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SUBJECT:CONTROLPRINCIPLES
BENE 2323
F FA AK KU UL LT TI IK KE EJ JU UR RU UT TE ER RA AA AN N E EL LE EK KT TR RO ON NI IK K & & K KE EJ JU UR RU UT TE ER RA AA AN N K KO OM MP PU UT TE ER R

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

Learning Outcomes:
Students should be able to:
define what control system is
state the advantages of control system
describe response characteristics
find out the differences between open-loop and closed loop systems
state the analysis and design objectives of control system

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Control systems are an integral part of modern society.
Numerous applications are all around us.
The control systems also exist in nature such as the pancreas, which regulates
our blood sugar.

Some of the examples of control system are :


Figure 1.1 Driver controlled of automobile cruise control system



Figure 1.2 Sailboat control system.






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SUBJECT:CONTROLPRINCIPLES
BENE 2323
F FA AK KU UL LT TI IK KE EJ JU UR RU UT TE ER RA AA AN N E EL LE EK KT TR RO ON NI IK K & & K KE EJ JU UR RU UT TE ER RA AA AN N K KO OM MP PU UT TE ER R


Figure 1.3 Human body temperature control system

Control System Definition
Consists of subsystems and processes (or plants) assembled for the purpose
of controlling the output of processes.
In other word, a control system provides an output or response for a given
input or stimulus as shown in Figure 1.1.





Figure 1.1 : Simplified description of a control system

Advantages of Control System
We can move large equipment with precision
We can point huge antennas toward the farthest reaches of universe to pick
up faint radio signals

We build control systems for four primary reasons:
Power amplification
Remote control
Convenience of input form
Compensation for disturbances




1.2 A HISTORY OF CONTROL SYSTEMS
Liquid-Level Control
Steam Pressure and Temperature Controls
Speed Control
Stability, Stabilization and Steering


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SUBJECT:CONTROLPRINCIPLES
BENE 2323
F FA AK KU UL LT TI IK KE EJ JU UR RU UT TE ER RA AA AN N E EL LE EK KT TR RO ON NI IK K & & K KE EJ JU UR RU UT TE ER RA AA AN N K KO OM MP PU UT TE ER R

1.3 RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS AND SYSTEM
CONFIGURATIONS
Response characteristic input, output, transient response, steady-state
response and steady-state error














Input/stimulus a desired response
Output the actual response
Transient response a gradual change before the steady-state response
Steady-state response after the transient response, which is its
approximation to the desired response
Steady-state error the differences between input and output

Two major system configurations of control systems :-

Open-Loop Systems as shown in Figure 1.2.
It consists of subsystems called an input transducer, controller and process
or plant.
Input transducer converts the form of the input to that used by the
controller. Controller drives a process or plant. Other signals, such as
disturbances, are shown added to the controller and process outputs via
summing junctions. The open-loop system cannot correct for these
disturbances.
Examples toasters, washing machine (washing process)


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SUBJECT:CONTROLPRINCIPLES
BENE 2323
F FA AK KU UL LT TI IK KE EJ JU UR RU UT TE ER RA AA AN N E EL LE EK KT TR RO ON NI IK K & & K KE EJ JU UR RU UT TE ER RA AA AN N K KO OM MP PU UT TE ER R

Figure 1.2

Closed-Loop (Feedback Control) Systems The disadvantages of open-
loop systems may be overcome in closed-loop system as shown in Figure
1.3. An output transducer/ sensor, measures the output response and
converts into the form used by controller. The closed-loop systems
measured the output response through a feedback path, and comparing that
response to the input at the summing junction. If there is any difference
between the two response, the system drives the plant, via the actuating
signal, to make a correction. If there is no difference, the system does not
drive the plant.
Examples air conditioning, lift, washing machine (water level control)


Figure 1.3

The differences between open and closed-loop system are:-
Closed-Loop System Open-Loop System
Have the feedback path. Does not have the feedback path.
Greater accuracy. Not accurate.
Less sensitive to noise, disturbances
and changes in the environment.
Sensitive to noise, disturbances and
changes in the environment.
The system can compare the output
response with the input and make a
correction if there is any difference.
The system cannot correct the
disturbances.
More complex and expensive. Simple and inexpensive.

Controller
Process
Or Plant
+
-
Error
summing
junction
Input
Transducer
Output
transducer
=sensor
summing
junction
summing
junction
+
+
+ +
Disturbances 1 Disturbances2
Controller
Process
Or Plant
input
Transducer
summing
junction
summing
junction
+
+
+ +
Disturbances 1 Disturbances 2
Input
=ref


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SUBJECT:CONTROLPRINCIPLES
BENE 2323
F FA AK KU UL LT TI IK KE EJ JU UR RU UT TE ER RA AA AN N E EL LE EK KT TR RO ON NI IK K & & K KE EJ JU UR RU UT TE ER RA AA AN N K KO OM MP PU UT TE ER R
1.4 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OBJECTIVES
Control systems are dynamic : they response to an input by undergoing a
transient response before reaching steady-state response that generally
resembles the input.
3 major objectives:-
o Producing the desired transient response
o Reducing steady-state error
o Achieving stability

Transient Response
Important in control system
Ex. In the case of an elevator, a slow transient makes passenger impatient,
whereas an excessively rapid response makes them uncomfortable. Too fast a
transient response could cause permanent physical damage.
Therefore, we have to analyze the system for its existing transient response.
Then, adjust parameters or design components to yield a desired transient
response.

Steady-State Response
This response resembles the input and is usually what remains after the
transients have decayed to zero.
We define steady-state errors quantitatively,
Analyze a systems steady-state error, and then
Design corrective action to reduce this error.

1.5 THE DESIGN PROCESS
The design of a control system follows these step:
1. Determine a physical system and specifications from requirements.
2. Draw a functional block diagram.
3. Represent the physical system as a schematic.
4. Use the schematic to obtain a mathematical model such as a block
diagram.
5. Reduce the block diagram.
6. Analyze and design the system to meet specified requirements and
specifications that include stability, transient response and steady-
state performance.

1.6 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD)
Using computer, we can perform analysis, design and simulation with one
program. With the ability to simulate a design rapidly, we can easily make
changes and immediately test a new design. In this subject, we use
MATLAB for CAD.