SCIENTIFIC NAME TRANSMISSION HOSTS CHARACTERISTICS/ CAUSES / AREA OF INFECTION

causes “amoebic meningoencephalitis” in man; Route of infection –

Naegleria fowleri man intranasally
Acanthamoeba culbertsoni mice and monkey produce meningoencephalitis in mice and monkey if introduce intranasally
Entamoeba coli man, monkey, dogs, pigs Cysts with 8 nuclei; colon and cecum of man, monkey, dog, pigs
Cysts with 4 nuclei; pathogen causing “amoebic dysentery” in man and
Entamoeba histolytica man and monkeys monkeys; primarily a parasite of man.
Entamoeba bovis cattle Cysts with 1 nucleus; digestive tract of cattle
Entamoeba gingivalis man Cysts with unknown number of nuclei
Entamoeba canibucalis dog mouth
Entamoeba suis pig digestive tract
Entamoeba bubalis
(dilimanni) carabao digestive tract
Entamoeba ovis sheep digestive tract
Entamoeba gingivalis dog and man mouth
Entamoeba equi horse cecum and colon
Entamoeba muris rat  
Entamoeba caviae guniea pig  
Entamoeba cuniculi stagnant water/pools, soil, canal rabbit  
Leishmania donovani sandflies – Phlebotomus sp. man and dog Causes of “kala-azar”, visceral Leishmaniasis or “dumdum fever”;
Causes “cutaneous leishmaniasis” or “oriental sore”; Occurs in monocytes,
Leishmania tropica sandflies – Phlebotomus sp. man, dogs and rodents polymorphonuclear, endothelial cells of skin
Causes “American mucocutaneous leishmaniansis” or “espundia” in south
Leishmania braziliense sandflies – Phlebotomus sp. man, dog, cat, mouse, rats America, “uta” in the mountains of peru
Trypanosoma vivax Principally ruminants
Trypanosoma uniforme (cattle, buffaloes, sheep,
goats) but all other animals In horses – chronic course; low/depress spirit (nagana), anemia, weakness,
tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans, are affected, wild game Emaciation, edema of subcutaneous tissues and swollen lymph nodes;
Trypanosoma. congolense G. palpalis, G. tachinoides) animals act as reservoir. cyclically transmitted
Trypanosoma simiae     polymorphic; cyclically transmitted
Trypanosoma suis tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) pigs, warthogs, camel monomorphic; cyclically transmitted
horses, mules, donkeys,
cyclically by tsetse flies (Glossina camel, dogs, sheep and
palpalis and G. moritans) also goats are very susceptible;
mechanically by biting flies Cattle and pigs are Polymorphic (slender, stumpy and intermediate forms); Causes fatal disease
Trypanosoma brucei (Tabanus and Stamoxys) resistant known as “nagana"; cyclically transmitted
Causes “Gambian sleeping sickness” in man or human “trypanosomiasis”;
Trypanosoma gambiense tsetse flies man in Africa cyclically transmitted
Affects wild and domestic Causes Rhodesian or African sleeping sickness in man; Human
Trypanosoma rhodesiense tsetse flies animals; man trypanosomiasis; cyclically transmitted
Trypanosoma evansi Tabanus sp. (Stomoxys, horse, dogs, camel, Non-cyclically or mechanically transmitted; The disease in horses is called
 “surra” a hindu word meaning “rotten”; In Sudan they call it “gufar” for
carabao, cattle, pig, cat, camel; . In Panama it is called “murina” in horses, and in Venezuela,
Haemotobia, Lyperosia spp) other mammals “derrengadera” in horses; Philippines – “Bayawak” in horses
Tabanus, Stomoxys and causing “mal de caderas” (bad hind quarters); Non-cyclically or mechanically
Trypanosoma equinum Lyperosia spp chiefly equines transmitted
Usually through coitus; Rarely by
biting flies; Contamination of Causes a veneral disease called “dourine” (Arabic term for “unclean”) or “mal
Trypanosoma equiperdum mucous membrane horse and ass de coit”; Non-cyclically or mechanically transmitted
Tabanus sp., Haematopota sp.;
Transmitted by contamination with antelopes, cattle, Has been associated by “turning sickness” in Uganda, associated with
Trypanosoma theileri feces carabaos, buffaloes abortion; Not very pathogenic. Does not multiply fast
Trypanosoma melophagium Melophagus ovinus or sheep ked sheep cyclically transmited; Not very pathogenic. Does not multiply fast
Trypanosoma lewisi rat flea – Ceratophilus fasciatus rats Transmitted cyclically; Not very pathogenic. Does not multiply fast
Trypanosoma canorini Triatoma or kissing bugs monkeys, rats,  
man; Reservoir: dog, cat,
pig, foxes, monkeys, Causes “chagas disease” in man; cresent-shaped; Kinetoplast usually large;
Trypanosoma cruzi Cyclically by Triatoma sp. opossums, armadillo Not very pathogenic. Does not multiply fast
Trypanosoma avium   birds  
Trypanosoma gallinarum   chickens  
Trypanosoma. Calmetti   ducklings  
Trypanosoma chattoni   frogs  
Trypanosoma miyagii   frogs  
Trypanosoma palawanense   rat  
Tritrichomonas     3 anterior flagella
Trichomonas     4 anterior flagella
Pentatrichomonas     5 anterior flagella
Coitus; AI; Instruments, hands, occurs in the genital tract of cows and in the preputial cavity of bulls. It
gloves during veterinary causes a venereal disease known as bovine trichomoniasis which is
Tritrichomonas foetus examination cows and bull characterized by infertility, pyometra and abortion
Tritrichomonas suis   pigs gastro-intestinal tract and nasal passages
Tritrichomonas equi   equine cecum, colon
pigeon; Chickens, turkeys Causes “avian trichomoniasis” of upper intestine; It causes a serious disease
“pigeon’s milk”, Contaminated and other birds may be of pigeons; Nodules contain caseous materials “yellow buttons in crop and
Trichomonas gallinae drinking water, Contaminated feed affected proventriculus
Ingestion of contaminated feed chickens in particular. May
Trichomonas gallinarum and water occur in other birds occurs in lower intestine and liver; Liquid pale yellow diarrhea
Trichomonas anseri   geese ceca
Trichomonas anatis   duck ceca
Trichomonas ovis   sheep cecum
Trichomonas felistomae   cat mouth
Trichomonas canis   dog intestine
 man and laboratory
Trichomonas vaginalis   animals vagina, prostate and urethra; causes vaginitis
man, monkeys (between
Trichomonas tenax   gum and teeth) mouth; Most commonly associated with dental disorders and pyorrhea
man, monkeys, gibbon and
Pentatrichomonas hominis   other animals 5 anterior flagella. Intestine
small intestine; causing a condition known as Hexamitiasis or Catarrhal
enteritis; inflammation of the intestine; intestinal contents are thin, watery and
Hexamita meleagridis adults turkeys foamy
Hexamita columbae   pigeon  
occurs in the small intestine; causing a condition known as “giardiosis”.
Common in Philippine Island. ; 7. convex dorsally and concave or flattened
Giardia lamblia (intestinalis)   pig, monkey and man ventrally; Diarrhea and dysentery
Giardia canis   dogs, Philippine Island  
G. cati   cats  
G. bovis   cattle  
G. caprae   goats  
direct by ingestion of infected turkeys, chickens, quail,
feces or indirectly through pheasant peafowl, Occurs in the liver and ceca; A serious disease of turkeys causing a disease
ingestion of infected Heterakis partridge; Chickens are known as “histomoniasis”, enterohepatitis or “black head”; combs and wattles
Histomonas meleagridis eggs or infected earthworms important reservoirs may become cyanotic; sulfur-yellow droppings(black head)
Cryptosporidium     No sporocyst or spore; 4 sporozoites
Tyzzeria     No sporocyst or spore; 8 sporozoites
Isospora     2 sporocysts or spores; 4 sporozoites in each sporocyst
Eimeria     4 sporocysts or spores; 2 sporozoites in each sporocyst
Wenyonella     4 sporocysts or spores; 4 sporozoites in each sporocyst
Klossiella     No spore; Produce sporoblast/sporozoites
Eimeria zuernii most pathogenic. Small and large intestines
Eimeria bovis water and feed contamination; next to E. zuernii in pathogenicity
Eimeria auburnensis Mechanical vectors are flies, cause mild coccidiosis
Eimeria ellipsoidalis beetles, rodents, man and Coccidia of Cattle,  
Eimeria bukidnonensis animals. Carabaos, Buffaloes  
most pathogenic; confined only to young animals (Kids and lambs).
Eimeria ahsata Significant sign is diarrhea
mildly pathogenic; confined only to young animals (Kids and lambs).
Eimeria faurei Significant sign is diarrhea
water and feed contamination; most common; confined only to young animals (Kids and lambs). Significant
Eimeria arloingi Mechanical vectors are flies, sign is diarrhea
Eimeria crandallis beetles, rodents, man and Coccidia of sheep and
Eimeria granulosa animals. goat confined only to young animals (Kids and lambs). Significant sign is diarrhea
Eimeria debliecki water and feed contamination; Coccidia of swine most common; Profuse Diarrhea, may occur concurrently with
 colibacillosis/scouring in piglets
Eimeria spinosa Mechanical vectors are flies,
Eimeria scabra beetles, rodents, man and Profuse Diarrhea, may occur concurrently with colibacillosis/scouring in
Isospora suis animals. piglets
Eimeria leuckarti water and feed contamination;
Eimeria solipedum Mechanical vectors are flies,
Eimeria uniungulati beetles, rodents, man and
Klossiella equi animals. Coccidia of Horses Occurs in low grade infection
Eimeria canis
Eimeria felina
Eimeria cati
Isospora bigemina (now water and feed contamination;
Sarcocystis bigemina) Mechanical vectors are flies, bloody diarrhea
Isospora rivolta beetles, rodents, man and extra-intestinal tissue forms (zoites) are seen in the liver, brain, spleen, lymph
Isospora felis animals. Coccidia of Dogs and Cats nodes
Eimeria perforans  
Eimeria media water and feed contamination; G.I. tract causing diarrhea
Eimeria magna Mechanical vectors are flies,  
Eimeria intestinalis beetles, rodents, man and  
E. stiedai animals. Coccidia of rabbits liver (bile ducts)
Eimeria falciformis    
Cryptosporidium muris    
C. parvum   Mouse  
Eimeria separata    
E. nieschultzi   Rats  
E. cavial colon    
Cryptosporidium wrairi    
Klossiella kobayae   G. Pig kidney
Eimeria aurata   gold fish  
E. carpelli   carp  
E. cyprinid   carp  
E. truttae   salmon  
most common and most pathogenic species causing “cecal” coccidiosis.
Usually affects chicken 3-5 weeks of age. Mortality may range from 80-90%
Eimeria tenella   in severe untreated cases; Hemorrhagic ceca
next to tenella in pathogenicity. Causes distention of the middle intestine
Eimeria necatrix   (ballooning)
duodenum, characterize by numerous gray or whitish transverse pathes;
Eimeria acervulina   Hemorrhagic duodenum
Eimeria praecox   Chicken duodenum; Sloughing of mucosa
Eimeria hagani   duodenum; less pathogenic
Eimeria mivati   duodenum; middle intestine
Eimeria maxima   S.I. qualification necrosis/ sloughing of the mucosa
Eimeria mitis   S.I., cecum less pathogenic
lower SI and LI most pathognenic bloody droppings and mortality of up to
Eimeria adenoides   100%
E. gallopavovis   lower SI, ceca, rectum
E. meleagritis   Coccidia of Turkeys 1-90% mortality; bloody diarrhea; necrotic entritis
Eimeria truncata   kidney, very pathogenic to gooseling; may cause 100% mortality
E. anseris   Geese and ducks SI moderately pathogenic
Eimeria columbae   SI non-pathogenic
E. lasseana   SI pathogenic to squabs
E. tropicalis   Pigeon pathogenic to squabs
Causes of ballooning of Small Intestine – hemorrhagic enteritis of ducklings
Eimeria anatis   2-3 weeks of age
kidney; Causes of ballooning of Small Intestine – hemorrhagic enteritis of
E. bocchadis   ducklings 2-3 weeks of age
ballooning of SI; hemorrhagic enteritis of 2-3 week old ducklings; Causes of
ballooning of Small Intestine – hemorrhagic enteritis of ducklings 2-3 weeks
E. matthae   of age
Causes of ballooning of Small Intestine – hemorrhagic enteritis of ducklings
E. saitame   ducks 2-3 weeks of age
oocysts produced on mucosa or surface epithelium of digestive and
respiratory tracts causing respiratory symptom emerging disease of and high
Cyptosporidium sp.     mortality can be mistaken for chronic respiratory disease (CRD), coryza, etc.
Cryptosporidium tyzzeri   chicken cecum (extracellularly or the microvilli)
Cryptosporidium melagridis   turkey diarrhea and some mortality
Wenyonella anatis   ducks  
Wenyonella philiplevinei   ducks  
Wenyonella gallinae   chicken  
Tyzzeria perniciosa   ducks  
Tyzzeria anseris   geese  
congenital; ingestion of Infective
material; lactation, blood If animals other than the
transfusion; organ transplant; cat family like cattle, goat, intracellular parasite of many types of tissue cells = endothelial,
clinic instruments; secretions and pig, dog, man, etc. which parenchymal, epithelial, muscular, blood and other cells of almost all animals
Toxoplasma gondii excretions serve as initial hosts including man (zoonotic).
Ingestion of sporulated oocyst, F.H. – dogs and cat; I. H. –
Sarcocystis fusiformis sporocysts containing sporozoites carabaos (cattle)  
or meat with sarcocyst (containing F.H. – Dogs; I.H. –
Sarcocystis cruzi spores or bradyzoites) Carabao, cattle  
Sarcocystis bovicanis Ingestion of sporulated oocyst, F.H. – Dog; I.H. – cattle  
 F.H. – dog; I.H. – Carabao,
Sarcocystis levinet cattle  
F.H. – cat; F.I. – sheep,
Sarcocystis tenella goats  
Sarcocystis ovicanis F.H. –dog; I.H. - sheep  
S. hominis or bovi hominis F.H. – man; I.H. – cattle  
S. bertrami F.H. – dog; I.H. - equines  
S. miescheriana F.H. – dog; I.H - pig  
Sarcocystis porcifelis F.H. – cat; I.H. - pig  
Sarcocystis muris F.H. – cat; I.H. – rats  
Ingestion of trophozoites and cyst
with bradyzoites from tissues;
ingestion of sporulates oocyst thickened and wrinkled skin; hairs fall off like in mange but without pruritus;
Besnoitia besnoiti from the ground F.H. – rats; I.H. – cattle rapid respiration
Besnoitia benetti   equine I.H  
Cyst in skeletal muscles, brain; Tachyzoites multiply in lamina propria of
Hammondia hammondi   F.H. – Cats; I.H. – rodents intestine and muscle
Frenkelia microti   I.H. – mice, wolves Cyst in brain and spinal cord
Plasmodium     Cyst in brain and spinal cord
Avian Plasmodia; “Avian malaria gallinaceum”; Gametocystes are big, round
or irregular with pigment granules. Schizonts in RBC round to irregular in
Plasmodium gallinaceum chickens shape; 6-30 merozoites. Displaces host cell nucleus. Host cell distorted
Avian Plasmodia; causes “Avian malaria juxtanucleare”; Anemia and
P. juxtanucleare chickens emaciation
P. relictum pigeon Avian Plasmodia
P. durae turkey Avian Plasmodia
P. lophorae pheasant Avian Plasmodia
P. elongatum culicine mosquitoes: culex and sparrow, canaries Avian Plasmodia
P. cathemerium aedes sparrow Avian Plasmodia
Plasmodium ovale mild tertian malaria; Philippines, India, Africa
“malignant malaria”; most common form of human malaria widely distributed
P. palciparum in the tropics
P. malariae Anopheles mosquitoes – quartan malaria; less common in tropical and subtropical
P. vivax Anopheles spp Human “benign tertian malaria”; most common and widely distributed
Plasmodium berghei Anopheles mosquitoes –
P. vinckei Anopheles spp Rodent Rodent Malaria
Plasmodium knowlesi Simian Simian Malaria
P. cynomolgi Anopheles mosquitoes –
P. brazilianum Anopheles spp
P. kochi
P. inui Anopheles mosquitoes –
P. simium
pigeon louse fly – Pseudolynchia pigeons, doves and wild causing “pigeon malaria” prevalent in the Philippines; Only sausage shape
Haemoproteus columbae (maura) canariensis birds gametocytes are found in RBC
Haemoproteus meleagridis   turkey gametocytes – sausage shape
H. nettionis Culicoides sp ducks and geese gametocytes – susage shape
Pseudolynchia sp and Culicoides
H. sacharovi sp pigeons and doves gametocytes – irregular or round
cause of chicken leucocytozoonosis; self limiting – after one developmental
cycle, the chicken becomes free of parasite and recover; hemorrhagic spots
Leucocytozoon cauleeryi biting midges Culicoides sp chicken (petechiae) in the combs, liver, muscles and other organs, may be absent
L. sabrazesi   chickens mature gametocytes in spindle shaped WBC.
L. simondi Similium sp. Or black flies ducks and geese causing “duck and geese malaria”
L. smithi Simulium spp turkeys caused “turkey malaria” or turkey leucocytozoonosis
Causes disease known as “Texas Fever”, Red water, Cattle tick fever,
Babesia bigemina Boophilus sp cattle Bovine Malaria or piroplasmosis, Bovine Babesiosis.
Ixodes sp. Boophilus Argentina cattle of Disease similar to but more severe than B. bigemina premunition does not
B. bovis sp.Rhicephalus spp temperate countries last 2 years.
B. divergens Ixodes ricinus cattle of N. Europe. Smallest Bebasia sp. Of cattle (1.5X.40).
Babesia of sheep and
B.motasi   goats Fever, anemia, Haemaglobinimia
Dermacentor spp. Rhicephalus
Babesia caballi spp. and Hyalomma spp. Anemia icterus but Hemaglobinuria is rare and not characteristic.
Dermacentor , Rhicephalus, Morphology:smaller than B. caballi 2u long and characteristically divides into
B. equi Hyalomma spp horse 4 daughter cells which frequently form a “maltese” cross appearance
B. trautmanni   Europe
B. peroncitoi   swine Sudan
Rhicephalus spp. Principally;
Dermacentor spp., dogs worldwide common in the Philippines; Causes “Biliary fever” or
B. canis Haemaphysalis spp malignant jaundice
B.gibsoni   S. Asia
B.vogeli   dog S. Asia Africa
small (1.5 – 2u long) round, oval forms, divides into four: organism forming
“maltese cross” arrangement. Important signs are anemia, icterus and
Babesia felis   cat emaciation
causes east coast fever or bovine theileriasis in Africa, High mortality among
Theileria parva Primary host- ticks bovine susceptible imported stock
T. annuluta ticks cattle and buffaloes tropical theileriosis
Rhipicephalus, Haemaphysalis cattle of Africa, Asia,
T. mutans and Boophilus spp. Australia and Soviet Union causes “benign bovine Theleriasis” which is almost non-fatal.
T. hirci   sheep and goat  
T. ovis   sheep and goat benign theilerriosis
Haematonexus veliferus   cattle  
Similar to theileria but RBC forms have rectangular veil extending from their
Haematoxenus separatus   sheep sides
dog, cat (Present in the irregular fever, anemia, progressive emaciation with the enlargement of
Hepatozoon canis infected tick (R. sanguineus) Philippines) spleen, Lumbar paralysis may occur.
Brown rats (Rattus
Hepatozoon muris   norvegicus)  
Hepatozoon musculi   mouse  
Hepatozoon cuniculi   rabbit  
mechanical tick, Tabanids,
Stableflies, mosquitoes, anaplasmosis or gallstickness; fever, anorexia, weakness recumbency,
Anaplasma marginale et dehorning, mass vaccination or dehydration. Loss of weight, pale mucous membrane (anemia). Marked
centrale castration. cattle icterus. Slow labored breathing, constipation.
Eperythrozoon suis   pig May produce anemia and jaundice “icteroanemia” or “yellow belly” in pigs
E. parvum   pig  
E. wenyoni   cattle  
E. ovis   sheep  
Haemobartonella felis   cats “feline infectious anemia”
H. canis   dogs causes haemobartonellosis
Ehrlichia bovis   cattle Ehrlichiosis
E. ovina   sheep Ehrlichiosis
E. canis   dog “tropical canine pancytopenia” or thrombocytopenia
E. equi   horse Ehrlichiosis
causes “balantidial dysentery”.; causes mild to severe enteritis resulting to
watery diarrhea and dehydration and dehydration particularly among the
Balantidium coli ingestion of cyst pigs and man weanling pigs
man and animals in very
young and old especially
with debiletative factors
Pneumocystis carinii   such as AIDS causes interstitial pneumonia

Protozoology species
Don M. Velasquez
DVm-3b