The more you read, the more you learn.

The more you write, the more you

develop.
A TO INTRODUCE OR LIST ADVANTAGES:
The main advantage of .. The most imo!tant advantage of .
One advantage of.. An additiona" advantage of
One ma#o! advantage of. It is often suggested that
It is often believed that..., A f$!the! advantage of .
E%am"es:
One advantage to/of having parents arrange a marriage is financial security.
One of the main advantages of using a computer is the fact that you can save time.
One major advantage of living in a foreign country is that you have better economic conditions.
ADVANTANGES of USING CELL !ONES
The most im"ortant advantage of cell phones is that you can use them almost everywhere without cables
or electricity. By using mobile phones, you can communicate with everyone whenever you want and
wherever you are. #eside this$ if there is an urgent situation, such as an accident or a meeting with
someone, you certainly need a mobile phone. %&rthermore$ you can access the internet by using a cell
phone. Recently, the most common way of communication in the world has been the SMS. Cell phones
include this system; in this way you can communicate with someone for cheaper than a normal call.
ADVANTANGES of USING CELL !ONES
The 'iggest advantage of using a cell phone is that you can reach people easily. Also, when somebody
wants to reach you, he can get in touch with you by touching a few buttons. In addition$ you can carry a
cell phone easily. %&rthermore$ cell phones are not only used for communication, but they can also be
used for taking pictures, listening to music, playing games, getting onto the internet, and so on.
Practice: Now write your own paragraph using the introduced transition signals.
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& TO INTRODUCE OR LIST DIS ADVANTAGES:
The main disadvantage of The most imo!tant d!a'(a)* of...+
One disadvantage of...+ One ma#o! disadvantage of..
Anothe! disadvantage of...+ An additiona" disadvantage of...
E%am"es:
One of the major / main disadvantages of using computers is that staring at a screen
for long periods of time can be harmful to the eyes
DISADVANTAGES of ,AVING A CAR
There are )e!tain disadvantages to having your own car. -i!st".+ you have to maintain and repair your
car regularly. The!efo!e, you need to spend a considerable amount of money to keep the car in good
condition. /o!eove!, driving can sometimes be extremely stressful. -o! e%am"e+ being caught in a
traffic jam is not only irritating but also time-consuming. As a !es$"t+ if you want to have a car, you
should consider all the disadvantages.

DISADVANTAGES of USING A CO/0UTER
1
ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE -TRANSITIONS
The main disadvantages of using a computer is that staring at a screen for long periods can be
harmful to the eyes. Se)ond".+ sitting on a chair for hours at a time is certainly not healthy. /o!eove!+
computers draw ones attention away from social interactions
*
such as conversation. In addition+ people
who stay at home to use their computers can become anti-social. -ina"".+ computers do many jobs and
people do the less. The!efo!e, plenty of people lose their jobs.
Practice: Now write your own paragraph in a similar way.
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C TO LIST AND ADD 0OINTS:
In the fi!st "a)e+ In addition 1to this2
To sta!t 'ith+ /o!eove!+
To (egin 'ith -$!the!mo!e+
Se)ond".+ &esides
Thi!d".+ -ina"".+
Sample paragraphs:
T(AVELING #) A #OAT
. !raveling by a boat is rather old"fashioned. #owever, it has certain advantages. To 'egin *ith$
boats are usually more comfortable than planes or cars. Instead of staying in your seat the whole $ourney,
you can go for a walk on the deck, eat in a restaurant, or even go shopping. #aving more space to move
around makes a long $ourney much more pleasant. %&rthermore$ boats are often cheaper than other
forms of travel. %or e+am"le$ a boat ticket usually costs less than a plane ticket. %inall,$ boats are a
safer alternative to cars and planes. !here are fewer accidents at sea than in the air or on the roads.
TV VIOLENCE
%. &arents can protect children from too much !' violence in the following ways( %irst of all$ they should
be careful about the programs their children are watching. )or e*ample, they can watch some of the
programs with them. Se-ond$ they can set limits on the amount of time their children spend in front of
the television. .oreover$ sometimes characters in movies get hurt or killed. &arents should point out that this
does not always reflect reality. %&rthermore$ they should not let the children see violent shows, and change
the cannel or turn off the !' set when something unpleasant comes on. %inall,$ it is better to e*plain
what is wrong and what is right about the programs the children watch.
Practice: Now write your own paragraph.
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D TO ADD /ORE 0OINTS TO T,E SA/E TO0IC:
3hat is mo!e+ -$!the!mo!e+
A"so+ In addition to this4that
&esides+ Aa!t f!om this4that
ADVANTAGES of NUCLEA( O/E(
The advantages of n&-lear "o*er are n&mero&s0 %irst of all, it is cheaper, richer than fossil fuels, and
easier to transport. Se-ondl,$ nuclear reactors need little fuel, and they only need refueling
appro*imately once every three years. In addition$ nuclear power is environmentally a lot friendlier than
other alternative types of energy. +t produces hardly any air pollution, and it releases less radiation into
the atmosphere than coal"burning power plants. .oreover$ the risks of a meltdown or a radiation leak are
2
e*tremely small. %&rthermore$ it is a lot safer than most people think. !here are many safety features
which make nuclear power one of the safest electricity sources. ,#ilal Ch&1&,ev 2334 C567
E TO /A5E CONTRASTING 0OINTS
On the othe! hand ,o'eve!
In site of 3hi"e
Neve!the"ess Despite
Even though A"tho$gh+
In site of 1the fa)t that2+ Despite the fact that
E%am"es
Des"ite big crowds, it is still possible to feel very lonely in a city.
-elly loves her husband in s"ite of the fa-t that he has some bad habits.
Even tho&gh he.s %/ now, he still behaves like a little child.
0agner was a 1a2i supporter. Nevertheless, he is still an important figure in the history of music.
Des"ite the fa-t that there was almost no hope of finding the missing boy, the search party still went on
the search.
She went to Spain des"ite the fa-t that her doctor had told her to rest at home.
#e refused to help me, des"ite the fa-t that + had always helped him whenever needed.
ADVANTANGES of USING CELL !ONES
On the other hand$ using a cell phone has some disadvantages. )or e*ample, it is a very e*pensive way of
communication. .oreover, radiation from cell phones is not good for humans3 health. +t es"e-iall, has
bad effects on children and old people. %&rthermore, if you have a full system working car, your 4BS
system or some electrical e5uipment in your car can be blocked by cell phone signals.
Practice: Now write own your paragraph.
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-... TO INTRODUCE E6A/0LES
-o! e%am"e -o! instan)e Li*e
Ese)ia"". S$)h as In a!ti)$"a!
0a!ti)$"a!".
6*amples(
)amilies, es"e-iall, those with young children, benefit from the programs offered by the local
authorities.
&ollution has become an unavoidable result of industrial development, "arti-&larl, in big cities. !his
produces some harmful effects, es"e-iall, to the young and the old.
6lectromagnetic waves cause important health problems li1e cancer.
Mary loves most classical music, but Bach and 'ivaldi in "arti-&lar are her favorites.
0e need to rethink the way we consume energy. !ake, for instan-e, our approach to transport.
G TO INTRODUCE CONCLUSION
To s$m $+ A"" in a""+
A"" things )onside!ed+ In )on)"$sion+
On the 'ho"e+ Ta*ing eve!.thing into a))o$nt+
As 'as !evio$s". stated+ %inall,$
Lastl,$
3
Sam"le "aragra"hs8
90 To s&m &", cell phones not only have advantages, but they also have disadvantages. Mobile phones make
our life easier, but on the other hand, they may cause some serious health problems.
20 In -on-l&sion$ at the beginning, marriage can be very wonderful, but later on many things may proceed
badly. + believe that if a man wants to marry a woman, he, first of all, should have a good $ob, a house, and an
ade5uate income. !hen he can marry the girl he loves because he has prepared well enough for the marriage.
, E60RESSIONS -OR GIVING O0INIONS
I (e"ieve4thin*4fee" 1that2... /. oinion is that...
I st!ong". (e"ieve... As fa! as I am )on)e!ned+...
In m. oinion4vie'+... I 1)om"ete".2 ag!ee that4'ith...
The 'a. I see it+... I 1st!ong".2 disag!ee that4'ith...
It seems4aea!s to me 1that2... I am tota"". against...
To m. mind+... I )o$"dn7t ag!ee mo!e that4'ith...
I 1do not2 ag!ee that4'ith ... Ove!a""+
Sam"e:
A"" things )onside!ed, despite some disadvantages of traveling by boat, I st!ong". (e"ieve
it can be a very enjoyable experience. !ourneys may take longer, but if you have time to spare, you
can take advantage of the many facilities that boats offer, and enjoy a pleasant tour.
(ACTICE !/9 Use the *ord gro&"s 'elo* to *rite senten-es$ as in the e+am"le0
Sam"le( we 7 help 7 elderly 8888. their lives be easier
e.g I strongl, 'elieve that we should help the elderly. 0hen7if we do this, their lives *ill 'e easier .
. all students 7 learn 7 foreign language 8888 have better career opportunities
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9. people 7 give up smoking 88888 have fewer health problems
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/. teenagers 7 get 7 part"time $obs 8888. learn to be more responsible
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(ACTICE !/2 Use the *ord gro&"s 'elo* to *rite senten-es$ as in the e+am"le0
Use a""ro"riate e+"ressions to e+"and the "rom"ts 'elo* to ma1e senten-es e+"ressing an o"inion$ as in the
e+am"le0
Sam"le8
in order to 7 protect 7 environment 7 people 7 stop use 7 plastic bags
It seems to me that in order to protect the environment, people should stop using plastic bags.
. in order to reduce 7 pollution 7 government 7 ban the trucks 7 enter 7 city centre
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%. organic vegetables 7 be 7 much 7 healthy 7 than 7 vegetables 7 grown with chemical fertili2er.
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Summary:
PRACTICE 1 : Classify the following linking words / phrases according to list below.
in the first "la-e
also
for e+am"le
to s&m &"
moreover
firstl,
altho&gh
to 'egin *ith
all things
-onsidered
s&-h as
therefore
on the other hand
ho*ever
a"art from this
in other *ords
in "arti-&lar
for instan-e
in addition
'e-a&se
*hile
4
ta1ing ever,thing
into a--o&nt
f&rthermore
for one thing
sin-e
lastl,
se-ondl,
1. To List Points: in the first place, _________________________________
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2 To a!! more points: _______________________________________________
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" To intro!#$e opposing %ie&points
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' To intro!#$e e(amples ) reasons
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* To $on$l#!e
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PRACTICE 2: -i"" in the ("an*s 'ith the given 'o!ds.
-i!st of a"" 8 -i!st".
In addition 8 /o!eove! 8 -$!the!mo!e
So8 As a !es$"t 9 The!efo!e
,o'eve! 9 On the othe! hand 9 In )ont!ast
In )on)"$sion 9 To s$m $ 9 On the 'ho"e 9 Ove!a""
T,E ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES O- LIVING IN T,E COUNTR:.
5
"iving in the country is often the secret dream of certain city-dwellers. #####$%&, in reality it
has both its advantages and disadvantages.
There are many advantages to living in the country. ######.$'&, you are much closer to
nature and can enjoy more peace and (uiet. ####$)&, life in the country is much slower and people
tend to be more open and friendly. A f$!the! advantage is that there is much less traffic, and as a
result it is much safer place to bring up young children.
######.$*&, there are certain drawbacks to life outside the city. ######.$+&, because
there are fewer people, one has a smaller number of friends. ######.$,& entertainment,
particularly in the evening, is difficult to find. -urthermore, the fact that there are fewer shops and
services often means that there are fewer employment opportunities. ######.$.&, one may have to
travel long distances to work elsewhere, and this can be extremely expensive.
######.$/&, it can be seen that the country is more suitable for some than others.
######.$0&, it is often the best place for those who are retired or who have young children,
######.$%1&, young, single people who are following a career and who want some excitement are
better provided for by life in the city. 1S$))ess at -i!st Ce!tifi)ate8Ro(e!t O;Nei""2
Co$nt!.: countryside, countryside2 land not in towns, cities or industrial areas which is either used for
farming or left in its natural condition
Re"ated 'o!ds
D'e""e! resident, citi3en
D!a'(a)* disadvantage
PRACTICE 2: (ead the "aragra"h 'elo* and &nderline the -orre-t lin1ing *ord/ "hrase0

!here are many advantages to having children at an early age. 97 To 'egin *ith/In addition to this$ when
you are young, you have a lot of energy. !his means you can cope 5uite easily with children.s demands.
;ou can constantly care for them and give them your attention. %< To -on-l&de/Se-ondl,$ young parents
can relate to their children and 9< therefore/nevertheless understand them better. /< )et/%inall,$ when
you become a parent at an early age, you are still young enough to en$oy life when your child becomes
independent.
PRACTICE 4: Repla$e the &or!s #n!erline! &ith the one o+ the +ollo&ing Some ma, ha%e
more than one alternati%e
In spite o+ pros an! $ons
Another point is that one a!%antage is that
All things $onsi!er +or instan$e
To s#m #p In m, opinion
-oreo%er espe$iall,
On !isa!%antage is that +inall,
On the other han! a!!itionall,
In a!!ition lastl,
6
.o&e%er
LIVING in the /IT0
Living in a big or small city is usually a hien ream of certain village!"ellers. 1.
Ne%ertheless1 it has both its 2. a!%antages an! !isa!%antages )___________
"On the pl#s si!e)___________1 it is often easier to fin "or#, an there is usually a
choice of public transport, so you o not nee to o"n a car. 4. Also______________1 there are a
lot of interesting things to o an places to see *2or e(ample1 )___________ you can eat in a
goo restaurant, visit museums, an go to the theatres an to concerts. 6. 3hat is
more)___________1 "hen you "ant rela$, you can usually fin a par# "here you can fee the
uc#s or %ust sit on a par# bench an rea a boo#. &. All in all)___________1 city life is full of
bustle 'hurry, haste( an variety an you nee never feel bore.
4 .o&e%er)___________1 for every ever plus there is a minus. ).2or one
thing)___________1 you might have a %ob, but unless it is very "ell pai, you "ill not be able to
affor many of the things that there are to o, because living in a city is often very e$pensive. *t is
particularly ifficult to fin foo an cheap accommoation. 1+. 3hat is more1 )___________
public transport is sometimes cro"e an irty, 11. parti$#larl,)___________ in the rush hour,
an even the par#s can become very cro"e, especially on ,unays "hen it seems that every
city!"eller is loo#ing for some open space an green grass. 12. Last o+ all1 espite all the cro"s,
it is still possible to feel very lonely in a city.
13. In $on$l#sion)___________1 * thin# that city life can be particularly appealing to 'attract,
interest( young people, "ho li#e the e$citement of the city an o not min the noise an pollution.
-o"ever1 many people, "hen they get oler, an particularly "hen they have young chilren,
often prefer the peace an fresh air of the countrysie. 1S$))ess at -i!st Ce!tifi)ate8Ro(e!t O;Nei""2
ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES
3RITING TO0ICS

90 learning a foreign lang&age
20 &sing mo'ile "hones
40 to&rism
60 'eing *ealth,
;0 'eing single
<0 -om"&ters in the *or1"la-e
=0 'eing a famo&s "erson
>0 getting married
?0 te-hnolog,
930o*ning a -ar
990living in a 'ig -it,
&
920-redit -ards
940attending s&mmer -o&rses0
960-&stom &nion
9;0having a jo' *hile attending -ollege
9<0sho""ing ', TV0
9=0having a 'o,friend or girlfriend0
9>0&sing n&-lear energ,0
9?0'enefits of 'eing ,o&ng
230'enefits of *at-hing TV
So#r$es:
90 .ambrige *nternational /ictionary of 0nglish './(
20 Longman /ictionary .ontemporary 0nglish './(
40 ,uccess at 1irst .ertificate!2obert 345eill
60 6irginia 0vans 7oo#s 8 0$press 9ublishing
a. ,uccessful :riting *ntermeiate 9age: ;3
;0 2++3 <caemic =erm .!4 ,tuents -ome"or#
<0 http:>>slima#.sciaga.pl>prace>praca>155;&.htm
=0 1atih ?niversitesi 9rep ,chool .. 0$am @uestions
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