by Peter A.

Lindemann
Colloidal Silver: A Closer Look
URING the last two years, a number of books and articles
have appeared in public on the subject of colloidal silver.
Some of these include: the Bio-Tech Ncws Special Report,
"Hi-Yo Silver"
;
C o I loi d a I S iht e r, The N atur a I Anti biotic A lt e rnatiu e, by
Zane Baranowski; Colloidal Silaer,byTonita d'Raye; and "Banish-
ing Disease with Three Nine Volt Batteries, parts I & II," by Mark
Metcalf. Literally hundreds of other newsletters and small publica-
tions have repeated the information in these articles without checking
the content for accuracy.
The appearance of these materials two years ago was the first
wave of public education concerning colloidal silver. Today, most
health food stores carry and sell several brands of colloidal silver,
scores of MIM companies have colloidal silver products in their
lines, and prices are starting to drop. While it is still possible to spend
as much as $10/oz. for colloidal silver in health food stores, prices
can be as low as $5/oz. Some mail order catalogs sell it for as little
as $2.50/o2., and I have seen small classified ads selling it for under
$l/oz. The hend is definitely toward a lower price.
One of the phenomena drivingthe price down is the appearance
of the devices that allow people to make their own colloidal silver.
At this time, (Spring 1997) the cottage industry of colloidal silver
generators is starting to penetrate the larger market. This is starting
to cause alarm in high places. One major commercial manufacturer
of colloidal silver has recently issued a warning statement to its
customers, alerting them to the dangers of the "inferior quality" of
colloidal silver made by these devices. CNN and other major media
have also tried to scare the public away from colloidal silver by
showing a blue-skinned person who "suffers" from Argyria, a
cosmedc condition caused by the build-up of silver compounds
underthe skin. EvenJAMA (theJoumal of the American Medical
Association) has run articles warning of Argyria and the toxicities
associated with "colloidal silver proteins." OnJanuary 16, 1997,
new labeling guidelines concerning colloidal silver went into effec!
issued by the FDA. Other FDA rulings on "safety and effectiveness"
are still pending. With all of these developments, it doesn't take a
rocket scientist t.o see that the whole situation around colloidal silver
is heating up!
The purpose of this article is to raise the level of public knowledge
to ahigherdegree of accuracy. Knowledge is power, and the public
ne-eds to know the truth about colloidal silver.
The fintthingpeople need to know is thatthere are atleastFOUR
different products on the market being called COLLOIDAL SIL
VER
The firsttype of productis the classic, originalkind, usually called
"electro-colloidal silver." This product is made either by the
"elecho-arcn method in deionized water, or by the
.low
voltage
elecholysisn method in distilled water. This product is usually found
in concenhations between 3-5 ppm (parts per million), but some-
times as high as 100 ppm. Properly made, this product consists of
microscopic particles of pure, elemental silver suspended in water,
with no other elements present. Each particle of silver carries a
POSITIVE electrical charge. Colloidal silver made this way
appe ars e ither transp are nt-clear or transparent-light yellow.
The second is called "mild silver protein." This product
chemically binds microscopic particles of silver to a protein mol-
ecule. It is usually found in concentrations between 2G40 ppm. Its
appearance may be transparent-clear or amber.
The third are "silver salts." These products can be made either
chemically or electro-chemically and usually create a form of silver
that DISSOLVES in the water. Concentrations range between 5G
500 ppm. Its appearance is transparent-clear.
' lhe
silver particles
do carry a POSITIVE electrical charge, but almost invariably, these
products contain other elements or compounds other ttran silver.
The fourth is sometimes referred to as "powdered silver." This
product was developed by the Russians and is made when a pure
silver wire is rapidly disintegrated by an high voltage electrical
discharge, similar to an old photographic flash bulb. The micro-
scopic silver dust is collected and either dissolved in water or added
to salves and creams for topical use. Concenhations range from l0G
500 ppm.
All of these products work, to one degree or another, as a broad
speckum germicide because they all contain microscopic particles
of SILVER. That said, it is important to understand a number of
things: l) all of these products are not "colloida.l suspensions" of
silver, 2) these products DO NOT all behave the same in the body
or in laboratory tests, 3) effectiveness and dosage varies from
product to product, a) quality varies from product to product and
from batch to batch with the same produc! and 5) they are NOT all
uniformly safe and non-toxic. There are no industry standards that
manufacturers voluntarily follow to assure quality control and there
is no governmental regulation of the industry.
On the other hand, there are millions and millions of satisfied
colloidal silver users who would like to have continued, free access
to the produc! and a growing number of manufacturers entering the
market with a wide variety of new products.
The critical factors that make a "good" colloidal silver product
are particle size, purity, concenhation, and cost. The only way to
authoritatively determine the first three is by laboratory analysis.
The best way to determine particle size is by electron microscope
photograph. The best way to determine purity is by mass spectros-
copy or by x-ray defraction analysis. The best way to determine
concentration is by chemical analysis of total dissolved solids. The
cost of the product should be calculated in reference to the total
quantity ofsilver present, such as: $S.OO7oz of 100 ppm is equal to
254loz of 5 ppm (the first has 20 times more silver by volume and
costs 20 times mo-re by volume.)
t*-,, lgffig1.rr;1r
BonnsRr-eNos
Second
Quar t er 1997 21
Making Your Own
The simplestway to conhol these factors is to make the colloidal
silver for yourself. By doing this, you will not know exacdy what is
there unless you do laboratory testing, but you will have a pretty
good idea. Without laboratory testing of commercial products, you
don't know much more, because the quality control batch to batch
is loose with most brands. Also, by making it yourself, you will end
up with real
ncolloidal"
silver, which is the product referred to in
most of the literature.
If you are already making your own colloidal silver, please pay
special afrention to this section because much of the information you
now have may be incorrect.
The simplest way to make real colloidal silver at home is by the
"low voltage electrolysis" method. A few batteries may be con-
nected to some silver electrodes and placed in a glass of water. This
process will cause small particles of silver to be sintered off the
electrodes and enber the water. This deceptively simple method is
very easy to do WRONG, and most people who are making
colloidal silver at home are making an inferior product.
Itts In The Water
When you do this yourself, it is very important to control the
purity of the water, because the purity of the water is one of the
factors that controls how small the particles of silver will be. Only
high quality DISTILLED water should be used. You cannot use
purified or filtered water because it still has too many dissolved
minerals in it. You cannot use deionized water because it doesn' t
conduct electricity well enough to start the reaction. Distilled water
is just perfect to start the reaction slowly and let it proceed properly.
Another variable that influences particle size is the water tem-
perature. The warmer t}re water, the faster the reaction will take
place, and the smaller the particles will be.
Please Pass The Salt
Regardless of what anyone has said to the contrary, silver
chloride will ALWAYS form if any amount of salt is present. Neuer
add anlthing to the water that will make lhe water conduct electicity
better. Never add salt, sea salt, or Celtic sea salt to the distilled water
because the salt puts chloride ions in the water that react with the
silver to form silver chloride. The presence of salt increases the
elech'ical conductivity of the water and this dramatically speeds up
the reaction. As the reaction speeds up under these circumstances,
it produces larger particles. The product produced is invariably
cloudy-white in appearance. Actual electron microscope photo-
graphs of this material show silver particles in the range of .05 to . l5
microns. These particles are TOO I-A,RGE to form a colloidal
suspension, and the proof is that the material will settle to the bofrom
of the container in avery shortperiod of time. Therefore, this home
brewed "colloidal silvern product is dangerous to consume inter-
nally because of the production of large particles.
The Best Is Yet To Come
The very best voltage for the reaction is 30 volts, because the
eleckodes run the cleanest at this voltage. If you have a small power
supply, set it for 30 volts. If you are running on batteries, it is best
to start at 36 volts (three l2 volt batreries or four 9 volt batteries) and
let the batteries drain down from there. Holding the silver electrodes
at a uniform distance away from each other yields a befrer producl
When 30 volts is applied across silver elechodes held uniformly
apart in distilled water, a totally different event happens' Firsl the
reaction proceeds very slowly. Often, for the fint 15 minules
nothing seems to be happening. Then finally, a faintyellow mistwill
begin to form. Within a few minutes, the reaction will speed up, but
the particles produced will be a golden-yellow as viewed with a
flashlighr Using this method, 8 ounces of distilled water at room
temperature can be made into a &5 ppm colloidal silver preparation
in 2025 minutes. Made this way, colloidal silver can cost under 100/
oz to make. Electron microscope photographs of this product show
a silver particle size in the range .001 to .004 microns. During
manufachrring, the particle cloud is a golden-yellow. These par-
ticles will hang in the water at the level they are produced, and for
the most parL will not fall to the bottom of the glass. This is what a
"colloidal" preparation of silver looks like. After the particles
disperse, the water will look clear again, but may turn a light yellow
if the concentration is high enough and after the particles have
become evenly dispersed.
6' The
Yellow Colortt
There has been a fair amount of controversy in the public
literature concerning the appearance of the "yellow" color. A lot of
well meaning people have told me that "yellow is badn, "silver isn' t
yellow", "yellow is sulfur contamination' , "yellow is iron contami-
nation", and lots of other things. I finally found what I believe to be
the answer to this question in a book entitled Practical Colloid
Chemistry, published in London in 1926. [n the section on the
"Colours of Colloidal Mebls", sub-section on the "Polychromism of
silver solutions" on page 69, I found the following statements:
'The
continuous change in colour from yellow to blue corresponds to a
change in the absorption maximum of the shorter to longer wave-
lengths with a decreasing degree of dispenion. This is a general
phenomenon in colloid chemistry illustrating the relation between
colour and degree of dispenion." This section goes on to describe
the colors that show up in a wide variety of colloidal metal solutions.
Interestingly, they ALL have a yellow phase. For true "electro-
colloidal" silver, the particle size range that can appear yellow is .01
to .001 microns (l 0 to I 00 angstroms) because that is the size of silver
particle that best absorbs the indigo light, leaving only its inverse
color, yellow, to be observed. The final hansparent-yellow appear-
ance only shows up after the particles have become evenly dispersed.
The Brown Glass Bottle
Once you have gone to the trouble of making colloidal silver
particles as small as .001 microns, it is important to protect them.
The particles stay away from each other in suspension because they
each have a positive electrical charge
1+;
and these "like chargesn
repel each other. An;'thing that can strip this charge offthe particles
will degrade the quality of the colloidal silver by a process called re-
coagulation, where the particles clump together again to form larger
aggregates. Ultraviolet light from the sun and many plastics can
cause this process to occur. Therefore, colloidal silver is best stored
in dark, glass containers. The two kinds of glass container that are
suitable for this are the dark amber and the cobalt blue.
22 Second
Quarter
1997 BonornleNos
The Same Difference
The biggest
usecretn
about the manufachrre of high quality
colloidal silver is that it is nearly impossible to standardize the
product. Silver is apparently reactive to a number of natural forces
that have yet to be identified. Even when the voltage, the water, and
the water temperature are identical, different baiches will proceed
at different rates on different days. The speed of the reaction can
vary by over 100% depending on the day. On "normal" days, the
reaction is proceeding well by 15 minutes, with a visible cloud of
particles. On "slow days" it may take 30 minutes before any visible
production of yellow particles begins. Because of this variation, it
is always wise to observe the reaction with a strong flashlight so you
can see how quickly the reaction is happening. Once the yellow
cloud starts forming, time the batch for 5 more minutes. This is the
best way to standardize your home brewed colloidal silver.
Colloidal or Ionic?
Another big controversy surrounds the question of whether this
method produces "colloidal" silver or "ionic" silver. Most people
have been told that colloidal silver is "good" and ionic silver is
"bad." Once again, the truth might be unpopular. The word
"colloidal" refers to a condition where, in this case, a solid particle
is SUSPENDED in a liquid (silver in water). The solid particles are
too large to be considered DISSOL\rED, but are too small to be
filtered out. This colloidal condition is most easily detected by what
is called the "Tyndall effect", where a narrow beam of light is shined
through the liquid to produce a cone shaped dispersion of the light.
The particles so illuminated also exhibit a random, zig-zag activity
called "Brownian motion" when observed under a microscope.
When something is completely dissolved, both the Brownian and
Tyndall effects disappear.
The word
nionic"
refers to a condition where a particle has an
electic charge. In the case of "electro-colloidal' silver, this electric
charge is ALWAYS POSITIVE. Silver will not form a negatively
charged ion. So, the truth is that electro.colloidal silver is BOTH
colloidal and ionic. It is considered colloidal because of the particle
SIZE and it is considered ionic because of the particle CHARGE.
In fact most of the biologrcal studies suggest it is colloidal silver' s
ionic characteristics that make it such a good germicide. It is also
interesting to note that the old chemistry books make no distinction
between the colloidal and ionic states of the elecko-colloidal metals.
Purity of Silver
The quality of your ffnished product depends entirely on the
purity of the water you start with and the punf of the silver you start
with. Most of the current literature suggests that only 9g.9999% pure
silver can be used. Most home brew systems use 99.g% pure silver.
So, whatis the difference? To find out, I contactedAcademy Metals,
a company in Albuquerque, New Mexico, that produces commer-
cial silver. The total allowable impurities in 99.9% (.999 fine) silver
is 1000 ppm or I part in 1000. These impurities and their maximums
are l) Copper, 800 ppm, 2) Lead, 250 ppm, 3) Iron, 200 ppm, and
4) Bismuth, l0 ppm. This product is readily available in wire form
and costs about$3.00 above the market (spot) price of silver. When
this product is used to make electro-colloidal silver at a concentra-
tion of 5 ppm, the total impurities from the silver drop to 4 ppb (parts
per billion) copper, 1.25 ppb lead, I ppb iron, .05 ppb bismuth.
With all allowable impurities at these low levels, there is a reason-
able argument for not being concerned. Still, sometimes small
things make a big difference. 99.99% silver (.9999 fine) has total
allowable impurities of 100 ppm of the same metals in the same
ratios, and costs (in wire form) between $5G$90 above the spot price
of silver. 99.9997. silver (.99999 fine) has total allowable impurities
of l0 ppm, and in wire form costs about
$250 above the spot price.
99.9999% silver, in wire form, costs more than gold and is very
difficult to find commercially.
In one sample of 10 ppm colloidal silver we sent out for total
analysis (made with 99.9% silver electrodes), the primary impurities
found were: l) Sodium, 470 ppb,2) Calcium, 260 ppb, 3) Manga-
nese, 70 ppb, 4) Potassium, 50 ppb, and 5) Magnesium, 24 ppb.
Since none of these impurities could have come from the silver, it
suggests that the purity of the water should be of greater concern to
the person making their own colloidal silver, than spending extra
money on purer silver.
Concentration
The concentration of silver in the water is usually measured in
parts per million, or ppm. While this is the standard convention,
ppm is a "ratio" and not an indicator of quantity. When a laboratory
tests colloidal silver for concentration, they report the findings in
milligrams per liter (*dL) Milligrams per liter is an actual
measurement of weight per volume, and therefore is a real quantity
measurement. In the metric system, one liter of waterweighs 1000
grams, and one milligram is one thousandth (l/1000) of a gram, so
| ^dL is the same as I ppm, as long as we are talking about water.
Silver weighs a little more than water, but the equivalence is very
close, and the terms are often used interchangeably. With this in
mind, we can calculate that one teaspoon of 5 ppm colloidal silver
has about 25 mcg (micrograms) of silver in it.
Dosage
In 1940, R. A. Kehoe reported that under normal circumstances,
the average daily intake of fruits and vegetables would provide
between 5G I 00 mcg of silver as a trace element. Since that time, the
commercial farm soils of this country have become exkemely
deficient in trace minerals. Although I do not have authoritaUve
fignres for silver, according to the Earth Summit Report, issued in
1992, the levels of soil based minerals in North America have
dropped over 85% in the last 100 years. Assuming that our ancestor' s
diet used to contain trace silver, and that our diet probably has
greatly reduced levels, there is a reasonable argument for supple-
menting with colloidal silver. Two teaspoons of 5 ppm colloidal
silver provides about 50 mcg of silver and could be considered a
"nutritional" amount, if taken on a daily basis. Any amount above
four teaspoons a day or I 00 mcg should be considered a
utherapeu-
tic" amount. Thatsaid, it should not be assumed that electro-colloidal
silver is equivalent to or has the same metabolic effect as receMng
trace silver from dietary plant sources. But since few plant ror..",
of trace silver are available today, colloidal silver is probably the best
substitute. If you want to experiment with taking colloidal silver for
an extended period of time, stay within the amounts considered to
be nutritional. If you want to experiment with larger doses, do so
with caution, and only for a day or two at a time.
Bononnlexos
Second
Quarter 1997 23
Safety and Toxicity
Silver can act as a heavy metal poison in the body. It can also
act as a trace mineral nutrient. The difference is in the particle size,
NOT the concentration. Colloidal silver with a particle size of .001
microns has particles 100 times smaller than a preparation of silver
with a particle size of .l microns. The smaller the particle, the less
likely it will behave as a toxin. Typically, the worst toxic reaction
from metallic silver, sited in the medical literature, is a condition
called Argyria. Argyria is primarily a cosmetic condition character-
ized by a permanent bluish discoloration of the skin. Argyria causes
no physical discomfort" and does not have any other known side
effects. Your skin just looks bluish-gray. In fact, the term "blue
bloods," in reference to the royal families of Europe, probably refers
to a mild, argyrial condition caused by the constant eating of food
from silver place settings. Itis interesting to note, however, thatthere
has never been a case ofArgyria reported from the use ofelectro-
colloidal silver, free of salts or other impurities.
Argyria, while not being a deadly condition, certainly is undesir-
able. It is usually caused by the massive intake of silver salts, such
as silver nihate, silver sulfate, and silver chloride. To determine just
how toxic these substances are, I contacted the Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry through their on-line information
service at (http.//atsdrl.atsdr.cdc.gov:8O8O[oxProfiles). All of these
silver salts are talked about as toxins, but the only consequence of
even high exposure in humans that is listed is Argyria. EPA issues
a "control code" for each toxic substance it tracks that can cause
human illness. Silver nitrate and silver sulfate have conhol codes,
but silver chloride does not. I received essentially the same
information when I spoke with Dr. Eidson at the Departrnent of
Epidemiology in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Apparently, the govern-
ment thinks silver and silver compounds are toxins that essentially
have no significant toxic effects other than the ability to discolor your
skin.
Lookingjust a little deeper into the situation, I pulled out Lectures
on Homeopathic Mateia Medica byJ.T. Kent. In the section on the
use of metallic silver as a homeopathic remedy, there are 7Vz pages
of indications (symptoms) that include actions on the nerves and
cartilage, as well as increased tendency toward emotional outbursts
and mental excitability. In fact, the list of symptoms is rather
extensive. So, exposure to silver may not kill you or cause organic
disease, but that may not mean there is no toxicity. Apparently,
silver has the ability to act as a subtle irritant as well as lodge in
certain tissues. This suggests that taking colloidal silver every day
may not be a good idea, especially for people who already have
these symptoms.
Effectiveness
In a study done, in part, by the Institute of Microbiology in Rome,
Italy, and published in Applied and Enaironmental Microbiology, in
December, 1992, various forms of silver were tested for their ability
to kill micro-organisms. Pure electro-colloidal silver out performed
silver nihate, silver chloride, and silver sulfadiazine as a broad
speckum germicide. For all classes of bacteria, fungus, and mold
samples tested, pure electrocolloidal silver worked better, and at
much lower concenhations. They concluded that any additives
reduced the effectiveness of the pure silver ion; the silver salts being
as much as 100 times less effective.
Elecho-colloidal silver's effectiveness as a broad-spectrum germi-
cide is directly related to the number and size of the particles. The
same volume of space taken up by one silver particle .l microns in
size, will hold about 10,000 silver particles .001 microns in size. This
reduction in particle size not only allows for a greater dishibution of
the silver, but it also greatly increases the total surface area of silver
available for interacting with the environment. These, plus the
stability of the electrical charge, are the most important factors when
considering the effectiveness of colloidal silver.
The Regulators
While silver has been shown to be a very effective germicide,
killing gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, molds,
and viruses in laboratory experiments, this does not mean thatitwill
invariably cure disease conditions in the body caused by these
organisms. Colloidal silver is a fantastic adjunct to the home, but it
is by no me:urs a "cure-all". The biggest obstacle to using colloidal
silver as a "home remedy" is the lack of information in the public
domain on how to use it effectively in any given situation. The FDA
has tested colloidal silver extensively and found that different micro-
organisms succumb to its actjon at a wide variety of concentrations
and exposure times. If any of this information entered the public
domain, the FDA would consider their own research "unsubstanti-
ated medical claims" and reason enough to classify colloidal silver
as a "new drug." The "new drug" classification would be "required'
because
' new
use prot ocol s" had been devel oped t hat di d not exi st
before 1938.
Here is an example of the problem. It is now estimated that one
in four women will develop breast cancer in their lifetime. I have
spoken to two women who claim to have cured themselves of breast
cancer with colloidal silver. They were both diagnosed by biopsy.
After the diagnosis, they took 2 teaspoons of colloidal silver a day
until their surgery. One took a home made product, the other took
a silver protein product. In both cases, the biopsy of the removed
breast tissue and lymph nodes was cancer
free.
The question is, will
colloidal silverwork this well for all cases of breast cancer? Probably
no! but in the current legal and political environment, we may never
know. No pharmaceutical company can control or monopolize
ownership of colloidal silver, so none of them will ever fund the
testing, which currently costs over
$10
Million and lakes l0 years.
FDA says if you claim that colloidal silver cures breast cancer, that
would classify it as a new drug, and the public cannot be given access
to new drugs without proper testing. Using the FDA model, it could
cost the public $lBillion to "prove" to the FDA what the FDA
already knows about colloidal silver. Politics has delinitely entered
this picture. FDA does not want to be exposed as an enforcer for
the drug companies, or be seen as an agency clearly not acting in
the public' s best interest. While these ideas are not new to some of
us, it would be a startling revelation if a large portion of the
population began thinking this way. FDA would certainly like to
avoid this "public relations" embarrassment. The fact is, FDA has
never spent our tax dollars discovering something importanl and
then published their findings for the benefit of the public atJarge;
especially when it involved something that was powerful, safe, and
inexpensive for the public to make for themselves. Obviously,
empowering the population to be self-reliant and frugal in relation
to their own healthcare is not the FDA' s responsibility.
24 Second Quarter
1997 Bonopnlexos
Colloidal silver clearly has some extraordinary capabilities and
hundreds of legitimate uses. But without standardization, quality
control, and extensive medical testing, the public will never know
how best to use colloidal silver in a given situation. FDA may yet
try to restrict public access to colloidal silver, claiming it is unsafe,
even though they know how "safe and effective" it CAN BE when
used properly. In the absence of the release of this authoritative
testing data, the public is left just experimenting and groping for the
answers. A big fight over the public' s access to colloidal silver may
be looming because the cost of healthcare in this country is out of
control, and the public is looking for inexpensive solutions that
work. In that sense, colloidal silver could be "iust what the doctor
ordered. "
Digestive Interactions
Colloida.l silver is apparently able to kill nearly all micro-
organisms, including the "friendly flora" your digestive system
needs for proper function. I have spoken with hundreds of people
who have taken colloidal silver on a daily basis and have noticed no
digestive upset, even after prolonged use. I have also spoken to two
individuals who reported digestive upset after taking colloidal silver
one time. So, in my experience, the die-off of friendly flora is
possible, but rare.
There are a number of strategies that can reduce the probability
of digestive interactions. The simplest one is to swish the colloidal
silver around in your mouth for 30 seconds before swallowing. This
promotes an absorption of the colloidal silver into the body away
from the intestinal tract. Another strategy is to take smaller doses,
multiple times per day, or with meals. Either way, if you do
experience a die-off of friendly flora, they can be re-populated by
taking any of the acidophilus products on the market.
Septic Tanks
Septic tanks are like your home' s intestinal tract. They only work
when populated with friendly flora. If you live in a rural area with
your house on a septic system and you are making your own
colloidal silver, make sure you don' t throw a lot of it down the sink
or your septic system may stop working properly. This problem can
be handled by using a product like RID-X periodically, which is a
good idea anyway.
Concl usi ons
Colloidal silver is an extraordinary product. It can enhance your
health and the health of your family in hundreds of ways. Everyone
should learn how to make hlgh quality colloidal silver, and have that
capability in their home, in case the regulators restrict its availabihty
at some point in the future. This could be the best "health insurance,
policy you ever implemented!
-
If you buy one of the colloidal silver makers on the markel make
sure it can make the "yellow" particles. When you make it younelf,
make sure you are making ttre "yellow" particles. If you have any
doubts about the quality of the product you are making or buying,
you can send samples to any of the following laboratories for
definitive testing.
For particle size testing with electron microscope, contact:
EMS laboratories, 117 West Bellevue Drive, Pasadena, CA 9l105
(818) 5684065. Price will be under $200 per sample.
For concentration test (mg/L) of total dissolaed solids, contact:
Associated Laboratories, 806 North Batavia, Orange, CA 92668
(714) 771$900. Call for prices.
For elemental analysis, including "Tlndall effect" and "precipitation"
test, contact:
Kimball Laboratories, 600 East 11800 South, Draper, uT 84020
(801) 571-3695. Cal l for pri ces.
These companies are busy professionals who have no idea I am
listing them in this article. Please don't waste their time unless you
plan to submit samples for testing with payment. D
References:
Borderland Sciences Research Foundation, PO Box 220, Bayside,
CA95524. Special thanks to Michael Theroux for valuable research
and private consultation.
Agency forToxic Substances and Disease Registry, online informa-
tion service: http://atsdrl.atsdr.cdc.gov:8080[oxProfiles
Kehoe, R. A. et al, 1940.
J.
Nutr. 19:579.
Kent,J.T. Lectures on Homeopathic Materia Medica,Jain
publishing
Co. New Delhi, India, reprint 1982.
Michaelis, L. The Effects of Ions in Colloidal Slstems, Williams &
Williams Co. Ba.ltimore, MD, 1925.
Ostwald, W. Practical Colloid Chemistry, Methuen & Co. Ltd.
London, UK. 1926.
Simonetti, N. et al, "Electrochemical
Ag+ for Preservative Use,"
Applied and Enuironmental Microbiolog7. American Society for Mi-
crobiology: Washington,l992, Vol. 58, No. 12, pp 383a-3836.
The Association for Avanced Colloid Research, 232 NE Uncoln St.
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