CNT a PAPER FROM YOUR COMPUTER OR COPIER A DSI PP INCLUDED 216 GRAPHS FOR EVERY PURPOSE: How to draw effective graphs. Data-collection tables, scheduling forms and (OCSToReL La Ready to copy or print whenever you Gitte ttSoles (1000 units) 2 14 Soles (1000 units), EEHEEE 10 ~ 10 10 15 20 25 ly Sales Daily Sales. } ei ie 5-DAY MOVING AVERAGE GRAPH SHOWING. PLOTTED AT THE END oF EXTREME VARIATION THE PERIOD 5 10 15 20 25GRAPH PAPER coop From Your. COMPUTER or COPIER John S, Craver About This Book: What isa Graph? . How to Drawa Graph veces How to Make Graph Paper with Your Computer - Data-Collection/Scheduling Forms List Cross-Section Grids Lists... Circular-Percentage (pie) Graphs List Geographic Distribution (maps) List Time Series Arithmetic Grids List. Semi-Log Grids Lists Log-Log Grids List : Three-Dimensional Grids List. Polar-Coordinate Grids List... Probability Grids List Miscellaneous Patterns List Graphs to Copy vevees Data Collection/Scheduling Forms... Cross-Section Grids Circular-Percentage (pie) Graphs « Geographic Distribution (maps) . - 105-121 Time Series Arithmetic Grids : Semi-Log Grids - 122-180 Log-Log Grids 181-206 Three-Dimensional Grids = 207-217 Polar-Coordinate Grids . = 218-223 Probability Grids 224-240 Hexagonals, etc, = 241-251 Music Staff 252 Bibliography... . 253 sevens 254 Alphabetical Index FISHER 800K.ABOUT THIS BOOK This book explains what graphs are and how to use them. Graphs, like numbers, are a means of communication. They can inform and educate but sometimes may be used to deceive and misdirect. Knowing more about them will help you to analyze them and bet- ter understand their meaning. 216 graphs of various types are contained in this book. They include graphs used in business and scientific applications, as well as at home and in artistic endeavors, The data collection tables are used to prepare, record and analyze data before you draw a graph These graphs are made to be copied on any copying machine. The accompanying disk contains 175 graphs that can be printed with an IBM-compatible computer and a graphics- ‘quality printer. Graphs in the book that are also on the disk are identified with a disk icon yo next to the page number. ‘The first section explains how to draw and use graphs. This is followed by instructions for printing graphs from your computer (page 33). To help you select the best graph for your application, pages 36 through 40 provide a classified index of all graphs in the book. Simplified mathematical and statistical explana~ tions are used to explain grid scaling and graph construction. ! Trademerks: IBM is the registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. Microsoft, Microsoft Windows, Windows 95 and MS DOS are the registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Publishers: Bill Fisher, Howard Fisher; Editors: Saroh Smith, Bill Fisher Book Production: Deanie Wood; Photographs, Bill Fisher Buy this book at your local bookstore or office-supply center or directly rom the publisher Published by Fisher Books * 4239 W. Ina Road, Suite 101, Tucson AZ 8574] © (520) 7446110 FAX (800) 3243791 ISBN 1-55561.0765 © 1996 Fisher Books Printed in U.S.A,WHAT IS A GRAPH? A PICTURE IS WORTH 1000 WoRDS A graph is a picture of numbers. It is easy to understand because numbers are shown as dis~ tances or spaces. Size difference makes their relationship apparent. To make these size differ- ences more relevant, they are compared to a set of numbered horizontal and vertical lines called a grid. How To Copy GRAPHS Most copiers have a cover that can be raised to allow copying books or magazines. ‘To make distortion-free copies, the page must be held absolutely flat against the copy area of the machine. This may require folding back or “breaking” the binding of this book so the entire page can lie flat. If you cantt hold the page flat enough, or if you want to use a page as your master graph, ‘carefully cut it out with a razor blade or sharp knife, Be sure to cut through only the desired page. Replace the page when you have finished so ie will be there the next time you need to copy it. If your copier requires inserting individual sheets or pages, you must remove the page from the book. How TO MAKE MASTERS: While it is easy to remove a page to use it asa master, you may prefer to use a first-generation copy to create a labeled master. To create a master, copy the graph and add the title, scale and other necessary markings. ‘Make vopics of this master and use them to plot the data, If you make an error, make additional copies from the master and start over. Hold the book completely flat agains the copi © cleon copy with minimal distortion glass to get When copying graphs with very close spac- ing between lines, you may have to use the book age as the master to achieve good definition of ‘the fine lines. The computer-generated graphs have heavier lines. SAME-SIZE COPIES Some copy machines make copies in which the image is slightly reduced or enlarged from the original. This change is usually not noticeable as it is seldom more than 1/4 of 1% per generation. However, it can become significant when mak- ing a series of copies from copies. In many applications it will make little difference, but if you are using a scale to prepare architectural drawings, o: using transparent overlays, hours can be wasted if there are scale differences that you failed to notice. ‘There is a simple test to determine whether a copier makes same-size copies. Make two pencil marks about 10 inches apart on a sheet of plain paper. Copy this sheet and fold the copy so the marks are at the fold. Hold the marks at the fold against the marks on the original. They will match if your copier makes. sam GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 3This simple fst will ilustrate whether the copier you use mokes samesize copies. In this case the copy was slighlly lexger thon the original CAUSES OF POOR QUALITY CoPIES Dirty Original—Carefully clean any dirt from the original with a gum rubber eraser. Dirty Glass on Copier—Clean glass with glass cleaner recommended by the manu- facturer. Copiers using liquid toner should not be cleaned with solutions containing ammonia. Grey Background from ‘Too Much ‘Toner—Reduce the contrast setting. Disty Drum—Clean drum in accordance with the copier manufacturer's recommen- dations Scratched Drum—Replace the drum Problems may be lessened somewhat by reducing contrast. Lack of Contrast or Light Copies—Check exposure control and make sure there is an adequate supply of toner (and developer, if ic is used) in the copier if you want black lines. 4 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier copies. If they don't match, you may have to select an enlargement or reduction on your copi- ce to get the correct size. A pair of dividers may be used to measure and copy points from one graph to another. Or, ‘one graph may be placed over another on a light table to trace the points. When you do this the grids must be exactly the same size. Check this by superimposing one graph over another and holding them up to a strong light to see if the lines match, ENLARGED OR REDUCED-SIZE COPIES When using copy machines that offer fixed or variable reduction or enlargement, copy your graphs full-size or larger before making smaller copies. It is much easier to title, plot points and draw lines on a full-size copy than to work on one which has been reduced, TYPES OF GRAPHS Graphs are used to show many types of relation- ships such as the daily temperature changes or the daily price changes in the stock market. Graphs are also used to show non-time relation- ships such as the variation of height and weight of individuals or the deflection of a beam under stress. Graphs can be one-, two- or three-dimen- sional, depending on the number of variables they show. One-Dimensional Graphs are used to show the relationship between a single number and its base. The following diagram shows how much 10 Fuel (ONE-DIMENSIONAL GRAPHfuel is in a tank. The base is empty or zero. Graphs that look like thermometers are often used to show money raised in a charity drive (page 22). ‘Two-Dimensional Graphs show the relation- ships among numbers that show cause and effet. The points representing the numbers are usually positioned relative to an X and Y axis. Y Axis X Axis X AND Y AXES: ‘The accompanying graph illustrates the increase in height of a plant as it grows. On this two- dimensional graph, time is shown on the X axis and height on the Y axis. The X axis is usually used to show a fixed sequence such as time or the cause against which the other effect or variable is compared. The ¥ axis is used to plot the variation PLANT GROWTH Height Inches Age—Weeks ‘TWo-DIMENSIONAL GRapHt of effect that occurs when compared to the cause on the X axis. For this reason the X axis is called the independent variable and the Y axis is called the dependent variable. Mathematicians also call the X axis the abscissa and the Y axis the ordinate, The point where the X axis meets the Y axis is called the origin. It is the point from which the X and Y axes are calibrated and is usually designated zero. “4 Y Asis Ordinate/ “9 Ee dent Voheble SE eign X Asis: Absisa/Covse/ Independent Viable ‘The X axis is calibrated in ascending positive numbers to the right and the ¥ axis is calibrated in ascending positive numbers toward the top of the grid. When value of the numbers goes below zero the ¥ axis is extended downward and the X axis is extended to the left to form four areas called quadrants, They are calibrated with negative numbers from zero downward on the Y axis and to the left on the X axis. 4 ‘Quadrant | (Quadrant ‘Most graphs deal with positive numbers and are plotted in quadrant I. The origin or zezo point is placed in the lower left comer. Ifall four quad- rants are used, the origin is placed in the center of the graph. (GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 5DIVISION OR SCALE LINES When perpendicular lines are drawn to the X a cross-section grid. The ns ox scale lines. They are used to make it easy to locate a point to be plot- ted. They are also helpful in quantifying data when looking at a graph. Often some of these lines are darker, or accented. Heavy-accent lines are used for major divisions and light-accent lines are used for minor divisions. ‘A graph may look better if you use the scale lines to plot the points on a graph but omit them on the final copy. Small marks perpendicular to the axis are called ick marks. They may be used instead of or in combination with scale lines to help quantify data when looking at a graph. The axes will usually not have the same scale. In the following illustration a scale of five units is used on the ¥ axis to show dollars and a scale of six units is used to show months on the X axis. $15 $10 $55 0 o 6 2 WB 24 30 Months DIFFERENT SCALES ON X AND Y AXES. Because days are divided into hours, and years are divided into both months and weeks, it is desirable to use division lines that correspond to these natural divisions of 24, 12 and 52. Use divisions appropriate to the natural time interval of the data, At times the X axis may have an arithmetic scale while the Y axis has a logarithmic or geo- metric scale. Logarithmic refers to the spacing between grid lines and is usually abbreviated as dog. The following graph has an arithmetic scale on the X axis and a logarithmic scale on the Y axis. Itis called a semi-leg grid. 6 (GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier PLOTTING NEGATIVE NUMBERS Negative numbers (-L, -2, -3, ete.) are used to indicate a decrease from zero, such as a bank overdraft or an elevation below sea level. When a positive variable is plotted against a variable that may be either positive or negative they are plotted in quadrants 1 and IV or in quadrants I and I. When both sets of numbers are positive and negative they are plotted in all four quadrants. The following illustration shows numbers plotted in each of the four quadrants. PLOTTING NEGATIVE NUMBERS In the above graph Point Aisin postion X= +1 Y =42 Point Bis in postion X= +2 Y= -2 Point C isin postion X=-3. Y= -9 Poin D isin postion X= -2 Y= 41 This list of points shows their location on the X axis or abscissa by horizontal distance from‘to and their location on the Y axis of ordinate by wertleal distance from zero. The abscissa of pinfeD is X= -2, while the ordinate is Y= +1 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GRAPHS: ‘Three-dimensional graphs are used to show the relationship between points with three coordi- nates. The Z axis is perpendicular to the plane of the X and Y axes. aK This graph shows the line betwoen points A and 8 intA X=2 Ves Lad PointB X=7 Y=2 Z=6 THe MENSIONAL GRAPH Like the scales of a two-dimensional grid, each scale of a three-dimensional grid must fol- low a mathematical progression. The scales used on each axis may be different. THREE-DIMENSIONAL GRID SHOWING NEGATIVE AXES Isometric Grids provide a means of showing a three-dimensional view of an object on a two- dimensional piece of paper. An isometric grid hhas a vertical axis and two axes at 60° angles to the vertical (30° to the horizontal). An isometric drawing provides an undistorted top view of an object, but the side views will be distorted. 30° 1 30° GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 7Orthographic Grids show a three-dimensional object with an undistorted front view. An ortho- graphic projection shows the front dimensions at right angles to each other with the Z axis rotat- ed either at 45%or 60° from the Y axis. These pro- jections are called 45° abligue or 30” oblique ortho- _grapbic projections because when viewed from the front they appear to be rotated 45° or 30° degrees from the hosiaontal ) 20° oblique ) 45-Oblque ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS Perspective Grids are similar to isometric draw- ings except that only the vertical lines are paral- Jel. The front, side and top views are drawn toward two vanishing points rather than at 30° to the horizontal axis. This grid gives the most real- istic view of an object. Artists use perspective to show depth in a picture. However, they also use a third vanishing point for the vertical lines. Yernishing Point PERSPECTIVE DRAWING 8 ‘GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier ‘Triangular-Coordinate Grids provide another way of showing three variables. They have three axes oriented at 60° to each other to form an equilateral triangle. Each side represents an axis. Nn ‘The triangular-coordinate grid below is used to plot a point that shows the relationship of three percentage variables. A point is plotted at the intersection of two lines, one of which is 40% of the distance between the ¢ base and the C apex. The other line is 20% of the distance between the a base and the A apex. The third line can be seen to be 40% of the distance between the 4 base and the B apex. The total is 100%. The lines are used to show how a point is located and would not be drawn when making the graph, TRIANGULAR-COORDINATE GRID Venishing PointHow TO DRAW A GRAPH STEPS IN DRAWING A GRAPH Drawing a graph is ensy if you use these steps: Collect Dato List Data Convert Data Round Dato Determine Graduation of Data Select Grid Scole the Grid Lobel Axes Title Graph Plot Data Poinis Connect Dota Points, if desired Identify Data Poinis, as required Collect the Data—using uniform time intervals. If the independent variable (X axis) is not time, use uniform-size data sampling so the points you plot will fall on the X axis division lines. List Data—in a sequence starting with the smallest value of X so the values can be plotted from left to right. A series of data-analysis tables is provided on pages 41 to 48 for this purpose. Convert Data—Use a uniform system of measure- ment. Metric, English, decimal or fractions can be used as long as the data are in consistent units. x Y_] ¥Oecimal | _¥ Weight Days Weight _| Weight Ios. |Rounded/0 | 1 Tez. | 0.4375 | 2 | 9x. 0.5625 3 | 1141/2 02.| 071875 | 4 | er | 0875 5 | 181/4 00.| 1.140625) “6 | 15/16Ib. [1.3125 7 [1b Gen. | 15625 @ | 2h. 10x 2.625 ob ee. [35 10 | Ab. 20x | 4128 ni 12 LT I DATA CONVERTED To DECIMAL POUNDS Round Data—to the level of accuracy needed for the graph. For example, round hundredths and thousandths to tenths. Round tenths to whole numbers. XK] ¥] Decimal | _¥ Weigh X ]Y ] ¥Decinal | _¥ Weigh Days | Weigh | Wight. Rounded 0 bays | _wiighy_| weigh [eval [1 Fer 1 [Fen [037s v1 2 [Se | 2 [eon | 05625 06 3 [ie] | a [ier | o7ie7s | 07 | 4 | Tes _ 4) Mor | 00975 09 5 | 181/402. - [os [19174 02.| 1.140025 | 1.1 6 | 15/16 | [| 1/i6le. [13125 13 7 [1b oe — 7 | 1 ox | 15625 \e @ @ | 2b 106z) 2.625 26 fe TT 2 | 8b Ber | 35 35. io 10 4b Qe.) 4125) Al ar 7 I 12 _ | 2. __| Lo] DAVS ARE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE, on X AXIS WEIGHT 15 DEPENDENT VARIABLE, OR Y AXIS DECIMAL DATA ROUNDED GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 910 How To ROUND NUMBERS There are several ways to round numbers. This is the most commonly used method: 1.1roundsto1 1.5 rounds to 2 1.2 rounds to1 1.6 rounds to 2 1.3 rounds to1 1.7 rounds to2 14roundsto1 1.8 rounds to 2 1.9 rounds to 2 ‘This method will round a number down four of nine times and round a num- ber up five of nine times, introducing a sta- tistical bias. The U.S. Internal Revenue Service requires you to use this method when you round to whole dollars on your tax form. (Guess who wins when you use it.) A preferred method reduces statistical bias by rounding 0.5 to the next-higher number when it is preceded by an even number and to the next-lower number when preceded by an odd number. Thus: 1.5 xounds to2 3.5 rounds to 4 25roundsto2 4.5 rounds to 4 Because the preceding number has an ‘equal chance of being odd or even, no sta- tistical bias is introduced. (GRAPH PAPER From Your Comauler or Copier Determine the Graduation of Data—Select a graph paper that has major divisions correspond- ing to the nature of the data and that covers the range of data on both axes. Te the data are in fractions, use paper with the same number of divisions per accent as the denominator of the fractions. For example, frac~ tions expressed as fourths would need paper with 4 divisions per accent. If the data are in days of the week, use 5 divi- sions per accent to show 5 working days,6 divisions per accent to show 6 working days, or 7 divisions per accent to show 7 days. ‘When data cover @ range of more than one decimal order of magnitude (more than 1 to 10 or more than 10 to 100) a semi-/og grid may be used. These grids show the percentage change rather than the arithmetic change of the data. Theze is more information about using these grids in the logarithmic section beginning on page 24. log Scale q : sy + Tot copes vase 7 eo Acithmetic Seale SemicLoc Gain log Seale Lec-Los GripSelect Grid—Select a graph paper with enough graduations so you can plot the data accurately. Do not use moze lines than needed as it will make the graph hard to read. Scale the Grid—Scale changes can cause many types of visual distortions. These distortions often cause the graph to misrepresent the data and trick the reader into drawing incorrect conclusions. Unfortunately chis is sometimes done intention~ ally. The accompanying line graphs are examples of such trickery: The same data are used in each graph, 10 : 9 - i 1 lL Lt JFMAMJJASOND HorizonTAL COMPRESSION o-veruorve sd f | LNe4 CEE AMIS NoRMAL GRID VERTICAL COMPRESSION ‘There is no firm rule for selecting the cosrect scale, but the general practice is to locate the low- est point on the Y axis within the bottom 20% of the graph, and the highest point within the top 20% of the graph. To improve the graphs appear ance, select a vertical scale that will produce a plotted line at a 30° to 40° angle to the X axis. Graph proportions are usually square or rec- tangular. The ratio between the sides should not exceed 7 to 10 except when the graph is intend- ed to be projected on a screen. Bx 10" 24/4" x3" 15/6" | 7/8 Ld \ | Lontern Side ‘3Smm Stide Overhead Transparency ato 3104 kono S102 Ratio & to 5 Size end aspect ratio of typical projectors If THE GRAPH IS To BE PROJECTED, SIZE IT TO FIT THE PROJECTOR GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier uvBreak in Axis—Sometimes it is necessary to show small changes in data of large magnitude without having a graph of ungainly size. The axis can be interrupted with a break, showing only the bottom of the graph and the top portion with the data. Breaks distort the actual amount of change because they do not show the true relation of the data to the base. When you use a break, extend it all the way across the graph so it is obvious. 700 fp 300 F : 100+ Dota with no break 650+ 0 990 preok Enlerged sco wih breck 650 + 600 + 550 = Break [ee Pfored bok ened cvs grosh USE OF BREAK IN AXIS TO EMPHASIZE CHANGE 2 ‘GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Label Axes—Each axis should be clearly labeled with both its numeric values and an exact description of what those values represent. For example: Population in Thousands Price in $1,000 Percent Fiscal Years Labels are easier to read when placed hori- zontally on both axes because you do not have to rotate the page to read them. s r g 7 Population in Thousonds ™—t ol 34-36 38 40 42 Population in Thousands 400 - 300+ 200+ 100}- a a rr 34-36-38 40 42Vertical labels are perfectly acceptable, although awkward for long titles. Top-to-bottom labels can be read without rotating the page. Horizontal label on Y oxis TO on , ° v 3 1 = Oa 8 x a 81 2 os g | i 1 ° mL Horizontal label Horizontal label Horizontal label on X xis fon Kons ‘on X ons ‘Multiple Scales on X and Y Axes—When mul- tiple sets of data with different ranges are plotted con the same graph or when the same data need to have two different scales, the scales may be placed on the same or opposite sides of the graph. DUAL ScALEs USED ON Y AXIS FOR THE SAME DATA Combined scales can be used to show days and months or days, weeks and months. Ton [Feb | Mor | Apr | May | rani” Ane MeNerHLY seaass nx ans Use more than one scale on the same graph where the scales represent different but related information such as unit and dollar sales. Unit Dollar Sales Sales 500 $2500 400 ‘$2000 300 $1500 200 $1000 100 $500 OAM TTR SON Do DUAL SeaLes use FoR DIFFERENT DATA GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 13Z Graphs—These are typically used to show economic and business trends and data compar- ison on a year-to-year basis, Z graphs often show comparison of monthly sales with cumulative sales from the beginning of the year. They also include a 12-months’ moving average of sales. They may be used for any data where similar comparisons are needed. Moving Average ond Monthly Sales Cumulative Sales Thousands of Theusonds of Dollars Delleys 18 6 “ 12Month Moving Average Soles Cumulative Soles ‘Monthly Sales ZGRAPH Multiple-Curve Graphs—These compare sev- eral years' data superimposed on the same graph. January of the first year will be plotted on the same division line as January of the second year, and so on. Multiple-curve graphs with curves approach- ing or crossing each other should have each curve labeled. Colors may be used instead, but without a color copier all of the colors will be reproduced as black. Another choice is to use a different type of line for each curve. One can be a solid line, one can be broken into dashes or dots and another can be a combination of dashes and dots. Ifyou do not have a color copier, different colors can be applied to the curves to make them more highly visible or for emphasis, 14 GRAPH PAPER From Yaur Computer or Co ler oF Copier If more than one line is to be drawn on a graph, first plot all the points for the first line and draw it. Do each additional line separately. ‘When you draw more than one line or curve on the same graph, use the following types of lines. Primary data ~ Secondary data Tertiary data Where more than three sets of data are present- ed, use lighter versions of these lines. Primary data Secondary data Tertiary data (Or use various combinations of symbols. aa Primary data ~ Secondary data Tertiary data Do not use heavy dots on lines unless they rep- resent data points. DIFFERENT TYPES OF LINESConnect Data Points—Draw a line connecting the points, You can use a ruler to form a series of straight lines or a French curve to draw curved lines. Lines connecting data points on a graph are usually called curves even if they are straight lines. A line may be smoothed by connecting extreme high and low peaks, by drawing the line through the approximate center of the locations of the data points rather than exactly to them or by using a moving average as described on page 18. Weigh Pole 4 cwvediine 7 3 Soe 2F roightline contac 1 ° O1z2a456780 Days SMOOTHING BY APPROXIMATION GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Identify Data Points—It is often desirable to identify each point with a small dot for later ref erence, Further identification may be added by writing the value of the point next to it, not on the plotted line. If you want to show the range of the data that occurred in the time period before the data plotted on the graph, use a vertical bar along the left side of the graph and place a note next to it identifying the period. 4 44 33 3 26) 2 ‘ie 1 ° pa IDENTIFYING DATA POINTS Lines Lines connecting data points should be bold enough to stand out on the graph Lines should be identified on mukiple- curve graphs.PLOTTING DATA WITH EXTREME VARIATIONS Plotting a series of data points can produce a graph with such extreme variations that the meaning of the data is obscured. Soles (1000 units) Soles 10 10 LH Daily Sales Grarit slowine, (1000 units) rea 15 20 25 510 Weekly Soles GrarH ts SMOOTHED BY PLOTTING ‘Generally, extreme variation can be reduced by using a broader time base. If day-to-day variation is too extreme, plotting weekly totals of the same data will usually produce less variation, Plotting ‘monthly totals further reduces the variation. The daily arithmetic average of the data for a week or a month can also be used to smooth, extreme variations. The daily arithmetic average is easily calculated by totaling the data for the week and dividing the total by the number of days on which data were generated during that week. A moving average is another technique that can be used. Itis discussed in detail on page 18. He 1520 25 ‘Weskly Average Deily Sal QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIP SHOWN BY AVERAGE DAILY SaLes GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 7MOVING AVERAGE. ‘The preceding techniques reduce data variation by plotting grouped data to reduce the number cof points, When it is desirable to reduce data variation and atill plot one point for each data sample, use a moving average. Moving averages are used to detect cyclical variations that are not otherwise obvious. Because there is no sure way to know what cycli- cal variatinne may evict in yrne data, it ie hact to try several moving averages using different time bases to see which works best. “To make a 5-day moving average of sales: Add the first S days’ sales of 3,800, 6,400, 4,200, 18,100 and 9,000. The total 41,500 is then divid- ed by 5. This 8,300 average is plotted at day 5. Repeat the procedure for days 2 through 6, and plot the result at day 6. The graph should be clear- ly labeled 5-Day MoviNG AVERAGE PLOTTED AT'THE END OF THE PERIOD. ‘Try various time periods for the average: 5 days, 10 days,a month or a year. It takes a litle experimentation to find out what time period works best for a set of data, Dey 1A — 3,800 Day 28 6,400 Day 3¢ 4,200 Day 4D 18,100 Day 5 E ALB+C+D+E 9,000 5 Dey 6F | BECHDY EHF - Dev 7G ceusbinis peye ——L wbeetedet « 18 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copies The following graph shows the same data as the graphs on page 17. Soles (1000 unis) 10 Daily Sales 15 20 25 5-DAY MOVING AVERAGE PLOTTED AT THE END OF THE PERIOD Moving Average Day 5 ing Average 41.500 - 9,300 Movi ‘moving Average Day 7 Meving average Day 8By racing the graph onto tracing poper you can remove unnecessary lines and make the graph cleaner ond easier to understand. Here this is being done on light table. TRACING A GRAPH “To make a graph with no grid lines, first draw the graph on a copy of a grid from this book, then trace it on plain paper. Trace only those parts you want to show, including the X and Y axes, Allow adequate space to the left and bottom for vertical and horizontal scales and labels. Tf you do not trace the grid lines, you will have to provide calibration and labeling. Use rulings for the most-significant horizontal and vertical lines and fick marks for the less-significant lines. Ruling a Plotting Data Dota poinis should be plotted on the Xaxis line representing the end of the time period, except on bar charts. Bar charts should show each bar in the space before the division line representing the end of the period. Data should be plotted in pencil first, then drawn in ink. BAR GRAPHS ‘Multiple-bar graphs are used to make compar- isons of data points. Bar graphs show one or ‘more bars and may use sections of their length to represent components that make up the total length of each bar. They are similar to line graphs except that individual bars are usually drawn vertically from the X axis to the data point, rather than connecting the data points with a line. Bar graphs may also be drawn with horizon- tal bars originating from the Y axis. Negative numbers are shown on bar graphs as bars extending below the X axis or to the left of the ¥ axis. Peccent Change Positive Numbers Negative Numbers Tick Marks = _ obs . USE OF TICK MARKS AND RULINGS. Eliminating horizontal and vertical lines in the area where there is no data makes the graph easier to read and provides space for titles and. explanations. This is particularly helpful when viewing small graphs. LEMAM ISAS OND ‘Changes in Soles—Percent NEGATIVE NUMBERS ON (GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 19= E Division lines are not needed between bars. Tick marks or a minimum of division lines are ceded on the other axis to show the bar lengths. When bars originate from the X axis and show time, bar width shows the time period cov- ered by the data. The right side of the bar indi- cates the end of the period. When it is necessary to show a break in the axis of a bar graph the break should extend across all the bars. Bar graphs may be used to show data or per- centages. They should always originate from zero unless they are drawn on a log scale, Identifying Data—Solid and shaded bars are used in segmented bar graphs to identify data The illustration shows preferred shading pat- terns, When subdividing a bar, the darkest color or shading should be on the bottom or to the left and the colors or shades used should become lighter as the bar progresses. Shaded tapes and rub-on transfer materials available ac art, blueprint and office-supply stores ate helpful in making bar graphs. 20 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Seltadhesive patterned material, which is available in @ variety of designs from artsupply stores, will improve the graphic message of ony bar graph Dotted Crosshatched cos Hl Identification of shadings is best given in a separate box rather than on the graph itself. VERTICAL BAR 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% HORIZONTAL BARCOMPONENT oR SEGMENTED- BAR GRAPH ‘Component or segmented-bar graphs show the components that make up each bar and make comparisons similar to those made by surface graphs shown on page 23, Single-component bar graphs are used like pie graphs but are able to represent quantities larger than 100%. ‘The longest segment of the first bar in a graph should be shown on the bottom with shorter segments added as the bar moves upward, showing the data in decreasing order of segment size. Use the darkest shading on the bottom and progressively lighter shading as the bar height increases. As additional bars are added, the shading of bars must be consistent even when it means that some of the darker shaded bars become smaller than those above. Data Source All graphs should note data source, time, location, and any other pertinent infor- mation. INVENTOR \AAAAAAAAAAAA, Compound-bar graphs show side-by-side com- parisons of data from the same time period. A typical application would be to compare income by month for three different years. i i Ee | ee 1994 1995 COMPOUND BAR GRAPH Scales Avertical scale should be fine enough so itis easy to make and read the chart. The horizontal scale should be appropriate for the data used, for exomple, days or weeks Cult! TRANSFER BEBBEBBCCOCE CC eee OAR AAA ABA ECC DDDDOODODELEEEEE EEE CEEEEEEEEEEEEE EOP PPEEPEEL EEE HT CHEHHHPHHH HAF MMM MMIVIMMMMIMMMMIMMMNNNINiG !NVINNNNNINNININNINNNINN 0c SCCCECCEE DODD EEEEEFEECEEEEE EEFFECEEEECEEre 3GGGGGGGGGGGGGG. TL CLELL IMMMMMMNNNNINNINFININ: INNOOOOOOOO: Rubon transfer type can be used for tiling ond labeling graphs. 0000G000008oE 290000000a00008GOQ000R SS: ‘GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 2THERMOMETER GRAPHS The thermometer graph is often used to show progress toward a goal, usually as a percentage. By extending the line above the 100% mark you can show achievements exceeding the goal. This graph can also be used to plot quantitative infor- mation on one side of the thermometer and a percentage on the other. Thermometer graphs can be shown horizontally as well as vertically. ‘The same shading and identification rules apply to thermometer graphs as to bar graphs. Percent 100! THERMOMETER GRAPH 22 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier PIE GRAPH OR CIRCULAR-PERCENTAGE GRAPH PIE GRAPHS A pie graph (named after the dessert, not the Greck letter) is a circle divided into segments like a pie with each slice representing its compo- nent parts. It is another way to represent per- centage distribution. There are several pie graphs on pages 87 through 89. Choose the size that will be easiest to scale ‘The best way to make a pie graph is to prepare a table listing the items to be shown on the graph. Use this table to calculate the percentage each item represents. The total must equal 100%. Mark these percentages around the circumference and draw lines from the center point to the mark on the circumference. The areas of the wedges formed show percentages of the total, Percentage marks shown around the graphs in this book may be covered with opaque white correction fluid or left in place. Label each wedge and show the percentage or amount (or both) that it represents. The graph will be easier to read if each wedge is colored or shaded and labeled, ‘There are three major limitations of the pie graph Te can only represent a static moment in time, it can only represent percentages, and the total must be 100%.SURFACE GRAPHS Surface graphs show data size by the relative amount of surface area between lines. They are similar to line graphs as they both use multiple lines. The top line of a surface graph displays the cumulative total. Each of the lines below it shows its part of the total amount. The shading patterns used for bar graphs are also used for surface graphs. Keep the heaviest shading on the bottom and use progressively lighter shading above. SURFACE Grarit GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION GRAPHS The geographic distribution graph or outline map is used to show plots of data located on the map. Typical geographic distribution graphs are weather and population distribution maps. Geographic graphs can be used in combina~ tion with small bar or pie graphs placed on the map to show relative quantity or percentage data at geographic locations. Such a graph might be used to show the percentage of Republicans, ‘Democrats and Independents in each state. Other applications of these maps include plotting airline routes and sales territories. Reports Ifthe graph is port of a report, position the graph so it can be read without rotat- ing the page. If rotation is necessary, the graph should read correctly when the poge is rotated o quarter tum clockwise. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION GRAPH ‘GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 23LOGARITHMS AND How THEY WoRK An arithmetic graph shows the amount of change. A logarithmetic graph shows the percent of change ox ratio of change. Like steps of a stairway, the change between numbers in an arithmetic progression is always the same, ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION OF 1 This arithmetic progression of 1 has a differ~ ence of 1. 1,2,3,4,5,6 ARITHMETIC ProcREssion OF 2 This arithmetic progression of 2 has a differ- ence of 2. 2.4, 6,8, 10, 12 24 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier A. geometric progression is quite different because the size of each step varies but the per~ cent of change between steps is constant. In the following geometric progression, each step is multiplied by 2 to find the value of the next step. 1 31 30 29] 28) 27| 26! 25| 24) 23] 22| 21 20] 19 18 "7 16 18 “4 13 12 u a GromETRICc PRocREssion =NEaUaveod In this geometric progression each step is twice the size of the previous step. 2, 4,8, 16,92The progression 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 can also be wri ten as: 2), 2, 2°, 24, 2° ‘The multiplier used in each step can be 2 or 5 or 10 or 50 or any other number, but the per- centage change is always the same. ‘A geometric progression with a multiplier of 10 looks like this: 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000 The progression 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000... can be written as: 10", 10%, 10°, 10%, 10%, 10%... ‘The small number at the top right is called an exponent or a power. The large number is called the dase. When 1,000 is written as 10°, 10 is the base and 3 is the exponent. The expression 10° is the same as 10 x 10x 10, which is 1,000. Before the development of slide rules and digital calculators and computers, mathemati- cians took advantage of the fact that numbers can be multiplied by expressing each one as a base with an exponent and then adding the exponents. The exponent is called a logarithm. The common logatithm (log) of a number is the exponent to the base ten of that number. ‘Thus the common logarithm 2 means 10° or 10 x 10 and equals 100. The following table shows a list of the simple powers or exponents of 10 and their logarithms: Number Power Logarithm 0.001 107 3 0.01 107 2 or 10" a 1 10° ° 10 10 1 100 10 2 1,000 10 3 10,000 10" 4 100,000 108 5 Adding the exponents of numbers causes the base numbers (the 10 in this case) to be multi- plied. Expressing it another way, 10° x 10° = 10° is the same as 100 x 1,000 ~ 100,000. Logarithms do the same thing.'The previous table shows that the log of 100 is 2 and the log of 1,000 is 3. Adding log 2 and log 3, gives a total of log 5. In the table, log 5 is 100,000, the same as the product of 100 x 1,000. Division is accomplished by subtracting the logarithm of one number from that of another and looking up the result in a log table. Log 4 minus log 2 = log 2. The logarithm of 2 is 100. This is the same as 10,000 divided by 100 = 100. Numbers between 1 and 10 have logarithms between and 1. They are expressed as deci- mals. Tables of logarithms are available in many technical books and you can buy books devoted. solely to tables of logarithms. Tables of decimal logarithms are sometimes carried to ten or more places. The following table shows the common logarithms or exponents to the base 10 of the aumbers from 1 to 10, rounded to 4 places: Number Logarithm 0.0000 0.3010 0.4771 0.6021 0.6990 0.7782 0.8451 0.9031 0.9542 1.0000 Seevoaron = To use this table, look up the logarithms of ‘two numbers. Add the logarithms together to find the logarithm of their product. Look up this GRAPH PAPER From Your Comoutar or Caniar 28logarithm and it will give the product of the two numbers. The logarithm or log of 2 is 0.3010 and the log of 3 is 0.4771. Adding the log of 2 and the log of 3 (0.3010 + 0.4771) gives 0.7781. When you find this number in the preceding table, you will see that 0.7782 is the log of 6, which is the product of 2 x 3. Adding the logs of ‘vo numbers is the same as multiplying those numbers. ‘There are logarithms to bases other than 10, but they are not commonly used and there are no grids for them in this book. Loc GRAPHS ‘A logarithmic graph shows percenéage change, not arithmetic change, A distance on the scale at any location represents the same percentage change as that distance at any other location on the scale. Because log-graph paper shows per~ centage change, itis sometimes called ratio paper. To make a logarithmic grid, a log scale is laid out so the distance between 1 and 2 is equal 10 0.3010 of the distance from 1 to 10; the dis- tance from 1 to 3 is 0.4771 of the distance 1 to 10 and so on. Each step becomes smaller than the previous one. A log scale has no zero because the scale pro- sgtesses upward by multiplication and downward by division, rather than by addition and subtrac- 10 9 8 7 6 5 ab “po att | ||) 2 ol | | 8 8 S| as 1 yyy y POSITION OF HORIZONTAL LINES 26 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier tion, Each log scale is called a cycle. Where two eycles are put end to end, the seale is called a twoneycle scale, When three cycles are used, it is called a three-cycle scale. Each cycle represents a change from log 0 to log +1 or 10° to 10', Because it shows a change of 10 times the starting number, it can show the change from 1 to 10, or 10 to 100, or 100 to 1,000, It can also show the change from 0.1 to 1 or 0.01 to 0.1. Any convenient number can be assigned to the base line. 100,— 10 10 70;— 4000, 90 9}— 09 63} — 3600 80}— .8}— .o8|— se} 3200}— 70}— 7) o7 49|— 2800|— | 60 6|— 06 42} — 2400} sl— sol 5} 05 35|— 2000] 4l— 40 4l— 04 28}— 1600}— 3h 30h 3-03} 21 | 1200}—~ 2— 2;~ 2 02 14/— 800 | — 10 iL a1 7 400 EXAMPLES OF SCALING ON Loc SCALE2-CYCLE Los SCALE cH f | “0 | J How To scaLe. Numbering—Semi-log graphs in this book are numbered on the right to ollow room for adding the scale on the left. Log-log {grophs ore numbered on the top and on the right os © guide fo allow room for scaling onthe bottom and to thle, ‘You can multiply the numbers on a one-eycle Jog scale by any number or decimal you wish. For example, the scale can be 1 to 10, 4 to 40 or 60 to 600. A two-cycle scale represents the change from 10" to 10? or 1 to 100—a change of 100. A three- cycle scale represents a change from 10° to 10° or 1 to 1,000—a change of 1,000, PLOTTING PERCENTAGES ON LOG GRAPHS Arithmetic graphs measure arithmetic change Log graphs measure percentage change, The illustration shows a 100% increase from 1 to 2, from 2 to 4 and from 3 to 6. On a log graph the distance from 1 to 2 is 0.3010 of the distance from 1 to 10. The distance from 2 to 4 and from 3 to 6 is also 0.3010 of the distance from 1 to 10. Increases from 1 to 2,2 to 4 and 4 to 8 are all the same distance on a log graph. Any percentage change will occupy the same distance wherever it is plotted on a log graph. Log graphs are also used to compress data to show a wide range of data in a smaller space. A S-cycle log graph can show a range of 100,000 numbers. This is difficult to do on an arithmetic graph if the graph must show both small and large numbers. 10 «1,000 0 ° 9 &9542 8 8 om 7 7 Sasi ‘ om) 5 5 6690 4 4 «602 a TOO iprease | 9 477 300 Diircs| a ~ponee. 2 ©3010 1% lnease ‘Soe Bacon 300 Dinence WY ye 0000 PERCENTAGE CHANGE oN Loc SCALE (GRAPH PAPER From Your Comnuter ar Coniar 7Log scales are used on two types of graphs. Graphs which compare a percentage change with an arithmetic change are called semi-log ot single-asis log graphs. These graphs have a logs rithmie seale on one axis and an arithmetic scale ‘on the other uxis. Graphs which compare one percentage change with another percentage change are called log-log graphs or dual-axis log graphs. These ‘graphs have logarithmic scales on both axes. ‘When a geometric progression is plotted on log scale it becomes a straight line, but when an asithmetic progression is plotted on a log scale it becomes a curved line. ‘This book provides semi-log graphs with 1 10 10 cycles with a variety of arithmetic scales. It also provides log-log graphs with 1 to 10 cycles con the X axis in combination with 1 to 10 cycles on the ¥ axis, Avithmetic Grid 19) How To USE LoG GRAPHS Examine the range of data to determine the number of decimal orders of magnitude of change. This will determine the number of loga- tithmic cycles needed. Choose the lowest number you wish to use for the bottom of the graph. This can be any number except zero. ‘Write that number at the origin of the first cycle of the log scale. Write 10 times that number by the tick mazk at the top of the first cycle. The major divisions between these numbers are steps of one-tenth of the number at the top tick mark. If there is more than one cycle on the grid write 100 times the number at the origin by the tick mark at the top of the second cycle, and so on. Semitog Grid Acithmetic Grid | Ly LI 1 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION ON ARITHMETIC AND SEMI-LoG GRIDS Semistog Grid on GRAPH PAPER From Your Comovter or CovierIf the second axis of the graph is also a log axis, repeat the process for that axis. If the spacing between grid lines on the other axis is uniform, assign units based on an arithmetic progression. ‘Although it is unusual you may find it neces sary to make an inverse log graph. This can be accomplished by turning the log paper upside down and calibrating it in the opposite direction. When tracing a graph from log paper, major accent lines must be retained and identified. Unaccented or minor accent lines may be replaced by tick marks or eliminated. STOCK MARKET GRAPHS Stock market graphs and other market graphs require very special kinds of graph paper. They often have two stacked vertical grids with 2 common time scale on the X axis: one grid is used to show volume and the other to show price. Volume is shown as a series of vertical bars along the bottom of a small graph with the Y axis accented in tenths. The ¥ axis of the upper grid is accented in eighths because stock is trad~ ced in eighths of a point. ‘There are several ways to plot price on this grid. Most common is a vertical bar between the high price and the low price of the day, with a horizontal tick to the right showing the closing price for that day. Individual stocks may be plotted on arith metic grids or on semi-log grids to show per~ centage change. When a stock price and a mar~ ket indicator such as the Dow Jones average are plotted on the same graph, a semi-log grid must be used to compare relative price. Dow THEORY Followers of the Dow Theory use a step chart to indicate price change. They plot closing prices as a series of horizontal lines. These lines are con- nected by vertical lines forming a series of steps. ‘The result is similar to the previous method, but it does not show price extremes during the day. Price Stock MARKET GRAPH HICH, Low, CLose Tn Dow THEoRY (GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 2POINT-AND-FIGURE GRAPHS Point-and-figure graphs use a series of Xs to indi cate price trend. An X may indicate any price range you choose, for example, 1 point, 3 points or 7 points. Ina 1-point graph, the paper is scaled on the Y axis so one square equals one point. An X is placed on the square showing the present price. ‘When the price has advanced or declined to the next even full point, a second X is placed in the same column above or below the last X. When the price changes in the other direction by one full point, an X is placed on the stock price in the next column to the right. Xs are continued in this column until the price changes in the other direction, Some analysts use Xs in the columns when price is increasing and Os when the price is decreasing. Point-and-figure graphs are used to show stock price trends. They do not show volume, nor do they show the price on any given date. ‘The X axis does not show a time relationship. Price Dollars L ix. 1K. Pomr-ano-Ficune, PROBABILITY GRAPHS A probability graph shows what has occurred in the past and what will probably happen in the future, assuming the past is a model of the future. ‘The principle of the probability graph is based on the theory that plotting any series of natural occurrences will form a normal distribu- ton or “bell-shaped” curve. Kor example, if you measured the circumference of the heads of a large group of boys from 16 to 19 years old, you 30 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier ‘would find a distribution similar to that shown in the following table by W. S. Hall in his article, “The Evaluation of Anthropometric Data.”* HEAD SIZES OF 1071 BOYS AGES 16 TO19 Heed Circum- Cumule: ference Number Percent five (em) of Boys of Total ——ercent ot 4 7 7 52 23 214 251 53 59 5.50 801 5a 108 10.08 18.09 55 224 20.92 39.01 56 257 24.00 63.01 7 230 21.48 84.49 58 vo 10.27 94.76 59 38 3.55 98.31 60 16 1.49 99.80 61 2 20 100.00 Tao! 1071 Page 1646, Vol 37, Journal of the Areca Metical Asccnion ‘The Bell-Shaped Curve—When the percent- age of boys is plotted against the head size on an arithmetic grid, a dell-shaped curve is formed. ‘The cumulative percentage of each head size is obtained by adding the percent of total for each size to the percent of total for all smaller sizes. ‘This is shown in the last column of the table. Percentage 28 24 20 16 ira 8 4 ONG 5250 94 5586 97 8 606) ood Size in Contimstore BeLi-Suapen CurveOgive—When this cumulative percentage of boys is plotted against the head size on the X axis, it forms an S-shaped curve called an ggive. Plotting this curve with the cumulative percentage on the X axis reverses the curve. Cumulative Fercentoge 100) TT 80 ol BI 52 59 54 55 56 57 58 $9 60 61 Head Size in Centimeters ocive curve Head Size In Centimeters ‘I 60 39 58 7 56 35 34 53 52 51 50 0 20 40 40 80 100 Cumulative Percentage cive CuRve ReveRseD A probability grid has an arithmetic scale on the Y axis, with the X axis calibrated so a straight Tine is formed when the ogive of a perfectly sym- metrical bell-shaped curve is plotted. This grid is similar to the probability grids in this book. PROBABILITY GRID WITH BELL-SHAPED CURVE PLOTTED When a series of known points is plotted on this grid and forms a straight line, the line can be projected to estimate the probability of future occurrences. ‘The accuracy of this projection will depend on how straight the line is and the size of the data sample. More information about this sub- ject can be found in any book on statistics under ‘probabilities, standard deviation, skewing and furtosis GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 37By splicing copies together, you con make ony size graph YyoU need. Cutting noiches in the top sheet helps to make ‘alignment easier. The vertical scale of most probability paper is arithmetic. However, log-scale probability paper is used where the probability on the X axis is the probability of a percentage function (log function) on the ¥ axis. SIL | f bets Peal mme ena PROJECTION OF KNOWN DATA PREDICT OCCURRENCES When You Need Larger Paper When arithmetic, log or semi-log graphs require a larger sheet of graph paper, smoller sheets may be put together by trimming the bottom margin of one sheet nd splicing it to the preceding sheet. If the axis is arithmetic, the top sheet may be overlapped and Vs cut in the top and bottom of the grid to facilitate horizontal and vertical alignment, 2 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Various widths end poterns of tape are ovailable from certsupply ond drafing-equipment stores. These con be used to enhance the legibility of any graph. Errors Errors are readily corrected and unwanted material eliminated by using opaque white correction fluid that will not repro- duce when copies of the graph are made. Two types of correction fluid are available. The most common type, used to correct typing errors, allows copy-machine toner to bleed through the correction. A special correction fluid for correcting copies allows less toner bleed-through. It may be necessary to apply more than one coat of correction fluid to blank out errors or unwanted moterialHow TO MAKE GRAPH PAPER WITH YOUR COMPUTER WHAT You WILL NEED To print these graphs you will need an IBM- compatible computer with a hard drive,a mouse, a 3-1/2" floppy drive, a graphics-quality printer and MICROSOFT WINDOWS PAINTBRUSH, or any similar program that can scale and print bit- mapped graphics. WHAT'S ON THE Disk ‘The graphs disk contains 175 bit-mapped graphs in compressed form and the software to decompress and copy them onto your hard drive. They are not exact duplicates of those on pages 41 to 252, but they perform identical functions. Graphs contained on the disk are indicated by a disk icon and scaling instructions at the bottom of the page. How IT WorKS ‘The disk contains a series of batch files named PAGES. When you select 2 PAGE, it creates a C:\GRAPHS directory and decompresses and loads the graph, Selecting ALLPAGES will load all 175 graphs into the C:\GRAPHS directory. This disk can be used with any IBM PC- compatible software and print drivers that can print bit-mapped graphics, execute batch files and allow you to set the orientation (Portrait or Landscape), margins and scale. How To LOAD FILES WITH MICROSOFT WINDOWS Tuvert the graphs disk in a 3-1/2" disk drive und select the MAIN. menu from the PROGRAM MANAGER, select FILE MANAGER and the drive containing the graphs disk. A menu will show the page numbers ofall the graphs. Use the cursor to SELECT THE PAGE NUMBER of the graph you wish to load. Double-click on the page number or press ENTER. The monitor will momentarily become blank, then a message will appear confirming that the graph is being loaded. After the graph has been loaded, the computer will return to the FILE MANAGER. To load another graph, select the page number you want and press ENTER. To load all 175 graphs, select ALLPAGES but be sure there are 54 megabytes of disk storage available. Less disk space will be needed if you load only those files that are frequently used. If you are very short on disk space you can load a graph, print it and then erase it. Depending on its complexity, a single graph may require 43 Kb to 2.3 Mb of disk space. How To PRINT A GRAPH WITH MICROSOFT WINDOWS, Open the ACCESSORIES menu and select PAINTBRUSH. Select FILE and OPEN then type C:\GRAPHS in the FILE NAME BOX and press ENTER. A list of the graphs you have loaded will appear. Use the cursor to select the page you want to print. Double-click on the page number or press ENTER and the top of the graph will appear on the screen. Use the scroll bars if you want to view the zest of the graph, To tell the printer how to print the graph, select the PRINT SETUP menu from the FILE menu. Ifyou have more than one printer, use this ‘menu to choose the graphics printer, Next select OPTIONS. This menu is specific, to the printer and printer driver that you have and may not include all of the following serrings. Set the PAPER SIZE to 8-1/2" by 11", select the GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 33MEDIA that you wish to print on and select the PAPER SOURCE ‘Set PRINT SELECTION to black and white and a PRINT QUALITY of 300 to 400. The best setting will depend on your printer. If the quali~ ty is not satisfactory, try other settings and use the one that gives the best results, ‘The ORIENTATION setting (Portrait or Landscape) is shown with each graph at the bottom of the page. An incorrect setting may cause the printer to print the graph on more than one page. Return to the FILE menu and select PAGE ‘SETUP. Set the bottom and right margins to zero and the top and left margins as shown on the graph page. Incorrectly setting the margins will cause the graph to be printed off-center or on more than one page. To print the graph, return to the FILE menu and select PRINT. Set QUALITY to PROOF and WINDOW to WHOLE, Select the number of copies that you want printed and set the SCALING as shown on the graph page. Increasing the scale may cause the printer to print the graph on more than one page. Decreasing the scale will cause the graph to print off-center, and make graphs that are calibrated in inches or centimeters incorrect. Do not select USE PRINTER RESOLUTION as this will cause the graph to be printed at the smallest size that the printer can print. ‘Make sure your printer is turned on, press ENTER and the graph will be sent to the printer. ‘The printer will move the paper in front of the print head in a series of minute steps. The print head forms lines from a series of dots at each step. ‘The printer can't print between steps. If the scale or margin is set so a line would occur between steps, the line will be missing or incompletely printed. This may be corrected by slightly altering the ‘margin parallel to the defective line, or by chang- ing the scale, Tiy decreasing this mnargin first as increasing the margin or scale may cause the graph to print on more than one sheet of paper. If you find settings that work better for your printer, note theo in the margin for future reference. 3a GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Co uler oF Copier Print quality will vary with the model, make, resolution and condition of your printer. Ie will also vary with the paper used. Refer (0 your PYinter manual or call the manufucuers help line for more detailed help. There is no guaran tee that these graphs can be reproduced on all printers because new printers and print drivers are continually becoming available. ABOUT WINDOWS 95 If your computer came with Windows 95 already installed or if Windows 95 was installed over your previous version of Windows, the PAINTBRUSH program used in earlier versions of Windows will have been replaced with a pro- gram named PAINT. This new program does not have the ability to set the SCALING of a graph before printing, As these graphs cannot be print- ed without setting the SCALING, you must copy the PAINTBRUSH files from a previous version of Windows to Windows 95 before it can be used to print these graphs. IF YOU PLAN TO INSTALL WINDOWS 95 If you plan to replace your current version of Windows with Windows 95, first copy the PBRUSH.EXE, PBRUSH.HLP and PBRUSH.DLL files to a floppy disk. When you install Windows 95 you will only need to change the name of PBRUSH.EXE in Windows 95 to PAINT.EXE and copy the PAINTBRUSH files from the floppy disk to C:AWINSS. How To ADD PAINTBRUSH TO WINDOWS 95. If Windows 95 is already installed, and you have not kept your original version of Windows 3.X on your hard disk, PAINT will have replaced the Windows 3.X PAINTBRUSH. You will have to install Windows 3.X to get a copy of PAINT- BRUSH Os you may be able to cupy thePAINTBRUSH files from a friend who still has Windows 3.X installed on his computer. You can- rot install the PAINTBRUSH files directly from the Windows 3.X installation diskettes because those files are in a compressed form and are expanded during the installation process. Before you attempt to reinstall Windows 3.X, make a copy of the Start-Up Disk from Windows 95 because installing Windows 3.X will change the AUTOEXEC.BAT file. If you make an error restoring this file, the computer can be restarted with the start-up disk. RENAME WINDOWS 95 PAINT ‘Windows 95 PAINT and PAINTBRUSH both use the file name PBRUSH.EXE. To avoid overwrit- ing PAINT when you load PAINTBRUSH use WINDOWS EXPLORER to rename PBRUSH.EXE to PAINT.EXE. How To LOAD PREVIOUS VERSIONS OF WINDOWS. Shut down Windows 95 and, at the prompt, restart in DOS mode Ac the C: prompt install the previous version, of Windows in C:.\WIN3X. DO NOT INSTALL THE FILES TO CAWINOS: At the EXIT WINDOWS SETUP menu, select RETURN TO DOS and type: CD CADOS ENTER ‘The previous AUTOEXEC.BAT file was renamed AUTOEXEC.000 when C:AWINSX was installed. Use the following commands to restore it: DEL C:\AUTOEXEC.BAT ENTER RENAME AUTOEXEC.000 AUTOEXEC.BAT ENTER How To ADD PAINTBRUSH FILES TO THE C\WIN95 DIRECTORY Use the following commands to add the PAINTBRUSH files to C:\WIN9S COPY C:\WIN3X\PBRUSH.EXE C:\WIN9S ENTER COPY C:\WIN3X\PBRUSH.HLP_C:\WIN9S ENTER COPY C:\WIN3X\PBRUSH.DLL_C:\WIN9S, ENTER To KEEP WINDOWS 3.X To restart Windows 95, simultaneously press ALT+CONTROL+ DELETE. To REMOVE WINDOWS 3.X Use the following commands to delete the Windows 3.X files and directory. DELETE C:\WINSX\SYSTEM\*.* ENTER When asked “Are you sure? (YAN)” Y ENTER DELETE C:\WINSX\*.* ENTER ‘When asked “Are you sure? (Y/N)” Y ENTER RD C:\WIN3X\SYSTEM ENTER RD C:\WIN3X ENTER ‘To return to Windows 95, simultaneously press ALT+CONTROL+ DELETE. HOW TO RUN PAINTBRUSH IN WINDOWS 95 Use WINDOWS EXPLORER to select the PBRUSH icon with the artist’s pallet. PBRUSH may be started by DOUBLE CLICKING the icon, dragging it to the START MENU or making a SHORT CUT. To use'PBRUSH follow the page 33 instruc- tions How To LoadeFiles With Microsoft Windows and. How To, Print ¢ Graph With Microsoft Windows. GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 35USING PAINTBRUSH TO CREATE MASTER GRAPHS You can sclect the ERASE feature and move the cursor to remove unwanted lines, ‘Also, within Paintbrush, you can select one of the BOX functions, select white or a color and outline a box of the desired size. This will clear the area of any graph lines so you can use the TEXT tool to add titles or legends to the BOX area before printing out the graph. ‘You can also use the AIRBRUSH to eliminate unwanted lines or to create an area where you can place a legend next to a graph line (curve) with the TEXT tool. LIST OF GRAPHS ‘The following tables show the 216 graphs found on pages 41 through 252. They are grouped by type, number of divisions or cycles, placement of accent lines and usage. ‘These graphs can all be reproduced on a copier. 175 of the graphs are also available on the accompanying computer disk. The computer~ generated graphs are not exact duplicates of those in the book and may not include the same accent lines. Graphs measured in inches or cen timeters may be minutely larger or smaller because of printer limitations. Where a specific size is required, experimentation with scaling may be needed. Some graphs are not included on the disk because computer printers lack the nec- essary resolution. Although you can use the LINE or CURVE tools to draw segments to put lines onto @ graph. within Paintbrush, except in the most simple cases, it is extremely difficult to draw a graph in Paintbrush. This is because it is not possible to see the entire graph and you have to keep check- ing to identify the area you are working in. Iris necessary to set orientation, margins and scale for each graph to obtain satisfactory print- ing. These settings are at the bottom of the page showing that graph. Look for the disk icon to guide you to those graphs that are included on the disk Permission is granted to the original pur- chaser to reproduce copies of graphs from this book for his or her sole use. These graphs may not be copied or reproduced in any form except for the use of the original purchaser. DATA-COLLECTION & SCHEDULING FORMS Application Columns Z (doys/woek) | Dey by 1/2 Hour 40 Rows by Weck 1 Month by Day (Calendar) | Doy by Month 1 Year by Week 1 Year by Month [12 (months/year)_|_31 (doys/month] 3 Years by Month GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 7 (doys/week) 7 (deys/weck) 48 [1/4 hour/day) | 41 “48 (1/2 hou/dey) | 42 40 lines (a3 5 |week/month) | 31 [days/month) 53 [weeks/yeor) | 46 12 (mo/yecr} x3Divisions/ | ‘ACCENT Inch Minor Major | »_| Miner Major _ oe +} ‘CROSS-SECTION GRIDS—METRIC ‘CIRCULAR-PERCENTAGE Diameter {inches} Central America & Caribbean | ‘ South America Enostern Hemisphere Millimeters/ Division ‘Accont—Divisions Minor Major British Isles Africa 10 Asia Austalio 10 (1 ew) ‘GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 7TIME SERIES ARITHMETIC GRIDS Note: for Semi-log Time Series see Semitog Grids Time on Short Axis Y Axis aes Divisions ~ Accent TDeyby 72H [100 { 5810 1 Month by Days 100 ‘5810 T Your by Wooks 100, 5810 Year by Months 120 10 2 Years by Months 100 5410 5 Years by Months: 170 5&10 Stock Market 1/4 point/Division 13 Weeks by 6 Day 25 pein 1/A pin Dion "1/8 point/Division 27 Weeks by § Days 25 point (200 Div Accen 8} 1/8 point/Division 27 Weeks by 6 Days | 20 point M162 ov ‘Accent 4 with volume scole) Time on long Axis 1 Day by 1/4 Hour 100 1 Day by 1/2 Hour 100 ‘5 Days by Hour 70 & Months by Days by Days _ by Months 5 Years by Months 10 Years by Months 'SEMI-LOG GRIDS X Axis in Short Direction Y Axis—Number of log Cycles Division ‘Application 1 alaisleé 2 ~|Hours/Year by Menth 22 125 | 126 None | Month by Days 128 None | 3 Year by Month L None | Year 31 38 6 | Hour by Min/5 Years by Month | 134 137 | 138 | 5.10 | 1/10", 1/2" end 1" | «139 141 | 142 6.12_|Hours/7 Years by Month 148 150 | 151 7 | Days per Week 153/154 [155 | 156 5,10 | 2 Milimeters/Division 159 | 160 | 16) | 162 510 | Time 165 | 166 180 | 5,10_[ 1,5, and 10 Millimeters 7 173 74 38 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier‘SEMI-LOG GRIDS X Axis in Long Direction _ [Axis —Number of Log Cycles 1 Gyele 2 Cycles 124 127 130” __ 132 Applicotion| [None | Hour by Min/5 Years by Month | | 5,10” [Sth & Month | Year by Day Note: Semilog Grids are numbered on the right os © guide to allow room fo labeling on the la LOG-LOG GRIDS X Axis Y Axis-Number of log Cyeles Gees 1 [2] 3) 4i)s | 6] 8 [1 a ~ 186 167 | 108. on ist 192] 198 i if 195_|_196_| 7 199 200 - | 201 302_| 208 - 204 |_| 205 205 Note: log.log Grids re numbered onthe lop ond the righ of 2 guide ont allow room for label onthe Boor ond fo the la ° ° THREE-DIMENSIONAL GRIDS Grids Divisions Isometric Isometric Onhogrephic pomerie [ 90°, 53°. 3 Perspective 12x 12 x8 Box 13 x31x 10 Open Triangular Coordinate _ = GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 39POLAR-COORDINATE GRIDS RADIUS GRADUATION { CIRCUMFERENCE G Units | Radios "PROBABILITY GRIDS. Y exis Artmatie Divisions | log Cycles [80 | 90 100 Probabiliy 225 | 226 | 227 Exireme Probability log Scale Probability with Pro Binomial Probability 80 Divisions (MISCELLANEOUS PATTERNS Potern Poge oxagonois of Dos ot -1/2.em | 241 Hexagonals of Bots ot | em 242 Triangles of Dois ot 60° 1 inch | 243 “iangles of Dols ot 60° Squores of Dots at inch Squares of Dots at 1/2 inch Squores of Dots af T em “Tangles ot 60° 1 inch TWiangles ot 60° rem Hexagonals of 1-1/2 em Hexagenale ot Tem ‘Muse Stff 40 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier1/2 Day by 1/4 Hour—WeekDay by 1/2 Hour—Weok40 Rows by Week 4 hes Hage —98F 0 958 oun otonwwcmper cease a El1 Month by Day (Calender) ‘SATURDAY. FRIDAY ‘THURSDAY WEDNESDAY TUESDAY MONDAY ‘SUNDAY (GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier landscape, Margins —0.35T O.75L 90%Dey by Month Portrait, Margins —0.35T 0.50L 96%1 Your by Week A 48 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portat, Margins —0.35T O.45L 96%1 Year by Month JAN FEB | MAR | APR MAY June | JULY | AUG | SEPT} OcT | Nov | DEC vorrei, Margins — 0.351 U.25L 96%3 Years by Month landscape, Margins —0.95T O.751 90% | 3 48 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier A1 Division/Inch, —_ Portrait, Margins —0.35T 0.50 96% ‘GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 492 Divisions/inch, A 50. GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.35T 0.50L 96%3 Divisions/Inch Ul4 Divisions/Inch | if | I Ji} 52. GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrit, Margins —0.35T 0.50L 96%A Divisions/Inch 4th Accent Liiit it Porait, Margins —0.35T 0.501 96% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 535 Divisions/Inch EHH FL 54. GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.35T 0.50L 96%5 Divisions/Inch 5th Accent t T T i on i= [Tt PT -T | \— T | | L rH | { { + 1 t | ft | coo a Ht T T T T 4 4 { ji | 1 tt i TT 7 i | | ae i | {tT fy ttt { try | [ [ | | TTT r i Portrait, Mergins —0.35T 0.50L 96% ‘GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 556 Divitions/Inch I 1 56 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.35T 0.50, 89%6 Divisions/Inch 6th AccentFF 58 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portail, Margins —0.30T 0.50L 86%7 Divisions/Inch 7th Accent vs ois 050 058 5 autinititerercneerecan 7 ED8 Divisions/Inch FA 60. GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.30T 0.501 86%8 Divisions/Inch Bth Accent Portrait, Margins —0.30T 0.50L 86% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 61& Divisions/Inch 4th, 8th Accent FPL 62. GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.25T 0.50L 84%10 Divisions/ Inch Portrait, Margins —0.25T 0.501 96% (GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 63)isions/Inch 5th Accent FA 64_ GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer o& Copier Portri, Margins —0.35T 0.501 96%10 Divisions/Inch 5th, 10 Accent reer E12 Divisions/Inch FPL 66_ GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.55T 0.50L 89%12 Divisions/Inch 2nd Accent (Needlework) Portrait, Margins —0.50T 0.35L 76% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 6712 Divisions/Inch 5th, 10 Accent A 68 GRAPH PAPER From Your Compular or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.18T O.60L 45%12 Divisions/Inch 3rd, 61h, 12th Accent Portrait, Margins —0.35T 0.50L 39% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 69FAL__70_ GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portroi, Margins —0.45T 0.901 65%16 Divisions/Inch 16th Accent vo ij 050 050 curb noscomme ea 7) ED16 Divisions/Inch 4th, 8th Accent FL 72. GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.30T 0.60L 43%16 Divisions/Inch 5th, 10th Accent18 Divisions/Inch 2nd Accent (Needlework)20 Divisions/Inch, Portrait, Morgins—0.25T 0.50L 48% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 7520 Divisions/Inch Sth, 10th Accent BA 76 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.25T 0.50L 48%1 Millimeter/Division 5th, 10th Accent2 Millimeters/Division 5th AccentHEHE seni hepn=090) 018 48 conineam ee comarnconr 79 EA3 Millimeters/Division I A 80 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.50T 0.751 84%4 Millimeters/Division Portrait, Margins —0.50T 0.75L 84% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 815 Millimeters/Division T T A 82 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Ports, Margins —0.95T 0.501 95%5 Millimeters/Division 4th Accent BEREEEaGEGEE PA ECEEEEEEEEEEE LT CPEEEErEEeE Et ch I Coo CL 1 Tr Tt T Tt : | Ltt - t = i } | 1 | | LL I [ [ - _ te - [tt am tl | | t 4 — HE 1 1 | - - tH - cH oor Too ETT e coer C CLE a 1 | jt | 1 i t 1 i ~ _] | 1 { T | t [ CI 1 TTT | | | | | | { [ { - I Coo 1 Coon i 1 CCP rt | aa 2oa8 Cy 4 tf} | | |_| [Tt I Cor I SEER EEE ER EE Er Portrait, Margins —0.35T O.75L 95% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 835 Millimeters/Division 5th Accent6 Millimeters/Division L itt Portrait, Margins —0.35T O.75L 91% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 851 Divisions/CentimeterCircular Percentage 7-inch ‘GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 87Circular Percentage 2-inch, 3-inch, 6-inch 88 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or CopierCircular Percentage 1-inch, 4-inch, 5-inch. ° 98 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 89.World i 8 i E 2 & éWestern Hemisphere GRAPH PAPER From Your Comauler or Copier 91North America 07 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or CopierUnited States ea 93 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or CopierCanada 9d GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or CopierMexico GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 95South America GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 96Central America and the Caribbean GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 97.Eastern Hemisphere 98 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or CopierEurope GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 99.100 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or CopierAfrica GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 101102 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or CopierAustralia. GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 103Japan vd 104 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copior1 Doy by 1/2 Hour 100 Divisions Sth Accent 12345678 90121235678 9 01121 Month by Days 100 Divisions Sth, 10th Accent S45 67 SP WU N BMI 6 ww 202 2 M25 26 7 aH FA es comnetion remit fa Mjin 0357 108 81 Year by Weeks 100 Divisions Sth, 10th Accent 1PI43 67 8 ON MEU BEY PHBA OABHT ANT PHS NU ENON AUB EEO OT1 Year by Months 120 Divisions 10th Accent en vee Nee 095" 078 93 Years by Months 100 Divisions 5th, 10th Accent JFMAMIJASOND|J FMAMJJASONOD|GFMAMIIASONO| 19 18 18 Portrait, Margins —0.35T 1,00L 96% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 109 A5 Years by Months 170 Divisions 5th, 10th Accent IFMAMJ JAS OND|IF MAMI) ASOND|IFMAMIJ ASONOMFMAMJI ASONOLIFMAMI JASOND| 18 19 18 19 18 A 110 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.35T O75L 92%13 Weeks by 6 Days (Stock Market) 25-Point 1/4 Point/DivisionF112 GaP paren From Your Computer or Color Pentel, Margins —0.25T 0.501 54%27 Weeks by 6 Days 20-Point 1/8 Point/Division with Volume Sales1 Day by 1/4 Hour 100 Divisions 5th Accent Long Axis,1 Day by 1/2 Hour 100 Divisions 5th Accent Long Axis 10 Landscape, Margins —0.35T O.75L 92% ‘GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier us5 Days by Hour 70 Divisions 5th, 10th Accent Long Axis FAL 116 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier landscape, Margins —0.35T 0.35L 88%6 Months by Days 120 Divisions 10th Accent Long Axis landscape, Morains—0.35T 0.35 85% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier. 117 A1 Year by Days 250 Divisions 5th, 10th Accent Long Axis FPL_118 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier londscape Margins —0.35T 0.3L 43%1 Year by Months 100 Divisions 5th Accent Long Axis TAN FEB WAR ‘apR_| MAY | JUN TOL AUG. = SEP. ocr Nov DEC A5 Years by Months 100 Divisions 5th Accent Long Axis anosyver wv warlanosy er 6 et atlanosverrwvwarlanosvrrnwvwarlanoserer londscope, Margins —0.35T O.75L 92% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Fi.10 Years by Months 100 Divisions 10th Accent Long Axis12 Divisions by 1-Cycle Semi-Log A 122 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Morgins —0.35T O.75L 87%12 Divisions 3rd Accent by 2-Cycle Semi-Log12 Divisions (Long Axis) by 2-Cycle Semi-Log ET IM HH | ae AHH | | l Hi | MA WIN HHI HHH vm | | | MN | MA | | i nnn I i mT | H | Nh wi | | AE | | | | | | / I | / LH i i | | | A HT) I i} i] Hil | |, HEEL WV [ a 124 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.35T 0.5L 48%12 Divisions by 3-Cycle Semi-Log Portat, Margins —0.95T 0.50 63% ‘GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 125 A12 Divisions by 4-Cycle Semi-Log31 Divisions (Long Axis) by 2-Cycle Semi-Log Be oa ween en em os - AAI | I | i i| I MI i] [| i MN mA | AT | aa | WA | LH | | HT || HI | | | j mm | l | Hitt ni ti | | wi llA 31 Divisions by 3-Cycle Semi-Log 128 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Morgins —0.35T 0.50L 63%.36 Divisions by 2-Cycle Semi-Log Portrait, Margins 0.35 O.75L 85% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 129 A52 Divisions by 2-Cycle Semi-Log (Months and quarters) Portrait, Margins —0.35T O.75L 86% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 13152 Divisions (Long Axis) by 2-Cycle Semi-Log i52 Divisions by 3-Cycle Semi-Log Portrait, Margins —0.35T O.75L 63% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 133 A60 Divisions éth Accent by 1-Cycle Semi-Log 160 Divisions (Long60 Divisions éth Accent by 2-Cycle Semi-Log A186 ceare ear From Your Computer or Copier Potrat, Morgins—0.35T O75. 86%60 Divisions 6th Accent by 3-Cycle Semi: Potrail, Margins —0.35T 0.50L 63% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 137138 40 Divisions 6th Accent by 4-Cycle Semi-Log GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.20T 0,75L 49%70 Divisions 5th, 10th Accent by 1-Cycle Semi-Log I Portrait, Margins —0.50T O.75L 87% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 13970 Divisions 5th, 10th Accent by 2-Cycle Ser Portrait, Morgins —0.35T 0.75L 86% 140 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier70 Divisions 5th, 10th Accent by 3-Cycle Semi-Log Portrait, Margins —0.35T O.75L 63% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copior 141 A142 70 Divisions Sth, 10th Accent by 4-Cycle Ser GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.20T O.75L 48%70 Divisions 5th, 10th Accent by 5-Cycle Semi-Log Portrait, Mergins —0.95T 0.751 57% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 14314d GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer er Copier Portrait, Morgins —0.35T 0.50L 48%70 Divisions 5th, 10th Accent by 7-Cycle Semi-Log Porat, Mergins—0.35T O75L 36% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 145146 70 Divisions 5th, 10th Accent by 8-Cycle Semi-Log GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.35T O.75L 34%70 Divisions 5th, 10th Accent by 10-Cycle Semi-Log Ee + Portit, Margins —0.25T 0.25L 27% ‘GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 147 BW84 Divisions 6th Accent by 1-Cycle Semi-Log A 148 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portolt, Margins —0.35T O.75L 87%84 Divisions 6th Accent by 2-Cycle Semi-Log Portrait, Margins —0.95T 0.751 86% (GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 149150 84 Divisions 6th Accent by 3-Cycle Semi-Log GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.35T 0.50 63%ions 6th, 12th Accent by 4-Cycle Semi-Log TH Morning = 015T A501 ARS andere GRAPH PAPER Fram Your Comnilar ar Coniar 151159 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier ns 6th, 12th Accent by 5-Cycle Semi-Log Portrit, Margins —0.35T O.75L 57%84 Divisions 7th Accent by 1-Cycle Semi84 Divisions 7th Accent by 2-Cycle Semi-Log A 154 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portail, Morgins —0.35T O.75L 86% AA84 Divisions 7th Accent by 3-Cycle Semi-Log Portrait, Margins —0.35T 0.50L 63% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 15584 Divisions 7th Accent by 4-Cycle Semi-Log84 Divisions 7th Accent by 5-Cycle Semi-Log84 Divisions 7th Accent by 6-Cycle Semi-Log90 Divisions (2 Millimeters) 5th, 10th Accent by 1-Cycle Se Portrait, Margins —0.35T 0.551 94% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 15990 Divisions (2 Millimeters) 5th, 10th Accent by 2-Cycle Semi-Log 160 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Mergins —0.35T 0.40. 94%90 Divisions (2 Millimeters) Sth, 10th Accent by 3-Cycle Semi-Log Portrait, Margins —0,35T 0.50L 63% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 161A 162 90 Divisions (2 Millimeters) 5th, 10th Accent by 4-Cycle Semi-Log GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.25T 0.50L 51%90 Divisions (2 Millimeters) 5th, 10th Accent by 5-Cycle Semi-Log Portrail, Margins —0.35T 0.50, 40% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 163A 104 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.35T 0.50L 48%120 Divisions 5th Accent by 3-Cycle Semi-Log 1120 jsions Sth, 10th Accent by 4-Cycle Semi-Log120 Divisions Sth Accent by 5-Cycle Ser120 Divisions 5th, 10th Accent by 6-Cycle Semi-Log120 Divisions Sth, 10th Accent by 7-Cycle Semi-Log180 Divisions (1 Millimeter) 5th Accent by 1-Cycle Semi-Log Portrait, Margins —0.35T 0.5L 94% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 171180 Divisions (1 Millimeter) 5th, 10th Accent by 2-Cycle Semi-Log F172. Ratt PAPER Fm Your Compoter or Copier Fowl, Merge —038T O.55L 47%180 visions (1 Millimeter) Sth, 10th Accent by 3-Cycle Semi-Log Porro, Margins —O.95T 0.501 63% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 173174 1180 Divisions (1 Millimeter) 5th, 10th Accent by 4-Cycle Semi-Log GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Porril, Morgins —0.35T 0.50 48%180 Divisions (1 Millimeter) 5th, 10th Accent by 5-Cycle Semi-Log Portail, Margins —0.95T 0.401 54% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 175180 Divisions (1 Millimeter) 5th, 10th Accent by 6-Cycle Semi-Log F176 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.35T 0.50L 48%180 Divisions (1 Millimeter) 5th, 10th Accent by 7-Cycle Semi-Log Porkall, Margins —0.15T 0.50L 42% (GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 177A 178 ‘GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portail, Margins —0.35T 0,50L 34%180 Divisions (1 Millimeter) Sth, 10th Accent by 10-Cycle Semi Porat, Margins —O0.25T 0.251 27% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 179366 Divisions 5th Day & Month Accent by 1-Cycle Semi-Log 5 10152025 | 5 19182025 | 5 062025 | 5 101802 | § 1015 7025 iB = 3 10152025, $1015 2925] 5 0 152025 | 5 1018 2025 5 10152075 180 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier1-Cycle by 1-Cycle Log-Log A 181 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Lendscope, Margins —0.25T 0.25L 100%1.Cycle by 2-Cycle Log-Log A 182 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier londscope, Margins —1.50T 0.251 69%1-Cycle by 3-Cycle Log-Log 1 2 2 4 5 8 reer Landscape, Morgins — 2.007 0.251 96% GRAPH PAPER From Your Comouter or Cooler 183 A2-Cyele by 1-Cycle Log-Log Ht it2-Cycle by 2-Cydle Log-Log2-Cycle by 3-Cycle Log-Log a a4 5 6 poet (GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 2 24 5 weet ESS Landscape, Morgins—0.75T 0.251 96%Londscope, 2-Cycle by 4-Cycle Log-Log 1 2a 4 be eet Marains — 1.25T 0.25. 72% 23 4 5 ere (GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier w Al2-Cycle by 5-Cycle Log-Log 1 23 4 Serer 29 4 se7eer I i TRA GRAPH PAPER From Your Camovter oF Copier landscape, Margins —2,25T 0.251 58%3-Cycle by 1-Cycle Log-Log pesy ‘3-Cycle by 2-Cycle Log-Log yao) A 190 GRAPH PAPER Fram Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Morgins —0.25T 0.50L 96%3-Cycle by 3-Cycle Log-Log 1 2 3 4 5 Breed 203 4 5B 7a8t 209 4 5S beer192 3-Cycle by 4-Cyele Log-Log ‘GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 5 67091 2 3 4 5 east landscope, Margins —0.25T 0.251 72%3-Cycle by 5-Cyde Log-Log 1 2 3 4 Soran 203 4 Se7es 29 4 Sarasi TG4.Cycle by 2-Cycle Log-Log Serer 5 6 7e94-Cycle by 3-Cycle Log-Log Portrait, Margins —0.25T 0.25. 72% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 195196 4.Cycle by 4-Cycle Log-Log 24s evan 23 4 56788 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 4s e791 23 4 se7ass Landscape, Margins —0.25T 0.351 55%4.Cycle by 6-Cycle Log-Log 22 4 Seren 25 4 serass landscope, Margins —0.50T 0.351 48% a4 567091 23 4 serast GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or CopierS.Cycle by 2-Cyele Log-Log 5 7001 se rest sree 5 6 7eer Portrait, Margins —0.25T 2.001 58%4 sere Portrait, Margins —0.25T 1.251 58% 5.Cycle by 3-Cycle Log-Log GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer er Copior »A5-Cycle by 5-Cycle Log-Log 12 3.4 5670912 2 45678 2 3 4 567071 2 3 4 Serer 23 4 587091 200 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer of Copier Landscope, Margins—0.35T 0.50L 43%6-Cycle by 4-Cyele Log-Log 456700 4 567091 2 4s ores 2 Portrait, Margins —0.35T 0,50L 48% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 201 A6-Cycle by 6-Cycle Log-Log 1a a4se al 2 945681 2 345ee1 2 345681 2 945681 72 D45e BF alondseope, 6-Cycle by 8-Cycle Log-Log Margins —0.25T 0.251 36% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 2038-Cycle by 6-Cycle Log-Log a4se 01 2 34566) 2 34568) 2 345001 2 345681 7 34568) 2 34568 FA 204 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copir Portal, Margins —0,25T 0.261 36%2 94se01 2 945601 2 945000 Landscape, Margins —0.25T 0.25. 8-Cycle by 10-Cycle Log-Log 2 245601 % a4see) 2 345681 2 34se01 (GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 2a 4seer ao A2 34see1 2945681 2 24568) 2 24568) 2 345681 2 345681 2 345681 2 24568) 224568) 2 94568) F206 10-Cycle by 8-Cycle Log-Log GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.25T 0.25. 27%A Isometric 4 Divisions/Inch 208 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.20T 0.4L 43%Isometric 20 Millimeters/Division Portail, Margins —0.25T 0.251 51% GRAPH PAPER From Your Compuler or Copier 209Isometric 30 Millimeters/Division FA) 210 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0.15T 0.40L 76%30° Isometric- Orthographic 4 Divisions/Inch Londscope, Margins —0.40T 0.15 43% GRAPH PAPER From Your Cammutar or Canine 917 I i60° Isometrie-Orthographie 4 Divisions/Inch60° Isometric- Orthographic 2 Divisions/Centimeter ] C { | { NI k ANN \ A \ \ NYY . K Kv } Y ) t ’ TITIAN \ DOOD OK VAVAVIVAN Wy > MN t TIA } NAA v , 7 7 KA X Z aa C A + , SavaWa C ] | KAY OK KK C AANA ) VAVAY, WK rf y ji 4 j x AA AAAANAAL IKKAA MMs N / MIVY 3 Ni} b WYNN ] KK 4 1 Xx \ | f AN r 7 WV , i ! f A Portrait, Margins —0.15T 0.35L 39% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Cooler 213Hypometric 90° 53° 37°Perspective 13 by 31 by 10 Open 216 GRAPH PAPER Fram Your Comniter or CooierTriangular Coordinate c a7 GRAPH PAPER From Your Comouler or Cooter landscope, Margins —0.00T 1.001 53%Polar Coordinate, Radius 10 Divisions, Circumference 5° Divisions [ mR GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or CopierPolar Coordinate, Radius 20 Divisions Sth Accent, Circumference 1° 5° 15° Divisions ‘Bee ie GRAPH PAPER Ferm Your Camnitar ar Cantar 10ne, ue {scr Ff aso sie ta ise 270 ays 3208 toe Polar Coordinate, Radius 50 Divisions 5th Accent, Circumference 1° 10° Divisions Tees soar Toe 9087170" Te +7 TO 730" Ta07a =, aoyase" FB ADH DADED Fram Your Commer or Coniar130 240 sot ine" 2709 3° aoe aoe iy 2292 Polar Coordinate, Radius 55 Divisions 5th Accent, Circumference 2° 10° Divisions 208 200° 160" v0 wo" ‘GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 221 oe Yor 130° 30° Soe 298, Boe 70 Bor Sooe a0 BoePolar Coordinate, Radius 70 Divisions 5th Accent, Circumference 2°, 10° Divisions 222 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or CopierPolar Coordinate, Radius 125 Divisions 5th, 10th Accent, Circumference 2°, 10° Divisions GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 223Probability (Long Axis) by 40 Divisions 02 0) 908 om © % so 7 6 0 0 os 9 998 g PPA ose corinrrion ie cng ee Londscope, Margins —0.50T 0.80L 76% 9.99 rr Tres 50 80 98 29 6 0205Probability (Long Axis) by 80 Divisions 999 998 ne landscape, Margins —0.50T 0.80L 76% oe 99 005 01 02 as oo connie en accompa ncaa 25 EDProbability (Long Axis) by 90 Divisions 02 a». 6 0 %0 295 999 998 & E A 226 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 8 mo mS *” 0 60 20 020s 245 01 oor lond:cape, Margins — 0.507 0.80L 76%02 01 cas ot os ” % %5 one9 landscape, Margins —0.50T 0.80L 76% lity (Long Axis) by 100 Divisions we m9 50 20 0Probability (Long Axis) by 1-Cycle Log 8 z ° & . 3 . ® ° e . 2 . & ® R . 8 s 8 ‘ 8 ® 2 . ® . ~ . - i 8 a 3 3 A (228 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier landscape, Margins —0.50T 0,20L 80%Probability (Long Axis) by 2-Cycle Log 02 01 905 ont a m9 oe 0 20 7 8 0 © 0 0 9 m8 a0s01 02 05 n° oo1.2000 ot000! 0.001 c.e0ot 62 01 2 @ 3% 2 % 6 8 230 Extreme Probability by 2-Cycle Log GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier ‘00801 6.000001 ‘001 0001 2 ~ © 2 9sProbability (Long Axis) by 3-Cycle Log 0.0 0.08 02 0 mw 9 0 o 8 ng 8 99 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 231 98 %0 a wo 7 to 30 20 0 02 05 0 0.08 01peo or een peer 2 232 Probability (Long Axis) by 3-Cycle Log * 98 % ‘0 0 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier os oa onProbability by 3-Cycle Log with Probit Scale PERCENTAGE % a 70 © 79 bs 40 as 20 prasirs 233 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or CopierPermille Probability by 80 Divisions wre on 5 os °. oe 2 os ‘ 70 50 50 900 ‘eo veo 200 700 300 00 400 300 500 400 200 300 woo 200 800 100 900 2» 980 0 990 5 os 2 ove ” oon 234 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or CopierPoisson Probability (a scole is Log 0.1 to 100) “onwyye607 in900 Jo 404 119 4889 12 894911990 Jo AiIIGEAOIS 81 J zou | ptptifisa 5, UORSIOg Mots S8AInD 9} 908 Bg “Wn @BBIOAB 24} OU, "9910408 cL om 9s oF 06 or sero s ry Gt {60802090 0 ro eo ae oe ou p—e oct ost 10009 sce Ba Base wostonce'oe 09 os oF oF oe oe asarg Sy fg teogoz0s0 so yo co ao 238 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer er CopierPoisson Probability (a scale is arithmetic 0 to 15 with 10 divisions per unit) VALUES OF @ ' 2 tomy ‘scale is Logarithmic. 236 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer ot Copier‘CUMULATIVE PER CENT. FAILURE Weibull Probability by 2-Cycle Log 0 sstouee rant Tost te os 08 02 Number ‘Aree na Source Sample Sze Tyee of Test, shape * . tt. ft rn ‘chaactera Lie a * i . L nium Ute 2 a4 8 6 7 E81 2 ses 8 AGE AT FAILURE GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 237,Extended Weibull Probability by 3-Cycle Log ayes 4 3 + Labo 5.0% fon 2.0% 2.0% Low sox 40% 0.20% | t r 2 4 456709 2 9 456789) 2 3 4 STOR 238 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or CopiorBinomial Probability ~O ome sez cor ast su01ug psepurs renpinipuy 239 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or CopierProbability by Probability v9 Ie | 7 HH HD HO | DW 1 $F 2 1 02a! a04 OA 99 - - - 001 $998 004 we 02 ” 1 cy 2 %s 5 ” rt ” 2 rn 2» » 0 «0 60 » ~ » © s 9 2 %8 ' ” 02 oe 0.04 096 0.01 v.99 oor ooveio2 1 2 § W 2% 30 40 50 oO 7 Go 90 95 8 97 waHPITII o999Portrait, Hexagonals of Dots at 1-1/2 Centimeters Margins —0.40T 0.351 62% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copior 241Hexagonals of Dots at 1 Centimeter 242 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copior Portrait, Margins —0,30T 0.40L 41%Triangles of Dots at 60° 1 Inch Portrait, Margins —0.50T 0.50 69% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 243244 Triangles of Dots at 60° 1 Centimeter GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins — 0.507 0.50L 86%Squares of Dots at 1 Inch Portrait, Margins —0.30T 0.40L 87% ‘GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 245 ASquares of Dots at 1/2 Inch GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Morgins —0,30T 0.40 07%Squares of Dots at 1 Centimeter Portrait. Marains —0.50T 0.50L 94% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 247‘Triangles at 60° 1 Inch F748 GRAPH PAPER From Your Comouter or Copier Poti, Margins —0.50T 0.50 70%Triangles at 60° 1 Centimeter Portrait’ Marains —0.35T 0.50L 75% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier, 249Hexagonals at 1-1/2 Centimeters aaaHexagonals at 1 Centimeter REALS, menine = 0957 0120L 82% GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 251Music Staff 252 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Portrait, Margins —0,00T 0.00. 99%BIBLIOGRAPHY American National Standards Institute, Inc. Iiustrations for Publication and Projection. New York: “The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1959. Arkin, H., and Colton, R. R. Graphs: And How to Make and Use Them. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1939. Brinton, W. C. Graphic Methods of Presenting Facts, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1914. Brinton, W. C. Gruphie Presencation. New York: Brinton Associates, 1939, Bruins, T. A. Te Ratio Chart in Business. Norwood, Mass.:; Codex Book Co., 1926. Carsten, K. G. Charts and Graphs. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1923. Chaney, W. L. “Comparison of ‘Arithmetic’ and ‘Ratio’ Charts.” Monthly Labor Review. Vol. VIII, No. 3 (March. 1919): pp. 20-34, Croxton, F E., and Cowden, D. J. Applied Coneral Statistics. New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1939. Fischel, Irving, “The ‘Ratio’ Chart for Plotting Statistics.” Quarterly Publication of the American Statistical Association. Vol. 15, No. 117 (June, 1917): pp. 577-601. Funkhauser, H. G., and Walker, H. M. “Playfair and his Charts.” Economic History. (February 1935): pp. 103-109. Haskell, A. C. Graphic Charts in Business. Norwood, Mass.: Codex Book Co., 1928. Katzenberg, A. C. How to Draw Graphs. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Behaviordelia, Inc., 1975. Modley, R. How to Use Pictorial Statistics. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1936. Mudgett, B. D. Statistical Tables and Graphs. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1930, Riggleman, J. R. Graphie Methods for Presenting Business Statistics. New York: McGraw-Hill Book '0., 1936. Selby, Peter W. Using Graphs and Tables, a Seif Teaching Guide, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1979, Subcommittee on Preferred Practice in Graphic Presentation. Code of Preferred Practice for Graphic Presentation and The Series Charts. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1936. Weld., W. E. How to Chart Facts from Pigures with Graphs. Norwood, Mass.: Codex Book Co., 1972. GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 253INDEX A Abscissa 5, 6 Accont 6, 29 ‘Approximation 16 ‘Architectural Drawings 9 ‘Arithmetic Average 17 Arithmelie Chenge 24, 26, 27 ‘Arithmetic Progression 24, 28 ‘Acthovetc Seale 6, 10 Average 14, 17, 18 Moving 16, 17, 18 Axis 5.8, 12.13 Horizontal 5 Lobes 12-13 Vertical 5 X5,6,7,31 15,67,31 27,8 8 Bor Groph 15, 19-21 Rose 95.4 Bell-Shoped Curve 30 Bios, Statistical 10 Bleed-Through 32 Break in Axis 12, © Cause 5 Change ‘Avithmetic 24, 26, 27 Cumulative 23, 20) Geometric 24, 25 Circulor-Porcentage Graph 22 Graph List 37 Grophe 87-89 Collect Data 9 Colors, use of 14 Gomman Lagorithm 25 Component Bar Graph 21 Compound Bor Graphs 21 Compress Dato 27 Compression 11 Computer 33-36 Computer-Generated Grophs 36 Connecting Data Points 16 Contrast, Lock of & Convert Data 9 Coordinotes 7 Copying Machine, Use 3, 4 Cowrectina Copies 32 Correction Fluid 32 Cross-Section Grids 6 ‘tid Lisi 37 Grids Inches 49-76 Gride--Motric 77 86 Cumulative Percent 30 Cumulotive Total 23) 254 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier Curves 16 Gyele, Log 26.27 > Date Collect 9 Convert @ Graduation of 10 Identifying 20 Lat 9 Ploting 14, 15, 19 Points 14-16 Range 16, 28 Rounding 9, 10 Data-Collection Table List 6 Tables 41-48 Date Source 21 Decimal 9 Decimal Order of Magni Dependent Variable 5 Dirty rum & Dirty Glee & Diny Original 4 Distortion 7, 11, 12 Division Lines 6, 20 Divisions Per Accent 10 Dots, Grids of 241-247 Dow Theory 29 Drum 4 Duol Scoles 13 ide 10, 28 E Effect 5 Enlorged Copies 4 Errors 32 Exponent 24 Extreme Variations 17 F First-Generation Copy 3 Fractions 10 French Curve 16 s Geographic Distribution Graphs 23, 90-104 List 37 Geometric Progression 24, 25, 28 Geometric Scale 6 Graduation of Dato 10 Graph Bar 15, 19-21 Bit: Mapped 33 Compound Bor 21 Computer-Generated 33-35 Dow Theory 29 Goographic Dictribution 23 Hypometric 214 Log-Log 28t | Pio 22 Pointane:- Figure 30 Frobapiiny 30 Proportions 11 Semi-loa 6, 28 Stock Marke! 29 Surface 28, Tiavownater 4, 99 Three-Dimentional 7 Title 15 Tracing 19 TWionguler-Coordinate 8 Two-Dimensional 5 z14 Graph Line ‘Accant 6, 29 Colored 14 Conved 18 Division 6, 20 Grey Background 4 Gad 3,4 ‘Creviar Percentage 87-89 Cross-Section 49-86 Hypometvie 214 Inomenic 7, 207-219 Loglog 10, 181-206 Metric 77-86, 159-164, 171-179 Miscellaneous 241-252 Orhogtoahie 8, 211-213 Ferspective 8, 215-216 Polar-Coordinote 218-223 Probability 31, 224.240 Semi:Log 10, 122-180 Stock Market 111-113 Three-Dimensioncl 7, 207-217 Time Series Avithineic 105-121 “Wiangulor:Coorsinate 8, 217 H Hexogonels 241, 242, 250, 251 Horizontal Axis 5 Horizontal Bar Graph 19, 20 Horizontal Compression 11 Horizontal Labe's 12 Horizontal Lines 3, 19 How to Draw a Graph 9 How to Moke Masters 3 How to Round Numbers 9 How to Use Log Grophs 28.29 Hypometric Grid 214 1 leon 2, 36 Identification of Shadings 20, Identifying oto 20 Identifying Dato Points 16 Independent Variable 5 Inverse Log Graph 29 Isometric Grids 7, 207-213 K Kurtosis 31 L Labeling 12, 13 Larger Paper 32 Light Copies 4 Line Graph 15 owe 14, 16 st Dota 9 Log Grophs 10, 26-29 Log-Log Gruphs 28 Grid List 39 Grids 10, 181-206 Logarithmic Seale 6, 26 Logorithms 24-26 ™ Magnitude, Decimal Order of 10, 28 Mejor Accent 6, 29 Major Division 10 ‘Maps 23, 90-104 Margins 36 Master Groph 3 Mathematical Progression 7 Matric Grids 77-86, 159-164, 171-179 Mierosoft Paintbrush® 34-36 Mieeosoft Windows® 33-35 Minor Accent 6 Moving Average 16, 17, 18 Multiple-Bor Groh 19-20 Muliple-Curve Graphs 14 Multiple Seales 13 Multiple Sets of Dota 14 Msie Staff 252 N Needlework Grids 67, 70, 74 Negative Numbars 6,7, 19 Noemal Distribution 30 ° Oblique Projection 8 Ogive 31 One-Dimensional Graphs 4 Ordinate 5, 7 Orientation 26 Origin 5 Orthographic Projection 8 Grids 8, 211-213 Percent of Change 24 Percentage, Circular 22, 87-89 Percentage, Cumulative 30 Perspective Grid List 39 Perspective Grids 8, 215-216 Pie Graphs 22, 87-89 Ploting 14, 15, 19. Plotting Negative Numbers 6 Potting Percentages on log Graphs 27 Point of Origin 5 Point-and-Figure Graphs 30 Polar-Coordinate Gri List 40 (Grids 218-223, Poor-Qualily Copies 4 (GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copier 255Power of @ Number 24 Grids 207-217 Printer Limitations 36 Graphs 7 Printer Selings 36. Tick Marks 6, 19 Probobilty 30-32 Time 5,9 Groph 30 Time Series Grid List 38-39 Grid Lis 40, ‘thmetie Grid 105-121 Grids 31, 224-240 Semi-bog Grids 122-180 Progression Tile Groph 15 Arithmetic 24, 28 Top-to-Bottom Label 13, Geometric 24, 25, 28 Trocing © Graph 19 Projections Tiangles 243, 244, 248, 249 Isometric 7, 207-213 ‘Tianguler-Coordinate Grids 8, 217 Orhogrophie 8, 211-213 ‘Two-Dimensional Graphs 5-7 Perspective 8, 215-216 Projectors 17 v Proportions, Graph 11 Vonishing Point 8 Variable Q Dependent 5 Quadrents § Independent 5 Voriable-Reduction Copiers 4 R Vertical Axis 5 Range of the Data 16, 28 Vertical Bor Groph 15, 19-21 Ratio Paper 26 Vertical Compression 11 Ratio of Change 24 Vertical Labels 13 Reduced-Size Copies 4 Vertical Linge 3, 19 Reports 23 Visual Distortion 11 Round Data 9, 10 Volume, Trading 29 Rub-on Tronsfer Moterials 20 : Rulings 19 - x Kaus 3, 0,7, 31 s S-Shaped Curve 31 Y Same-Size Copies 3 Vass 5, 6, 7,31 Seale, Computer 36 Yeor-to-Year Comparison 14 Seale Lines 6 Zz Scoles, Multiple 13 Z Asis 7, 8 Seoles 6, 11, 13, 21,26, 32 ZGroph 14 Scheduling Form List 36 Zero Foint 5 Forms 41-48 ‘Serotehed Drum 4 Segmented Bar Groph 21 Selact Grid 11 Semi-tog Grophs 6, 28 Grid List 38.39 Gride 10, 122-180 Shaded Tapes 20 Shading Patterns 20, 21, 22, 23 Skewing 31 Smoothing 16 Splicing Copies 32 Suares 245-247 Siondard Deviation 31 Statisicol Bias 10, Steps in Drowing @ Groph 9 Stock Market Graphs 29 Grids 111-113 Surface Graphe 29 T Teble of Logarithms 25 Thermometer Groph 22 ‘Three-Dimensionol Grid Index 39 256 GRAPH PAPER From Your Computer or Copieroe wauonve sd PSE a [ yFM AMI JAS OND FMAM) JASOND Normat Gain HORIZONTAL COMPRESSION O=NERUErwod DFM AM J JAS OND VERTICAL COMPRESSIONNever search for graph paper again! Make your own with your computer printer or copier TOTAL FISHER BOOKS. Disk for Windows’ users contains 175 graphs which can be printed from your computer $24.95 U.S. $33.95 Canada Cross-Section, inch & metric Circular Percentage (pie) Semi-Log Log-Log Time Series Arithmetic Stock Market Isometric Isometric-Orthographic Triangular Coordinate Polar Coordinate Probability Needlework World Western Hemisphere North America United States Canada Mexico British Isles Australia, and others 1/2 Day by 1/4 Hour Day by 1/2 Hour Week by Day Month by Day Calendar Month by Day Year by Week Year by Month 3 Years by Month Easy reproduction. Easy instructions! ISBN 1-555b1-07b-S sn 15551670760! °