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Psychology - Intelligence Notes

Intelligence is defined as the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations. Historically, intelligence was first assessed in the 1860s through standardized tests that aimed to identify those with special needs. Modern tests include IQ tests from the 1900s and the widely used WAIS from the 1930s. While some argue there is a general intelligence, others propose there are multiple types of intelligence including analytical, creative, practical, and emotional intelligences. Intelligence scores are correlated with factors like brain size and white matter but are also influenced by environment and experience over the lifespan.

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3K views4 pages

Psychology - Intelligence Notes

Intelligence is defined as the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations. Historically, intelligence was first assessed in the 1860s through standardized tests that aimed to identify those with special needs. Modern tests include IQ tests from the 1900s and the widely used WAIS from the 1930s. While some argue there is a general intelligence, others propose there are multiple types of intelligence including analytical, creative, practical, and emotional intelligences. Intelligence scores are correlated with factors like brain size and white matter but are also influenced by environment and experience over the lifespan.

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kamdurant
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Psychology- Intelligence Notes

What is Intelligence?
- Intelligence is a concept and not a "thing" Ex: intelligence is not a quality like height or weight.
- Lecture Definition: Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience , solve problems, and
adapt to new situations.
- An Intelligence test assesses people's mental abilities and compares them with other, using
numerical scores.
History of Intelligence:
1) - 1860s
- Galton, cousin of Darvin
- Idea of hereditary genius
- Tried (and failed) to link intelligence to sensory/motor processes
- Originator of eugenics

2) - 1900s
- Alfred Binet, developed first test of "mental age" to identify kids with special needs.
- Items tested reasoning ability and did predict academic success

3) 1916
- Terman
- Made the Stanford-Binet IQ Test
- IQ = mental age / chronological age x 100
- Better for kids than adults

4) 1939
- Weschler
- WAIS = Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale
- Verbal and performance IQ
- Normal Distribution
- Most widely used today

How Many Intelligences?

- 1) Spearman's g: General Intelligence - it underlies specific mental abilities that stand out.
- He also helped develop factor analysis, a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of
related items.

- Spearman found that those who score high in one area, such as verbal intelligence, typically
score higher than average in other areas, such as reasoning ability.
-Spearman believed a common skill set, the g factor, underlies all intelligent behavior, from
navigating the sea to excelling in school.
- Good things come package together.

2) 1990s
- Sternberg's 3 Intelligences: 1) "Analytical" (academic problem-solving)
- Comparing, analyzing, and evaluating
- Correlates best with IQ
2) "Creative"
- Designing solutions to new problems
- Transfer skills to new problems
3) "Practical"
- Applying the things you in everyday life

3) 1990s
- Gardner's 9 multiple intelligences: - Gardner views intelligence as multiple abilities that come
in different packages.
- The ninth one is "Existential intelligence, which is the ability to ponder big questions.

4) Salovey's Emotional Intelligence - the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use
emotions.

- The recipe for success combines talent with grit
- Although Gardner and Sternberg differ on specific points, they agree that multiple abilities can
contribute to life success.
- Creativity- the ability to produce ideas that are both new and valuable.
- A score above 120 on a standard intelligence test- supports creativity
- Intelligence tests require convergent thinking.
- Creativity require divergent thinking.
-No CQ like IQ
The five components of creativity:
1) Expertise
2) Imaginative thinking skills
3) A venturesome personality
4) Intrinsic motivation - being driven more by interest, satisfaction, and challenge than external
pressures.
5) A creative environment - supports, sparks, and refines creative ideas.

- Across dozens of studies in many countries, those scoring high in emotional intelligence
exhibit somewhat better job performance.
- There is a correlation of +0.33 between brain size and intelligence score. Bigger is better.
- Ample white matter plus + ample grey matter Efficient Communication
- Functioning well means functioning efficiently. Ex: Smart people use less energy to solve
problems.
- Achievement test is a test designed to assess what a person has learned.
- Aptitude test is a test designed to predict a person's future performance.
- Standardization is defining scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.
- Reliability is the extent to which a test yields consistent results.
- The higher the correlation, the more reliable it is.
- Validity is the extent to which the test actually measures or predicts what it promises.
- Intelligence tests should predict the future performance.
- There is a decline of mental ability by aging.
- Cohort - is the same group of people from a given time period.
- With longitudinal studies, until late in life, intelligence remained stable.
- Older people have a slower neural processing.
- Crystallized intelligence are our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase
with age.
- Fluid intelligence are our ability to reason quickly and abstractly; tends to decrease during late
adulthood.
- Intellectual disability is a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score
of 70 or below.

- They have a limitation in conceptual, practical, and social skills.
- Down syndrome is a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability caused by an extra copy
of chromosome 21.

- People with the same genes have the same mental ability.

- A bad environment may retard normal brain development, but a good environment doesn't
mean the child can become a genius.

- Education boosts social and cognitive skills.

- Intelligence is a growth mindset, not a fixed mindset.

- Environment has an effect in group differences in heredity too.

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