Lesson 3 River Geomorphology PDF

LESSON 3 RIVER GEOMORPHOLOGY
FLUVIAL SYSTEMS
LESSON 3 River Geomorphology

1. An erosional zone of
runoff production and
sediment source

2. A transport zone of
water and sediment
conveyance; and

3. A deposition zone of
runoff delivery and
sedimentation
SEDIMENT EROSION, TRANSPORT
and DEPOSITION by RIVER
Interaction between flow and riverbed
(a) General View
(b) Free body diagram showing shear stress at flow base-river bed interface
SHEAR STRESS
f o
ghS =
where : S
f
= slope of the EGL

t
V
g x
V
g
v
x
h
S S
o f
= =
1
SHEAR STRESS
For NORMAL FLOW
o o
ghS =
Shields Method (Julien, 1995)
3
1
2
*
) 1 (

=
v
g G
d d
s
where: G = specific gravity
of sediment particle
v = kinematic viscosity
of the fluid
g = acceleration due to
gravity
s s s
o
gd G
u
d ) 1 ( ) (
2
*
*
Shields Parameter
where:
o
= boundary shear
stress
u
*
= shear velocity
defined by

o
u =
*

Particle Type
Diameter
d
s
(mm)
Critical Shear Stress
c
(N/mm)
Cobble 130 111
Gravel 8 5.7
Sand 0.25 0.194
INSTABILITY OF FLUVIAL SYSTEMS
RIVER CHANNEL PATTERn
RIVERBED DEGRADATION
RIVERBED DEGRADATION
RIVERBED AGGRADATION
Channel Aggradation
BAR FORMATION IN ALLUVIAL RIVERS
BARS refer to large bed forms on the bed of a river that are
often exposed during low flows

these deposited segment mounds are not static and
often get transported under high flows

they may again appear when the flow subsided but
may not necessarily be at the same location as the
earlier ones
Bar formation in rivers
(a) Alternate bars form in
straight channels with
deposits alternation
from right bank to left
bank. Froude number is
high
(b) Point bars form due to the presence of secondary flows
Secondary flow in rivers
(a) Streamlines in plan at different levels
Secondary flow in rivers
(b) Rotation movement of water in river cross-section
(c) Effect of secondary flow: deposition on inner back
(c) Mid-channel point bar
RIVER MEANDERING
RIVER MEANDERING
LATERAL MOVEMENT OF RIVERS AND
ITS BANK INSTABILITY
VARIABLES AFFECTING
RIVER BEHAVIOUR
1. Stream discharge
2. Sediment load
3. Longitudinal slope
4. Bank and bed resistance to flow
5. Vegetation
6. Geology including types of sediment
7. Works of dam

SUMMARY
SUSPENDED SOLIDS measured by sampling the water, filtering to
remove the sediment, drying, and weighing the filtered material

SUSPENDED SEDIMENT LOAD
SUSPENDED SEDIMENT LOAD measured by sampling the
water, filtering to remove the sediment, drying, and weighing
the filtered material

expressed in parts per million (ppm)

computed by dividing the weight of sediment by the weight
of sediment and water in the sample and multiplying the
quotient by 10
6
.

US DH-81 SAMPLER

It consists of an adaptor, cap with
an internally molded vent tube and
3/16 or 1/4 or 5/6 nozzle, all of
which are autoclavable.
U.S. DH-48 DEPTH
INTEGRATED SUSPENDED
WADING-TYPE SEDIMENT
SAMPLER

This is a lightweight sampler
for collection of suspended
sediment samples where
wading rod sampler
suspension is used
Where:

Q
s
= suspended sediment transport
Q = streamflow
n = commonly varies from 2 to 3
n
s
kQ Q =
SUSPENDED SEDIMENT RATING CURVE may be used to
estimate suspended sediment transport from continuous
record of streamflow in the same manner that the flow is
estimated from continuous stage record by use of stage
discharge relation.

less accurate than the corresponding streamflow
rating curve.
SEDIMENT YIELD / SEDIMENT PRODUCTION total amount of
sediment that passes any section of the stream
BED LOAD
The BLS 30 and BLS 48 pre
ssure difference cable suspe
nded Bed Load samplers are
used in natural streams for c
arrying coarse sediments.
RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION
) log (
100
%
) log (
100
%
) log (
100
%
3 3 2 2 1 1
T B W
clay
T B W
silt
T B W
sand
W + + + + + =
Where:

W = specific weight (dry) of deposit
T = age of deposit
B
1
, B
2
, B
3
= constants having same unit as W that relate to the
compaction characteristics of each soil type
W
1
, W
2
, W
3
= specific weights of sand, silt and clay, respectively

%sand, %silt, %clay is on weight basis
Example 1. Estimate the specific weight of (dry) of deposited
sediment that is always submerged. The sediment is 20% sand,
30% silt, and 50% clay by weight. Calculate how the specific
weight of the deposited material varies with time and find the
volume occupied by 500 tons of first-year and tenth-year deposited
sediment.

Example 2. If the specific gravity of sediment particles is 2.65 and
the specific weight (dry) of a cubic foot of deposited sediment is
70 pcf, what is the porosity of the deposited sediment and what
does 1 ft
3
of that sediment weigh?

TRAP EFFICIENCY the percentage of the inflowing sediment
that is retained in the reservoir, which is a function of the
ratio of reservoir capacity to total inflow.

decreases with age as the reservoir capacity is reduced
by sediment accumulation
SMALL RESERVOIR on a large stream passes most of its

inflow so quickly that the finer sediments do not settle but
are discharged downstream.
LARGE RESERVOIR may retain water for several years and
permit almost complete removal of suspended sediment.
CONTROL
Common procedure for dealing with sediment problems

designate a portion of the reservoir capacity as SEDIMENT
STORAGE

select a site where the sediment inflow is naturally low

use of soil-conservation methods within the drainage basin
(terraces, strip cropping, contour plowing, check dams,
vegetal cover, stream-bank protection, revetment, etc)
provide means of discharging some sediment such as sluice
gates
RESERVOIR CLEARANCE
Disadvantages from leaving the vegetation in the reservoir are:

1.trees will eventually float and create a debris problem at
the dam

2. decay of organic material may create undesirable odor or
taste in water-supply reservoirs

3.tress projecting above the water surface may create
undesirable appearance and restrict the use of reservoir
recreation

RESERVOIR SITE SELECTION
General rules for choice of reservoir sites are:

1. A suitable dam site must exist. The cost of the dam is often
a controlling factor of a site.

2. The cost of real estate for the reservoir (including road, rail
road, cemetery, and dwelling relocation) must not be
excessive.

3. The reservoir site must have adequate capacity.

4. A deep reservoir is preferable to shallow one because of
lower land costs per unit of capacity, less evaporation loss
and less likelihood of weed growth.

5. Tributary areas that are unusually productive of sediment
should be avoided if possible.

6. The quality of the stored water must be satisfactory for its
intended use.

7. The reservoir banks and adjacent hillslopes should be
stable. Unstable banks will contribute large amount of soil
material to the reservoir.

8. The environmental impact of the proposed reservoir must
be studied and made available to the public to ascertain
the social acceptability of the project.

LET LEARNING CONTINUE.

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LESSON 3 RIVER GEOMORPHOLOGY

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