PASSIVE VOICE

Tiempo Verbal de la
oracin en voz activa VOZ ACTIVA VOZ PASIVA
Presente Simple
My brother studies the
lesson.
The lesson is studied by my
brother.
Presente Continuo
My brother is studying the
lesson.
The lesson is being studied by
my brother.
Pasado Simple
My brother studied the
lesson.
The lesson was studied by my
brother.
Pasado Continuo
My brother was
studying the lesson.
The lesson was being studied by
my brother.
Futuro Simple
My brother will study the
lesson.
The lesson will be studied by my
brother.
Futuro Cercano
My brother is going to
studythe lesson.
The lesson is going to be
studied by my brother.
Presente Perfecto
My brother has studied the
lesson.
The lesson has been studied by
my brother.
Pasado Perfecto
My brother had studied the
lesson.
The lesson had been studied by
my brother.






Tommy will know Machu Picchu ruins in Peru.
My boss sent me detailed instructions.
Sams friend solved the problem.
The workers will complete the new road in the next year.
Paul is going to repair the car.
My brother forgot his wallet at the bank.
My sister will send a letter to my mother.
The little girl is drawing her pet.
She dropped her bag in the train.
My brother takes his medicine every day.
John and Fred will climb the Aconcagua Mountain.
My wife crashed the new car.
I opened the windows.
I drink a glass of water.
You did not send the parcel.
They did not catch the thieves.
Jane has taken some photographs.
The passengers are going to visit the museum.
The teacher made a big mistake.
Mary was preparing a lot of food.

Britney Spears sang her new songs.
The ladies were listening the speech carefully.
My father gets a good salary.
The boss lent me one of his books.
He did not pay the bill.
My neighbour is going to buy a new car.
I had lost my umbrella when it began to rain.
Alice was looking for her pencils.
I will hang a picture on the wall.
Susan has not answered your letters.
Amy Winehouse broke an expensive picture at the hotel.
Toms mother keep the yoghurt in the refrigerator.
Mrs. Thompson has the best garden in town.
We will send the parcel inmediately.
The waiter brought a bottle of beer.
The truck was carrying a bag full of money.
The students had read the text in class.
We were enjoying our dinner at the restaurant.
Sally has accepted the invitation for my birthday party.
He repeated the question several times.
The policeman did not allow us to enter the museum at night.
The old lady told us an incredible story.
A beggar asked me for a meal and a glass of water.
Charles always lends me his books.
We will forbide John to go to the party with Mike.
Sally is offering you an interesting job.
The doctors gave the children artificial respiration.
I have offered my brother a large sum of money.
The hotel manager brought us the keys.
Susan and Mary did not tell me that Frank was ill.
The doctor would allow Mr Wilkins to go home.
My father showed my cousin how to use the computer.
The new delivery boy has brought me the big parcel.
The optician is showing my grandmother the glasses.
My mother should tell my brother never to do that again.
Mrs Alison gave the baby-sitter some last minute instructions.

Many rivers have flooded as a result of heavy rain. (cause)
Heavy rain .
2. I was forced to fire her by the managing director.(make)
The managing director .
3. They made us wear a uniform at my school. (make)
We .
4. Do they let candidates use a calculator in the exam? (allow)
Are ?
5. John allowed me to stay in his beach house. (let)
John .
6. You can't come in if you are wearing jeans. (allow)
No one wearing jeans .

. It seems he is writing a new novel.
He a new novel.
2. It appears that the government is about to raise the taxes.
The government the taxes.
3. It appears he had one of the largest fortunes in the world.
He one of the largest fortunes in the world.
4. It seems men are more at risk from heart attack than women.
Men more at risk from heart attack than women.
5. It seems that she has decided to accept the job.
She to accept the job.
6. It appears that the engine was losing oil.
The engine oil.
7. It seems that they can handle the situation.
They the situation.



ask, award, be, bury, cut, discover, express, find, secure, see


Here is the news. Harold Broom, former Foreign Secretary, dead in
his flat in central London. The Prime Minister for a rigurous inquiry
and his condolences to the family.
Strong winds and heavy heavy are causing traffic problems all around the country.
The M-6 by fallen trees and there several serious accidents
involving lorries.
The gorilla that went missing from the zoo in Bath yesterday in a
nearby park. The police all the entrances and are trying to capture the
animal.
Archaelogists the tomb of a Pharaoh near Cairo. The
tomb in the sand for more than 4000 years.
And finally, Barcelona FC player Leo Messi his third Golden Ball as
the best player in 2011.


CONDICIONALES

conditional type 0 >> ZERO CONDITIONAL

IF + SIMPLE PRESENT + SIMPLE PRESENT
Used for scientific facts or general truths (usado para expresar verdades cientficas, hechos
que nunca cambian o situaciones que siempre ocurren). Algunos gramticos incluyen este tipo
de condicional dentro de FIRST CONDITIONAL o Conditional Type I.

conditional type I >> FIRST CONDITIONAL

Used to talk about things which are possible in the present or the future. It is generally used
for things which may happen (utilizado para cosas que pueden ocurrir en presente o futuro).

a) IF + SIMPLE PRESENT + SIMPLE FUTURE
b) IMPERATIVE + OR / AND + SIMPLE FUTURE
Used for threats and promises (usado para expresar amenazas y promesas)
c) IMPERATIVO + IF / IN CASE + SIMPLE PRESENT

conditional type II >> SECOND CONDITIONAL

Used to talk about things which are unreal (not true or not possible) in the present or
the future. It is generally used for things which don't or won't happen. It is generally
used for things which may happen (utilizado en presente o futuro para expresar
situaciones hipotticas, que normalmente son irreales o imposibles).

IF + SIMPLE PAST + SIMPLE CONDITIONAL
If FIRST verb in the sentence is TO BE, WERE is used for all persons.
(Si el PRIMER verbo de la oracin es TO BE, se usa WERE para todas las personas)

conditional type III >> THIRD CONDITIONAL

Used to talk about unreal situations in the past, that is, things which did not happen in
the past. (utilizado para expresar situaciones irreales que nunca sucedieron en el
pasado y, en general, dentro de un contexto de crtica, queja o remordimiento). En
espaol tienes una construccin similar por lo cual este condicional no debera
resultar complicado.

IF + PAST PERFECT + CONDITIONAL PERFECT
If FIRST verb in the sentence is TO BE, WERE is used for all persons.
(Si el PRIMER verbo de la oracin es TO BE, se usa WERE para todas las personas)


John: Can't you stop playing the piano?
Dan: Well, if I (not practise), I will fail my exam next week.
John: But why at night? If you (play) in the morning, I (not hear)
you because I'm at work. But you never play in the morning! If I (know)
about the piano, I (not take) you as a flatmate last September. If
you (practise) quietly, it (be) much better.
Dan: But I can't play the piano quietly.
John: If I (know) that, I (choose) someone else for the
room. Anyway, if you (not find) a solution soon, I (complain)
to the police.

If you hadn't driven so fast,
If you call the Reception desk,
If you exercised regularly,
If we meet at 9,
If I were the president,
If I knew the answer,
If I had known it was going to rain,
If you swim in the lake in winter,
If you see my brother,
If you weren't so absent-minded,

we will have plenty of time to visit the city.
I wouldn't ask you.
will you tell him I'm looking for him?
I would have taken an umbrella.
you wouldn't have been fined.
I would reduce the income tax.
you would lose weight more easily.
you will get a bad cold.
you wouldn't stumble all the time.
they will get you a taxi.

on condition, provided, but for, if only, unless, supposing, imagine
you had missed your flight, what would you have done?
2. her help, I wouldn't have got the job.
3. I will walk the dog you do the dishes.
4. we had an umbrella! It's raining and we are soaked.
5. I can't help you you tell me what is wrong.
6. my mother, I would have never learned English.
7. you met the President, what would you tell him?
8. You can borrow my car you drive carefully.
9. I had studied more when I was young!
10. I won't leave she tells me to.


REPORTED SPEECH
Discurso directo
He said: I will call you tomorrow.
Discurso indirecto
He said he would call me the next day.
El discurso indirecto es la manera ms habitual de hacer referencia a las
palabras de otra persona. Este tipo de discurso comporta algunas
modificaciones a nivel del verbo, de los pronombres y de los adverbios de
tiempo que empezaremos a trabajar en la leccin de hoy.
Los principales verbos para introducir el discurso indirecto son el verbo to
say y el verbo to tell. Estos dos verbos tienen algunas particularidades de
uso que se pueden observar en los ejemplos siguientes:
He said he was tired. el verbo to say no accepta una persona como
complemento directo. Por lo tanto, construcciones como He said me son
incorrectas.
He told me he was tired. el verbo to tell necesita una persona como
complemento directo.
Las modificaciones que se producen en el discurso indirecto son de tres
tipos:
1. Modificaciones de la forma verbal.
Se deben al verbo introductor en pasado. Todas las formas verbales dan
un paso atrs.
El present simple se convierte en past simple
I am hungry He said he was hungry.
El present progressive se convierte en past progressive
I am watching TVHe said he was watching TV.
El past simple se convierte en past perfect
I bought a car yesterday-He said he had bought a car the day before.
El present perfect se convierte en past perfect
I have been to New York before-He said he had been to New York
before.
El future with will se convierte en future in the past
I will comeHe said he would come.
El conditional se convierte en past conditional
I would go homeHe said he would have gone home.
Algunos verbos modales tambin cambian: can se cambia
por could; may por might; must deviene had to. Otros verbos modales
como should o would no sufren cambios.
I can swimHe said he could swim.
I must work harder to pass the exam-He said he had to work harder to
pass the exam.
Pero:
I would like to travel moreHe said he would like to travel more.
Importante
Cuando el verbo introductor tiene la forma de presente, no se hacen
modificaciones de la forma verbal. Esta se produce nicamente cuando el
verbo tiene la forma de pasado.
I will come to the partyHe says he will come to the party.
2. Modificaciones de los pronombres personales
I deviene he o she
we deviene they
you deviene I / he / she/ they
Evidentemente estas modificaciones tambin afectan a las otras formas de
los pronombres personales. Por
ejemplo, my deviene his o her, us deviene them, etc.
My wife has arrivedHe said his wife had arrived.
I saw you yesterdayHe said he had seen me the day before.
3. Modificaciones de los adverbios de tiempo y de lugar y de algunos
adjetivos demostrativos
now deviene then
today deviene that day
yesterday deviene the day before o the previous day
tomorrow deviene the next day o the day after
next (week) deviene the next (week) o the (week) after
last (month) deviene the (month) before o the previous (month)
this deviene that
these deviene those
here deviene there


I want to telephone to my office now.
He said .
2. I will write to you every day.
He told me .
3. I have never been here before.
She told me .
4. I am flying to London tomorrow.
She said .
5. We must follow our friend's example.
He said .
6. My parents would like to visit Spain.
She said .
7. I bought a new car last year.
He told me .
8. I don't like living here.
She said .
9. I need to work on my project today.
He told me .
10. I haven't forgotten to call my mother.
She said .

De indirecto a directo
She said she was going to watch TV that evening.
"I ."
2. They said they had to leave the next day.
"We ."
3. He said he had lost his passport the day before.
"I ."
4. She said her sister had not arrived yet.
"My sister ."
5. They said they loved that painting.
"We ."
6. He said he could find us a room.
"I ."
7. They said they would wait there.
"We ."
8. She said she was starting her English classes that day.
"I ."
9. He said he didn't like those curtains.
"I ."
10. They said they would like to live abroad.
"We ."

It's not a good idea to stop. (advised)
She .
2. Don't go near that building! (warned)
The firefighter .
3. Help us, please! (begged)
They .
4. I stole the money. (confessed)
She .
5. Well done! You've won the first prize. (congratulated)
The head master .
6. I won't drive! (refused)
She .
7. I'll pay all the expenses! (promised)
He .
8. Why not visit the British Museum? (suggested)
He suggested .
9. This is how you do it. (explained)
She .
10. Don't forget your swimsuit. (reminded)
She .


MODALS VERBS

I went to their house yesterday but all the lights were out. They
(must/go) on holiday.
2. My keys are not here. My son (may/ take) them.
3. She (can't/help) him with the plan because they have never
met before.
4. They didn't come nor call yesterday. They (must/forget)
about the appointment.
5. I can't find my reading glasses. I (might/leave) them at the
office.
6. He stayed with us all he weekend. He (can't/drive) to Paris to
visit his brother.
7. My bike is not here anymore. Someone (must/steal) it.

Perhaps she needs help with her homework. (might)
She .
2. I'm certain he works here. We take the elevator together every morning. (must)
He . We take the elevator together every morning.
3. It's impossible that they miss the flight. They left for the airport ages ago.(can't)
They . They left for the airport ages ago.
4. I'm sure there is a bus to the center every ten minutes.(must)
There .
5. Perhaps it rains tonight! The weather is unpredictable at this time of the
year.(may)
It ! The weather is unpredictable at this time of the year.
6. It's impossible that these trousers fit me! They aren't my size. (can't)
These ! They aren't my size.
7. I'm sure the file is in the top drawer. (must)
The .
8. The traffic is very slow so perhaps he is late. (may)
The traffic is very slow so .
9. It's impossible that you are hungry after such a big lunch. (can't)
You .
10. I'm certain my keys are in my purse.
My .