1

Functions

10. Given f (x) = 2x 5 and f (x) = 10.

1. Diagram (i): Arrow diagram

Diagram (ii): Ordered pairs
Diagram (iii): Graph

2x 5 = 10
15
x =
2

2. (a) 3
(b) 2
(c) (i) {2, 1, 1}
(ii) {3, 3, 6}
(iii) {3, 3, 6}
(d) one-to-one

15
Therefore, the object is .
2
11.

3. (a) many-to-one
(b) (i) {8, 9, 16}
(ii) {9, 16}

x7
12. g(x) =
5
27
(a) g(2) =
5
= |1|
=1

4. Since x-coordinate is one more than y, then

(a) x = 12,
(b) y = 14.

(b)

5. (a) one-to-many
(b) Since image in set B is the square root of object
in set A,
9
then y =

= 3

g(x) = 4
x7
= 4
5
x7
= 4
5
x 7 = 20
x = 27

6. (a) many-to-many
(b) Range = {d, e, f}

When x = 2,
f (x) = |2 5|
= |7|
=7
When x = 7,
f (x) = |7 5|
=2

5
4
f : x x + 3 or f (x) = x + 3
(i) {2, 4, 5}
(ii) {5, 7, 8}

When x 5 = 0
x=5
When x = 0,
f (x) = 0 5
=  5
=5

9. f (x) = 3x2
Image for object 1 = f (1)
= 3(1)2
=3

13. f (x) = |x 5|

7. Diagram (i): one-to-one

Diagram (ii): one-to-one
Diagram (iii): is not a function because object c has
no image.
Diagram (iv): is not a function because it is
one-to-many relation.
Diagram (v): many-to-one
8. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

h(x) = sin x
h(90) = sin 90
=1

or

x7
= 4
5
x 7 = 20
x = 13

f (x)

When x = 3,
f (3) = 6 1
= 5
When 2x 1 = 0,
1
x=
2

f (x)
7
5

f (x)

2
0

2
x

2 0

f (x)
0
1

f (x)

x
1

f(x) = cos x

Range = 0 f (x) 7
14. (a)

f(x) = 2x 1

Therefore, the range of f (x) is 5 f (x) 0.

0

17. (a) f (7) = 3(7) 1

= 20
3
(b) f (3) = 5 +
3
=6

90 180 270 360

(b) When x = 120

f (120) = cos 120
1
=
2
1

=
2
Hence, the range of f (x) is 0 f (x) 1.

18. Since the graph is a straight line,

3
30
the gradient = = , f (x)-intercept = 3
2
0 (2)
3
Therefore, the equation is f (x) = x + 3.
2

15. (a) (i)

f (x) = x2 4
Image for object 3 = f (3)
= 32 4
=5
(ii) Image for object 4 = f ( 4)
= ( 4)2 4
= 12
(b) (i)

19. (a) fg(x) = f (1 6x)

= 3(1 6x)
= 3 18x
(b) gf (x) = g(3x)
= 1 6(3x)
= 1 18x

f (x)

(c) f 2(x) = ff (x)

= f (3x)
= 3(3x)
= 9x

12

5
4
4

(ii)

(d) g2(x) = gg(x)

= g(1 6x)
= 1 6(1 6x)
= 1 6 + 36x
= 36x 5

x
2 3

Hence, the range of f (x) is 0 f (x) 12.

f (x) = 5
x2 4 = 5
x2 = 9
x =

9
= 3

20. (a) hp(x) = h(x2 2x)

= 2(x2 2x) + 3
= 2x2 4x + 3
(b) ph(x) = p(2x + 3)
= (2x + 3)2 2(2x + 3)
= (2x + 3)(2x + 3 2)
= (2x + 3)(2x + 1)

16. f (x) = 2x 1

When x = 0,
f (0) = 1
= 1

21. (a) fg(2) = f [1 4(2)2]

= f [1 16]
= f (15)
15
= + 3
2
9
=
2
2
(b) gf (2) = g + 3
2
= g(2)
= 1 4(2)2
= 15

22. (a)

(b)

25. (a)

f (x) = 2x + 1
f (2) = t
2(2) + 1 = t
t=5
(b) f 1(t) = 2

26. (a) g1(5) = 0

(b)

g(r) = 8
5 + 2r = 8
2r = 3
3
r=
2

(c) Let g1(7) = x,

then
7 = g(x)
= 5 + 2x
2x = 2
x=1

gf (x)
g(5x)
1 3(5x)
1 15x
16x

= 3 + x
= 3 + x
= 3 + x
= 3 + x
=4
4
x =
16
1
=
4

= 8x +
= 8x +
= 8x +
= 8x +
= 8x +
=1
1
x =
17

24.

x+8
Therefore, g(x) =
10

fg(x) = 4
f (1 3x) = 4
5(1 3x) = 4
5 15x = 4
15x = 1
1
x =
15

(c) f 2(x)
ff (x)
f (5x)
5(5x)
25x
17x

23.

y2
= + 1
10
y+8
=
10

Hence, g1(7) = 1
27. (a) Let f 1(x) = y,
then
x = f (y)
= 2y
x
y =
2
x
Hence, f 1(x) =
2

1
1
1
1
1

(b) Let g1(x) = y,

then
x = g(y)
y
=
5
y = 5x
Hence, g1(x) = 5x

hg(x) = 4x2 2x + 5
3g(x) 1 = 4x2 2x + 5
3g(x) = 4x2 2x + 6
2
g(x) = (2x2 x + 3)
3

(c) Let h1(x) = y,

then
x = h(y)
= 3y + 1
3y = x 1
x1
y =
3
x1
1
Hence, h (x) =
3
1
(d) Let p (x) = y,
then
x = p(y)
y
=+1
2
y
=x1
2
y = 2(x 1)

x
gh(x) = + 1
2
x
g(2 + 5x) = + 1........................
2
Let 2 + 5x = y
y2
x =
5
From ,
y2

5 

g(y) = + 1
2

Hence, p1(x) = 2(x 1)

= 2x 2
3

8
n=4+
3
20
=
3

28. (a) t 3 = 0
t=3
(b) Let f 1(x) = y,
then
x = f ( y)
2
=
y3
2
y3=
x
2
y=
x +3

6. (a)

2
Therefore, f 1(x) =
x + 3, x 0
(c) Let g 1(x) = y,
then
x = g(y)
y
=
y+1
x(y + 1) = y
xy + x = y
y xy = x
y(1 x) = x
x
y =
1x
x
Therefore, g1(x) = , x 1
1x

(b)

fg(x) = 5x
4g(x) 1 = 5x
4g(x) = 5x + 1
1
g(x) = (5x + 1)
4
gf (x) = 9
g(4x 1) = 9
1
[5(4x 1) + 1]
4
5(4x 1) + 1
5(4x 1)
4x 1

=9

= 36
= 35
=7
8
x =
4
=2

7. (a) hf (3) = 2
(b) h1(2) = 6
8. Let f 1(x) = y,
then
x = f (y)
= 3 4y
4y = 3 x
3x
y =
4

29. (a) The inverse function of f, f 1, does not exist

for the domain 5 x 5 because f 1 is a
many-to-one type of relation.
(b) The inverse function of f, f 1, exists because f 1
is a one-to-one type of relation.

3x
Therefore, f 1(x) =
4
Hence, f 1g(x) = f 1(1 + 2x)
3 (1 + 2x)
=
4
3 1 2x
=
4

1. (a) many-to-many
(b) Range = {d, f, g}
2. (a) f (2) = 1
(b) g(1) = 3
(c) gf (2) = g(1)
=3

2 2x
=
4
2(1 x)
=
4
1x
=
2

3. (a) The objects of 5 are 0 and 1.

(b) The images of 2 are 9 and 13.
4. (a) one-to-one
(b) f : x x2 or f (x) = x2
5.

9. (a) Let f 1(4) = k,

then
4 = f (k)
= 1 + 2k
41
k =
2
3
=
2
3
1
f (4) =
2

xn
f (x) =
x
2
f (4) =
3
2
4

n
=
4
3
8

4n=
3

(b) gf (x) = g(1 + 2x)

= (1 + 2x)2 + 4(1 + 2x) 3
= 1 + 4x + 4x2 + 4 + 8x 3
= 4x2 + 12x + 2

(c)

x
h 1 = 6 5x ................
2
x
Let 1 = y,
2
x

then
=1+y
2
x = 2 + 2y...............

10. (a) Let p1(x) = y,

then
x = p(y)
4
=
y+1
x(y + 1) = 4
4
y+1=
x
4
y=
x 1
4
Hence, p1(x) = 1, x 0
x

Therefore,  becomes h(y) = 6 5(2 + 2y)

= 6 10 10y
= 4 10y
Hence, h(x) = 4 10x

4
(b) p1(5) = 1
5
1
=
5

1
1. (a)
2
(b) x = 12 since element in set B is half of set A.

11. Let f 1(x) = y,

then
x = f (y)
= p 3y
3y = x + p
p
x
y=+
3
3
p
x
1
f (x) = + .....................
3
3
q
2
Compare  to the f 1(x) = x +
2
3
q
1
Therefore, =
2
3
2
q=
3
and
p=2

2. (a) f 1(15) = 3
(b) codomain = {10, 15, 20, 30}
3. Let f (x) = y,
then x = f 1(y)
y+1
x =
4
y + 1 = 4x
y = 4x 1
Hence, f (x) = 4x 1
x
4. fg(x) = f + 3
2
x
=1+5+3
2
5
= 1 + x + 15
2
5
= x + 16
2

12. (a) Let f 1(x) = y,

then
x = f (y)
= 4 + 5y
x4
y =
5
x4
Hence, f 1(x) =
5

5. gf (3) = g(5)
=6
6. (a) many-to-one
(b) f : x x2 or f (x) = x2

x4
(b) gf 1(x) = g
5
x

5
= 1
2
x4
= 1
10
x 4 10
=
10
x 14
=
10

hg(x) = 6 5x




7.

f (x) = 2x 2
f (2) = 2(2) 2
= 6
=6
Therefore, the range is 2 f (x) 6.

8.

9.

(ii) Let g1(x) = y,

then
x = g(y)

x+5
h(x) =
2
h(q) = 8
q+5
= 8
2
q + 5 = 16
q = 11

y
=1
2

y
=1x
2
y = 2 2x
g1(x) = 2 2x

hg1(x) = h(2 2x)

= 4(2 2x) 3
= 8 8x 3
= 5 8x

x
fg(x) = + 7
4
x
3g(x) 1 = + 7
4
x
3g(x) = + 8
4
8
x
g(x) = +
3
12

(b) gh(x) = g(4x 3)

4x 3
= 1
2
3
= 1 2x
2
3
= 1 2x +
2
5
= 2x
2
5 4x
= ........................... 
2
m nx
Compare gh(x) = with ,
2
Hence, m = 5 and n = 4.

10. h2(x) = hh(x)

= h(ax + b)
= a(ax + b) + b
= a2x + ab + b .................................. 
Compare  with h2(x) = 4x + 9
Therefore, a2 = 4
a= 2
and ab + b = 9 ...................................... 
Since a 0,
hence a = 2

f (x)

10

13.

Substitute a = 2 into ,
2b + b = 9
3b = 9
b= 3

f (x) = 2 3x

Hence, a = 2 and b = 3.

When x = 1,
f (1) = 2 3(1)
= 2 + 3
=5

x
11. hg(x) = h
2
x
=3 1
2
3
= x 1
2
Hence, p(x) = hg(x)





12. (a) (i)

When x = 4,
f (4) = 2 12
= 10
= 10
When f (x) = 0,
2 3x = 0
2
x=
3
When x = 0,
f (0) = 2 0
=2

Let h1(x) = y,
then
x = h(y)
= 4y 3
x+3
y =
4
x
+
3
1
h (x) =
4
2
h1g(2) = h1 1
2
= h1(0)
0+3
=
4
3
=
4

f (x)

10
5
2
1 0 2

x
4

Therefore,  becomes f (y) = 4(y + 3) 7

= 4y + 12 7
= 4y + 5

(a) The range for 0 x 4 is 0 f (x) 10.

(b) When f (x) = 5
2 3x = 5
2 3x = 5
or
3x = 3
7
x=
3
x = 1

Hence, f (x) = 4x + 5
(b) Let f 1(5) = p,
then
5 = f (p)
= 4p + 5
p= 0

7
Therefore, the domain is 1 x .
3
14. (a)

f (2) = 7
2

a + b = 7 ................................... 

Therefore, gf 1(5) = g(0)

=03
= 3

f (2) = 2
2
+ b = 2.................................. 
a

and
(c) Let g1(x) = y,
then
x = g(y)
=y3
y= x + 3
g 1(x) = x + 3

 + , 2b = 9
9
b=
2
9
Substitute b = into ,
2
9
2

+
=
7
a
2
9
2

a =7 2
14 9
=
2
5
=
2
5a = 4

f 1g1(x)
f 1(x + 3)
(x + 3) 5

4
x2
7x

16. (a) f 2(x) = ff (x)

x
= f
x+2
x

x+2
=
x

x+2 +2
x

x+2
=
x + 2(x + 2)

x+2
x

x+2
=
3x + 4

x+2
x
4

=
,x
3x + 4
3

x
9
(b) f (x) = +
4
2

5
5x
9
= +
4
2

Let f 1(4) = p,
then
4 = f (p)
5
9
= p +
4
2
5
9
p = 4
4
2
1

=
2
4
1
p=
5
2
2
=
5
2
1
Hence, f (4) =
5
15. (a)

= 2x 9

= 8x 36
= 34
34
x =
7

4
a=
5

= 2x 9
= 2x 9

Let f 1(x) = y,
then
x = f (y)
= 4y + 5
x5
y =
4
x5
f 1(x) =
4




(b) Let f 1(x) = y,

then
x = f (y)
y
=
y+2
x(y + 2) = y
xy + 2x = y
y xy = 2x
y(1 x) = 2x
2x
y =
1x
2x
Hence, f 1(x) = , x 1
1x

fg(x) = 4x 7
f (x 3) = 4x 7 .......................... 
Let x 3 = y,
then
x= y + 3

17. (a)

(b)

18. (a)

f (x) = x
x2 3x = x
x2 4x = 0
x(x 4) = 0
x = 0, 4

Hence, f 30(x) = x 2 30
= x 60

f (x) = 2g(x)
x2 3x = 2x2 + 2
x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
(x + 1)(x + 2) = 0
x = 1, 2
f (x)
f (r)
r
+
1

2
r+1
r

1. f (x) = |1 x|, 0 x 2
1

f(x)

=4
=8
=7

f (x)
x 5 + 1
x 5
7
7 + 5
2

f (x) = 7 3x, 2 x 3
x

f (x)

2
f(x)

27

When f (x) = 0,
7 3x = 0
7
x=
3

x+1
gf (x) = g
2
x+1
= 4 20
2
= 2(x + 1) 20
= 2x + 2 20
= 2x 18

(c) Let g(x) = y,

then x = g1(y)
y
=
4 +5
y
=x5
4
y = 4x 20
g(x) = 4x 20

(b) (i)

x+1
=
2
=4

(b) g(4) = p
4 = g1(p)
p
4= + 5
4
p
= 1
4
p = 4

19. (a)

x
f (x)




The graph of the function is

f(x)
1

8
8
7
x57
x 7+5
x 12

0
1

x
1

Therefore, the range is 2 f (x) 1.

2.

f 2(x) = ff (x)
= f (x 2)
= (x 2) 2
=x4

(ii) f 3(x) = f 2f (x)

= f 2(x 2)
= (x 2) 4
=x6

f (x) = 2x + 1
f 2(x) = ff (x)
= f (2x + 1)
= 2(2x + 1) + 1
= 4x + 3
f 3(x) =
=
=
=

ff 2(x)
f (4x + 3)
2(4x + 3) + 1
8x + 7

f 4(x) = f 2f 2(x)
= f 2(4x + 3)
= 4(4x + 3) + 3
= 16x + 15

4x 3
Compare to f 1(x) =
x2
(4x + 3)
=
(2 x)
4x + 3
=
2x
Hence, a = 2, b = 3

Therefore, f n(x) = 2nx + 2n 1

3. Since f 2(x) = 4x + 9 is a linear function.
Let f (x) = ax + b, where a and b are constants.

f (x)
2x 3

x+4
2x 3
3x2 + 10x + 3
(3x + 1)(x + 3)
3x + 1

f (x) = ff (x)
= f (ax + b)
= a(ax + b) + b
= a2x + ab + b
2

= 3x

= 3x2 + 12x
=0
=0
=0
or
1 or
x=
3
6.
g(1) = 5
5
= 5
1 b(1)
5 = 5(1 b)
1 b = 1
b=2

Compare to f 2(x) = 4x + 9
a2 = 4
and
ab + b = 9
a = 2
When a = 2, 2b + b = 9
3b = 9
b=3
When a = 2, 2b + b = 9
b = 9
b = 9

x + 3= 0
x = 3

f (1) = 5
a(1) + b = 5
a + 2= 5
a= 3

Therefore, the possible expressions are f (x) = 2x + 3

or f (x) = 2x 9.
4. f (x) = px q
Given f (4) = 5
4p q = 5..................................... 
Given f 1(9)
9
9
6p q

= 3x

5
Therefore, g(y) = and f (y) = 3y + 2
1 2y
Function which maps z onto x is

=6
= f (6)
= 6p q
= 9 ................................ 

z2
z2
gf 1(z) = g
f 1(z) =
3
3
5
=
z2
1 2
3
5
=
3 2z + 4

3
15
7
= , z
2
7 2z

 , 2p = 4
p=2

Substitute p = 2 into ,
6(2) q = 9
q = 12 9
=3
5. Let f 1(x) = y,
then
x = f (y)
ay b
=
y+4
xy + 4x = ay b
ay xy = 4x + b
y(a x) = 4x + b
4x + b
y =
ax
4x + b
1
Therefore, f (x) =
ax

7. (a)

f (x) = 1 2x
x1
f (x) =
2
1x
=
2
1

g(x) = 4 + x
g1(x) = x 4

When
fg = gf
2a + abx 1 = 2 + abx b
2a 1 + abx = 2 b + abx

2a 1 = 2 b
2a + b = 3

1x
g1f 1(x) = g1
2
1x
= 4
2
1x8
=
2
x 7
=
2

12. f 2(x) = ff (x)

x
= f
x3
x

x3
=
x

3
x3
x

x3
=
x 3(x 3)

x3
x

x3
=
x 3x + 9

x3
x
=
9 2x

(b) g f (x) = g(1 2x)

= 4 + (1 2x)
= 5 2x
Let (gf )1(x) = y,
then gf (y) = x
5 2y = x
2y = x 5
5x
y =
2
5x
Therefore, (gf )1(x) =
2
8.

hg(x2) = 41
h(3x2 2) = 41
4(3x2 2) + 1 = 41
4(3x2 2) = 40
3x2 2 = 10
3x2 = 12
x2 = 4
x = 2

Let f 1(x) = y,
then
x = f (y)
y
=
y3
xy 3x = y
xy y = 3x
y(x 1) = 3x
3x
y =
x1

9. gf (x) = g(x 3)
= a(x 3)2 b
= a(x2 6x + 9) b
= ax2 6ax + 9a b

3x
Therefore, f 1(x) =
x1

Given gf (x) = 2x2 12x + 13

Therefore, a = 2
9a b =
9(2) b =
18 b =
b=
10.

When f 2(x)
x

9 2x
x(x 1)
x2 x
2
7x 28x
7x(x 4)
x

13
13
13
5

gf (x) = x2 4x + 8
g(x 2) = x2 4x + 8
= (x 2)2 4 + 8
g(y) = y2 + 4

13.

= f 1(x)
3x
=
x1
= 3x(9 2x)
= 27x 6x2
=0
=0
= 0 or x 4 = 0
x= 4

f (x) = x
2x 1
= x
x+3
2x 1 = x2 + 3x
2
x + x + 1= 0

Therefore, g(x) = x2 + 4
11. fg(x) = f (2 + bx)
= a(2 + bx) 1
= 2a + abx 1

b2 4ac = (1)2 4(1)(1)

=14
= 3 0
Hence, f (x) = x has no real root.

g f (x) = g(ax 1)
= 2 + b(ax 1)
= 2 + abx b

10

14. gf (x) = g(2x 1)

4
=
a(2x 1) b
4
=
2ax a b
4

2
=
2ax a b

2
2
=
a+b
ax
2

y
y = g(x)

7
11

2
7

y = f(x)

1
x

0 1

7
x
(b) + = 1 2x
2
2
x + 7 = 2 4x
5x = 5
x = 1

2
Compare to given gf (x) = ,
3x 1
a+b =1
a = 3 and

2
3
+
b =1

2
3 + b= 2
b = 1

7
x
+ = (1 2x)
2
2
= 1 + 2x
x + 7 = 2 + 4x
3x = 9
x= 3

15. y = h(x)
y = x2 + 3

7
x
For + |1 2x|, 1 x 3.
2
2

y = fg(x)
= f(x + 1)
= 3(x + 1)
= 3x + 3

17. (a) y = f (x)

= |x2 4|
y

f (x)

12

12

y = fg(x)
f(x)

y = h(x)

3
x

1 0

y = f(x)

12

The number of solutions for h(x) = fg(x) is two.

4

16. (a) y = f (x)

7
x
=+
2
2

y = g(x)

1
4

x
f (x)

11

x
2

(b) |x2 4| 1 0
|x2 4| 1
x2 4 = 1
x2 = 5
5
x =


y = g(x)
= |1 2x|
x

g(x)

x2 4 = 1
x2 = 3
x =
3
For |x2 4| 1 < 0,
5 x

3,

3 x

5



11