Intercompany basis (between companies)
Industry Averages (against that particular industrys averages)
To apply analytical tools and techniques to financial statements to obtain
useful information to aid decision making.
The purpose of financial statement analysis for these users is to provide
strategic information to improve company efficiency and effectiveness in
providing products and services.
The common goal of these users is evaluate company performance and
financial condition. This includes evaluating (1) past and current
performance, (2) current financial position, and (3) future performance and
risk.

All financial statements are essentially historical documents. They tell what has
happened during a particular period of time. However, most users of financial
statements are concerned about what will happen in the future. Stockholders are
concerned with future earnings and dividends. Creditors are concerned with the
companys future ability to repay its debts. Managers are concerned with companys
ability to finance future expansion. Despite the fact that financial statements are
historical documents, they can still provide valuable information bearing on all of
these concerns.
Financial statement analysis involves careful selection of data from financial
statements for the primary purpose of forecasting the financial health of the
company. This is accomplished by examining trends in key financial data, comparing
financial data across companies, and analyzing key financial ratios.

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Business Survival:
There are two key factors for business survival:
Profitability
Solvency
-Profitability is important if the business is to generate revenue (income) in
excess of the expenses incurred in operating that business.
-The solvency of a business is important because it looks at the ability of the
business in meeting its financial obligations.
Effective Financial Statement Analysis
To perform an effective financial statement analysis, you need to be aware of
the organisations:
business strategy
objectives
Annual report and other documents like articles about the organisation
in newspapers and business reviews.
These are called individual organisational factors.
Requires that you:
Understand the nature of the industry in which the organisation works.
This is an industry factor.
Understand that the overall state of the economy may also have an impact
on the performance of the organisation.
Financial statement analysis is more than just crunching numbers; it
involves obtaining a broader picture of the organisation in order to evaluate
appropriately how that organisation is performing
Limitations of Financial Statement Analysis
We must be careful with financial statement analysis.
-Strong financial statement analysis does not necessarily mean that the
organisation has a strong financial future.
-Financial statement analysis might look good but there may be other factors that
can cause an organisation to collapse.

Major Tools Include
Common-Size Financial Statements
Ratio Analysis
The APB stated that comparisons between financial statements are most
informative
1. When the presentations are in good form.
2. When the content of the statements is identical.
3. When accounting principles are not changed, or, if they are changed,
the financial effects of the changes are disclosed.
4. When changes in circumstances or in the nature of the underlying
transactions are disclosed.
Common-Size Financial Statements: Analysis of a companys single-year
financial statements. Financial statements are standardized by a measure of size,
either sales or total assets. All amounts are stated in terms of a percentage of the size
measure.
Ratio Analysis: Analysis of a companys financial statements by computing
ratios and comparing them against both trends and industry averages. Financial
ratio analysis involves calculating and analysing ratios that use data from one, two
or more financial statements.
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Ratio analysis also expresses relationships between different financial
statements.
Financial Ratios can be classified into 5 main categories:
Profitability Ratios
Liquidity or Short-Term Solvency ratios
Asset Management or Activity Ratios
Financial Structure or Capitalisation Ratios
Market Test Ratios

The commonly used tools for financial statement analysis are:
Financial Ratio Analysis
Comparative financial statements analysis:
Horizontal analysis/Trend analysis
Vertical analysis/Common size analysis/ Component Percentages

Horizontal Analysis
What is horizontal analysis?
Its an analysis of the percentage increases and decreases of related items in
comparative financial statements.
A technique for analyzing financial statements that involves the
computation of changes in both dollar amounts and percentage from the
previous to the current year.
Amount dollar changes = Analyzing period amount Base period
amount
Percentage changes = 100
amount period Base
changes dollar Amount

19

20
Vertical Analysis
A percentage analysis can be used to show the relationship of each component to a
total within a single statement.

The total, or 100% item, on the balance sheet is total assets.

21
Common Size Statements
Vertical analysis with both dollar and percentage amounts is also useful in
comparing one company with another or with industry averages. Such comparisons
are easier to make with the use of common-size statements in which all items are
expressed in percentages.

RATIO ANALYSIS
Financial statements report both on a firms position at a point in time and on its
operations over some past period. However, the real value of financial statements lies
in the fact that they can be used to help predict future earnings and dividends. From
an investors standpoint, predicting the future is what financial statement analysis is
all about, while from managements standpoint, financial statement analysis is useful
both to help anticipate future conditions and, more important, as a starting point for
planning actions that will improve the firms future performance.
Financial ratios are designed to help one evaluate a financial statement. For example,
Firm A might have debt of $5,248,760 and interest charges of $419,900, while Firm
B might have debt of $52,647,980 and interest charges of $3,948,600. Which
company is stronger? The burden of these debts, and the companies ability to repay
them, can best be evaluated (1) by comparing each firms debt to its assets and (2) by
comparing the interest it must pay to the income it has available for payment of
interest. Such comparisons are made by ratio analysis.
In the paragraphs that follow, we will calculate the Year 2001 financial ratios for
Allied Food Products, using data from the balance sheets and income statements
given in Tables 2-1 and 2-2 back in Chapter 2. We will also evaluate the ratios in
relation to the industry averages.1 Note that all dollar amounts in the ratio
calculations are in millions.

LIQUIDITY RATIOS
A liquid asset is one that trades in an active market and hence can be quickly
converted to cash at the going market price, and a firms liquidity position deals
22
with this question: Will the firm be able to pay off its debts as they come due over
the next year or so? As shown in Table 2-1 in Chapter 2, Allied has debts totaling
$310 million that must be paid off within the coming year. Will it have trouble
satisfying those obligations? A full liquidity analysis requires the use of cash
budgets, but by relating the amount of cash and other current assets to current
obligations, ratio analysis provides a quick, easy-to-use measure of liquidity. Two
commonly used liquidity ratios are discussed in this section.
Liquidity and Efficiency
- Current Ratio
- Acid-test Ratio
- Accounts Receivable Turnover
- Total Asset Turnover
- Days Sales in Inventory
- Days Sales Uncollected
- Inventory Turnover
Current Ratio: Measure of short-term debt-paying ability.
times
s Liabilitie Current
Assets Current
Ratio Current 3 . 2
305 , 944 , 1 $
452 , 476 , 4 $
= = =
Working capital =Current assets Current liabilities
Quick (Acid- test) Ratio: Measure of short-term debt- paying ability
Quick Ratio
times
s liabilitie Current
inventory assets Current
s liabilitie Current
receivable urities marketable cash
5 . 1
503 , 944 , 1 $
203 , 839 , 2 $ sec
= =
=
+ +
=

. Cash ratio =
.Net working capital to total assets =
.
Receivable turnover: Measure of relative size of accounts receivable balance
and effectiveness of credit policies
Receivable Turnover
times
receivable accounts Average
sales Net
2 . 6
647 , 481 , 1 $
748 , 188 , 9 $
= = =
Average days sales uncollected: Measure of average time taken to collect
receivables
Average days sales uncollected
days
times
days
turnover ceivable
year in Days
9 . 58
2 . 6
365
Re
= = =
23
I nventory turnover: Measure of relative size of inventory
I nventory turnover times
inventory Average
sold goods of Cost
3 . 5
536 , 297 , 1 $
915 , 844 , 6 $
= = =
Average days inventory on hand: Measure of average days taken to sell
inventory
Average days inventory on
hand days
times
days
turnover Inventory
year in Days
9 . 68
3 . 5
365
= = =

Solvency
Debt to equity ratio: Measure of capital structure and leverage
Debt to equity ratio times
equity rs Stockholde
s liabilitie Total
2 . 1
301 , 383 , 2 $
445 , 919 , 2 $
'
= = =
I nterest coverage ratio: Measure of creditors protection from default
on interest payments
I nterest coverage ratio

times
ense Interest
ense erest taxes before income Net
6 . 13
653 , 39 $
653 , 39 $ 286 , 500 $
exp
exp int
=
+
=
+
=

24
Profit margin: Measure of net income produced by each dollar of sales
Profit margin % 4 . 3
748 , 188 , 9 $
178 , 310 $
= = =
Sales Net
income Net

Gross Profit Rate: A measure of the profitability of the companys
products.
Gross Profit rate
Sales Net
profit Gross
=
Asset turnover: Measure of how efficiently assets are used to produce
sales
Assets turnover times
assets total Average
sales Net
8 . 1
079 , 237 , 5 $
748 , 188 , 9 $
= = =
Return on assets: Measure of overall earning power or profitability
Return on assets = % 9 . 5
079 , 237 , 5 $
178 , 310 $
= =
assets total Average
income Net

Return on equity: Measure of the profitability of stockholders
investment
Return on equity % 1 . 14
840 , 204 , 2 $
178 , 310 $
'
= = =
equity s stockholde Average
income Net

Assets Fixed Net
Sales
= over Asset turn Fixed

25
Market Strength Ratios

Price/ earnings Ratios: Measure of investor confidence in a company
Price/ earnings Ratio (PE)
times
share per Earning
share per price Market
9 . 11
61 . 2 $
31 $
= = =
Dividends yield: Measure of the current return to an investor in a stock
Dividends yield times
share per price Market
share per Dividends
5 . 1
31 $
48 . 0 $
= = =

Book ratio (P/B) =

End of Chapter 01
26
Essay Questions and Solution
1-150. Financial statements for Prasken Company appear below:

Prasken Company
Statement of Financial Position
December 31, Year 2 and Year 1
(Dollars in thousands)

27
Required:
Compute the following for Year 2:
a. Earnings per share of common stock.
b. Price-earnings ratio.
c. Dividend payout ratio.
d. Dividend yield ratio.
e. Return on total assets.
f. Return on common stockholders' equity.
g. Book value per share.
h. Working capital.
i. Current ratio.
j. Acid-test (quick) ratio.
k. Accounts receivable turnover.
l. Average collection period (age of receivables).
m. Inventory turnover.
n. Average sale period (turnover in days).
o. Times interest earned.
p. Debt-to-equity ratio.
Solution
a. Earnings per share = (Net Income - Preferred Dividends)
Average number of common shares outstanding*
= ($273 - $10) 18 = $14.61
*Number of common
shares outstanding = Common stock Par value = $180 $10 = 18
b. Price-earnings ratio = Market price per share Earnings per share (see above)
= $210 $14.61 = 14.4
c. Dividend payout ratio = Dividends per share* Earnings per share (see above)
= $7.94 $14.61 = 54.4%
*Dividends per share = Common dividends Common shares**
= $143 18 = $7.94
**See above
d. Dividend yield ratio = Dividends per share*
Market price per share
= $7.94 $210.00 = 3.78% *See above
e. Return on total assets = Adjusted net income* Average total assets**
= $294 $2,465 = 11.93%
*Adjusted net income = Net income + [Interest expense (1-Tax rate)]
= $273 + [$30 (1 - 0.30)] = $294
**Average total assets = ($2,500 + $2,430)2 = $2,465
f. Return on common stockholders equity = (Net income - Preferred dividends)
Average common stockholders equity*
= ($273 - $10)$1,740 = 15.11%
*Average common stockholders equity = ($1,800 + $1,680)2 = $1,740
g. Book value per share = Common stockholders equity
Number of common shares outstanding* = $1,800 18 = $100.00
*Number of common shares outstanding = Common stock Par value
= $180 $10 = 18
h. Working capital = Current assets - Current liabilities = $500 - $290 = $210
i. Current ratio = Current assets Current liabilities = $500 $290 = 1.72
j. Acid-test ratio = Quick assets* Current liabilities = $310 $290 = 1.07
28
*Quick assets = Cash + Marketable securities + Current receivables
= $130 + $180 = $310
k. Accounts receivable turnover = Sales on account Average accounts receivable*
= $2,300 $180 = 12.78
*Average accounts receivable = ($180 + $180)2 = $180
l. Average collection period = 365 days Accounts receivable turnover*
= 365 12.78 = 28.6 days
*See above
m. Inventory turnover = Cost of goods sold Average inventory*
= $1,610 $175 = 9.20
*Average inventory = ($170 + $180)2 = $175
n. Average sale period = 365 days Inventory turnover*
= 365 9.20 = 39.7 days
*See above
o. Times interest earned = Net operating income Interest expense
= $420 $30 = 14.00
p. Debt-to-equity ratio = Liabilities Stockholders equity= $600 $1,900 = 0.32

29
Problems
I) _ True/False Questions
1-1. Vertical analysis of financial statements is accomplished through the
preparation of common-size statements.
1-2. The gross margin percentage is computed by dividing the gross margin
by net income before interest and taxes.
1-4. The dividend yield ratio is calculated by dividing dividends per share by
earnings per share.
1-6. To compute the return on total assets, net income should be adjusted by
adding after-tax interest expense and preferred dividends.
1-7. When computing the return on common equity, the income available for
common stockholders is determined by deducting preferred dividends from
net income.
1-11. A company's acid-test ratio will always be less than or equal to its
current ratio.
1-12. A company could improve its acid-test ratio by selling some equipment
it no longer needs for cash.
II) Multiple Choice Questions
1-16. The gross margin percentage is equal to:
A) (Net operating income + Operating expenses)/Sales
B) Net operating income/Sales
C) Cost of goods sold/Sales
D) Cost of goods sold/Net income
1-17. Earnings per share of common stock is computed by:
A) dividing net income by the average number of common and preferred shares
outstanding.
B) dividing net income by the average number of common shares outstanding.
C) dividing net income minus preferred dividends by the average number of common
and preferred shares outstanding.
D) dividing net income minus preferred dividends by the average number of
common shares outstanding.
1-33. Fackrell Company has provided the following data:
Common stock:
Shares outstanding .................................. 20,000
Market value, December 31 ................... $150,000
Book value, December 31 ...................... $80,000
Dividends paid ........................................ $40,000
Preferred stock, 8%, 100 par ..................... $100,000
Net income ................................................ $100,000
Interest on long-term debt ......................... $10,000
The price-earnings ratio is closest to:
A) 1.50
B) 1.63
C) 2.50
D) 2.88
1-34. Farrell Company has provided the following data:
Common stock:
Shares outstanding .................................. 30,000
Market value, December 31 ................... $165,000
Book value, December 31 ...................... $90,000
30
Dividends paid ........................................ $50,000
Preferred stock, 10%, $100 par ................. $100,000
Net income ................................................ $150,000
Interest on long-term debt ......................... $15,000
The price-earnings ratio is closest to:
A) 1.10
B) 1.18
C) 1.65
D) 1.83
1-37. Tribble Company has provided the following data:
Sales ........................................................... $5,000,000
Interest expense ......................................... $30,000
Total assets, beginning of year .................. $185,000
Total assets, end of year ............................ $215,000
Tax rate ...................................................... 30%
Return on total assets ................................. 15.5%
Tribble Company's net income was:
A) $1,000
B) $10,000
C) $22,000
D) $31,000
1-40. The following account balances have been provided for the end of the most
recent year:
Total assets ................................................ $1,000,000
Total liabilities ........................................... $400,000
Total stockholders equity ......................... $600,000
Common stock (40,000 shares) ................. $300,000
Preferred stock (10,000 shares) ................. $100,000
The common stock's book value per share is:
A) $22.50
B) $12.50
C) $20.00
D) $12.00
1-41. Nybo Company's current liabilities are $60,000, its long-term liabilities
are$180,000, and its working capital is $90,000. If Nybo Company's debt to equity
ratio is 0.4, its total long-term assets must equal:
A) $490,000
B) $840,000
C) $600,000
D) $690,000
1-42. Nelson Company's current liabilities are $50,000, its long-term liabilities are
$150,000, and its working capital is $80,000. If Nelson Company's debt-to-equity
ratio
is 0.32, its total long-term assets must equal:
A) $625,000
B) $745,000
C) $825,000
D) $695,000
31
1-43. Selected data from Perry Corporation's financial statements follow:
Current ratio .................................................................... 2.0
Acid-test ratio .................................................................. 1.5
Current liabilities ............................................................. $120,000
Inventory turnover ........................................................... 8
Gross profit margin as a percentage of sales ................... 40%
The company has no prepaid expenses and there were no changes in inventories
during the year. Perry Corporation's net sales for the year were:
A) $800,000
B) $480,000
C) $1,200,000
D) $240,000
1-44. Mattick Company has provided the following data:
Inventory and prepaid expenses ................ $36,000
Current ratio .............................................. 2.4
Acid-test ratio ............................................ 1.6
Mattick Company's current liabilities are:
A) $60,000
B) $30,000
C) $45,000
D) $48,000
1-45. The Seabury Company has a current ratio of 3.5 and an acid-test ratio of 2.8.
Inventory equals $49,000 and there are no prepaid expenses. Seabury Company's
current liabilities must be:
A) $70,000
B) $100,000
C) $49,000
D) $125,000
1-46. Matlock Company has provided the following data:
Inventory and prepaid expenses ................. $35,000
Current ratio ............................................... 2.2
Acid-test Ratio ........................................... 1.5
Matlock Company's current liabilities were:
A) $40,000
B) $50,000
C) $63,000
D) $44,100
1-57. Selected information from the accounting records of Kay Company for the
most recent year follow:
Net sales ........................................ $1,800,000
Cost of goods sold ......................... $1,200,000
Inventory, beginning ..................... $360,000
Inventory, ending ........................... $312,000
Kay's inventory turnover for the year is closest to:
A) 3.57
B) 3.85
C) 5.36
D) 5.77

32
P1-1)
Required:
Prepare a horizontal analysis of the following comparative income statement
of Newsletter E-Mail, Inc. Round percentage changes to the nearest one- tenth
percent (three decimal place).
Newsletter E-Mail, I nc.
Comparative I ncome Statement
Years Ended December 31, 2005 and 2004
2005 2004
Total Revenues $430,000 $373,000
Expenses
Cost of Goods Sold 202,000 188,000

Selling and general
expenses 98,000 93,000
Interest expense 7,000 4,000
Income tax expense 42,000 37,000
Total Expenses 349,000 322,000
Net Income $81,000 $51,000
Why did net income increase by a higher percentage than total revenues increased
in 2005?
P1-2)
Smith Corporation provides the following comparative income statement:

Smith Corporation
Comparative I ncome Statement
For the Years Ended December 31, 20X1 and 20X2

Percentage of Increase or
20X2 20X1 (Decrease)
Sales $570,000 $680,000
Cost of Goods Sold 200,000 170,000
Gross Profit 370,000 510,000
Operating Expense 100,000 210,000
Net Income $270,000 $300,000

(a) Using horizontal analysis, fill in the percentage change and dollars change.
(b) Evaluate the results.
P1-3)
Operating data for Khan Corporation are presented bellow:

2006 2005
Sales $800,000 $600,000
Cost of Goods Sold $464,000 $378,000
Selling expense $120,000 $72,000
Administrative expense $80,000 $54,000
33
Income tax expense $38,400 $25,200
Net income $97,000 $70,800
I nstructions
Prepare a schedule showing a vertical analysis for 2006 and 2005.
P1-4)
The comparative balance sheets of Barkley Corporation are presented below:
BARKLEY CORPORATION
Comparative Balance sheets
December 31
2006 2005
Assets
Current assets $76,000 $80,000
Property, plant, equipment(net) $99,000 $90,000
Intangible assets $25,000 $40,000
Total assets $200,000 $210,000
Liabilities and stockholders' equity
Current Liabilities $45,800 $48,000
Long-term liabilities $138,000 $150,000
Stockholders' equity $16,200 $12,000

Total liabilities and stockholders'
equity $200,000 $210,000
Instructions
(a) Prepare a horizontal analysis of the balance sheet data for Barkley
Corporation using 2005 as a base. (Show the amount of increase or decrease
as well.)
(b) Prepare a vertical analysis of the balance sheet data for Barkley Corporation
in columnar form for 2006.
P1-5)
Selected comparative financial statements of Shipshape Company follow:

SHIPSHAPE COMPANY
Comparative Income Statement
For Years Ended December 31, 2006, 2005, and 2004

2006 2005 2004
Sales $167,200 $125,500 $76,000
Cost of goods sold 71,060 65,260 33,440
Gross profit $96,140 $60,240 $42,560
Selling expenses 12,540 10,291 7,828
Administrative expenses 40,797 26,104 13,528
Total expenses $53,337 $36,395 $21,356
Income before taxes $42,803 $23,845 $21,204
Income taxes 12,841 7,154 6,361
Net income $29,962 $16,691 $14,843

34
SHIPSHAPE COMPANY
Comparative Balance Sheet
December 31, 2006, 2005, and 2004
2006 2005 2004

Assets
Current assets $34,420 $28,888 $21,789
Long-term investments 0 500 2,550
Plant assets, net 82,000 64,000 50,000
Total assets $116,420 $93,388 $74,339

Liabilities and Equity
Current liabilities $20,010 $15,340 $14,300
Common stock 48,000 48,000 40,000
Other contributed capital 10,000 10,000 8,000
Retained earnings 38,410 20,048 12,039
Total liabilities and equity $116,420 $93,388 $74,339

Required
1. Using horizontal analysis fill in the percentage change and dollars change with
2004 as the base year.
2. Compute each years current ratio.
3. Express the income statement and balance sheet data in common-size
percents.(vertical analysis)
Analysis Component
4. Comment on any significant relations revealed by the ratios and percents
computed.
P1-6)
Charles Corporations balance sheet at December 31, 20XX, shows the following:
Current Assets
Cash $4,000
Marketable Securities 8,000
Accounts Receivable 100,000
Inventories 120,000
Prepaid Expenses 1,000
Total Current Assets $233,000

Current Liabilities
Note Payable $5,000
Accounts Payable 150,000
Accrued Expenses 20,000
Income Taxes Payable 1,000
Total Current Liabilities $176,000
Long -Term Liabilities $ 340,000

Determine (a) working capital, (b) current ratio, and (c) quick rat

35
P1-7)
Jones Corporations financial statements appear below.
J ones Corporation
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2009
ASSETS
Current Assets
cash $100,000
marketable Securities 200,000
inventory 300,000
Total Current Assets 600,000
Noncurrent Assets
Plant Assets 500,000
Total Assets $1,100,000
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDER' S EQUITY
Current Liabilities $200,000
Long-term Liabilities 100,000
Total Liabilities 300,000
Stockholders' Equity
Common Stock, $1 par value,
100,000 shares 100,000
Premium on Common Stock 500,000
Retained Earnings 200,000
Total Stockholders Equity 800,000
Total Liabilities and stockholders' Equity $1,100,000

J ones Corporation
I ncome Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2009
Net Sales 10,000,000
Cost of Goods Sold 6,000,000
Gross Profit 4,000,000
Operating Expenses 1,000,000
Income before Taxes 3,000,000
Income Taxes (50% rate) 1,500,000
Net Income 1,500,000

Addition information available is a market price of $150 per share of stock
and total dividends of $600,000 for 2008, and 250,000 of inventory as of December
31, 2009. Compute the following ratios:
(a) Current ratio
(b) Quick ratio
36
(c) Inventory turnover
(d) Age of inventory
(e) Stockholders equity to total liabilities
(f) Earnings per share
(g) Price/ earning ratio
(h) Dividends per share
(i) Dividend payout
P1-8)
The financial statements of Cunningham Financial Group included the following
items:

Current Year Preceding Year
Balance Sheet
Cash 17,000 22,000
Short-term investments 11,000 26,000
Net receivables 64,000 73,000
Inventory 77,000 71,000
Prepaid expenses 16,000 8,000
Total current assets 185,000 200,000
Total current Liabilities 131,000 91,000
Income statement
Net credit sales 454,000
Cost of goods sold 297,000
Required
Compute the following ratios the current years:
(a) Current ratio
(b) Acid- test ratio
(c) Inventory turnover
(d) Accounts Receivable turnover
(e) Days sales in average receivable
P1-9)
Georgette Company has the following comparative balance sheet data:
Georgette Company
Balance Sheet
December, 31
2006 2005
Cash $20,000 $30,000
Receivables (net) $65,000 $60,000
Inventories $60,000 $50,000
Plant assets(net) $200,000 $180,000
$345,000 $320,000

Accounts Payable $50,000 $60,000
Mortgage Payable (15%) $100,000 $100,000
Common Stock, $10 par $140,000 $120,000
Retained earnings $55,000 $40,000
37
$345,000 $320,000
Additional information for 2006:
1. Net income was $25,000.
2. Sales on account were $420,000. Sales return and allowances amounted
to $20,000.
3. Cost of goods sold was $198,000.
I nstructions
Compute the following ratios at December 31, 2006.
(a) Current.
(b) Acid-test.
(c) Receivable turnover.
(d) Inventory turnover.
P1-10)
Selected comparative statement data for Meng Products Company are presented
below: All balance sheet data are as of December 31.
2006 2005
Net Sales $800,000 $720,000
Cost of goods sold $480,000 $40,000
Interest expense $7,000 $5,000
Net income $64,000 $42,000
Accounts receivable $120,000 $100,000
Inventory $85,000 $75,000
Total assets $600,000 $500,000
Total common stockholders' equity $450,000 $310,000

I nstructions
Compute the following ratios for 2006:
(a) Profit margin.
(b) Asset turnover.
(c) Return on assets
(d) Return on common stockholders equity

P1-11)
Perez Corporation experienced a fire on December 31, 2006, in which its financial
records were partially destroyed. It has been able to salvage some of the records and
has ascertained the following balances:
December 31,2006 December 31,2005

Cash $30,000 $10,000
Receivable (net) $72,500 $126,000
Inventory $200,000 $180,000
Accounts Payable $50,000 $90,000
Note Payable $30,000 $60,000
Common Stock , $100 par $400,000 $400,000
Retained Earnings $115,000 $101,000
38
Additional information:
1. The inventory turnover is 3.8 times
2. The retur on common stockholders equity is 22%. The company had no
additional paid-in capital.
3. The receivables turnover is 8.4 times.
4. The return on assets is 20%.
5. Total assets at December 31, 2005, were $ 605,000.

Instructions:
Compute the following for Perez Corporation:
(a) Cost of goods sold for 2006
(b) Net sales for 2006
(c) Net income for 2006 (d) Total assets at December 31, 2006.
P1-12)
Selected year-end financial statements of Jessicas Autenite Tours
Corporation follow. (Note: All sales are on credit; Selected balance sheet
amounts at December 31, 2004, were total assets, $220,700; inventory,
$53,400; common stock, $50,000; and retained earnings, $88,800.)

JESSICAS AUTENITE TOURS CORPORATION
Income Statement
For Year Ended December 31, 2005

Sales $427,600
Gross profit $215,550
Operating expenses 94,000
Interest expense 4,450
Income before taxes $117,100
Income taxes 35,130
Net income $81,970

JESSICAS AUTENITE TOURS CORPORATION
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2005

Assets Liabilities and Equity
Cash $ 22,700 Accounts payable $ 28,750
Short-term investment 5,300 Accrued wages payable 2,000
Accounts receivable, net 34,000 Income taxes payable 1,250
Merchandise inventory 51,200 Long-term Note Payable,
secured by mortgage on
plant assets 55,000
Prepaid expenses 3,000 Common stock, $5 par value 50,000
Plant assets, net 125,000 Retained earnings 104,200
Total assets $241,200 Total liabilities and equity $241,200

Required
Compute the following: (1) current ratio, (2) acid-test ratio, (3) days sales
uncollected, (4) inventory turnover, (5) days sales in inventory, (6) ratio of
39
pledged assets to secured liabilities, (7) times interest earned, (8) profit
margin ratio, (9) total asset turnover, (10) return on total assets, and (11)
return on common stockholders equity.
P1-13)
Summary information from the financial statements of two companies
competing in the industry follows:

Data from the year-end balance sheets:

Ace Co. Slam Co.
Assets
Cash $ 91,000 $ 52,000
Accounts receivable, net 60,200 40,000
Merchandise inventory 50,400 80,500
Plant assets, net 201,170 205,000
Total assets $402,770 $377,500

Liabilities and Equity
Current liabilities $ 50,400 $ 115,000
Long-term notes payable 64,000 176,000
Common stock, $2 par value 100,000 50,000
Retained earnings 188,370 36,500
Total liabilities and equity $402,770 $377,500

Data from the current years income statement:
Ace Co. Slam Co.
Sales $540,030 $468,000
Cost of goods sold 393,190 303,300
Interest expense 6,400 20,400
Net income 86,409 30,200
Basic earnings per share 1.73 1.21

Beginning-of-year balance sheet data:
Ace Co. Slam Co.
Accounts receivable, net $ 54,700 $38,000
Merchandise inventory 45,500 88,000
Total assets 181,166 355,870
Common stock, $2 par value 100,000 40,000
Retained earnings 166,500 30,100

Required
1. For both companies compute the (a) current ratio, (b) acid-test ratio, (c)
accounts (including notes) receivable turnover, (d) merchandise inventory
turnover, (e) days sales in inventory, and (f) days sales uncollected. Identify
the company you consider to have the better short-term financial position and
explain why.
2. For both companies compute the (a) profit margin, (b) total asset turnover,
(c) return on total assets, and (d) return on common stockholders equity.
Assuming that each company paid cash dividends of $.75 per share and each
40
companys stock can be purchased at $32 per share, compute their (e) price-
earnings ratios and (f) dividend yields. Which company would you
recommend? Why?
PROBLEM 1-11B
Interpretation of Financial Ratios
(LO1, LO2, LO3)

CHECK FIGURE
none

Shannon Michaels is interested in the stock of Acelicom, a company that sells building materials to
the construction industry. Before purchasing the stock, Shannon would like your help in analyzing the
following data:

Year 3 Year 2 Year 1
Sales trend ...................................................... 135 122 110
Current ratio ................................................... 2.5 2.4 2.2
Acid-test (quick) ratio ..................................... 0.8 1.0 1.2
Accounts receivable turnover ......................... 10.2 10.9 13.1
Average sale period ........................................ 6.8 8.2 8.8
Dividend yield ................................................ 7.8% 6.9% 6.1%
Dividend payout ratio ..................................... 40% 50% 60%
Return on total assets ...................................... 13.1% 12.4% 11.0%
Return on common stockholders equity ........ 14.5% 11.2% 9.6%
Dividends paid per share * ............................. $1.55 $1.55 $1.55

*There have been no changes in common stock outstanding over the three-year period.

Shannon would like answers to a number of questions about the trend of events in Acelicom over
the last three years. His questions are:
a. Is it becoming easier for the company to pay its bills as they come due?
b. Are customers paying their accounts at least as fast now as they were in Year 1?
c. Is the total of the accounts receivable increasing, decreasing, or remaining constant?
d. Is the level of inventory increasing, decreasing, or remaining constant?
e. Is the market price of the companys stock going up or down?
f. Is the earnings per share increasing or decreasing?
g. Is the price-earning ratio going up or down?
h. Is the company employing financial leverage to the advantage of the common stockholders?

Required:

Answer each of Shannons questions using and explain how you arrived at your answer.
41
PROBLEM 1-12B
Common-Size Statements and Financial Ratios for Creditors
(LO1, LO3, LO4)

CHECK FIGURE
(1e) Inventory turnover this year: 4.5
(1g) Times interest earned last year: 11.7

Vicki Newport organized Newport Industry 10 years ago to produce and sell several electronic
devices on which she had secured patents. Although the company has been fairly profitable, it is now
experiencing a severe cash shortage. For this reason, it is requesting a $500,000 long-term loan from
San Juan Bank, $125,000 of which will be used to bolster the Cash account and $375,000 of which
will be used to modernize equipment. The companys financial statements for the two most recent
years follow:

Newport Industry

This Year Last Year
Assets
Current assets:
Cash .................................................................. $ 60,000 $ 130,000
Marketable securities ........................................ 0 30,000
Accounts receivable, net ................................... 490,000 320,000
Inventory .......................................................... 970,000 610,000
Prepaid expenses .............................................. 30,000 40,000
Total current assets .............................................. 1,550,000 1,130,000
Plant and equipment, net ...................................... 1,450,000 1,390,000
Total assets ........................................................... $3,000,000 $2,520,000

Liabilities and Stockholders Equity
Liabilities:
Current liabilities .............................................. $ 530,200 $ 378,600
Bonds payable, 12% ......................................... 400,000 400,000
Total liabilities ..................................................... 930,200 778,600
Stockholders equity:
Preferred stock, $25 par, 8% ............................ 200,000 200,000
Common stock, $10 par.................................... 700,000 700,000
Retained earnings ............................................. 1,169,800 841,400
Total stockholders equity .................................... 2,069,800 1,741,400
Total liabilities and equity ................................... $3,000,000 $2,520,000
42

Newport Industry
Comparative Income Statement and Reconciliation

This Year Last Year
Sales ..................................................................... $4,728,000 $4,640,000
Cost of goods sold ................................................ 3,544,000 3,560,000
Gross margin ........................................................ 1,184,000 1,080,000
Selling and administrative expenses .................... 544,000 520,000
Net operating income ........................................... 640,000 560,000
Interest expense .................................................... 48,000 48,000
Net income before taxes ....................................... 592,000 512,000
Income taxes (30%) ............................................. 177,600 153,600
Net income ........................................................... 414,400 358,400
Dividends paid:
Preferred dividends .......................................... 16,000 16,000
Common dividends .......................................... 70,000 60,000
Total dividends paid ............................................. 86,000 76,000
Net income retained ............................................. 328,400 282,400
Retained earnings, beginning of year ................... 841,400 559,000
Retained earnings, end of year ............................. $1,169,800 $ 841,400

During the past year, the company introduced several new product lines and raised the selling
prices on a number of old product lines in order to improve its profit margin. The company also hired
a new sales manager, who has expanded sales into several new territories. Sales terms are 2/10, n/30.
All sales are on account. The following ratios are typical of companies in this industry:

Current ratio .................................. 2.5
Acid-test (quick) ratio ................... 1.3
Average collection period ............. 21 days
Average sale period....................... 68 days
Debt-to-equity ratio ....................... 0.90
Times interest earned .................... 6.00
Return on total assets .................... 17%
Price-earnings ratio ....................... 11

Required:

1. To assist the San Juan Bank in making a decision about the loan, compute the following ratios for
both this year and last year:
a. The amount of working capital.
b. The current ratio.
c. The acid-test (quick) ratio.
d. The average collection period. (The accounts receivable at the beginning of last year totaled
$270,000.)
e. The average sale period. (The inventory at the beginning of last year totaled $510,000.)
f. The debt-to-equity ratio.
g. The times interest earned ratio.
2. For both this year and last year:
a. Present the balance sheet in common-size format.
b. Present the income statement in common-size format down through net income.
3. Comment on the results of your analysis in (1) and (2) above and make a recommendation as to
whether or not the loan should be approved.
43
PROBLEM 1-13B
Financial Ratios for Common Stockholders
(LO2)

CHECK FIGURE
(1a) Earnings per share this year: $5.69
(1c) Dividend payout ratio last year: 17.6%

Refer to the financial statements and other data in PROBLEM 14-12B. Assume that you are an
account executive for a large brokerage house and that one of your clients has asked for a
recommendation about the possible purchase of Newport Industry stock. You are not acquainted with
the stock and for this reason wish to do some analytical work before making a recommendation.

Required:

1. You decide first to assess the well-being of the common stockholders. For both this year and last
year, compute:
a. The earnings per share. There has been no change in preferred or common stock over the last
two years.
b. The dividend yield ratio for common stock. The companys stock is currently selling for $40
per share; last year it sold for $46 per share.
c. The dividend payout ratio for common stock.
d. The price-earnings ratio. How do investors regard Newport Industry as compared to other
companies in the industry? Explain.
e. The book value per share of common stock. Does the difference between market value and
book value suggest that the stock is overpriced? Explain.
2. You decide next to assess the companys rate of return. Compute the following for both this year
and last year:
a. The return on total assets. (Total assets at the beginning of last year were $2,360,000.)
b. The return on common stockholders equity. (Stockholders equity at the beginning of last
year was $1,640,400.)
c. Is the companys financial leverage positive or negative? Explain.
3. Would you recommend that your client purchase shares of Newport Industry stock? Explain.
44
PROBLEM 1-14B
Effects of Transactions on Various Ratios
(LO3)

CHECK FIGURE
(1c) Acid-test ratio: 1.5

Cricket Inc.s working capital accounts at the beginning of the year are given below:

Cash .............................................. $50,000
Marketable Securities ................... $45,000
Accounts Receivable, net ............. $205,000
Inventory ...................................... $140,000
Prepaid Expenses .......................... $60,000
Accounts Payable ......................... $140,000
Notes Due within One Year .......... $40,000
Accrued Liabilities ....................... $20,000

During the year, Cricket Inc. completed the following transactions:

x. Paid a cash dividend previously declared, $12,000.
a. Issued additional shares of common stock for cash, $125,000.
b. Sold inventory costing $55,000 for $85,000, on account.
c. Wrote off uncollectible accounts in the amount of $10,000, reducing the accounts receivable
balance accordingly.
d. Declared a cash dividend, $24,000.
e. Paid accounts payable, $55,000.
f. Borrowed cash on a short-term note with the bank, $35,000.
g. Sold inventory costing $30,000 for $24,000 cash.
h. Purchased inventory on account, $85,000.
i. Paid off all short-term notes due, $55,000.
j. Purchased equipment for cash, $34,000.
k. Sold marketable securities costing $32,000 for cash, $25,000.
l. Collected cash on accounts receivable, $120,000.

Required:

1. Compute the following amounts and ratios as of the beginning of the year:
a. Working capital.
b. Current ratio.
c. Acid-test (quick) ratio.
2. Indicate the effect of each of the transactions given above on working capital, the current ratio,
and the acid-test (quick) ratio. Give the effect in terms of increase, decrease, or none. Item (x) is
given below as an example of the format to use:

The Effect on
Transaction Working Capital Current Ratio Acid-Test Ratio
(x) Paid a cash dividend previously declared .......... None Increase Increase

45
PROBLEM 1-15B
Comprehensive Ratio Analysis
(LO2, LO3, LO4)

CHECK FIGURE
(2a) Earnings per share this year: $8.85
(2b) Dividend yield ratio last year: 4.6%

You have just been hired as a loan officer at Wamamish Bank. Your supervisor has given you a file
containing a request from SafeT Corp., a manufacturer of safety helmets, for a $4,000,000, five-year
loan. Financial statement data on the company for the last two years follow:

SafeT Corp.
For the Years Ended December 31

This Year Last Year
Assets
Current assets:
Cash ............................................................ $ 239,000 $ 574,000
Marketable securities .................................. 0 200,000
Accounts receivable, net ............................. 2,640,000 1,990,000
Inventory ..................................................... 4,520,000 3,390,000
Prepaid expenses ......................................... 350,000 270,000
Total current assets ......................................... 7,749,000 6,424,000
Plant and equipment, net ................................ 9,690,000 8,660,000
Total assets ..................................................... $17,439,000 $15,084,000

Liabilities:
Current liabilities ........................................ $ 3,980,000 $ 2,610,000
Note payable, 10% ...................................... 4,000,000 3,600,000
Total liabilities................................................ 7,980,000 6,210,000
Stockholders equity:
Preferred stock, 8%, $100 par value ........... 2,500,000 2,500,000
Common stock, $50 par value .................... 5,000,000 5,000,000
Retained earnings ........................................ 1,959,000 1,374,000
Total stockholders equity .............................. 9,459,000 8,874,000
Total liabilities and stockholders equity........ $17,439,000 $15,084,000
46

SafeT Corp.
Comparative Income Statement and Reconciliation

This Year Last Year
Sales (all on account) ..................................... $15,500,000 $13,100,000
Cost of goods sold .......................................... 9,460,000 7,600,000
Gross margin .................................................. 6,040,000 5,500,000
Selling and administrative expenses ............... 4,090,000 4,060,000
Net operating income ..................................... 1,950,000 1,440,000
Interest expense .............................................. 400,000 360,000
Net income before taxes ................................. 1,550,000 1,080,000
Income taxes (30%) ........................................ 465,000 324,000
Net income ..................................................... 1,085,000 756,000
Dividends paid:
Preferred dividends ..................................... 200,000 200,000
Common dividends ..................................... 300,000 250,000
Total dividends paid ....................................... 500,000 450,000
Net income retained ....................................... 585,000 306,000
Retained earnings, beginning of year ............. 1,374,000 1,068,000
Retained earnings, end of year ....................... $ 1,959,000 $ 1,374,000

Vanna Cho, who just a year ago was appointed president of SafeT Corp., argues that although the
company has had a spotty record in the past, it has turned the corner, as evidenced by an 18%
jump in sales and by a greatly improved earnings picture between last year and this year. Ms. Cho also
points out that investors generally have recognized the improving situation at SafeT Corp., as shown
by the increase in market value of the companys common stock, which is currently selling for $63.70
per share (up from $53.90 per share last year). Ms. Cho feels that with her leadership and with the
modernized equipment that the $4,000,000 loan will permit the company to buy, profits will be even
stronger in the future. Ms. Cho has a reputation in the industry for being a good manager who runs a
tight ship.
Not wanting to botch your first assignment, you decide to generate all the information that you
can about the company. You determine that the following ratios are typical of companies in SafeT
Corp.s industry:

Current ratio ............................ 2.2
Acid-test (quick) ratio ............. 1.0
Average collection period ....... 33 days
Average sale period ................. 119 days
Return on assets ....................... 11.1%
Debt-to-equity ratio ................. 0.71
Times interest earned............... 6.3
Price-earnings ratio ................. 10.2

Required:

1. You decide first to assess the rate of return that the company is generating. Compute the
following for both this year and last year:
a. The return on total assets. (Total assets at the beginning of last year were $15,006,000.)
b. The return on common stockholders equity. (Stockholders equity at the beginning of last
year totaled $8,568,000.) There has been no change in preferred or common stock over the
last two years.)
c. Is the companys financial leverage positive or negative? Explain.
47
2. You decide next to assess the well-being of the common stockholders. For both this year and last
year, compute:
a. The earnings per share.
b. The dividend yield ratio for common stock.
c. The dividend payout ratio for common stock.
d. The price-earnings ratio. How do investors regard SafeT Corp. as compared to other
companies in the industry? Explain.
e. The book value per share of common. Does the difference between market value per share
and book value per share suggest that the stock at its current price is a bargain? Explain.
f. The gross margin percentage.
3. You decide, finally, to assess creditor ratios to determine both short-term and long-term debt-
paying ability. For both this year and last year, compute:
a. Working capital.
b. The current ratio.
c. The acid-test ratio.
d. The average collection period. (The accounts receivable at the beginning of last year totaled
$1,700,000.)
e. The average sale period. (The inventory at the beginning of last year totaled $1,680,000.)
f. The debt-to-equity ratio.
g. The times interest earned.
4. Would you recommend that the loan be granted?
48
PROBLEM 1-16B
Common-Size Financial Statements
(LO1)

CHECK FIGURE
none

Refer to the financial statement data for SafeT Corp. given in PROBLEM 14-15B.

Required:

For both this year and last year:
1. Present the balance sheet in common-size format.
2. Present the income statement in common-size format down through net income.
3. Comment on the results of your analysis.
49
PROBLEM 1-17B
Effects of Transactions on Various Financial Ratios
(LO2, LO3, LO4)

CHECK FIGURE
none

In the right-hand column below, certain financial ratios are listed. To the left of each ratio is a
business transaction or event relating to the operating activities of Stuen Inc..

Business Transaction or Event Ratio
1. Declared a cash dividend. Current ratio
2. Sold inventory on account at cost. Acid-test (quick) ratio
3. The company issued bonds with an interest rate of 12%.
The companys return on assets is 15%.
Return on common
stockholders equity
4. Net income decreased by 4% between last year and this
year. Long-term debt remained unchanged.
Times interest earned
5. A previously declared cash dividend was paid. Current ratio
6. The market price of the companys common stock
dropped from $30.00 to $24.00. The dividend paid per
share remained unchanged.
Dividend payout ratio
7. Obsolete inventory totaling $65,000 was written off as a
loss.
Average sale period ratio
8. Sold inventory for cash at a profit. Debt-to-equity ratio
9. Changed customer credit terms from 2/10, n/15 to 2/15,
n/30 to comply with a change in industry practice.
Accounts receivable turnover
ratio
10. Issued a common stock dividend on common stock. Book value per share
increased from $30.00 to $35.00.
Book value per share
12. Paid $75,000 on accounts payable. Working capital
13. Issued a stock dividend to common stockholders. Earnings per share
14. Paid accounts payable. Debt-to-equity ratio
15. Purchased inventory on credit terms. Acid-test (quick) ratio
16. An uncollectible account was written off against the
Allowance for Bad Debts.
Current ratio
increased from $30.00 to $35.00. Earnings per share
remained unchanged.
Price-earnings ratio
increased from $30.00 to $35.00. The dividend paid per
share remained unchanged.
Dividend yield ratio

Required:

Indicate the effect that each business transaction or event would have on the ratio listed opposite to it.
State the effect in terms of increase, decrease, or no effect on the ratio involved, and give the reason
for your answer. In all cases, assume that the current assets exceed the current liabilities both before
and after the event or transaction. Use the following format for your answers:

Effect on Ratio Reason for Increase, Decrease, or No Effect
1.
Etc

50
Chapter 02: Earnings and Cash Flow Analysis

ANALYSIS OBJECTIVES (Cash =Lifeblood of Business)
- Review the Statement of Cash flows
- Explain the relevance of cash flows in analyzing business activities.

- Describe the reporting of cash flows by business activities.

- Describe the preparation and analysis of the statement of cash flows.

- Interpret cash flows from operating activities.

- Analyze cash flows under alternative company and business conditions.

- Describe alternative measures of cash flows and their usefulness.

- Illustrate an analytical tool in evaluating cash flows (Appendix 7A).

Purpose of the Statement of Cash Flows
The primary purpose of the statement of cash flows is to provide information about
the cash receipts and cash payments of an entity during a period. A secondary
objective is to provide information about the operating, investing, and financing
activities of the entity during the period.
Provides relevant information about a companys cash receipts and cash
disbursements.
Helps investors and creditors to assess
future net cash flows
liquidity
Long-term solvency.
Required for each income statement period reported.

Classification of Cash Flows (Cash inflows and cash outflows.)

1. Operating Activities Cash flow activities that include the cash effects of
transaction that creates revenues and expenses and thus enter into the
determination of net income.
2. Investing Activities Cash flow activities that include the acquiring and
selling of long-term assets, the acquiring and selling of marketable securities
other than cash equivalents and the making and collecting of loans.
3. Financing Activities: Business activities that involve obtaining resources
from or returning resources to owners and providing them with a return on
their investment, and obtaining resources from creditors and repaying the
amounts borrowed or otherwise settling the obligations.

51
Cash Inflows Activities Cash Out flows

From sales of goods
and services to
customers
From receipts of
interest or dividends
on loans or
investment
From sale of trading
securities
To pay wages
To purchase
inventory
To pay interest
To pay taxes
To purchase trading
securities
Operating
Activities
From sale of Property,
Plant and equipment
and other long- term
investment
From sale of long or
short term held-to-
maturity and available
for sale securities
investment
From collection of
loans
To purchase Property,
Plant and equipment
and other long- term
assets

To purchase of long or
short term held-to-
maturity and available for
sale securities investment

To make loans
Investing
Activities
From sale of preferred or
Common stock
From issuance of debt
To reacquire preferred or
Common stock
To repay debt
To pay dividends
Financing
Activities
52
Format of the Statement of Cash Flows
The three activities discussed above operating, investing, and financing plus
the significant noncash investing and financing activities constitute the general
format of the statement of cash flows.

COMPANY NAME
Statement of Cash Flows
Period Covered
Cash flows from operating activities
(List of individual items) xx

Net Cash provided (used) by operating activities xxx
Cash flows from investing activities
(List of individual inflows and outflows) xx

Net Cash provided (used) by investing activities xxx
Cash flows from financing activities
(List of individual inflows and outflows) xx
Net Cash provided (used) by financing activities xxx
Net increase (decrease) in cash
xxx
Cash at beginning of period
xxx

Cash end of period
xxx
Noncash investing and financing activities
(List individual noncash transactions)
xxx

Reporting Cash Flows from Operations
Direct MethodA method of reporting net cash flows from operations that
shows cash receipts and payments for a period of time. This method is more
straight forward.
Indirect MethodA method of reporting net cash flow from operations that
involves reconciling net income to a cash basis. It shows how noncash flows
affect net income.
The indirect method makes the following adjustments:
Adjustments for receivables and other current operating assets.
Adjustments for payables and other current liabilities.
Adjustments for depreciation and other noncash items.
Adjustments for gains and losses.

Schedule of Cash Flows from Operating Activities ( I ndirect Method)

53
Summary of Adjustments The effects of items on the income statement that do
not affect cash flows may be summarized as follows:

Add to or Deduct
From Net Income
Depreciation Expense Add
Amortization Expense Add
Depletion Expense Add
Losses Add
Gains Deduct
The adjustments for increases and decreases in current assets and current liabilities
may be summarized as follows:

Add to Deduct from
Net Income Net Income
Current Assets
Accounts Receivable (net) Decrease Increase
Inventory Decrease Increase
Prepaid Expense Decrease Increase
Current Liabilities
Accounts Payable Increase Decrease
Accrued Liabilities Increase Decrease
Income Taxes Payable Increase Decrease

Short Formulas

Activities Operating from Flows Cash Net =
+
+
+
+
CL in Decrease -
CL in Increase
CA In Increase -
CA in Decrease
Gains -
Losses
on Depreciati
income Net

THE DI RECT METHOD OF PREPARI NG THE STATEMENT OF CASH

Determining Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Cash Receipts from Sales {
ceivable Accounts in Decrease
ceivable Accounts in Increase
Sales
Re
Re
+
=

Cash Payments for purchases
=
+
Payable Accounts in Decrease

Payable Accounts in Increase
Inventory in Increase
Inventory in Decrease
COGS
54

Cash Payments
From Operating
=
+
Expenses
Noncash
Other and
on Depreciati
Expenses Operating
s Liabilitie
Accrued
in Decrease
s Liabilitie
Accrued
in Increase
Expenses
epaid
in Increase
Expesnses
epaid
in Decrease
Pr
Pr

Expenses

Cash Payments for
=
+
Payable Taxes Income in Decrease

Payable Taxes Income in Increase
Taxes Income
Incomes Taxes

How to prepare Statement of Cash Flows
Income Statement
Comparative Balance sheet
Additional Information
Example:

55
Income Statement, 2005

Solution
Indirect Method

56

ANALYZI NG THE STATEMT OF CASH FLOWS
Earnings do not typically equal net cash flows, except over the life of a company.
Because accrual accounting yields numbers different from cash flow accounting, and
we know that cash flows are important in business decisions, there is a need for
reporting on cash inflows and outflows. For example, analyses involving
reconstruction and interpretation of business transactions often require the statement
of cash flows. Also, certain valuation models use cash flows. The statement of cash
flows reports cash inflows and outflows separately for a companys operating,
investing, and financing activities over a period of time.
Like the other financial statements, the statement of cash flows can be analyzed to
reveal significant relationships. Two areas analysts examine when studying a
company are cash-generating efficiency and free cash flow.

Cash-generating efficiency

Cash-generating efficiency is the ability of a company to generate cash from its
current or continuing operations. Three ratios are helpful in measuring cash-
generating efficiency: Cash flow yield, cash flows to sales, and cash flows to assets.

Cash flow yield
The ratio of net cash flows from operating activities to net income.
Cash flow yield
income net
activities operating from flows cash net
=

57
times yield flow Cash 9 . 1
000 , 16 $
000 , 30 $
= =

Ryan Corporation provides a good cash flow yield of 1.9 times. This means that
operating activities are generating almost twice as much cash flow as net income. If
special items that are material appear on the income statement, such as discontinued
operations, income from continuing operations should be used as the denominator.

Cash flows to sales
The ratio of net cash flows from operating activities to sales.

Cash flows to sales
sales net
activities operating from flows cash net
=

% 3 . 4
000 , 698 $
000 , 30 $
= = sales to flows Cash

Ryan Corporation generates cash flows to sales of only 4.3 percent. This means that
the company is not generating much cash from sales.

Cash flows to assets
The ratio of net cash flows from operating activities to average total assets.
assets total average
activities operating from flows cahs net
= assets to flows Cash

% 5 . 3
2 $965,000) ($749,000
$30,000
assets to flows Cash =
+
=
The cash flows to assets is even lower than cash flows to sales because Ryan
Corporation has a poor asset turnover (sales average total assets) of less than 1.0
times. Cash flows to sales and cash flows to assets are closely related to the
profitability measures profit margin and return on assets. They exceed those
measures by the amount of the cash flow yield ratio because cash flow yield is the
ratio of net cash flows from operating activities to net income. Although Ryan
Corporations cash flow yields relatively strong, the other two ratios show that its
efficiency at generating cash flows from operating activities is low.

Free Cash Flow
The amount of cash that remains after deducting the funds a company must commit
to continue operating at its planned level; net cash flow from operating activities
minus dividends minus net capital expenditures.
If free cash flow is positive, it means that the company hat met all of its planned cash
commitments and cash available to reduce debt or expand.
A negative free cash flow means that the company will have to sell investments,
borrow money, or issue stock in the short-term to continue at its planned levels. If
free cash flow remains negative for several years, a company may not be able to
raise cash by selling investments or issuing stock or bonds.
58
Free Cash
Flow
assets plant of sales assets plant
of purchases dividends activities operating from flows cash net
+
=
) 000 , 93 ($ 000 , 5 $ 000 , 120 $ 000 , 8 $ 000 , 30 $ = +
Balance Sheet
Fundamental identity
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
If a firm has assets of $100 and liabilities of $30, how much does it have in
owners equity?
$100 - $30 = $70

Year 2536 Year 2535
Current Assets:
Cash $2,000 $1,356
Accounts Receivable $1,200 $1,200
Prepaid Expenses $500 $500
Materials & Supplies $300 $300
Inventory $6,000 $6,000
Total Current Assets $10,000 $9,356
Fixed Assets:
Plant Facilities $35,000 $35,000
Production Equipment $20,000 $20,000
Administrative Facilities $15,000 $15,000
Patents $10,000 $10,000
Accumulated Depreciation ($20,000) ($17,000)
Total Fixed Assets $60,000 $63,000
Investments:
Cardassian Mining
7% Preferred Stock $10,000 $10,000
Klingon Enterprises
Common Stock $10,000
Goodwill $5,000
Total Investments $25,000 $10,000
Other Assets $5,000 $5,000
Total Assets $100,000 $87,356
Figure 7.1 Borg Corporation 2535-36 Balance Sheets
59

Income Statement
Reports revenues and expenses
Fundamental identities
Net income = Revenues - expenses
Net income = Dividends + retained earnings

Cash Flow Statement
Reports where cash was generated and where it was used
Three categories:
Operating cash flows
Investment cash flows
Financing cash flows
The bottom line . . .
How much cash flowed into or out of the company

Year 2536 Year 2535
Current Liabilities:
Short term debt $10,000 $10,000
Accounts payable $2,000 $2,000
Leasing obligations $3,000 $3,000
Total Current Liabilities $15,000 $15,000
Long Term Debt $30,000 $20,000
Other Liabilities $5,000 $5,000
Total Liabilities $50,000 $40,000
Stockholder Equity:
Paid-In Capital $10,000 $10,000
Total Stockholder Equity $50,000 $47,356
Total Liabilities and Equity $100,000 $87,356
Shares outstanding 2,000 2,000
Year-end stock price $40 $36
Figure 7.3 Borg Corporation Condensed Income Statement
Net Sales $90,000 $90,000
Cost of Goods Sold ($70,000) -$70,000
Gross Profit $20,000 $20,000
Operating Expenses ($13,000) -$13,000
Operating Income $7,000 $7,000
Investment Income $700 $700
Interest Expense ($2,000) -$2,000
Pre-Tax Income $5,700 $5,700
Income Taxes1 ($2,056) -$2,056
Net Income $3,644 $3,644
Dividends ($1,000) -$1,000
Figure 7.4 Borg Corp. Condensed Cash Flow Statement
Net Income $3,644 $3,644
Depreciation $3,000 $3,000
Operating Cash Flow $6,644 $6,644
Investment Cash Flow ($15,000) -$15,000
Financing Cash Flow $9,000 $9,000
Net Cash Flow $644 $644
60
Gross Margin
Gross profit / Sales
Operating Margin
Operating income / Sales
ROA
Net income / Total assets
ROE
Net income / Owners equity

Profitability Measures for Borg Corporation
Gross margin = $20/90 = 22.2%
Operating margin = $7/90 = 7.8%
ROA = $3,644/100,000 = 3.644%
ROE = $3,644/50,000 = 7.288%
Per Share Calculations
Book Value Per Share (BVPS)
Total equity / # shares outstanding
Earnings Per Share (EPS)
Net income / # shares outstanding
Cash Flow Per Share (CFPS)
Operating cash flow / # shares outstanding
Market Value Ratios
Price / Book (or Market / Book)
Stock price / BVPS
Price / Earnings (P/E)
Stock price / EPS
Price / Cash flow (P/CF)
Stock price / CFPS
Market Value Ratios for Borg Corporation
Per share measures (2,000 shares)
BVPS = $50/2 = $25
EPS = $3,644/2,000 = $1.82
CFPS = $6,644/2,000 = $3.32
Price ratios (P = $40)
P/B = $40/25 = 1.6
P/E = $40/1.82 = 22
P/CF = $40/3.32 = 12

Financial Statement Forecasting
Pro Forma Financial Statements:
Statements prepared using assumptions about future income and
expenses, cash flow, and other items.
Pro Forma Income Statement
Pro Forma Cash Flow Statement
Pro Forma Balance Sheet
Use pro formas to compute projected profitability and price ratios,
which are used to predict stock prices based on various scenarios
61

Dixie Chickens 2000 Balance Sheet
Data for Problems 7-16 through 7-20
Cash and Cash Equivalents $100
Operating Assets $300
Property, Plant, Equipment $800
Other Assets $40
Total Assets $1,240
Current Liabilities $100
Long-Term Debt $400
Other Liabilities $20
Total Liabilities $520
Paid-In Capital $30
Retained Earnings $690
Total Shareholder Equity $720
Total Liabilities and Equity $1,240
Dixie Chickens 2000 Income Statement
Net Sales $2,480
Cost of gooods Sold ($1,660)
Gross Profit $820
Operating Expenses ($600)
Operating Income $220
Other Income $90
Net Interest Expense ($70)
Pre-Tax Income $240
Income Tax $96
Net Income $144
Earnings per Share $1.20
Shares Outstanding 120,000
Recent Price $24
62

Problem 7-18 Market Value Ratios
Per share measures (120,000 shares)
BVPS = $720/120 = $6
EPS = $144/120 = $1.20
CFPS = $234/120 = $1.95
Price ratios (P = $24)
P/B = $24/6 = 4
P/E = $24/1.2 = 20
P/CF = $24/1.95 = 12.31

Dixie Chickens 2000 Cash Flow Statement
Net Income $144
Depreciation and Amortization $100
Changes in Operating Assets ($50)
Changes in Current Liabilities $40
Operating Cash flow $234
Net Additions to Properties ($200)
Changes in Other Assets ($40)
Investing Cash Flow ($240)
Issuance/Redemption of Long-Term Debt $94
Dividends Paid ($72)
Financing Cash Flow $22
Net Cash Flow $16
Dixie Chickens 2001 pro forma Income Statement
Solution for Problem 7-19 Solution for Problem 7-19
Net Sales $2,728
Cost of gooods Sold ($1,826)
Gross Profit $902
Operating Expenses ($600)
Operating Income $302
Other Income $90
Net Interest Expense ($70)
Pre-Tax Income $322
Income Tax $129
Net Income $193
Earnings per Share $1.61
Shares Outstanding 120,000
Recent Price n/a
63

Pro Forma per Share Measures
BVPS = $841/120 = $7
EPS = $193/120 = $1.61
CFPS = $283/120 = $2.358
Price Projections
Based on book value:
BVPS x P/B = ($7.00) x 4 = $28
Based on EPS:
EPS x P/E = $1.61 x 20 = $32.20
Based on CFPS:
CFPS x P/CF = $2.358 x 12.31 = $29.03

Dixie Chickens 2001 pro forma Cash Flow Statement
Solution for Problem 7-19 Solution for Problem 7-19
Net Income $193
Depreciation and Amortization $100
Changes in Operating Assets ($50)
Changes in Current Liabilities $40
Operating Cash flow $283
Net Additions to Properties $0
Changes in Other Assets $0
Investing Cash Flow $0
Issuance/Redemption of Long-Term Debt
Dividends Paid ($72)
Financing Cash Flow ($72)
Net Cash Flow $211
Dixie Chickens 2001 pro forma Balance Sheet
Solution for Problem 7-19
Cash and Cash Equivalents $311
Operating Assets $350
Property, Plant, Equipment $700
Other Assets $40
Total Assets $1,401
Current Liabilities $140
Long-Term Debt $400
Other Liabilities $20
Total Liabilities $560
Paid-In Capital $30
Retained Earnings $811
Total Shareholder Equity $841
Total Liabilities and Equity $1,401
64
Notes:
Sources of Information
Annual reports
Wall Street J ournal
Internet
NYSE (www.nyse.com)
Nasdaq (www.nasdaq.com)
Text (www.mhhe.com/cj)
SEC
EDGAR
10K & 10Q reports

65
Review Problem and Solution
2-112.) Alegre Retail Corporation's most recent comparative Balance Sheet is as
follows:

Alegre's net income was $34,000. No direct exchange transactions occurred at
Alegre during the year. No equipment was purchased. There was a gain of $3,000
when equipment was sold. The accumulated depreciation on the equipment sold was
$12,000. Cash dividends of $20,000 were declared and paid during the year. Alegre
uses the indirect method to prepare its statement of cash flows.
Required:
Prepare Alegre's statement of cash flows.
66
Solution
Operating activities:

67
Problems
I.True/False Questions
2-1) An increase in long-term notes payable is considered to be a financing activity
and
a source of cash on the statement of cash flows.
2-2) Under the indirect method of determining the net cash provided by operating
activities on the statement of cash flows, an increase in accounts receivable would be
deducted from net income to arrive at net cash provided by financing activities.
2-3) A loss on the sale of an asset would be deducted from net income in computing
cash from operating activities under the indirect method on the statement of cash
flows.
2-4) under the indirect method of determining the net cash provided by operating
activities on the statement of cash flows, an increase in accounts payable would be
recorded as a deduction from net income.
2-5). Under the indirect method of determining the net cash provided by operating
activities on the statement of cash flows, an increase in inventory would be added to
net income.
2-6) In computing the net cash provided by operating activities under the indirect
method on the statement of cash flows, a decrease in accounts payable would be
added to net income.

II. Multiple Choice Questions

2-36.)Frizz Hair Salon had net income of $93,000 for the year just ended. Frizz
collected the following additional information to prepare its statement of cash flows
for the year:
Increase in accounts receivable ....................... $10,000
Decrease in accounts payable .......................... $2,000
Increase in retained earnings ........................... $31,000
Cash received from sale of equipment ............ $18,000
Loss on sale of equipment ............................... $5,000
Depreciation expense ...................................... $16,000
Frizz uses the indirect method to prepare its statement of cash flows. What is Frizz's
net cash provided (used) by operating activities?
A) $92,000
B) $102,000
C) $120,000
D) $126,000
2-37.) Majorn Auto Parts Store had net income of $81,000 for the year just ended.
Majorn collected the following additional information to prepare its statement of
cash flows for the year:
Increase in accounts receivable ................. $102,000
Decrease in merchandise inventory ........... $18,000
Decrease in accounts payable .................... $35,000
Increase in retained earnings ..................... $29,000
Cash received from sale of building .......... $215,000
Gain on sale of building ............................ $47,000
Depreciation expense ................................ $32,000
Majorn uses the indirect method to prepare its statement of cash flows. What is
Majorn's net cash provided (used) by operating activities?
68
A) $41,000
B) $(53,000)
C) $185,000
D) $279,000
2-41.) Klutz Dance Studio had net income of $167,000 for the year just ended. Klutz
collected the following additional information to prepare its statement of cash flows
for the year:
Decrease in accounts receivable ....................................... $24,000
Increase in accounts payable ............................................ $11,000
Increase in retained earnings ............................................ $92,000
Cash paid for purchase of new music equipment ............. $20,000
Depreciation expense ....................................................... $5,000
Klutz uses the indirect method to prepare its statement of cash flows. What is Klutz's
net cash provided (used) by operating activities?
A) $95,000
B) $137,000
C) $185,000
D) $207,000
Use the following to answer questions 68-69:
Samarium Retail Corporation's most recent comparative Balance Sheet is as follows:

Samarium's net income was $46,000. No direct exchange transactions occurred at
Samarium during the year. No equipment was sold or purchased. Cash dividends of
$40,000 were declared and paid. Samarium uses the indirect method to prepare its
statement of cash flows.
2-68.) what is Samarium's net cash provided (used) by operating activities?
A) $(18,000)
B) $(33,000)
C) $69,000
D) $84,000
2-69.) what is Samarium's net cash provided (used) by investing activities?
A) $0
B) $(15,000)
69
C) $25,000
D) $45,000
Chenay Service Corporation's most recent comparative Balance Sheet is as follows:

Chenay's net income was $35,000. No direct exchange transactions occurred at
Chenay during the year. No equipment was sold and no dividends were paid during
the year. Chenay uses the indirect method to prepare its statement of cash flows.
2-70.) what is Chenay's net cash provided (used) by operating activities?
A) $16,000
B) $26,000
C) $80,000
D) $90,000
2-71.) what is Chenay's net cash provided (used) by financing activities?
A) $13,000
B) $25,000
C) $(37,000)
D) $(62,000)
Waste Company's comparative balance sheet and income statement for last year
appear below: Statement of Financial Positio

\
70

Income Statement
Sales .......................................................... $600,000
Less cost of goods sold ............................. 340,000
Gross margin ............................................. 260,000
Less operating expenses ............................ 160,000
Net operating income ................................ 100,000
Less income taxes ..................................... 30,000
Net income ................................................ $ 70,000
The company declared and paid $47,000 in cash dividends during the year. The
following questions pertain to the company's statement of cash flows.
2-72). the net cash provided by (used in) operating activities last year was:
A) $(15,000)
B) $105,000
C) $70,000
D) $155,000
2-73). the net cash provided by (used in) investing activities last year was:
A) $(60,000)
B) $60,000
C) $(30,000)
D) $30,000
2-74.) the net cash provided by (used in) financing activities last year was:
A) $57,000
B) $(57,000)
C) $10,000
D) $(10,000)

71
P2-113)
Burns Company's net income last year was $91,000. Changes in the company's
balance sheet accounts for the year appear below:

The company declared and paid cash dividends of $4,000 last year.
Required:
a. Construct in good form the operating activities section of the company's
statement of cash flows for the year. (Use the indirect method.)
b. Construct in good form the investing activities section of the company's
statement of cash flows for the year.
c. Construct in good form the financing activities section of the company's
statement of cash flows for the year.
P2-114.
Burtch Company's net income last year was $112,000. Changes in the company's
balance sheet accounts for the year appear below:

72

The company declared and paid cash dividends of $97,000 last year.
Required:
a. Construct in good form the operating activities section of the company's statement
of cash flows for the year. (Use the indirect method.)
b. Construct in good form the investing activities section of the company's statement
of cash flows for the year.
c. Construct in good form the financing activities section of the company's statement

P2-115.

The following information was collected from the most recent Income Statement
and comparative Balance Sheet of Dolor Corporation:
Increase in cash ................................................... $36,000
Decrease in accounts receivable .......................... $17,000
Increase in merchandise inventory ...................... $44,000
Decrease in prepaid rent ...................................... $3,000
Increase in equipment .......................................... $56,000
Increase in accumulated depreciation .................. $18,000
Decrease in accounts payable .............................. $25,000
Increase in salaries payable ................................. $2,000
Increase in interest payable ................................. $1,000
Decrease in deferred income taxes ...................... $4,000
Increase in notes payable ..................................... $12,000
Dolor's net income for the year was $167,000. No direct exchange transactions
occurred at Dolor during the year. No equipment was sold during the year. Cash
73
dividends of $30,000 were declared and paid during the year. Dolor uses the indirect
method to prepare its statement of cash flows.
Required:
Prepare Dolor's operating activities section of its statement of cash flows.

P2-116.

Comparative balance sheets and the income statements for Ellis Company are
presented below:
Ellis Company
Balance Sheets
December 31, Year 1 and Year 2

Ellis Company
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, Year 2
Sales ................................................................ $150,000
Less cost of goods sold ................................... 76,500
Gross margin .................................................. 73,500
Less operating expenses ................................. 16,000
Net operating income ..................................... 57,500
Less loss on sale of investment ...................... 2,500
Income before taxes ........................................ 55,000
Less income taxes ........................................... 22,000
Net income ..................................................... $ 33,000
Summary of transactions for Year2:
* During Year 2, the company sold for cash of $35,500 long-term investments with a
cost of $38,000 when purchased.
74
* All sales were on credit.
* The company paid a cash dividend of $25,000.
* Bonds payable of $25,000 was retired by issuing common stock. The bonds retired
were equivalent to the market value of the $25,000 stock issued.
* An addition to one of the companys buildings was completed on December 31,
Year 2, at a cost of $128,000. The company gave an interest-bearing mortgage for
$100,000 and paid $28,000 in cash.
* Bonds payable were sold for $15,000 cash at par value.
Required:
Prepare a statement of cash flows for Year 2.
P2-121.
Daugherty Company's comparative balance sheet and income statement for last year
appear below:

The company declared and paid $70,000 in cash dividends during the year.
75
Required:
P2-122.
Dawson Company's comparative balance sheet and income statement for last year
appear below:

The company declared and paid $19,000 in cash dividends during the year.
76
Required:
P2-Needles1)
Comparative Balance sheets with Changes in Accounts indicated for Ryan
Corporation
Ryan Corporation
Comparative Balance sheet
December 31, 20X1 and 20X2
Cash 46,000 $ 15,000 $ 31,000 $
A/R (net) 47,000 $ 55,000 $ (8,000) $
Inventory 144,000 $ 110,000 $ 34,000 $
Prepaid Expense 1,000 $ 5,000 $ (4,000) $
Total Current Assets 238,000 $ 185,000 $ 53,000 $
Investments 115,000 $ 127,000 $ (12,000) $
Plant Assets - $
Plant Assets 715,000 $ 505,000 $ 210,000 $
Accumulated Depreciation (103,000) $ (68,000) $ (35,000) $
Total Plant Assets 612,000 $ 437,000 $ 175,000 $
Total Assets 965,000 $ 749,000 $ 216,000 $
Liabilities
Current Liabilities
A/P 50,000 $ 43,000 $ 7,000 $
Accrued Liabilities 12,000 $ 9,000 $ 3,000 $
Income Taxes Payable 3,000 $ 5,000 $ (2,000) $
Total Current Liabilities 65,000 $ 57,000 $ 8,000 $
Long-Term Liabilities - $
Bonds Payable 295,000 $ 245,000 $ 50,000 $
Total Liabilities 360,000 $ 302,000 $ 58,000 $
Stockholders' Equity - $
Common stock, $5 par value 276,000 $ 200,000 $ 76,000 $
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value - $
Common 189,000 $ 115,000 $ 74,000 $
Retained Earnings 140,000 $ 132,000 $ 8,000 $
Total Stockholders' Equity 605,000 $ 447,000 $ 158,000 $
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity 965,000 $ 749,000 $ 216,000 $

77
Income statement and other information on Noncurrent accounts for Ryan
Corporation
Ryan Corporation
Income statement
For the year Ended December 31,20X2

Net Sales 698,000 $
Cost of goods sold 520,000 $
Gross margin 178,000 $
Operating Expenses( including depre. Exp of $37,000) 147,000 $
Operating income 31,000 $
Other income ( expenses) (23,000) $
Interest income 6,000 $
Gain on sale of Investment 12,000 $
Loss on Sale of plant assets (3,000) $ (8,000) $
Income before income taxes 23,000 $
Income taxes 7,000 $
Net income 16,000 $

Other transactions affecting noncurrent accounts during 20X2:
1. Purchased investments in the amount of $78,000.
2. Sold investments classified as long-term and available for sale for $102,000.
These investments cost of $90,000.
3. Purchased plant asset in the amount of $120,000.
4. Sold plant assets that cost $10,000 with accumulated depreciation of $2,000
for $5,000.
5. Issued $100,000 of bonds at face value in a noncash exchange for plant assets.
6. Repaid $50,000 of bonds at face value at maturity.
7. Issued 15,200 shares of $5 par value common stock for $150,000.
8. Paid cash dividends in the amount of $8,000.
Required
1. Prepare a statement of cash flows using the indirect method.
2. Compute and assess cash flows to sales, cash flows to assets, and
free cash flow 20X2.
P2-cj1)
Use the following income statement for Paul Bunyan Lumber Co. to calculate gross
and operating margins.

Paul Bunyan Lumber
2003 Income Statement

78

Net Sales 8,000 $
Cost of goods sold (6,400) $
Gross profit 1,600 $
Operating expense (400) $
Operating income 1,200 $
Other income 80 $
Net interest expense (120) $
Pretax income 1,160 $
Income tax 464 $
Net income 696 $
Earnings per share 3.48 $
Recent price share 76.56 $

P2-cj2)
Use the following balance sheet for Paul Bunyan Lumber Co. along with the income
statement in the previous question to calculate return on assets and return on equity.
Paul Bunyan Lumber
2003 Balance Sheet

Cash and Cash equivalents 400 $
Operating assets 400 $
Property, plant, and equipment 3,160 $
Other assets 216 $
Total assets 4,176 $
Current liabilities 720 $
Long-term debt 612 $
Other liabilities 60 $
Total liabilities 1,392 $
Paid-in capital 600 $
Retained earnings 2,184 $
Total shareholders' Equity 2,784 $
Total Liabilities and equity 4,176 $

P2-cj3)
Prepare a pro forma income statement for Paul Bunyan Lumber Co. assuming a 5
percent increase in sales. Based only on the pro forma income statement, what is the
projected stock price? (Hint: What is the price- earnings ratio?)

P2-Needles-Solu)
79
The 20X2 income statement for Northwest Corporation is presented below and the
comparative balance sheets for the years 20X2 and 20X1 are shown on the following page.
Net Sales 1,650,000 $
Cost of Goods Sold 920,000
Gross Margin 730,000 $
Operating Expenses (including Depreciation
Expense of $12,000 on Buildings and $23,100
on Equipment and Amortization Expense
of $4,800) 470,000
Operating Income 260,000 $
Other Income (Expense)
Interest Expense (55,000) $
Dividend Income 3,400
Gain on Sale of Investments 12,500
Loss on Disposal of Equipment (2,300) (41,400)
Income Befor Income Taxes 218,600 $
Income Taxes 52,200
Net Income 166,400 $
Northwest Corporation
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 20X2
The following additional was taken from the company's records:
a. Long-term investments (available-for-sale securities) that cost $70,000 were sold at a gain of
$12,500; additional long-term investments were made in the amount of $20,000.
b. Five acres of land were purchased for $25,000 to build a parking lot.
c. Equipment that cost $37,500 with accumulated depreciation of $25,300 was sold at a loss of
$2,300; new equipment costing $30,000 was purchased.
d. Notes payable in the amount of $100,000 were repaid; an additional $30,000 was borrowed by
signing notes payable.
e. Bonds payable in the amount of $100,000 were converted into 6,000 shares of common stock.
f. The Mortgage Payable account was reduced by $20,000 during the year.
g. Cash dividends declared and paid were $50,000.
Required: Prepare a shedule of cash flows from operating activities and cash flow statement using
indirct method.

80
20X2 20X1 Change
Cash 115,850 $ 121,850 $ (6,000) $
Accounts Receivable (net) 296,000 314,500 (18,500)
Inventory 322,000 301,000 21,000
Prepaid Expenses 7,800 5,800 2,000
Long-Term Investments 36,000 86,000 (50,000)
Land 150,000 125,000 25,000
Buildings 462,000 462,000 -
Accumulated Depreciation, Buildings (91,000) (79,000) (12,000)
Equipment 159,730 167,230 (7,500)
Accumulated Depreciation, Equipment (43,400) (45,600) 2,200
Intagible Assets 19,200 24,000 (4,800)
Total Assets 1,434,180 $ 1,482,780 $ (48,600) $
Accounts Payable 133,750 $ 233,750 $ (100,000) $
Notes Payable (current) 75,700 145,700 (70,000)
Accrued Laibilities 5,000 5,000
Income Taxes Payable 20,000 20,000
Bond Payable 210,000 310,000 (100,000)
Mortageg Payable 330,000 350,000 (20,000)
Common Stock-$10 par value 360,000 300,000 60,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par value 90,000 50,000 40,000
Retained Earnings 209,730 93,330 116,400
Total Laibilities and Stockholders' Equity 1,434,180 $ 1,482,780 $ (48,600) $
Northwest Corporation
Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31, 20X2 and 20X1
Assets
Laibilities and Stockholders' Equity

P2-18-7A weygandt)
The financial statements of Charlie Brown Company appear below:
CHARLIE BROWN COMPANY
Balance sheet
December 31, 2010
81
Assets 2,010 2,009 Changes
Cash $25,000 $11,000 $14,000
Accounts receivable 22,000 33,000 -$11,000
Merchandisr inventory 20,000 29,000 -$9,000
Prepaid expenses 15,000 13,000 $2,000
Land 40,000 40,000 $0
Property, plant, and equipment 210,000 225,000 -$15,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation (55,000) (67,500) $12,500
Total $277,000 $283,500 -$6,500
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Accounts payable $11,000 $18,500 -$7,500
Accrued expenses payable 9,500 7,500 $2,000
Interest payable 1,000 1,500 -$500
Income taxes payable 3,000 2,000 $1,000
Bonds payable 50,000 80,000 -$30,000
Common stock 125,000 105,000 $20,000
Retained earnings 77,500 69,000 $8,500
Total $277,000 $283,500 -$6,500
CHARLIE BROWN COMPANY
Income statement
December 31, 2010
Revenues
Sales $600,000
Gain on Sale of plant assets 2,500 $602,500
Less: Expenses
Cost of goods sold $500,000
Operating expenses
(excluding depreciation) 60,000
Depreciation expense 7,500
Interest expense 5,000
Net income $21,000
1- Plant assets were sold at a sales price of $37,500.
2- Additional equipment was purchased at a cost of $40,000.
3- Dividends of $12,500 were paid.
4- All sales and purchases were on account.
5- Bonds were redeemed at face value.
6- Additional shares of stock were issued for cash.
I nstructions
Prepare a statement of cash flows for Charlie Brown Company for the year ended December 31, 2010, using the
indirect method.
P2-E14-10 weygandt
Comparative balance sheet for Eddie Murphy Company are presented below.
EDDIE MURPHY COMPANY
Comparative Balance
December 31
82

2008 2007
$63,000 $22,000
85,000 76,000
180,000 189,000
75,000 100,000
260,000 200,000
(66,000) (42,000)
$597,000 $545,000
$34,000 $47,000
150,000 200,000
214,000 164,000
199,000 134,000
$597,000 $545,000
$125,000
$60,000
$50,000 $50,000
$50,000
$24,000
$978,000
5. Depreciation expense was
6. Sales for the year were
2. Cash dividends of were declared and paid.
3. Bonds payable amounting to were redeemed for cash
4. Common stock was issued for cash.
Common Stock ($1 par)
Retained Earnings
Total
1. Net income for 2008 was
Accumulated Depreciation
Total
Accounts Payable
Bonds Payable
Assets
Cash
Accounts Receivable
Inventories
Land
Equipment
I nstruction:
Prepare a statement of cash flows for 2008 using the indirect method.

End of Chapter 02

83
Chapter 03: Credit Analysis

ANALYSIS OBJECTIVES

- Explain the importance of liquidity, and describe working capital measures of
liquidity and their components.

- Interpret the current ratio and cash-based measures of liquidity.

- Analyze operating cycle and turnover measures of liquidity and their
interpretation.

- Illustrate what-if analysis for evaluating changes in company conditions and
policies.

- Describe capital structure and its relation to solvency.

- Explain financial leverage and its implications for company performance and
analysis.

- Analyze adjustments to accounting book values to assess capital structure.

- Describe analysis tools for evaluating and interpreting capital structure
composition and for assessing solvency.

- Analyze asset composition and coverage for solvency analysis.

- Explain earnings-coverage analysis and its relevance in evaluating solvency.

- Describe capital structure risk and return and its relevance to financial
statement analysis.

- Interpret ratings of organizations debt obligations (Appendix 10A).

- Describe prediction models of financial distress (Appendix 10B).

84
Credit Analysis
Creditors lend funds to a company in return for a promise of repayment with
interest.
This type of financing is temporary since creditors expect repayment of their funds
with interest. Creditors lend funds in many forms and for a variety of purposes.
Trade (or operating) creditors deliver goods or services to a company and expect
payment within a reasonable period, often determined by industry norms. Most trade
credit is short term, ranging from 30 to 60 days, with cash discounts often granted for
early payment. Trade creditors do not usually receive (explicit) interest for an
extension of credit. Instead, trade creditors earn a return from the profit margins on
the business transacted. Nontrade creditors (or debtholders) provide financing to a
company in return for a promise, usually in writing, of repayment with interest
(explicit or implicit) on specific future dates. This type of financing can be either
short or long term and arises in a variety of transactions.
In pure credit financing, an important element is the fixed nature of benefits to
creditors.
That is, should a company prosper; creditors benefits are limited to the debt
contracts rate of interest or to the profit margins on goods or services delivered.
However, creditors bear the risk of default. This means a creditors interest and
principal are jeopardized when a borrower encounters financial difficulties. This
asymmetric relation of a creditors risk and return has a major impact on the
creditors perspective, including the manner and objectives of credit analysis.
Credit analysis is the evaluation of the creditworthiness of a company.
Creditworthiness is the ability of a company to honor its credit obligations. Stated
differently, it is the ability of a company to pay its bills. Accordingly, the main focus
of credit analysis is on risk, not profitability. Variability in profits, especially the
sensitivity of profits to downturns in business, is more important than profit levels.
Profit levels are important only to the extent they reflect the margin of safety for a
company in meeting its obligations.
Credit analysis focuses on downside risk instead of upside potential. This includes
analysis of both liquidity and solvency. Liquidity is a companys ability to raise cash
in the short term to meet its obligations. Liquidity depends on a companys cash
flows and the makeup of its current assets and current liabilities. Solvency is a
companys long run viability and ability to pay long-term obligations. It depends on
both a companys long-term profitability and its capital (financing) structure.
The tools of credit analysis and their criteria for evaluation vary with the term
(maturity), type, and purpose of the debt contract. With short-term credit, creditors
are concerned with current financial conditions, cash flows, and the liquidity of
current assets. With long-term credit, including bond valuation, creditors require
more detailed and forward-looking analysis. Long-term credit analysis includes
projections of cash flows and evaluation of extended profitability (also called
sustainable earning power).
Extended profitability is a main source of assurance of a companys ability to meet
long-term interest and principal payments.
Credit analysis is the method by which one calculates the creditworthiness of a
business or organization. The audited financial statements of a large company might
be analyzed when it issues or has issued bonds. Or, a bank may analyze the financial
statements of a small business before making or renewing a commercial loan. The
term refers to either case, whether the business is large or small.
85
Credit analysis involves a wide variety of financial analysis techniques, including
ratio and trend analysis as well as the creation of projections and a detailed analysis
of cash flows. Credit analysis also includes an examination of collateral and other
sources of repayment as well as credit history and management ability.
Before approving a commercial loan, a bank will look at all of these factors with the
primary emphasis being the cash flow of the borrower. A typical measurement of
repayment ability is the debt service coverage ratio. A credit analyst at a bank will
measure the cash generated by a business (before interest expense and excluding
depreciation and any other non-cash or extraordinary expenses). The debt service
coverage ratio divides this cash flow amount by the debt service (both principal and
interest payments on all loans) that will be required to be met. Commercial Bankers
like to see debt service coverage of at least 120 percent. In other words, the debt
service coverage ratio should be 1.2 or higher to show that an extra cushion exists
and that the business can afford its debt requirements.
Typical education credentials often require a bachelor degree in business (to include
an emphasis in accounting, finance or economics). An MBA is not required however
is increasingly being held or pursued by analyst, often to become more competitive
for advancement opportunities. Commercial Bankers also undergo intense credit
training provided by their Bank or a third-party company.
Credit I nformation
Financial Statements
Credit Reports on Customers Payment
History with Other Firms
Banks
Customers Payment History with the Firm
Credit Scoring:
The traditional 5 Cs of credit
Character
Capacity
Capital
Collateral
Conditions
Some firms employ sophisticated statistical models
Liquidity and Working Capital
Basics
- Liquidity - Ability to convert assets into cash or to obtain cash to meet short-
term obligations.
Short-term - Conventionally viewed as a period up to one year.
- Working Capital - The excess of current assets over current liabilities
- Current Assets - Cash and other assets reasonably expected to be (1)
realized in cash, or (2) sold or consumed, during the longer of one-year or the
operating cycle.
Current liabilities - Obligations to be satisfied within a relatively short
period, usually a year.
Working Capital - Excess of current assets over current liabilities
Widely used measure of short-term liquidity
Constraint for technical default in many debt agreements
86
Current Ratio Ratio of Current Assets to Current Liabilities
Relevant measure of current liability coverage, buffer against losses,
reserve of liquid funds.
Limitations A static measure
Current Ratio
Numerator Considerations
Adjustments needed to counter limitations such as:
Failure to reflect open lines of credit
Adjust securities valuation since the balance sheet date
Reflect revolving nature of accounts receivable
Recognize profit margin in inventory
Adjust inventory values to market
Remove deferred charges of dubious liquidity from prepaid
expenses
Denominator Considerations
Payables vary with sales.
Current liabilities do not include prospective cash outlays.
Liquidity depends to a large extent on prospective cash flows and to a lesser
extent on the level of cash and cash equivalents.
No direct relation between balances of working capital accounts and likely
patterns of future cash flows.
Managerial policies regarding receivables and inventories are directed
primarily at efficient and profitable asset utilization and secondarily at
liquidity.
Two elements integral to the use of current ratio:
Quality of both current assets and current liabilities.
Turnover rate of both current assets and current liabilities.
Current Ratio - Applications
Comparative Analysis
Trend analysis
Ratio Management (window dressing)
Toward close of a period, management will occasionally press the
collection of receivables, reduce inventory below normal levels, and
delay normal purchases.
Rule of Thumb Analysis (2:1)
Current ratio above 2:1 - superior coverage of current liabilities (but
not too high - inefficient resource use and reduced returns)
Current ratio below 2:1 - deficient coverage of current liabilities
Note of caution
Quality of current assets and the composition of current liabilities are
more important in evaluating the current ratio.
Working capital requirements vary with industry conditions and the
length of a companys net trade cycle.
Net Trade Cycle Analysis

87

Illustration
Selected information from Technology Resources for the end of Year 1:
Sales for Year 1 $360,000
Receivables 40,000
Inventories* 50,000
Accounts payable 20,000
Cost of goods sold (including depreciation of $30,000) 320,000
*Beginning inventory is $100,000.
These relate to purchases included in cost of goods sold.
We estimate Technology Resources purchases per day as:
Ending inventory $ 50,000
370,000
Less: Beginning inventory (100,000)
Cost of goods purchased and manufactured 270,000
Less: Depreciation in cost of goods sold (30,000)
Purchases $240,000
Purchases per day = $240,000/360 = $666.67
88
Operating Activity Analysis of Liquidity
Accounts Receivable Liquidity Measures
Accounts Receivable Turnover

Days Sales in Receivables

Receivables collection period

Interpretation of Receivables Liquidity Measures
Accounts receivable turnover rates and collection periods are usefully
compared with industry averages or with credit terms.
Ratio Calculation: Gross or Net?
Trend Analysis
Collection period over time.
Observing the relation between the provision for doubtful accounts
and gross accounts receivable.
Inventory Turnover Measures
Inventory turnover ratio:
Inventory Average
Sold Goods of Cost

Measures the average rate of speed at which inventories move through
and out of a company.
Days Sales in Inventory:
360
Sold Goods of Cost
+ s Inventorie

Shows the number of days required to sell ending inventory
An alternative measure - Days to sell inventory ratio:
89
Turnover Inventory
360

I nterpreting I nventory Turnover
Quality of inventory
Decreasing inventory turnover
Analyze if decrease is due to inventory buildup in anticipation
of sales increases, contractual commitments, increasing prices,
work stoppages, inventory shortages, or other legitimate
reason.
Inventory management
Effective inventory management increases inventory turnover.
Conversion period or operating cycle:

Measure of the speed with which inventory is converted to
cash

Liquidity of Current Liabilities
Current liabilities are important in computing working capital and current
ratio:
Used in determining whether sufficient margin of safety exists.
Deducted from current assets in arriving at working capital.
Quality of Current Liabilities
Must be judged on their degree of urgency in payment
Must be aware of unrecorded liabilities having a claim on current
funds
Days Purchases in Accounts Payable
Days Purchases in Accounts Payable
360 COGS
Payable Acconts

Measures the extent accounts payable represent current and not
overdue obligations.
Accounts Payable Turnover
Payable Accounts Average
COGS

90
Indicates the speed at which a company pays for purchases on
account.

Basics of Solvency
Solvency long-run financial viability and its ability to cover long-term
obligations
Capital structure financing sources and their attributes
Earning power recurring ability to generate cash from operations
Loan covenants protection against insolvency and financial distress; they
define default (and the legal remedies available when it occurs) to allow the
opportunity to collect on a loan before severe distress
Capital Structure
Equity financing
Risk capital of a company
Uncertain and unspecified return
Lack of any repayment pattern
Contributes to a companys stability and solvency
Debt financing
Must be repaid with interest
Specified repayment pattern
When the proportion of debt financing is higher, the higher are the resulting
fixed charges and repayment commitments

Motivation for Debt
From a shareholders perspective, debt is a preferred external financing
source:
Interest on most debt is fixed
Interest is a tax-deductible expense
91
Financial leverage - the amount of debt financing in a companys capital
structure.
Companies with financial leverage are said to be trading on the
equity.

Financial Leverage- Illustrating Tax Deductibility of Interest

Capital Structure Composition and Solvency
Common-Size Statements in Solvency Analysis
Composition analysis
Performed by constructing a common-size statement of the liabilities
and equity section of the balance sheet.
Reveals relative magnitude of financing sources.

Tennessee Teletechs Capital Structure
Common-Size Analysis
Current liabilities $ 428,000 19 %
Long-term debt 500,000 22.2
Equity capital
Preferred stock 400,000 17.8
Common stock 800,000 35.6
Paid-in capital 20,000 0.9
Retained earnings 102,000 4.5
Total equity capital 1,322,000 58.8
Total liabilities and equity $2,250,000 100 %
92
Capital Structure Ratios
Total Debt to Total Capital Ratio
Comprehensive measure of the relation between total debt and total
capital
Also called Total debt ratio
Total Debt to Equity Capital
Long-Term Debt to Equity Capital
Measures the relation of LT debt to equity capital.
Commonly referred to as the debt to equity ratio.
Short-Term Debt to Total Debt
Indicator of enterprise reliance on short-term financing.
Usually subject to frequent changes in interest rates.
Interpretation of Capital Structure Measures
Capital structure measures serve as screening devices.
Further analysis required if debt is a significant part of capitalization.
Asset-Based Measures of Solvency
Asset composition in solvency analysis
Important tool in assessing capital structure risk exposure.
Typically evaluated using common-size statements of asset balances.

93
What is Financial Distress?
A situation where a firms operating cash flows are not sufficient to satisfy
current obligations and the firm is forced to take corrective action.
Financial distress may lead a firm to default on a contract, and it may involve
financial restructuring between the firm, its creditors, and its equity investors.
Financial distress is a term in Corporate Finance used to indicate a condition when
promises to creditors of a company are broken or honored with difficulty. Sometimes
financial distress can lead to bankruptcy. Financial distress is usually associated with
some costs to the company; these are known as costs of financial distress.
A common example of a cost of financial distress is bankruptcy costs. These direct
costs include auditors' fees, legal fees, management fees and other payments. Cost of
financial distress can occur even if bankruptcy is avoided (indirect costs):

The payout diagrams for bondholders...
Financial distress in companies can lead to problems that can reduce the efficiency of
management. As maximizing firm value and maximizing shareholder value cease to
be equivalent managers who are responsible to shareholders might try to transfer
value from creditors to shareholders.

...and shareholders in case of liquidation show the reason for a conflict of interests.
94
The result is a conflict of interest between bondholders (creditors) and shareholders.
As a firm's liquidation value slips below its debt, it is the shareholder's interest for
the company to invest in risky projects which increase the probability of the firm's
value to rise over debt. Risky projects are not in the interest of creditors, since they
also increase the probability of the firms value to decrease further, leaving them
with even less. Since these projects do not necessarily have a positive net present
value, costs may arise from lost profits.
Equally, management might choose to prolong bankruptcy, which has the same
effect on probabilities of a change in the firm's value. Management might also
distribute high dividends to "save" money from the creditors.
Another source of indirect costs of financial distress is higher costs of capital: Short-
term loans by contractors and banks are expensive and difficult to obtain.
Valuation
Companies in financial distress undergo corporate restructuring where valuations are
used as negotiating tools. This distinction between negotiation and process is a
difference between financial restructuring and corporate finance.
Additional modifications to a valuation approach, whether it is market-, income- or
asset-based, may be necessary in some instances. There are other adjustments to the
financial statements that have to be made when valuing a distressed company.
[1]

Options for Relieving Financial Distress
Debt restructuring is a process that allows a private or public company or a sovereign
entity facing cash flow problems and financial distress, to reduce and renegotiate its
delinquent debts in order to improve or restore liquidity and rehabilitate so that it can
continue its operations.
If promises to creditors cannot be kept, bankruptcy is an option for both companies
and individuals. In the United Kingdom, the Individual Voluntary Arrangement is a
formal alternative to bankruptcy for individuals.
Insolvency
Stock-base insolvency; the value of the firms assets is less than the value
of the debt.

95
Solvent firm Insolvent Firm

Flow-base insolvency occurs when the firms cash flows are insufficient to
cover contractually required payments.

Largest U.S. Bankruptcies

Assets
Debts
Note the negative equity
96
What Happens in Financial Distress?
Financial distress does not usually result in the firms death.
Firms deal with distress by
Selling major assets.
Merging with another firm.
Reducing capital spending and research and development.
Issuing new securities.
Negotiating with banks and other creditors.
Exchanging debt for equity.
Filing for bankruptcy.

Predicting Corporate Bankruptcy: The Z-Score Model
Many potential lenders use credit scoring models to assess the creditworthiness of
prospective borrowers. The general idea is to find factors that enable the lenders to
discriminate between good and bad credit risks. To put it more precisely, lenders
want to identify attributes of the borrower that can be used to predict default or
bankruptcy.
Edward Altman has developed a model using financial statement ratios and
multiple discriminant analyses to predict bankruptcy for public trade manufacturing
firms.
The original Z-score model for publicly traded companies is:

5 4 3 2 1 6 . 0 3 . 3 4 . 1 2 . 1 X X X X X z + + + + = Where:

X1 = working capital/total Assets
X2 = retained earnings/total Assets
X3 = earnings before interests and taxes/total Assets
X4 = market value of equity/book value of total liabilities
X5 = sales/total Assets
Z = overall index
X1(Working Capital/Total Assets)
The working capital/total assets ratio is a measure of the net liquid assets of the firm
relative to the total capitalization. Working capital is defined as the difference
between current assets and current liabilities. Ordinarily a firm experiencing
consistent operating losses will have shrinking current assets in relation to total
assets.
X2(Retained Earnings/Total Assets)
Retained earnings are the account which reports the total amount of reinvested
earnings and/or losses of a firm over its entire life. The account is also referred to as
earned surplus. The RE/TA ratio measures the leverage of a firm. Those firms with
high RE, relative to TA, have financed their assets through retention of profits and
have not utilized as much debt.
X3(Earnings before Interest and Taxes/Total Assets)
This ratio is a measure of the true productivity of the firm's assets, independent of
any tax or leverage factors. Since a firm's ultimate existence is based on the earning
power of its assets, this ratio appears to be particularly appropriate for studies dealing
with corporate failure.
X4(Market Value of Equity/Book Value of Liabilities)
97
Equity is measured by the combined value of all shares of stock, preferred and
common, while liabilities include both current and long term. The measure shows
how much the firm's assets can decline in value before the liabilities exceed the
assets and the firm becomes insolvent.
X5(Sales/Total Assets)
The capital-turnover ratio is a standard financial ratio illustrating the sales generating
ability of the firm's assets. It is one measure of management's capacity in dealing
with competitive conditions. OR

X1 = net working capital/total assets
X2 = retained earnings/total assets
X3 = EBIT/total assets
X4 = market value of all equity/book value of total liabilities
X5 = sales/total assets

Altman reports that this model is between 80.90% accurate if we use a cutoff point of
2.675. That is, a firm with a Z-score below 2.675 can reasonably be expected to
experience severe financial distress, and possibly bankruptcy, within the next year.

The predictive ability of the model is even better if we use a cutoff point of 1.81.
There are, therefore, three ranges of Z-scores:

Z < 1.81 Bankruptcy predicted within one year
1.81 < Z < 2.675.. Financial distress, possible bankruptcy
Z > 2.675 No financial distress predicted

The Z-Score Model for Private Firms
Because variable X4 in equation requires knowledge of the firms market
capitalization (including both common and preferred equity), we cannot easily use
the model for privately held firms. Estimates of the market value of these firms can
be made, but the result is necessarily very uncertain. Alternatively, we could
substitute the book value of equity for its market value, but that wouldnt be correct.
Most publicly traded firms trade for several times their book value, so such a
substitution would seem to call for a new coefficient for X4. In fact, all of the
coefficients in the model changed when Altman reestimated it for privately held
firms.
The new model for privately held firms is:

Z = 0.717X1+ 0.847X2 + 3.107X3 + 0.420X4 + 0.998X5

where all of the variables are defined as before, except that X4 uses the book value of
equity. Altman reports that this model is only slightly less accurate than the one for
publicly traded firms when we use the new cutoff points shown below

Bankruptcy predicted within one year
Financial distress, possible bankruptcy
No financial distress predicted
98
Financial Statement Ratios One Year before Bankruptcy: Manufacturing
Firms

Z-score analysis for WorldCom, 2004
(Accounting data prior to restatements)

End of Chapter 03

99
Chapter 04: Financial Reporting Template (FRT) for
Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs)
Phnom Penh, 16 June 2006

PRAKAS
ON
INTRODUCTION OF FINANCIAL REPORTING TEMPLATE
FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES

**************

Senior Minister
Minister of Economy and Finance

- Having seen the Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia;
- Having seen Royal Decree No NS/RKT/0704/001 dated 13 July 2004
promulgating addendum to the Constitution aimed to secure regular
functioning of the national institutions;
- Having seen Royal Decree No NS/RKT/0704/124 dated 15 July 2004 on
appointment of the Royal Government of Cambodia;
- Having seen Royal Kram No 02 NS/94 dated 20 July 1994 promulgating Law
on Organising and Functioning of the Council of Ministers;
- Having seen Royal Kram No NS/RKM/0196/18 dated 24 January 1996
promulgating Law on Establishment of the Ministry of Economy and
Finance;
- Having seen sub-decree No 04/ANKr/BK dated 20 January 2000 on the
Composition and Functioning of the Ministry of Economy and Finance;
- Having seen sub-decree No 87/ANKr/BK dated 18 January 2004 on the
addition and rectification of a number of departments of the Ministry of
Economy and Finance;
- Having seen Royal Kram ChS/RKM/069/03 dated 17 June 1996
promulgating Law on General Statute of Public Enterprises;
- Having seen Royal Kram NS/RKM/0702/011 dated 8 July 2002 promulgating
Law on Corporate Accounts, Their Audit and Accounting Profession;
- Having seen Sub-Decree No 08 ANKr BK dated 3 March 2003 on
Composition and Functioning of National Accounting Council;
- Having seen Prakas of the Ministry of Economy and Finance No. 170 SHV
dated 27 March 2003 on Appointment of Board of Director to the National
Accounting Council;
- As requested by the National Accounting Council according to minute of
meeting dated 27 March 2006;
- Pursuant to the necessity of the Ministry of Economy and Finance.

DECIDES
Article 1

To introduce to small and medium-sized enterprise defined in article 2 below a
standard financial reporting template called "Financial Reporting Template for
100
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises" as attached in Appendix of this Prakas to
use so as to facilitate each small and medium-sized enterprise with a tool to apply for
financing from banking and financial institutions, or for other needs at all time before
being able to prepare financial statements by due date and in accordance with laws
and regulations in force.
Article 2

It is deemed as "SMEs" automatically under this Prakas any enterprise carrying on
business activities, which is not subject to obligation of preparing financial
statements in accordance with Cambodian Accounting Standards, and based on its
declaration data or examination, meets two of the three following criteria:

1. Total maximum workers-employees from 11 to 100.
2. Annual turnover is from 100 million Riels to less than 250 million Riels.
3. Total assets are from 100 million Riels to 250 million Riels.

Article 3

In preparing financial statements in accordance with the template as stated in Article
1 above, each small and medium-sized enterprise shall be responsible for its
declaration by ensuring that all data provided are obtained from records or statistics
properly maintained in accordance with relevant applicable laws and regulations.

Article 4

National Accounting Council shall be in charge of public dissemination, especially
among SME milieu as well as banking and financial institutions, of the spirit of this
Prakas and the Financial Reporting Template as in Appendix, and follows through to
enforce the implementation until objectives are achieved.

Article 5

National Accounting Council, General Secretariat, General Inspection, all relevant
departments and units under the tutelage of the Ministry of Economy and Finance,
and all SMEs in the kingdom of Cambodia shall rigorously implement this Prakas in
accordance with individual duties.

Article 6

This Prakas is effective from the date of signature.

Senior Minister
Minister of Economy and Finance

Recipients
- As in Article 5 "for implementation"
- Archives-documentation
cc
- Council of Ministers "for information"
- Administration Office of the Council of Ministers "for publication in Royal Gazette"
101
- Forward
- The Royal Government of Cambodia has passed many laws in recent years to
facilitate Cambodias modernization and integration into the global economy. In
2002, the requirement to prepare financial statements was mandated in the Law
on Corporate Accounts, their Audit, and the Accounting Profession (LAAAP),
and in 2003, Cambodian Accounting Standards (CAS) were introduced. The
purpose of CAS is to provide the basis for recording and classifying financial
transactions, and to establish a framework for preparing financial statements.
- In 2005, the National Accounting Council (NAC), in conjunction with the
Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Kampuchea Institute of Certified
Public Accountants and Auditors (KICPAA), undertook a review of the
implementation of the LAAAP. Consequently, a new Prakas was issued, which,
inter alia, established thresholds for enterprises to be subject to statutory audit. In
addition to establishing the statutory audit thresholds, the Prakas clarified that
only those enterprises that were subject to statutory audit were required to
prepare financial statements in accordance with CAS.
- The Cambodian economy, at its current stage of economic development, is host
to a large number of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) that are not
required to prepare financial statements in accordance with CAS. However,
these same SMEs often find it difficult to obtain access to finance, due to their
inability to provide lending institutions with appropriate financial information.
- To assist SMEs to improve their access to finance, NAC and KICPAA, together
with Asian Development Bank (ADB), designed the attached financial reporting
template as part of ADBs SME Development Program technical assistance. In
addition to the template, this booklet contains explanatory notes on the basis of
preparation of the financial reporting template, a definitions section that explains
in plain language the various items that make up the financial statements and the
terms contained therein, and a brief narrative on why it is important for
enterprises to maintain accounting records, and produce financial statements.
- I fully encourage SMEs to use the template in this booklet as a basis for
preparing financial statements, for both internal management purposes, and for
presentation to banks to support an application for a loan.
-
- Phnom Penh , June 14, 2006
-
-
-
- H.E. Ngy Tayi
- Under Secretary of State of Ministry of Economy and Finance
- Chairman of the Cambodian Accounting System Reform and
- National Accounting Council

102
Overview of Financial Reporting Template for SMEs

Overview

The Financial Reporting Template (FRT) has been designed to assist enterprises to
prepare a basic set of financial statements. The main reason for developing the FRT
is to enable enterprises to provide basic financial information to potential lenders. In
addition it is anticipated that by preparing basic financial statements, owners and
managers of enterprises will be able to better understand and manage their business.

The FRT is a tool to assist enterprises in preparing their financial statements to
accompany an application for borrowing from lenders, and to assist enterprises to
comply with the applicable laws and regulations.

What is the FRT?

The FRT includes the following components:

1. Corporate information / enterprise information
2. Statement by Directors / Statement by Owner
3. Balance Sheet
4. Income Statement
5. Notes to the financial statements

An explanation of each component of the FRT follows:

1. Corporate information / enterprise information

This schedule provides the readers of the financial statements with fundamental
information about the enterprise.

The registration number indicates the legal form of the enterprise, and should be
obtained from the business registration or license certificate issued by the relevant
authority.

The registered office is the address of the primary place of business, and should be
the same as that registered with the relevant regulatory authority. This address
should also be the primary address for communication purposes.

The disclosure of shareholder/owner, directors and management team information
provides the readers of the financial statements with important detail about the
ownership and management structure of the enterprise. If the directors and
management team are different to the shareholders / owners this would indicate that
the owners may not be involved in the day to day running of the business.

The disclosure of the principal banker is useful, particularly if the enterprise is
seeking credit.
103
2. Statement by the directors / statement by the owner

Signature of this statement by the directors / owners provides a degree of comfort to
users of the financial statements. By signing this statement, the directors / owners
acknowledge that the financial statements have been prepared using the accounting
policies attached to the notes to the accounts, and implies that users of the financial
statements can rely upon the application of those policies in preparing the statements.

Signature ostensibly gives directors / owners ownership of the financial statements.

3. Balance Sheet

The Balance Sheet provides the financial position of the enterprise as at a particular
date. In Cambodia, an annual balance sheet is normally prepared as at 31
December of each year.

4. I ncome statement

The income statement shows the results of the business operations of the enterprise
for the accounting period. In Cambodia, the normal accounting period is the year
ended 31 December.

5. Notes to the financial statements

The notes to the financial statements comprise:

1. Organization and principal activities
2. Significant accounting policies
3. Assumptions underlying the financial statements
4. Additional information

The organization and principal activities is an important disclosure as this allows
the user of the financial statement to understand the legal form of the enterprise, its
areas of business activity, and size (in terms of employees).

The significant accounting policies allow the reader to understand the accounting
policies adopted in preparing the financial statements.

The underlying assumptions disclosure provides further information on the financial
statements as to the manner in which the financial statements have been prepared.

The additional information notes provide detailed information for each item that
appears on the face of the Balance Sheet and Income Statement.
104
Benefits of using FRT

The FRT was developed to assist SMEs to produce basic financial statements. The
objectives of enabling SMEs to produce basic financial statements are to allow the
managers and owners of SMEs to better manage their businesses, and to improve
their access to finance by providing basic financial information to potential lenders,
primarily commercial banks.

The preparation of financial statements will assist SMEs in the following ways:

1. Better manage the business

The preparation of financial statements will provide important financial
information to owners and managers of enterprises to assist in better managing
the enterprise. The Income Statement will provide a measure of the operational
performance of the enterprise, and the Balance Sheet will provide a snapshot of
the health of the business at a particular point in time.

I ncome Statement - Measure of operational performance

The Income Statement quantifies in monetary terms the results of business
operations in any period. By preparing the income statement SMEs will be
able to establish whether the business is either making a profit or a loss. By
critically reviewing the financial statement, owners and managers will be able
to make informed decisions on the operational performance of the business,
and the analysis of the income statement will assist in determining actions to be
taken to improve business performance.

In particular, owners and managers will be able to monitor revenue streams and
expenditure of the business. Operational performance may basically be
considered as good if the enterprise makes a profit. Conversely, performance
may be considered unsatisfactory if the enterprise makes a loss.

The following are examples of remedial action that an enterprise may take, as a
result of the review of the income statement:

Income: If sales during the period decrease there may be a number of
different reasons why this happens. One reason may be due to poor
customer service. If this is the case, the management may consider
providing relevant training and / or incentives to staff who improve
the sales of the enterprise.

Expenses: The management may plan to reduce costs in order to maximise
profit. One method of reducing costs would be to negotiate better
prices and terms with suppliers of goods and services. Discounts
will reduce cost of sales and result in increase of enterprise
profitability.

On the other hand, the management may review expense items that
are costly and find out if it is possible to reduce cost by using
substitute products.
105
Balance Sheet - Financial position

The Balance Sheet provides a snapshot of the financial position of an enterprise
at a point in time. An enterprise is generally considered to be in a good
financial position if the enterprise has an excess of assets over liabilities, and if
there are accumulated profits. Conversely, an enterprise would be considered
to be in a poor financial position if liabilities exceed assets, and the enterprise
has accumulated losses.

The Balance Sheet will also show the ability of the enterprise to meet future
obligations, and will show the assets available to fund future expansion.

By reviewing the balance sheet an owner or manager will be able to make
informed decisions about the health of the business.

Liquidity

To survive and prosper a business must be able to meet its financial obligations
as and when they fall due. In simple language, this means that a business is
able to pay its expenses within the timeframe provided by suppliers. An
enterprise is generally considered liquid if its current assets exceed its current
liabilities. By preparing a balance sheet an owner or manager will be able to
determine the enterprises liquidity.

If the company is extremely liquid, that is, if current assets far exceed current
liabilities, then the enterprise may be in a position to expand its business.
However, if current liabilities exceed current assets this could indicate that the
enterprise may be facing financial difficulties.

2. Better access to finance

For an enterprise to be able to obtain a loan from a bank the enterprise must be
able to show the bank that it has a good business, and that it will be able to
repay the money borrowed from the bank. The best way to demonstrate to the
bank the health of the business is to provide a set of financial statements,
including the Income Statement and the Balance Sheet.

In the same way that the Income Statement and Balance Sheet will provide the
owner and manager of an enterprise with information to make informed
business decisions, the bank will be able to make similar decisions about the
enterprises ability to repay a bank loan.

If an enterprise provides a bank with a financial statement, this will make it
easier for the bank to evaluate the credit worthiness of the enterprise, and
should reduce the amount of time that a bank takes to decide whether a loan
can be made.

In addition, a proven track record in business, as demonstrated by financial
statements covering a number of years, could result in an enterprise obtaining
lower interest rates.

106
3. Cost savings

By preparing their own financial statements owners and managers may not
need to engage third parties to prepare financial statements, which would result
in cost savings to the enterprise.
Definitions

Introduction

The definitions contained in this document explain the terms included in the
Financial Reporting Template (FRT). The definitions have been based on the
definitions of accounting terms contained in Cambodian Accounting Standard
(CAS), however have been simplified in an attempt to allow a broader audience,
other than qualified accountants, to understand the content of the Financial Reporting
Template.

Definitions

Balance Sheet

The Balance Sheet is a statement that lists all the assets owned by a business, all the
liabilities owed by a business, the share capital of, or the owners capital contribution
to the business, and the earnings retained in the business, as at a particular date. The
balance sheet can be described by the following simple equation:

Total Assets = Total Liabilities + Share Capital / Owners Capital Contribution +
Retained Earnings

Or

Total Assets Total Liabilities = Share Capital / Owners Capital Contribution +
Retained Earnings

Asset

An asset is an item of value owned by the business.

Liability

A liability is an amount owed by the business to someone else.

Equity

Equity is the difference between the assets owned by an enterprise, and the liabilities
owed by an enterprise. Equity normally comprises Share Capital / Owners Capital
Contribution and Retained Earnings.

Related parties

107
Parties are considered to be related if one party has the ability to control the other
party, or exercise significant influence over the other party, in making financial and
operating decisions.

Significant influence is participation in the financial and operating policy decisions
of an enterprise, but not necessarily controlling those policies.

External parties

Parties are considered to be external if there is no ability for one party to exert
control over the other party.

Non-current assets

Assets are classified as Non-current if they have an expected useful life of greater
than one year, or are not expected to be realized in less than one year. Non-current
assets can be sub-classified as follows:

Fixed assets

Fixed assets are assets that are:

- used by an enterprise to produce or supply goods or services,
- used for administrative purposes, or
- rented to others for profit

Fixed assets include buildings, motor vehicles, machines, furniture, and office
equipment.

Due from related parties

These are amounts owed to the enterprise by related parties, expected to be repaid
after more than one year.

Due from external parties

These are amounts owed to the enterprise by non-related parties, expected to be
repaid after more than one year.

Other non-current assets

All other assets not considered fixed assets, due from related parties, or due from
external parties, that are not expected to be realized within one year, are classified as
other non-current assets.

Current assets

An asset should be classified as a current asset when:

(a) it is expected to be realised in, or is held for sale or consumption, in the
normal course of the enterprises operating cycle; or
108
(b) it is held primarily for trading purposes or for the short-term and expected to
be realised within twelve months of the balance sheet date; or
(c) it is cash or cash equivalent asset (such as bank account) which is not
restricted in its use.

Current assets are assets that are expected to be used / or replaced within twelve
months of the balance date.

Trade and other receivables

Basically, trade and other receivables are amounts owed to the business by its
customers. A receivable arises when goods or services have been sold to a customer,
and payment has not been received.

Provision for bad and doubtful debt

A bad debt is a debt that cannot be recovered from a customer. A doubtful debt is a
debt that is unlikely to be recovered from a customer.

A provision for bad and doubtful debts should be made at balance date to estimate
the amount of debts that will not be collected from customers.

The provision will be deducted from the profit in the Income Statement and will also
be deducted from the Trade and other receivables figure in the Balance Sheet.

I nventories

Inventories are normally:

- current assets held for sale in the ordinary course of business, or
- current assets used in the production of goods held for resale.

Basically, inventory is the value of stock or goods which exists at the end of the
accounting period, and is calculated as follows:

Ending inventory = opening inventory + purchases + goods manufactured less sales

Due from related parties

These are amounts owed to the enterprise by related parties, expected to be repaid in
less than one year.

Due from external parties

These are amounts owed to the enterprise by other parties, who are not customers
and related parties, expected to be repaid in less than one year.

Cash and bank balances

Amount of cash held by an enterprise, together with the amount in the enterprises
bank account(s) at balance sheet date.
109
Total assets

Total assets are an aggregate amount of total non-current assets and total current
assets.

Non-current liabilities

Basically, non-current liabilities are amounts owed to someone else, such as banks
and money-lenders, which are payable after twelve months.

Due to related parties

These are amounts owed by the enterprise to related parties, expected to be repaid
after more than one year.

Due to external parties

These are amounts owed by the enterprise to non-related parties, expected to be
repaid after more than one year.

Current liabilities

A liability should be classified as a current liability when it:

(a) is expected to be settled in the normal course of the enterprises operating
cycle; or
(b) is due to be settled within twelve months of the balance sheet date.

Basically, current liabilities are what a company currently owes to its suppliers and
creditors.

Bank overdraft

A bank overdraft is a bank account where the bank allows the enterprise to borrow
cash on a short-term basis to meet the needs of the enterprise. The overdraft facility
is normally formalized, and subject to the enterprise providing security to secure the
amount of the overdraft.

Trade and other payables

Basically, trade and other payables are amounts owed (within twelve months) by an
enterprise for goods and services purchased on credit terms. This means payment for
goods and services is due at a date later than the date of purchase.

Due to related parties

These are amounts owed by the enterprise to related parties, expected to be repaid in
less than one year. These amounts are often advances from shareholders / owners.

Due to external parties

110
These are amounts owed by the enterprise to other parties, who are not customers
and related parties, expected to be repaid in less than one year.
Total liabilities
Total liabilities is the aggregate of total non-current liabilities and current liabilities.

Equity
Equity is the difference between the assets owned by an enterprise, and the liabilities
owed by an enterprise. Equity normally comprises Share Capital / Owners Capital
Contribution and Retained Earnings.
Paid up share capital
This represents the money that shareholders invest in the business, and cannot be
withdrawn from the business until the business ceases operations.
Owners capital contribution
This is similar to Paid Up Capital, and refers to the amount of money a sole
proprietor, or owner, puts into the enterprise. The owners capital contribution will
increase if the owner puts in additional funds, or decrease if the owner withdraws
funds, over the life of the business.

Drawings
Drawings represent cash taken out of the business by the owner of the enterprise.
Retained earnings prior period
Retained earnings prior period are profits earned by the enterprise in periods
prior to the current financial year, and not paid out to the owners of the enterprise. If
losses were made in prior periods this figure will be negative.
In the first year of enterprise operation, there will be no prior year retained earnings.
Retained earnings - prior period equals the accumulation of profits and losses from
the commencement of business until the end of the year prior to the current year.

Retained earnings current period

These are current year profits not paid out to the owners of the enterprise. This
amount should be equal to the profit/(loss) for the year in the Income Statement.
Total equity

Total equity is the aggregate amount of Share Capital / Owner Capital contribution,
retained earnings for prior periods and retained earnings for current period, less
drawings.
Total liabilities and equity
The aggregate amount of total liabilities and total equity, and must be equal to total
assets.
Income statement
The Income Statement calculates the net profit or loss that the business has made
within an accounting period, by deducting all expenditure from the income. A net
profit is earned if total revenue exceeds total expenditure; a net loss is made if total
expenditure exceeds total revenue.

Revenue
Revenue represents gross income after deducting discount earned by an enterprise
from carrying on its normal business activities, and usually is calculated as the value
of goods and services sold to customers during the year.

111
Cost of sales and services

Cost of sales is the cost price of goods and services sold to customers, and is
calculated as follows:

- Opening stock, (the cost of stock that exists at the beginning of the year)
- Plus Purchases of goods for resale, during the year
- Plus Production cost of goods manufactured, during the year.
- Less Closing stock, (the cost of stock that exists at the end of the year). Closing
stock is equal to inventory that appears in the Balance Sheet as inventory in the
current assets section.
Gross profit

Gross profit is the difference between revenue and cost of sales and services, and is

Gross Profit = Revenue Cost of sales and services

Gross profit is often shown as a percentage, and assists in evaluating the profitability
of an enterprise. Normally, the higher the Gross Profit in percentage terms, the more
profitable the enterprise.

Other operating income
Other operating income represents income that is not related to the main business
activity. Examples of other operating income will be rent (if the main business is not
that of a landlord), dividends, profit of sale of fixed assets, insurance claims etc.
Other operating income does not include interest income (which is shown
separately).

Operating expenses
Operating expenses are costs associated with running a business, but not directly
related to the cost of goods and services being sold.
Profit / (loss) from operations

The excess or deficit of total operating income over operating expenditure. The
profit or loss is calculated as follows:

Profit / loss = Gross profit / (loss) + other operating income operating expenses

Profit / (loss) from operations is also called profit / (loss) before interest and tax.

Interest (expense) / income
I nterest expense

This is interest charged on borrowings during the year.
I nterest income

This is interest earned from:

- money deposited with a bank,
112
- money lent to related or external parties,
- customers for their late payment under credit terms.

Profit / (loss) before income tax
This is calculated by (deducting) / adding net interest (expense) / income from profit
/ (loss) from operations.
Income tax expense
Income tax expense represents the amount of profit tax paid to the Tax Department
during the year.
Profit / (loss) for the year
Profit / (loss) for the year is the net result of all business activities carried out during
the year, and is calculated by deducting income tax expense from profit / (loss)
before income tax.

113

Notes to the financial statements

Accruals basis of accounting
Under this basis, transactions are recognized when they occur regardless of whether
cash has been paid or received. Transactions are recorded in the accounting period to
which they relate.

Historical cost basis
The historical cost basis of accounting records transactions at the actual cost at the
date of the transaction. The costs of each transaction are not adjusted for changes in
current costs at a particular valuation date.

Depreciation of fixed assets
Depreciation
Depreciation is the cost of writing off fixed assets over their anticipated useful life.
In other words, depreciation is the measure of wearing out of a fixed asset.
Straight line depreciation

Straight line depreciation writes off the cost of a fixed asset in equal amounts over its
useful life. For example, if an asset has a useful life of 5 years, the cost of the asset
would be written off in equal amounts over 5 years.

Accumulated Depreciation
Accumulated depreciation is the total depreciation charged from year of buying an
asset to the end of the current accounting year.

Net book value
Net book value is the depreciated value of a fixed asset at the end of the year, and is

Net Book Value = Value of fixed asset at start accumulated depreciation
The net book value of fixed assets is shown in the balance sheet.

114
I nstructions on Completing FRT for SMEs

The FRT is available in electronic and manual formats. Following are instructions
for transferring your financial information into the FRT.
Completing the template using the spreadsheet version
1. Firstly, you will need to make a list, or trial balance, of all income,
expenditure, assets, liabilities and capital of the business.
2. From your list, or trial balance, transfer the information to the appropriate
classifications in notes 4 to 16 to financial statements. The majority of the
detail in the Balance Sheet and Income Statement will be updated
automatically once the information has been inserted into the notes to the
financial statements.
3. Other operating income and income tax expense will need to be input
directly into the Income Statement from your source of information.
4. Information for Cash and bank balances, and Bank overdraft will need to
be input directly into the Balance Sheet from your information.
5. Insert "Retained earnings prior periods". This will be taken from the
previous year financial statement. Leave this item blank if this is the first
year of completing the template.
6. If your information is correctly input, "total assets" will equal "total liabilities
and equity", and Retained Earnings Current Period will be equal to
Profit /(loss) for the year from the Income Statement.
Completing the manual template
1. Firstly, you will need to make a list, or trial balance, of all income,
expenditure, assets, liabilities and capital of the business.
2. From your list, or trial balance, transfer the information to the appropriate
classifications in notes 4 to 16 to financial statements.
3. Transfer totals from each component in notes 4 to 16 to the financial
statements to the corresponding classifications in the Balance Sheet and
Income Statement. For example:
Note 4: Fixed assets
Transfer "net book value as at 31 December 20XX
1
" in total fixed assets
column to "fixed assets in column 20XX
1
" in Balance Sheet.
Note 15: Operating expenses
Transfer total figure in column 20XX
1
to "operating expenses" in column
20XX
1
in Income Statement.
4. Other operating income and income tax expense will need to be input
directly into the Income Statement from your source of information.
5. Calculate Profit / (loss) for the year.
6. Information for Cash and bank balances and Bank overdraft will need to
be input directly into the Balance Sheet from your information.
7. Insert "Retained earnings prior periods". This will be taken from the
previous year financial statement. Leave this item blank if this is the first
year of completing the template.
8. Insert Retained Earnings Current Period. The amount should be equal to
Profit / (loss) for the year from the Income Statement.
9. If your information is correctly input, "total assets" will equal "total liabilities
and equity".

FRT for company

ABC CO LTD.
Financial Statements
and
Directors Statement
31 December 20XX
1

Corporate information

Company ABC Co. Ltd

Registration No. XXXXXXXXXXX
Issued by XXXXXXXXXXX

Registered office XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
Cambodia

Shareholder XXXXXXXXXXX

Directors XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX

Management team XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXX

Principal bankers XXXXXXXXXXX

Statement by the directors

We, XXXXXXXXXXXX and XXXXXXXXXXX, on behalf of the Board of
Directors do hereby state that the financial statements of ABC Co. Ltd (the
Company) set out on pages to have been prepared in accordance with the
accounting policies set out in Notes 2 and 3 to the financial statements.

[Signed on behalf of the Board in accordance with a resolution of the directors,]

XXXXXXXXXXXX
Director

XXXXXXXXXXXX
Director
Date:

Compiled By Nut khorn Page 3

ABC Co. Ltd
Balance sheet
31 December 20XX
1

20XX
1
20XX
0

Note R000 R000
Non-current assets
Fixed assets 4 - -
Due from related parties 5(a) - -
Due from external parties 6(a) - -
Other non-current assets - -
Total non-current assets - -
Current assets
Trade and other receivables 8 - -
Inventories 7 - -
Due from related parties 5(b) - -
Due from external parties 6(b) - -
Cash and bank balances - -
Total current assets - -
Total assets - -

Non-current liabilities
Due to related parties 10(a) - -
Due to external parties 11(a) - -
Total non-current liabilities - -

Current liabilities
Bank overdraft - -
Trade and other payables 9 - -
Due to related parties 10(b) - -
Due to external parties 11(b) - -
Total current liabilities - -

Total liabilities - -

Equity
Paid up share capital 12 - -
Retained earnings prior period - -
Retained earnings current period - -
Total equity - -
Total liabilities and equity

- -

These accounts are unaudited. The accompanying notes form part of these financial statements.


These accounts are unaudited. The accompanying notes form part of these financial statements.

ABC Co. Ltd
Income statement
Year ended 31 December 20XX1

20XX
1

20XX
0

Note R000 R000

Revenue 13 - -
Cost of sales and services 14 ( ) ( )
Gross profit

- -
Other operating income

- -

- -
Operating expenses 15 ( ) ( )
Profit / (loss) from operations - -
Interest (expense) / income 16 ( ) ( )
Profit / (loss) before income tax - -
Income tax expense ( ) ( )
Profit / (loss) for the year - -


ABC Co. Ltd
Notes to the financial statements
31 December 20XX
1

1. Organization and principal activities
The Company was incorporated in Cambodia on __________ under Registration
No. _______ and commenced operations on _______.

The principal activities of the Company are
_______________________________________________

As of 31 December 20XX
1
the Company had ___ employees (20XX
0
:___).
2. Significant accounting policies
Basis of preparation
The financial statements have been prepared under the accruals basis of
accounting, using the historical cost basis.
(a) Currency and foreign exchange
Sale and purchase transactions in foreign currencies are recorded in the Riel
equivalent at the date of the transaction. Foreign exchange gains or losses
resulting from the settlement of such transactions are recognised in the income
statement. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency at the balance
sheet date are retained in the balance sheet at historical exchange rates.
(b) Fixed assets
a. Fixed assets are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation.
b. Depreciation
i. Freehold land is not depreciated
ii. Depreciation on fixed assets is charged as expense on a straight-
line basis using the following annual rates:
Buildings xx%
Computers, computer software and related equipment xx%
Motor vehicles xx%
Office furniture and office equipment xx%
Other fixed assets xx%

(c) Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value, and measured
on an average cost basis.
(d) Receivables
Receivables are valued at gross book value less provision for doubtful debts.
(e) Non-current loans
Non-current loans are valued at book value, less repayments of principal and
provision for non-recovery.
(f) Leases
Lease payments are recognised as expense in the period in which they are incurred.
(g) Borrowing costs
Borrowing costs are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are
incurred.
(h) Taxation
Taxation expense is calculated based on the current company tax rate on profits,
adjusted for disallowable expenses or exempt forms of income, and taking into
account any tax losses available in accordance with the Law on Taxation.
Deferred tax is not recognized.


i) Revenue recognition
Revenue is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefits associated
with the transaction will flow to the Company and the amount of the revenue can
be measured reliably. Revenue is stated net of discounts and allowances.

3. Assumptions underlying the financial statements
The financial statements have been prepared on a going-concern basis, and the
accounting policies have been consistently applied. Comparative information has
been provided, and immaterial amounts have not been disclosed. Offsetting of
assets and liabilities has not taken place.

End of Chapter 04

Financial Reporting Template for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises. Minitry of Economy and
Finance, Cambodia. 2006. Phnom Penh, Cambodia : s.n., 2006.


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What are the main sections covered in the course?

What accounting policies are discussed?

1

Payable Accounts in Decrease

Payable Taxes Income in Decrease

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