UC-NRLF

52 377
GIFT OF
Q. A,~r
THE
MAHA-BODHI
SOCIETY.
THIS
Society
was formed in the month of
May
in 1891 at
Colombo under the
presidentship
of the Venerable Sri
Sumangala, High
Priest and
Principal
of
Vidyodaya
Oriental
College.
Its
objects
are to
propagate
the Doctrine of the Lord
Buddha and to re-establish Buddhist
activity
at
Buddha-Gaya,
Isipatana-Benares,
Kusinara,
&c. It has
quarters
at Buddha-
Gaya (the holy spot
where the Buddha attained
Enlighten-
ment), Isipatana (where
He delivered His first
sermon),
Calcutta
(the Capital
of
India), Anuradhapura (the
Sacred
City
of
Lanka),
and Colombo. The
Society
sends out Buddhist
Preachers to
preach
the
Teachings
of the Buddha in the
Island and
abroad,
maintains educational
institutions,
&c.
Anagarika
H.
Dharmapala,
the General
Secretary
of the
Society,
who
represented
the Buddhists of
Ceylon
at the
Parliament of
Religions
held at
Chicago
in
1903,
has been
three times on
preaching
tours
throughout
the world.
He edits
THE MAHA-BODHI JOURNAL.
The
Monthly English Organ
of the
Society, published
in
Colombo,
contains
original
articles on the Dhamma and other interest-
ing
articles and news. It attained its sixteenth
anniversary
in
January,
1908.
Subscription per
annum :
India,
Ceylon
and Burma ... ... Rs. 2
China,
Japan
and Siam ... ...
,,
3
Europe
...
Shillings
4
America ...
'
... ... Dollar 1
THE SINHALA
BAUDDHAYA,
its
Weekly
Sinhalese
Organ,
has a
very large
circulation.
THE
M. B. S.
HEAD-QUARTERS
AND
MAHA-BODHI BOOK AGENCY
are located
in a three-storied
building
with a look-out tower from
which one
gets
a
bird's-eye
view of the
important part
of the
City
of
Colombo No.
44,
First Cross
Street, PETTAH,
COLOMBO.
Three
Minutes' Walk from the Colombo
Jetty.
All communications should be addressed to the
Hony. Secretary,
Maha-Bodhi
Society,
Colombo.
FIRST FLIGHT OF STEPS AT MIHINTALE.
THE SACRED
CITY
OF
ANURADHAPURA
WITH FORTY-SIX ILLUSTRATIONS.
BY
BRAHMACHARI
WALISINHA
HARISCHANDRA,
Honorary Secretary of
the Maha-Bodhi
Society
and President
of
Anura
dhapura
Ruwanweli
'Dagaba Restoration Society.
Published
by
the
Author,
at
44,
First Cross
Street,
Colombo.
(All
Rights Reserved.)
CARPFNTIER
Printed
by
the Colombo
Apothecaries
Company,
Limited.
1908.
\
PREFACE.
IN
presenting
this
enlarged
second
edition,
I am
glad
that I have realised
my hope
as
expressed
in
November, 1904,
in the
preface
to
my
first
attempt
of "The Sacred
City
of
Anuradhapura,"
having
25
pages
and five illustrations.
The main
object
of this book is to make known
to the world the true and most authentic
history
of the Sacred
City
of
Anuradhapura,
that has been
undergoing
desecration at the hands of misinformed
officials of the Government of
Ceylon.
The Buddhists of Asia love this
holy City
founded
three centuries
prior
to the birth of Jesus Christ.
Those
people living
in the remotest
parts
of the
world who are interested in
antiquarian things
and
archaeology
visit this
City.
And there is no other
City upon
the universe that has maintained its
position
as a Sacred
City, replete
with sacred
objects
of diverse
kind,
for a
period
of
2,200
years, except
this
City,
the
property
of the
Buddhasasana,
built
and maintained
by
the Sinhalese nation.
I have refrained from
writing
on the
political
City
of
Anuradhapura
as it is still
unexplored ;
and
I
expect
to
publish
a
separate
book on that
subject
after the
Ceylon
Government has caused the
clearing
and excavation of that buried
City,-
which deserves
prompt
attention from the Government.
Judging
from the words of His
Excellency
Sir
Henry
McCallum,
as
reproduced
in the first
part
of
Chapter
XIV.,
I have not the least doubt that His Excel-
lency
will take immediate
steps
to discover the
City proper.
I thank Dr. C. A.
Hewavitarana, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,
of Colombo for the assistance rendered
by reading
through
the
proof
sheets and some
portion
of the
manuscript;
and
my
thanks are due to Mr.
Harry
Dias of Panadura for the readiness with which he
has
supplied
me with funds to
bring
out this small
volume.
W. HARISCHANDRA.
M. B. S. Hd.
Qrs., Colombo,
29th
January
BRAHMACHARI WALISINHA HARISCHANDRA.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER. PAGE.
I. THE FORMATION OF THE MAHAMEGHA GARDEN 1 2
II. THE FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN THE EMPEROR
ASOKA AND KING DEVANAMPIYA TISSA ... 3 4
III. THE CONVERSION OF THE KING OF CEYLON
TO BUDDHISM ... ... ... 5 10
IV. MIHINTALE .., ... ... 11 12
V. THE DEDICATION OF THE MAHAMEGHA GARDEN
TO THE SANGHA ... ... ... 1315
VI. THE DEMARCATION OF THE LAND FOR MAHA-
SEEMA AND THE FIRST BUDDHIST PROCESSION
IN CEYLON ... .,. ... 16 19
VII. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF RELIGIOUS COLLEGES 2021
VIII. THUPARAMA DAGABA ... ... ... 2228
IX. THE SACRED
BODHI-TREE,
SANGHAMITTA THERI
AND ISURUMUNI VlHARA ... ...
2934
X. MIRISAWETI DAGABA AND LOHA MAHA PRASA-
DAYA ... ... ... ... 35-41
XI. RUWANWELI DAGABA ... ... .... 4252
XII, ABHAYAGIRI DAGABA ... ... ... 53 57
XIII,
JETAWANARAMA AND LANKARAMA DAGABAS ... 58 60
XIV. BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES ...
... 61 104
XV. THE JOURNEY TO ANURADHAPURA AND THE BEST
WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RuiNS ... 105 130
XVI.
REQUIRED
A
COMMISSION . 131 132
PLATES.
I. FIRST FLIGHT OF STEPS AT MIHINTALE ... FRONTISPIECE.
II. THIRD FLIGHT OF STEPS AT MIHINTALE ... FACING PAGE 1
III. MAHASEYA
(CELACHETIYA)
... ...
,,
6'
IV. AMBASTALA DAGABA ...
...
8
V. RAJAGIRILENA
... ... ...
,,
14
VI. THUPARAMA DAGABA AND DALADA MALI-
GAWA RUINS ... ... ... 20
VII. THUPARAMA DAGABA AND
PILLARS OF
MURAGE
(Guard-House)
... ...
,,
22
VIII. PILLARS AT THUPARAMA ... ...
,,
24
IX. SECOND ENTRANCE OF BO-MALUWA ...
,,
26
X. THE SACRED BODHI-TREE ... ...
,,
30
XI. ISURUMUNI VIHARA
(Prior
to
Restoration)
,,
XII. ISURUMUNI VIHARA
(After Restoration)...
,,
36
XIII. MIRISAWETI DAGABA ... ...
,,
38
XIV. SCULPTURE AT MIRISAWETI DAGABA
("Chapel")
... ... ...
,,
40
XV. PILLARS OF THE LOWA MAHA PRASADAYA
,,
42
XVI,
RUWANWELI DAGABA AND THE MURAGE
(Guard-House)
... ...
,,
44
XVII. SECOND EASTERN ENTRANCE AT RUWAN-
WELI DAGABA ... ... ...
,,
46
XVIII. RUWANWELI DAGABA RESTORATION WORK
,,
48
XIX. RUWANWELI DAGABA SOUTHERN SIDE
WITH STONE TABLETS ... ...
,,
50
XX.
(Supposed)
STATUE OF KING DUTUGEMUNU
,,
54
XXI. STATUE OF KING BHATIYA TISSA AT
RUWANWELI ... ... ...
,,
56
XXII.
ABHAYAGIRI DAGABA
(Prior
to
Restoration)
,,
58
XXIII.
ABHAYAGIRI DAGABA
(Partly
Restored) ...
,,
62
XXIV. JETAWANARAMA DAGABA ... ...
,,
64
XXV. LANKARAMA DAGABA ... ...
,,
66
XXVI. GOVERNMENT
MARKET AMIDST SACRED
SITES ... ... ...
,,
68
XXVII.
DHATU MANDEERA ... ... ...
,,
72
XXVIII.
STONE BATH AND BASIN ... ...
,,
74
XXIX. ASIGGAHAKA PlRIVENA ... ...
,,
84
XXX. RUWANWELI DAGABA WESTERN VIEW
;
MUTRAGALA
(Urinal Stone)
...
,,
86
XXXI.
MAHAPADUMA PIRIVENA AND SUNHATA
PIRIVENA ... ... ...
,,
88
XXXII.
PIRIVENA ENTRANCE ... ...
,,
92
XXXIII.
GOVERNMENT BUNGALOW AMIDST SACRED
SITES ... ... ... 94
XXXIV.
JANITOR STONE ... .., ...
,,
96
XXXV. POND ... ... ... ...
.
,,
100
XXXVI.
VESSAGIRI CAVES ... ... ...
,,
102
XXXVII.
MOONSTONE
AND STEPS ... ...
,,
106
XXXVIII.
STONE RAILINGS ... ...
,,
108
XXXIX.
KUTTAM-POKUNA ... ...
,,
110
XL. DAMAGED STATUE OF BUDDHA ...
,,
114
XLI. MOONSTONE ... ... ...
,,
116
XLII, MIHINDU GUHA AT MIHINTALE ...
,,
118
XLIII.
EX-CONTRACTOR OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL COM-
MISSIONER. ... ...
,,
122
(Chief
witness in the
Anuradhapura Case.)
XLIV.
"
CONDEMNED
STONES." ... ...
,,
124
XLV. HARISCHANDRA A PRISONER IN 1903 ... 126
(From
a Photo taken
recently
to
publish
in
"
The Sacred
City
of
Anuradhapura.")
XLVI.
THE TRIAL OF HARISCHANDRA AND OTHERS
AT THE SUPREME
COURT,
KANDY
,,
130
II.
THIRD FLIGHT OF STEPS AT MIHINTALE.
Tbe
Sacred
City
of
Anuradbapura,
Chapter
I.
THE FORMATION OF THE MAHAMEGHA
GARDEN.
THOUGH
many attempts
have been made to
re-construct the
City
of
Anuradhapura
and its
associations
by
means of modern
research,
hardly any
writer has
attempted
to do so
according
to the historical evidence in Mahawansa and other
kindred records. Most of these authors have failed
to
grasp
the fact that there existed in the
days
of
antiquity
two distinct cities
;
viz :
Anuradhapura
the
political Capital
and
Anuradhapura
the Sacred
City.
As it is found
absolutely necessary
to
supply
the
public
with an authentic record of matters
relating
to the Sacred
City
of
Anuradhapura,
we
have undertaken to write the
following
with the
hope
that this book would
enlighten
its readers on
the
history
of a
city
held sacred
by
the Buddhist
world for
twenty-two
centuries.
In the
year
176 after the
parinibbana
of the
Lord
Buddha, i.e.,
368
B.C.,
Mutasiva
sucpeedecl.
his
father, King
Panduka
Abhaya
wiici
^Qiinctad
the-
City
of
Anuradhapura.* King
Mutasiv#. .who, pon.-:
tinued
Anuradhapura
as the
Ca,pftaL>Qt
-L'aifea''
formed the
Mahamegha
Pleasure Garden. This
garden,
according
to the
Mahavansa,
was
thoroughly
adorned with fruit and flower
bearing
trees of
every
description.
Just at the time when this beautiful
*
On
account of its
having
been the settlement of Prince Anuradha
and because it was founded under the constellation
Anura,
the
city
was
called
Anuradhapura. King
Panduka
Abhaya
had
organized municipal
reforms in that
city.
There were 500 coolies to
scavenge
the
streets,
200
latrine
coolies,
150
cemetery coolies,
&c. Mahavansa
p.
43.
B
2 THE FORMATION OF THE MAHAMEGHA GARDEN.
garden
was
being
laid
out,
an unseasonable
heavy
fall of rain took
place.
From this circumstance the
garden
was called
Mahamegha,
which denotes in
Sinhalese a
heavy
shower of rain
(maha, great;
megha,
shower of
rain).
This
royal pleasure garden
was situated to the
south of the
city
and outside its limits.
The statement in "The Ruined Cities of
Ceylon"
"This
garden,
of
twenty square
miles in
extent,
was in the centre of the
royal city"
is incorrect.
Its author was
committing
an error in
giving
publicity
to such a statement without
any
evidence.
This is a
point
of
high importance
not
only
from an
archaelogical
but also from a
religious point
of view.
The fact that that
delightful royal garden
was
situated outside the limits of the
Capital
is well
established from the
descriptions
of the visit of the
great
Arahat MahindaThera to
Anuradhapura,
as well
as from the various
religious
functions that were held
during
the
reign
of
King Devanampiya
Tissa. The
same fact is maintained in the records of the travels
of that famous Chinese
pilgrim
Fa-hian who visited
Lanka
1,600
years ago.
Malwatu or Kadambe
Oya,
which is associated
with the
history
of
Anuradhapura,
is a well-known
river and is looked on
by
all those who visit Anuradha-
pura
with
great
interest. It was
originally
called
Kadambe
Oya.
On account of its close
proximity
to
thje,
ga.Kd.en
it was re-named Malwatu or the
*
*'*
flower-giurtlen
"
river Malwatte
being
the
popular
:
b^rev pi:
the/pl'easure garden.
"
'Hefe it should be noted that it formed the eastern
boundary
of the
garden.
It
may
be of interest to state that while in the
third
century
before
Christ,
the Sinhalese
kings
had
formed besides the
Mahamegha
Garden another
garden
called
Nandana, adjoining
the
Capital,
the
British
Government of
Ceylon
in the twentieth
century
has failed to
keep up
the
Anuradhapura
botanical
gardens opened
about fifteen
years ago.
Chapter
II.
THE FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN THE
EMPEROR ASOKA AND KING
DEVANAMPIYA TISSA.
IN
the
year
309 B.C.
Devanampiya
Tissa the
second son of
King
Mutasiva was installed the
Monarch of Lanka. At that time the
Emperor
Asoka the
ruling sovereign
of India was
doing
his
best to
propagate
Buddhism
throughout
the world.
The
reign
of the
great Emperor
was an
epoch
in the
history
of Buddhism.
The
reign
of
King Devanampiya
Tissa was
marked
by
an
unparalelled discovery
of
pearls
and
the most valuable
sapphires,
rubies and other
precious things. Having
considered that the fittest
person
to receive these
precious jewels
was that
illustrious
Emperor
of
India,
the
king
decided to
send them as
presents
to him.
Though they
were
on
friendly
terms
they
had never met. The
king appointed
four
envoys
;
viz:
(1) Arittha,
the
chief
Minister; (2) Malla,
the Minister of
State;
(3) Tissa,
the chief Accountant
;
and
(4)
a learned
Brahman. Besides those valuable
gifts,
three
royal
chariots and a chank with the whorls to the
right
were also entrusted to the
envoys, who,
attended
by
a
large retinue,
started from
Anuradhapura
and
arrived at the
port
known
by
the name of Damba-
kolapatuna,
which
probably
was situated near
modern Jaffna. There
they
embarked on board
a vessel and reached
Tamalipti,
an ancient
port
in
Bengal
to the west of the
Hugli
river,
on the
seventh
day.
The
envoys
further travelled another
week
by
land before
they
arrived at the
palace
of
B 2
4
EMPEROR ASOKA AND KING DEVANAMPIYA TISSA.
the
Emperor
Asoka,
which was situated at Patali-
putta* (present
Patna).
The ambassadors of
Ceylon
delivered the
royal
presents
to the
emperor
who
accepted
them with
high appreciation.
It is said that the
emperor
could not find treasures in his vast
empire
to
equal
those received from Lanka. He conferred
high
ranks on the ambassadors and
immediately
ordered
his officers to
provide
them with all the
necessary
comforts.
They sojourned
in India for five months
before
they
returned to
Ceylon.
The
emperor gave
in return the
following
presents
to the
Ceylon envoys
to be taken to their
king:
Chowrie
(royal fly flapper),
diadem
(sword
of
state), pair
of
royal golden slippers,
head
ornament, golden anointing vase, sandalwood,
royal
towel,
ointments for the
body,
aruna-coloured
clay,
water of Anotatta
lake,
right-hand chank,
water of
Ganges,
a
royal virgin, sundry golden vessels, costly
howda,
medicinal fruits and
drugs,
160 loads of hill
paddy
and a
complete
retinue of
royal
attendants. In
addition to those varied
presents
the
emperor
sent
a letter
containing
a
special gift
of
pious
advice,
viz:
"
/ have taken
refuge
in the Lord
Buddha,
His
Doctrine and His
Disciples;
I have avowed
myself
a devotee in the noble
religion of
the illustrious
descendant
of Sakya.
Ruler
of
men !
imbuing your
mind with the conviction
of
the truth
of
the
highest
sublimity of
the
Triple
Gem, may you
also take
refuge
in this
path of
salvation."
The
King
of
Ceylon
was
delighted
with this
gracious
letter and the
presents
he had received in
return from the
emperor.
He treated his
loyal
ambassadors with due
recognition
of their successful
mission
by conferring
on them
high
ranks of honour.
* "
Dupleix
"
the French Mail Steamer
conveys
a
passenger
from
Colombo to Calcutta in six
days.
The distance from Calcutta to Patna is
332 miles
by Railway.
Chapter
III.
THE
CONVERSION OF THE KING OF
CEYLON TO BUDDHISM.
AT
the termination of the Third Convocation
of the Buddhist Monks held at
Pataliputta
in
the
year
309 B.C. under the
presidency
of the
chief
High
Priest the most venerable
Moggaliputta
Tissa
Thera,
a band of
self-sacrificing
and most
pious
monks was selected
by
the
High
Priest himself
as missionaries to other countries to establish
Buddhism.
Among
those monks was Mahinda
Thera,
son
of
Emperor
Asoka. He had been selected to
preach
the sublime
Teachings
of Buddha to the
people
of
Ceylon.
At that time
King
Mutasiva had
attained the last
stage
of his life and the wise Thera
foreseeing
that the old
King
of
Ceylon
would breathe
his last within a few
weeks,
he
delayed
his mission
until
Devanampiya
Tissa had ascended the throne.
Soon after the accession of Tissa and the
exchange
of
presents
between the
King
of
Ceylon
and the
Emperor
of
India,
that illustrious
royal Apostle
Mahinda Thera
accompanied by
four
Arahats\*
Sumana Samanera and Bhanduka
Upasaka
arrived
at the summit of Mihintale rock on the full-moon
day
in the month of June in the
year
236
according
to Buddhist Era
(308 B.C.).
This historic rock is
called missa mountain and also
sdgiriya.
On that
auspicious day
the
King
of
Ceylon,
Devanampiya Tissa,
held a state festival in the
Island and it was a
day
of
great
merriment and
mirth to the Sinhalese nation. The chief event in
the
day's
proceedings
was a
hunting
excursion.
*Arahats were those monks who had attained the
highest
state of
sanctification.
6 THE CONVERSION OF THE KING OF CEYLON TO BUDDHISM.
Accordingly
the
king,
who was
ignorant
of the
arrival of the Arahats on the
mountain,
with a
retinue
of thousands started for an elk hunt
and entered
the forest at Mihintale. In the
course of the
pursuit
of
game
he
gave
chase to
an elk that climbed
up
the rock and the
king chasing
the animal had to reach the
very
summit of Mihin-
tale where the Arahats were
taking
rest. He lost
sight
of the elk and his attention was
keenly
drawn
by
the most serene
appearance
of Mahinda Thera.
The
king
was
surprised
at the
unexpected sight
of
an unknown
personage
in the
solitary
forest. The
great
Thera,
who had foreseen that the
king
would
come
there,
was
highly pleased
at
meeting
the
Monarch of Lanka.
The Thera
seeing
that the
king
was in a state of
confusion said to
him,
"come
hither,
Tissa." The
king,
who knew that there was none in his dominion
to address him in that
manner, thought
that it was
a
spirit
that addressed him in a
disrespectful
strain.
The Thera
considering
that the
king
should
forthwith be corrected in his erroneous
impression,
said :
"
We are the ministers and
disciples
of the
Lord of the True Faith
;
in
compassion
towards
you
Oh!
King,
we have
repaired
hither from India."
These words relieved the
king
of his
fear,
and
recollecting
the letter he had received
recently
from
his friend the
Emperor
of
India,
was convinced that
they
were the
holy
ministers of Buddhism. The
king laying
aside his bow and arrows and such other
weapons approached
the Arahats and sat
by
them.
Mahinda Thera with a view to concentrate the
thoughts
of the
king
asked several
questions
which
run as follows :
THERA. O
king
! what is this tree
(pointing
a
mango tree)
called?
KING. It is called Amba
(mango)
tree.
THERA. Besides this one is there
any
other
mango
tree?
KING. There are
many mango
trees.
THERA. Besides this
mango
tree and those other
mango
trees
are there
any
other trees on earth ?
III.
THE CONVERSION OF THE KING OF CEYLON TO BUDDHISM.
7
KING. Lord ! there are
many
trees
;
but
they
are not
mango
trees.
THERA. Besides the other
mango
trees and the trees that are
not
mango,
is there
any
other tree ?
KING. Gracious Lord ! Yes
;
this
mango
tree.
THERA. Ruler of men ! You are a wise
king.
THERA. Great
king
! Have
you
relations ?
KING. Lord ! I have
many.
THERA. Are there
any persons
who are not
your
relations ?
KING. Yes
;
there are
many.
THERA. Besides
your
relations and those who are not
your
relations is there
any
other
person.
KING. Lord ! There
is,
and that is
myself.
THERA. Ruler of
men,
may you
be
happy!
You are wise.
The
royal Apostle having
thus tested and
sharpened
the intellectual
capacity
of the
king,
delivered a sermon entitled
Chulahatthipadopama
Sutta.
A brief account of this
sermon,
which is the 27th
of the
Majjima Nikaya,
delivered
by
Mahinda Thera
to the Sinhalese Monarch for the first
time,
runs
thus :
At a certain time when the Lord Buddha was
residing
at the Jetawana
Monastery
in
Sawatthi,
a
historic
city
in
India,
a
wealthy
Brahman named
Janussoni was in the habit of
driving
about in his
chariot white in
every respect.
One
day meeting
a Buddhist
pilgrim
whose name was Pilotika
Vacchayana,
he
questioned
him whence he was
coming.
The
pilgrim
answered that he was return-
ing
from the
Monastery
of the Blessed One. On
being
further
questioned
what he
thought
of the
wisdom of the
Buddha,
whether He was all
wise,
he
said that
only
a Buddha could know the
depth
of
the wisdom of the Buddha. Then the Brahman
said :
"
why
do
you praise
Him so much ? And what
quality
have
you
noticed in Him to be so devoted to
Him?"
The
pilgrim
answered:
just
as an
elephant-trainer
would understand
by seeing
a
large foot-print
of an
8 THE CONVERSION OF THE KING OF CEYLON TO BUDDHISM.
elephant
that it was a mark left
by
a
big elephant,
so I am convinced
of the truth of the
Buddha,
His
Doctrine and His Order
by observing
four foot-
prints
;
viz : certain
Shattriya pundits specially
versed in
controversy,
after
having
studied a number
of
questions,
went to the Blessed One and
opened
a
controversy
with the
object
of
defeating
Him
;
the
result was that
they
became His
lay
followers.
Certain
Brahman
pundits
with similar
qualifications
made a similar
attempt
with the same result. The
identical
thing happened
to a certain
party
of
Grahapati pundits.
And certain non- Buddhist re-
cluses versed in
controversy
made an
attempt
to
defeat the Buddha who converted them all and
they
joined
His Order.
By
virtue of the noble
Teachings
of the Blessed One all those Bhikkhus
attained the
highest
bliss and declared that if not for His
Doctrine,
their lives would have been worthless.
The Brahman Janussoni
thereupon
visited the
Buddha and
repeated
to Him his whole conversation
with the
pilgrim Pilotika;
whereupon
the Buddha
replied
that the
parable
of the
elephant foot-print
was not
completely
carried
through
and
proceeded
on with the
explanation,
a
summary
of which is as
follows :
"
Brahman ! An
expert elephant-trainer
would
not
judge
the size of the
elephant merely by looking
at the
foot-print,
because there are certain small
she-elephants
whose feet are
large ;
but would follow
up
the track and on
seeing
a lot of
jungle trampled
down,
he still would not come to the conclusion
that it must be a
mighty elephant
;
but when at last
he sees
high-lying
branches broken off and
sights
the
elephant himself,
then is he convinced that the
foot-prints
he has been
following belong
to this
mighty elephant.
In the same
way,
Oh Brahman !
a
house-holder
listening
to the discourse of the
Buddha is
converted. He
joins
the Order and
follows the life of a Bhikkhu. He now fulfils the
duties of a member of the
Holy
Order. He abstains
IV.
THE CONVERSION OF THE KING OF CEYLON TO BUDDHISM.
9
from
killing
and is full of love and
compassion
for all
living beings.
He abstains from
taking things
which are not
given
to him and waits without
covetousness
for what he is
given.
He abstains
from
unchastity
and lives free from
impure thoughts.
He abstains from
lying
and
always speaks
the
truth,
and he is no
hypocrite,
nor does he flatter. He
abstains from slander and
sowing
discord
;
but
instead fosters concord. He abstains from
rough
words and uses kind
language.
He abstains from
foolish talk and
speaks
the
right
words at the
right
time.
By
the fulfilment of these and other
precepts
he is
happy
and contented. He
keeps
his senses
thoroughly
under control and all his actions are
accomplished
with
thoughtfulness.
True to these
principles
he retires to a
solitary place
and enters
upon
meditation. He now discards the five obstacles
;
viz: 1
Lust;
2
Hatred;
3
Sloth;
4 Pride and 5
Doubt
;
and cultivates the
opposite qualities.
He then enters
upon
the
ecstasy
of the First
Rapture
which constitutes a state of
joy
and calm-
ness born of reflection and detachment from desires.
This is called a
foot-print
of the Buddha. The
holy
disciple
is not
yet
convinced that the Buddha is all
wise,
His Doctrine well
proclaimed
and the mem-
bers of His Order well trained.
Further he enters into the Second
Rapture
which
is a state of
joy
born of
self-concentration,
free
from
reasoning
and
investigation.
This is also
called a
foot-print
of the Buddha. But still the
disciple
is not
yet
convinced.
And now he enters into the Third
Rapture
which
is a state of
happy equanimity.
This
again
is called
a
foot-print
of the Buddha. And still the
disciple
is
unconvinced.
And further he enters into the Fourth
Rapture
which is a state free from sorrow and
joy
and
perfectly pure.
This also is called a
foot-print
of
the Buddha. But still the
disciple
is unconvinced.
10 THE CONVERSION OF THE KING OF CEYLON TO BUDDHISM.
In this state of mind he then remembers
many
past
existences and destructions and renovations
of the world. This also is called a
foot-print
of the
Buddha. And still the
disciple
is unconvinced.
He then directs his attention to the
appearance
and
disappearance
of all
beings,
how
they
are born
in different conditions and with different characters
and the different states in which
they
are reborn
according
to their deeds. This also is called a
foot-print
of the Buddha. And the
disciple
is still
unconvinced.
Thereupon
he directs his attention to the Four
Noble Truths
;
viz : 1
Suffering ;
2 The cause of
suffering
;
3 The cessation of
suffering ;
and 4 The
path leading
to the cessation of
suffering,
which is
known as the Noble
Eight-fold
Path. This is also
called a
foot-print
of the Buddha. Yet the
disciple
is unconvinced. But he is
coming
near the
goal.
For,
seeing
all
this,
his mind is delivered from
lust,
desire for existence and illusion
;
and the
knowledge
rises within him that his work has been
accomplished
and there is no more rebirth for him. This is also
called a
foot-print
of the Buddha. And now the
holy disciple
is
fully
convinced that the Buddha is
all
wise,
that His Doctrine has been w
r
ell
proclaimed
and that the members of His Order have been well
trained. Thus ends the
comparison
with the
elephant
foot-print."
At the close of this discourse of the
Lord,
the
Brahman Janussoni became a
lay
follower of the
Buddha.
The
King
of Lanka and his thousands of attend-
ants listened to the
interesting
discourse delivered
by
Mahinda Thera and at its conclusion embraced
Buddhism.
In
that manner
King Devanampiya
Tissa was
converted to
Buddhism, which,
at the
present
time,
is
accepted
as the true
religion by
one third of the
population
of the world.
Chapter
IV.
MIHINTALE.
THIS
most historic rock is situated at a distance
of
eight
miles to the east of
Anuradhapura.
The most
prominent spot
on this rock is the
place
known as
Ambastala,
the name
having
been
derivedfrom the
mango (amba)
tree which stood there
when the
holy
ministers visited
Mihintale,
and which
was the first
object
of conversation between theThera
and the
king.
This identical
spot
is now marked
by
an edifice called Ambastala
Dagoba
which enshrines
the relics of the
great
Arahat Mahinda
Thera,
the
founder of Buddhism in the Island of
Ceylon.
This
Dagoba, though
small in
size,
is the best
preserved
structure at Mihintale. It was built
during
the
reign
of
King Uttiya,
275 B.C. The
octagonal
stone
pillars
with
sculptured capitals
are some of those
that
supported
the roof that had been erected over
the
Stupa (Dagoba).
Within a few fathoms from that
Stupa
there
stands what is called
Mahasaya
which enshrines the
Urnaroma relic of the Buddha. It was built in that
illustrious
reign
of
King Devanampiya
Tissa.
Considering
the size of the remains of this sacred
edifice it
may
be mentioned that it had been a
huge
Dagoba
at first.
Amongst
other
interesting things
at Mihintale
there is a
pool
hewn out of the solid rock
bearing
the name
"
Naga Pokuna,"
on account of the five-
hooded cobra
Naga
carved on the rock which
overhangs
the eastern side of the
pool.
It holds
ample water,
and even
during
the hottest weather
has an
adequate supply.
There are two excellent
stone
inscriptions placed
in erect attitude at the
western foot of the rock and
every
visitor to
Mihintale should not miss
seeing
them.
! 2
MIHINTALE.
The
top
of Mihintale is the
place
where the
Doctrine
of Buddha was
preached
for the first time
to the Sinhalese
people
and it was there that the
Buddhist
monks in Lanka were
provided
with abodes
to
pass
the first wass
(rainy)
season after the
establishment
of Buddhism in the Island.
The
stairway
that leads from the
ground
to
the
top
of the
lofty
mountain is most
admirably
and
scientifically
laid with stone
steps
whose
symmetrical
arrangement
enables the weakest
pedestrian
to
ascend the rock with ease and comfort. The
skill,
ingenuity,
devotedness and all such distinctive
characteristics
of the ancient Sinhalese could be
very
well recalled to one's mind
by thinking
over
the various works at
Mihintale,
which rises a
thousand feet from the
plain
below. It is needless
to
say
that this
spot
has been visited
by
thousands
of
pilgrims
and tourists
annually
since 308 B.C.
Fa-Hian,
the famous Chinese
traveller,
writes
thus :
"
Forty
li to the east of
Abhaya (giri)
Vihara is
a
mountain,
on which is built a
chapel*
called
Po-ti;
there are about two thousand
priests
in it.
Amongst
them is a
very distinguished
Shramana called
Dharmakoti or
Dharmagupta.
The
people
of this
country greatly respect
and reverence him. He
resides in a
cell,
where he has lived for about
forty
years. By
the constant
practice
of benevolence he
has been able to tame the
serpents
and
mice,
so that
they stop together
in one
cell,
and do not hurt one
another."
The summit of
Mihintale,
which was in the
days
of
antiquity
a hive of
cells,
rooms and so
forth,
has
now two
insignificant dwellings, having
three or
four
Bhikkhus, who,
with the
co-operation
of a
pious
Upasaka,
are
improving
the
holy place
out of the
collections received from the
pilgrims.
*
Here
chapel ought
to be considered as a word
denoting
a
large
collection of
abodes.
Chapter
V.
THE DEDICATION OF THE
MAHAMEGHA
GARDEN TO THE SANGHA.
ON
that full-moon
day
when
King
Devanampiya
Tissa became a convert to Buddhism he invited
the Arahats to visit the
City.
But as
night
was
drawing
near,
the
king
with his followers
returned to the
City
without them.
Early
in the
morning
of the
following day
the
king
sent his ministers to Mihintale to escort the
Arahats in the state chariot.
The
holy Apostles
having
declined the use of the chariots arrived mira-
culously
at the
spot
to the south of the
City
where
the
Thuparama Dagoba
was
subsequently
built.
The
pious
monarch
having
come to that
spot
paid
due reverence to the
Arahats;
and
receiving
from the hands of the chief Thera his
bowl,
he
conducted them into the
City
where a
specially
canopied
and
elaborately
decorated hall was
prepared
within the
premises
of the
palace.
There
they
seated themselves in order of
seniority,
when the
king personally
served them with the best of food.
At the conclusion of the
repast
the
king
sat
by
the
Arahats and sent for Princess
Anula,
the consort of
his
younger
brother
Mahanaga,
the
sub-king. She,
with a retinue of five-hundred
ladies,
appeared
in the
hall and after
having paid
due
respect
to the Arahats
took her seat.
The venerable Mahinda Thera delivered three
sermons on that occasion. The
princess
and her
attendants
having comprehended
the
Teachings
of
the Lord Buddha attained the first
stage
of sancti-
fication
Sotapatti.
The town-folk
having
heard of the arrival of
these blessed
Ministers,
began
to assemble at the
14
THE DEDICATION OF THE MAHAMEGHA GARDEN TO THE SANGHA.
palace
and when the
royal premises
were over-
crowded,
the
king
caused the more
spacious
stables
of the state
elephants
to be
immediately prepared.
The Arahats were conducted thither and the chief
Thera delivered
his fourth sermon to the immense
gathering.
At the close of the sermon it was found
necessary
to find more accommodation for the fresh
crowds that
thronged
in from different
quarters
;
the
only
alternative
being
to have an
open
air
meeting
the Arahats were conducted to the Nandana
Garden wherethousands of
people gathered together
in the
evening
to hear the fifth sermon for the
day
delivered
by
Mahinda Thera.
After a most successful
day's
work the Arahats
wanted to start for Mihintale to
pass
the
night
there,
and
just
at the moment of their
departure
the
king
intervened and
begged
of them to
stay
at Nandana
Garden when the chief Thera
said,
"On account of
its immediate
proximity
to the
City
it is not
convenient." The
king rejoined
thus:
:
'The
Pleasure Garden
Mahamegha
formed
by my
father
is neither
very
distant nor
very near;
it is a
delightful
place
well
provided
with shade and
water;
it is
worthy
of Your
Lordships'
residence;
I beseech
Your
Lordships
most
earnestly
to
stay
there." The
Arahats
having
consented to
go there, they
were
escorted to the
Mahamegha
Garden
by
the
king
personally.
An
appropriate spot
was well furnished
with beds and other
necessary things
for the
holy
Ministers. It was to the east of that identical
spot
that the sacred Bo-tree was
planted
a few months
later.
In the
early morning,
the
king
taking fragrant
flowers with him visited the Arahats and
having
shown the
highest
veneration to them
enquired
after
their health. The
king
who was much
pleased
be-
cause the Arahats had
passed
the
night
in his famous
garden,
said:
"
Is the Pleasure Garden a convenient
place
of residence?" The chief Thera
replied,
"We
have fared
well;
the Pleasure Garden is convenient
V.
THE DEDICATION OF THE MAHAMEGHA GARDEN TO THE SANGHA. I
5
for recluses."
Thereupon
the
pious
monarch
enquired
"Lord! is a
garden
an
offering acceptable by
the
Sanghal"
The chief Thera
saying
"It is
acceptable," proceeded
with the
explanation
how
the Veluvana Pleasure Garden had been
accepted
by
the Buddha Himself from
King
Bimbisara
(of
India).
The
king
became
extremely delighted
at
the
reply. Whereupon
he took a beautiful
jug
of
water,
and
vowing,
"
/ dedicate this
Mahamegha
Pleasure Garden to the
Sangha" poured
the water
of donation on the hand of the chief Arahat.
The
foregoing
statements
conclusively prove
that the
Mahamegha
Garden was
duly
dedicated for
religious purposes
in the
year
308 B.C.
The author of "The Ruined Cities of
Ceylon"
seems to have failed to
comprehend
the distinction
between the
garden
referred to and the
ground
marked out for
performing
the
uposatha
and other
special
rites of the monks. The extracts from
Mahawansa which he has
wrongly reproduced
in
pages
50 and 51 do not
apply
to the dedication of
the
Mahamegha
Garden,
but to the
subject
matter
of the sixth
chapter
of this book.
The attention of the officials of the British
Government and the modern historians is
particularly
invited to the facts
relating
to the
Mahamegha
Garden, which,
until the interference of certain
officials of the
Ceylon
Government,
formed the
Sacred
City ; and, which,
in
spite
of the
change
of
appearance by
the establishment of meat
stalls,
liquor shops, foreign places
of
worship
and so
forth,
is still held
by
the Buddhist world as the Sacred
City
of
Anuradhapura,
within whose limits the
following
chief shrines
stand;
viz:
Thuparama
Dagoba,
Sacred
Bo-tree,
Isurumuni
Vihara,
Mirisa-
weti
Dagoba,
Ruwanweli
Dagoba
and
Abhagiri
Dagoba.
Chapter
VI.
THE
DEMARCATION
OF THE LAND FOR
MAHASEEMA
AND THE FIRST BUDDHIST
PROCESSION
IN CEYLON.
ON
the third
day
since the arrival of the Arahats
at
Anuradhapura
the chief Thera delivered
two sermons.
At the close of the
second,
the
pious
king inquired
thus :
Lord,
is the
Religion
of the
Tathagata
established
in the Island of
Ceylon
?
THERA. O
king!
when,
for the
purpose
of
performing
the
uposatha
and other
special
rites of the
Sangha,
ground
has been
duly
marked out
according
to the
rules
prescribed by
the Lord
Buddha,
then the
great
Religion
will have been established.
KING. I will
firmly
continue in the observance of the
great
Religion ;
therefore
may
Your
Lordship
be
pleased
to include within the same
ground
the
Capital
itself.
I beseech Your
Lordship
to define the boundaries of
the same without
delay.
THERA. Ruler of the land ! such
being your pleasure,
will
you
personally point
out the direction the
boundary
line
should take
;
we will consecrate the
ground.
The
king having
assented to the wishes of the
noble
Thera,
caused elaborate
arrangements
to be
made for a
procession. Urgent
orders and notices
were issued
by
His
Majesty's
officials,
announcing
that all
people
should assemble on the
following day
for a
religious procession.
The immense enthusiasm
that had
prevailed
over the Sinhalese
people
at that
time,
when
they
were exhorted and led
by
their
own
king
in such a
religious
function,
could be better
imagined.
In those
days
our
kings
had
personally
visited fields and rendered all
possible encourage-
ment and
support
to make his
subjects
interest
themselves in the cultivation of the soil. For some
MAHASEEMA AND THE FIRST BUDDHIST PROCESSION.
17
special purpose
in connection with
cultivation,
King
Devanampiya
Tissa had in
possession
a
big golden
plough,
of which reference is made below.
On the
following morning
all the monks were
entertained at the
palace,
after which the chief
Thera
repaired
to the Nandana
Rpyal
Garden and
preached
the sublime
Teachings
of the Buddha to a
large
concourse of
people.
This
being over, he,
accompanied by
the other
monks,
returned to the
resting place
at
Mahamegha
Garden.
By
afternoon,
the
City
of
Anuradhapura,
the road
to the
resting place
of the
Arahats,
the
garden
of the
Sangha
and other
spots having
been
decorated,
the
devoted Buddhist
Monarch,
decked in all the
insignia
of
royalty,
seated in his state
chariot,
attended
by
his ministers and escorted
by
the
military
chiefs
arrived at the abode
(in
Mahamegha Garden)
of the
monks.
Having alighted
from the chariot the
king
approached
the Arahats and showed
deep
reverence
to them. From there the
king
with the Arahats
started in
procession
to the
upper ferry
of Malwatu
Ova to mark the boundaries of the
ground
for the
monks to
perform
their
uposatha
and other
special
rites. The two chief state
elephants having
been
harnessed to the
royal golden plough,
the
king holding
the
plough
shaft,
started from the
ferry
in
pro-
cession whose
description, according
to the
English
translation of
Mahawansa,
runs thus :
"
Surrounded
by exquisitely painted
vases
(carried
in
procession),
and
gorgeous flags tinkling
with the
bells attached to them
;
trays containing
red sandal
dust
; (guarded) by gold
and silver staves
; (the
procession
decorated
with)
mirrors of
glittering
glass
and
festoons,
and baskets borne down
by
the
weight
of flowers
;
triumphal
arches made of
plantain
trees,
and females
holding up
umbrellas and other
decorations
;
excited
by
the
symphony
of
every
description
of music
;
encompassed by
the martial
might
of his
empire ;
overwhelmed
by
the shouts of
gratitude
and
festivity,
which welcomed him from
1 8 MAHASEEMA AND THE FIRST BUDDHIST PROCESSION.
the four
quarters
of the earth
;
thus the lord of the
land made his
progress, ploughing
amidst enthusiastic
acclamations,
hundreds of
waving
handkerchiefs,
and the exultations
produced by
the
presentation
of
superb
offerings." (Chapter
XV.
p. 63).
The illustrious
king
with his most revered reli-
gious
teachers and devoted
people
walked on
along
the bank of the famous river towards the north and
went round the
City
and
Mahamegha
Garden
marking
the limits of a land whose circumference
was
computed
at three
yodun,
which is
equivalent
to
about sixteen miles. The venerable Mahinda Thera
fixed the
points defining
the
boundary
line as marked
by
the
king's plough
and declared it as the sacred
ground
for the
Sangha
to
perform
their
uposatha
and other
special
rites. The
ground
thus conse-
crated is called
Mahaseema,
which has been
kept
up
as a land of Buddhist
activity
for a
period
of
2,215
years.
The
original description
of the
procession
as
reproduced
above bears
eloquent proof
of the
highly
refined state of
things
that existed
among
the
Sinhalese Buddhists who lived three hundred
years
before the birth of Christ
;
and it was the first
Buddhist
procession
held in Lanka.
Before
bringing
this
chapter
to an
end,
we find
it
absolutely
essential to call the attention of the
reader to the vast difference between the
Mahamegha
Garden
(see
chaps.
I. and
V.)
and the Mahaseema.
The former was
duly
offered to the
Sangha
and
dedicated and made the
property
of the
Sangha
and
it shall last as such as
long
as Buddhism lasts in
the Island
;
and the latter is the chief
ground (in
Ceylon)within
whose limits the Buddhist
priests
or
priestesses
are
required by
the Law of the Buddha
to observe their
uposatha
and other
special
rites,
to
perform which,
it is not
necessary
that the
ground
should be the
property
of the
Sangha.
Hence it is
quite
manifest that the
repeated attempts
of certain
officials of the
Ceylon
Government to confound
MAHASEEMA AND THE FIRST BUDDHIST PROCESSION. I
9
Anuradhapura
the ancient
Capital
of
Ceylon
with
Anuradhapura
the Sacred
City
or to
identify
the
Sacred
City
with the
political City,
actuated either
by
illwill towards our national
religion
or
by ignor-
ance of the true
history
of the Sacred
City,
are
most detrimental to the cause of Buddhism.
Chapter
VII.
THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF
RELIGIOUS
COLLEGES.
AMONG
the immense crowds that had assembled
daily
to hear the sermons of that
holy royal
Apostle
Mahinda Thera there were thousands
who were
eager
to enter the Brotherhood of Lord
Buddha.
As the number of monks increased
every
day
it was found
necessary
to
open religious colleges
to educate the
young
Bhikkhus. Such an institution
is called a Pirivena. The
king
caused a
building
to
be erected
within the least
possible time,
even
without
waiting
until wood was sawn and bricks
were made. It was built
entirely
with mud walls
which were burnt in order to have them dried.
That
process
having
stained the walls
black,
the
Pirivena
opened
there was called
"Kalaprasada"
derivation
of the name
being
due to the walls
being
dark coloured.
Another Pirivena was constructed
by
the same
king Devanampiya
Tissa under the title of "Sun-
hata." The third was called
u
Dighacankamana
"
Pirivena;
the fourth
"Phalagga";
the fifth "Thera-
passiya";
the sixth
"Marugana";
and the seventh
"
Dighasandasenapati."
All these educational institu-
tions were established
during
the most
distinguished
reign
of the
king
referred to.
There had been several other
religious colleges
in the Sacred
City
of
Anuradhapura, opened by
other
kings,
the sites of some of which have now
interesting
stone
pillars, steps
and so forth. To the
south-west of
Thuparama
there remains the site of
Asiggahaka
Pirivena as shown in the
plate
number
XXXII.,
which was
undoubtedly
a storied
building.
There is found in its
compound
a stone bath which
VI.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF RELIGIOUS COLLEGES.
21
is
supposed
to have been used for medicinal
baths.
It is
apparent
from its
present
situation that it has
been shifted from its
legitimate spot,
as such
vessels
had their
respective
rooms. In the southern
direction
and within a few fathoms from this
Pirivena,
there
lies a
beautifully
carved urinal stone
mutragala
(plate
XLI.)
which not
only
marks the site of
an ancient
privy,
but also bears
high
testimony
to
the
perfect
state of
sanitary arrangements
that had
been
adopted by
the Sinhalese in the
bygone
days.
There is another
important building
site in the
southern direction from
Thuparama,
marking
the
spot
where
Cullanaga
Pirivena stood.
Among
the ruins that lie between
Abhaya
Wewa
and Ruwanweli
Dagaba
there are the
remains of two
colleges;
viz:
"Mahapaduma"
and
"Sunhata."
From
plate bearing
number XXXIII.
,
it
may
be
seen that these two edifices had been
furnished with
On
page
20 Plate No.
XXXII. should be read
as Plate No.
XXIX.,
on
page
21 Plate No. XLI.
should be read as
Plate No:
XXX. and on same
page
Plate
No. XXXIII. should be read as Plate
No. XXXI.
Chapter
VIII.
THUPARAMA DAGABA.
THE
most
worshipful
Mahinda Thera lived
twenty-six days
in the
Mahamegha Garden,
engaged
in the dissemination of the noble
Teachings
of the
Tathagata, during
which time
thousands of
people
who followed
Brahamanism,
embraced Buddhism.
It is a
practice among
the
disciples
of the
Buddha,
during
the
rainy
season known as
wass,
to abstain
from
preaching
tours or
begging
rounds. The full-
moon
day
in the month of
July
Esala is the
day
on which the
rainy
season is considered to
begin.
On this
day
the monks establish themselves in
buildings
or in
cells;
and for three months
they
live
in them
meditating
and
preaching
to those who visit
them. On
important
duties
they may
be absent for
seven
days;
but on the eve of the seventh
day they
are bound
by Vinaya
rules to be
present
at their
shelter. The
lay community
have not
only
to furnish
them with
dwellings
for the season but also with
food,
robes and other necessaries.
In accordance with this
practice,
Mahinda Thera
being
desirous of
living
on the summit of Mihintale
during
the wass
season,
started from
Mahamegha
Garden on the
twenty-sixth day
of his arrival at
Anuradhapura. Immediately
after the
departure
of
the
holy Thera,
the
king
made his
way
to the rock
and
approached
his noble
Teacher, who, said,
"what
has
brought you
in this intense heat?" The
king
replied,
"I
came,
being
afflicted at Your
Lordship's
departure."
On
being
informed that
he,
the chief
Thera,
with his
companions,
came there to
pass
the
rainy season,
the
pious king employed immediately
a
large
force of workmen to construct rooms and
VII.
-w
THUPARAMA DAGABA.
23
cells at Mihintale. The work of construction
having
been over in a few
days,
Mahinda
Thera,
with a
company
of
monks,
established himself on the
top
of
the famous rock on the full-moon
day
in
July, exactly
a month after the
preaching
of the first sermon to
the Sinhalese
people
had taken
place. Though
the
king
was in the habit of
frequenting
the rock the
chief Thera delivered sermons
occasionally
in the
royal palace
and
Mahamegha
Garden.
One
day,
after the termination of the
rainy
season,
the chief Thera while seated in the
palace,
addressed the
king
thus: "Great
king!
our divine
Teacher the
supreme
Buddha has
long
been out of
our
sight;
we are
sojourning
here without our Master.
In this
land,
O Ruler of men! we have no
object
to which
offerings
can be made." The
king
replied:
"Lord,
did not Your
Lordship
tell me
that our
supreme
Buddha had attained Nirvana?"
On
hearing
the words of the Thera "When-
ever His sacred Relics are seen the
great
Master
Himself is
seen,"
the monarch said thus: "I
understand what Your
Lordship
means
;
it is
required
of me to build a
Thupa
to enshrine Relics. I will
do
it; may
Your
Lordship please procure
the Relics."
The Thera
being pleased
with the devotion of the
king,
left the
palace
for the rock and instructed
Sumana
Samanera,
who was
possessed
of
high
Iddhi
powers,
to start
immediately
for India with a
message
to his
grandsire,*
the
Emperor
Asoka;and
from thence to Sakka
Deva,
the chief of
gods,
to
obtain the
right
Collar-bone Relic of the Buddha.
The Samanera left the mountain and in a moment
arrived at the court of his
grandsire,
to whom the
following message
of the chief Arahat was
delivered:
*
Sumana Samanera was the son of
Sanghamitta
Princess who
became a
priestess
at the wish of her father the
Emperor.
Her husband
had become a monk earlier.
24
THUPARAMA DAGABA.
"Great
King, your ally,
the
King
of
Lanka,
converted to
Buddhism,
is anxious to build a
Dagaba.
You
possess many corporeal
Relics of the
Lord;
bestow some of those Relics and the Bowl used
by
the Buddha."
The Samanera
having
received both the Bowl
and
Relics, repaired
to the Sakka
Deva, who,
being
made
acquainted
with the
mission,
presented
the
right
Collar-bone Relic of the
Tathagata
to the
young
Bhikkhu to be taken to Lanka. With all the
Relics and the Sacred Bowl the Samanera returned
to Mihintale and delivered the same to the chief
Thera, who, leaving
the Bowl and the Relics
given
by
the
Emperor
Asoka on the summit of the
mountain,
came to the
Mahamegha
Garden
bringing
with him the Collar-bone Relic.
According
to the instructions
given previously
by
Sumana
Samanera,
the
King,
attended
by
his
state
retinue,
reached the Garden of the
Sangha
in
time to accord a suitable
reception
to the chief
Thera and his
disciples.
The
pious
Monarch
received the Sacred Bone in a casket and
placed
it
on the back of the state
elephant
that was
caparisoned
for the
purpose.
The Relic was taken in
procession.
It started from the Sacred Garden
(which
hereafter
is called the Sacred
City) entering
the
political
City by
its eastern
gate,
and
passing through
it
by
the southern
gate,
returned to the Sacred
City
and
halted at the
spot
where the
Thuparama Dagaba
was
subsequently
built. At that time this
particular
spot
was covered with
thorny creepers.
The
king
causing
that
spot
to be
instantly
cleared and
decorated in the utmost
perfection
endeavoured to
take the Relic down from the back of the
elephant.
In the
meantime, he,
having
ascertained from
Mahinda Thera
(who
with his
large
retinue of
monks had
joined
the
procession)
that the Relic
should be
deposited
on a summit as
high
as the back
of the state
elephant,
ordered the vast
assembly
of
men
present
there to
bring lumps
of
clay
from the
VIII.
PILLARS AT THUPARAMA.
THUPARAMA DAGABA.
25
dried
up Abhaya
Wewa* and
heap
it
up
to the
elephant's height.
After this was finished the Relic
casket was
placed
on the mound.
Having given
orders to a
great
number of workmen to manufacture
bricks for the
purpose
of
constructing
the
Dagaba,
the
king
returned to the
palace.
The chief Arahat
with his followers lived in the Sacred
City.
Within
a few weeks' time the
Dagaba
was
constructed,
and
the
right
Collar-bone of the
Tathagata
was enshrined
in the
presence
of the
Theras,
the
King,
the
nobility
and the
populace,
with
great magnificence.
A
miracle occurred at the time of its enshrinement.
On this occasion the
younger
brother of the
king,
the
prince Mattabhaya
and a thousand
pious
men were ordained as Bhikkhus. In the same
manner five hundred
youths
from each of the
villages
Cetapi,
Dvaramandala,
Vihirabija, Gallakapitha
and
Upatissa
entered into the Brotherhood of
Sangha.
The total number of Sinhalese who had
gained
admission into the
priesthood,
since the arrival of
Mahinda Thera
up
to the date of the enshrinement
of the Sacred Collar-bone in
Thuparama,
is said to
have been
thirty
thousand. The
king
erected a
Vihara
(image house)
and other
necessary buildings
at the
Dagaba precints.
This
Dagaba
was built in 308
B.C.,
and it was the
first of its kind erected
by
the Sinhalese nation.
King Lajjitissa
who
reigned
in 425 B.E.
(119 B.C.)
constructed a roof over
it,
supported by
ornamental
stone
pillars,
about
forty-one
of which are still to
be seen
standing
on the
Salapatala
Maluwa,
the
circular
platform being paved
with slabs round the
edifice.
During
the
reign
of
King
Kuda
Agbo
who
assumed
sovereignty
in 1141
B.E., (597
A.
c.)
a
portion
of the
Dagaba
fell down and it was restored
by
him.
Seven hundred
years ago,
Prakramabahu the
Great,
*
This tank now found to the west of
Thuparama
was formed in
the
reign
of
King
Panduka
Abhaya
437-367 B.C. This is
erroneously
called
by
the officials and the rest
"
Basawakkulama,"
a term
quite foreign
to
the
genuine history
of the Sacred
City.
26
THUPARAMA DAGABA.
who had established Polonnaruwa as the
Capital
of
Lanka, spent
over the restoration of this and all
the other shrines in the Sacred
City
of Anuradha-
pura.
For the last time this sacred
Stupa
was
repaired
in about the
year
2372 B.E.
(1828 A.C.) by
Pailagama
Rewata
Swamy, High
Priest of the North-
Central Province at that time. The circumference
of this
Dagaba
is 194 feet and its
height
is 63 feet.
The wall round the
Salapatala
Maluwa,
540 feet in
circumference is
being repaired
under the
super-
vision of a Bhikkhu of
Anuradhapura.
Mr. Cave in his
"
Ruined Cities of
Ceylon" says
:
"This monument
is,
in
itself,
evidence of the
remarkable skill of
architect,
builder and
sculptor
in
Ceylon,
at a
period
anterior to that of
any existing
monument in the mainland."
Mr.
Liesching,
a former Government
official,
has made the
following
record in his administration
report
for 1870: "The
Thuparama,
which encloses
the
right
Jaw-bone of Gautama
Buddha,
and which
was built
by Dewanampiya
Tissa in the third
century
before
Christ,
still stands surrounded
by
its classic
columns,
the most
elegant
of all the
dagabas;
and
though
the oldest and
smallest,
is
yet
the best
preserved.
The
jungle
around it has been cleared
so as to admit of its
being
seen at some distance.
It is
decidedly
the most
picturesque
ruin here. The
remains of
Sanghamitta,
the
royal priestess
and
daughter
of
King
Dharmasoka,
who with her
brother Mahinda introduced Buddhism from India
in the third
century
before
Christ,
repose
somewhere
near this
temple.
A
beautifully
carved semi-circular
stone forms the first
step
to what must have been
a
very elegant
little shrine. On this stone are
delineated with much
spirit
and in
high
relief the
horse,
the
lion,
the
bull,
and the
elephant,
as well as a
succession of the sacred* birds called Han
say
a,
a
word
evidently analogous
to the "Anser" of the
*
They
are not sacred to Buddhists.
IX.
THUPARAMA DAGABA.
2J
Latin,
the "Gans" and "Gansz" of the Dutch and
German,
and the "Goose" of the
English."
The
foregoing
lines
by
those two
European
gentlemen
bear abundant
proof
of the most exalted
position
of the Sinhalese nation
twenty-two
centuries
ago,
and no
patriotic
Sinhalese could be without
entertaining
a sense of
pride
for what his ancestors
had done. It is indeed most admirable to find that
Thuparama,
the first
Dagaba
built in the Sacred
City,
is the best
preserved
of all such
structures,
not
only
in this
City,
but also
throughout
the whole
province.
This
Dagaba
is
provided
with two
compounds,
the first
being Salapatala
Maluwa the
other is the extensive
compound
called Well Maluwa
which
adjoins
the former on all sides. There had
been a brick
rampart
around the Well
Maluwa,
and
admission was obtained
through
the eastern
guard-
house. The fact of the Shrine and its
premises
having
been
protected
with a
strong
wall is
confirmed from its remains on all the four sides.
Within this enclosure a Dalada
Maligawa*
was
built for
depositing
the Tooth Relic of Lord Buddha
brought
to
Ceylon
from India
during
the
reign
of
King
Siri
Meghawarna
and now
kept
in the
Maligawa
at
Kandy.
The site of the ancient Dalada
Maligawa
is situated to the south-east of the
Dagaba
and is
marked
by
a beautiful door frame of
stone, magni-
ficent
pillars
with distinctive
sculptures
and some
having
a
polish
akin to that of
marble,
a
charming
moonstone and a set of carved
steps,
a fine w
T
ell
of
oblong shape
and so forth. In the northern
direction of the
Maligawa
there stands the
damaged
Stupa
wherein the Relics of
Sanghamitta Priestess,
about whom reference will be made in the next
chapter,
are enshrined. Those sixteen stone columns
that stand to the east of
Thuparama
are the remains
of the
guard-house.
Foundation stones and slabs
*
At a certain time the Tooth Relic was
deposited
in a
building
erected for the
purpose
in the
political City
of
Anuradhapura.
28
THUPARAMA DAGABA.
that lie on the western side indicate the
previous
existence of an
important building
attached to
Thuparama.
The readers will be shocked to learn that certain
officials of the
Ceylon
Government have obtained
possession, illegally,
of the Well Malitwa of this
Dagaba
and the sacred ruins that are scattered
around the shrine. We here refrain from
entering
into the
history
of this most mischievous and
reprehensible
act as a detailed account of the
methods
employed by
the officials to desecrate the
Sacred
City
is
given
in a
subjoined chapter.
Chapter
IX.
THE SACRED
BODHI-TREE,
SANGHAMITTA
THERI AND ISURUMUNI VIHARA.
IN
the
early morning
of the second
day
of the
arrival of Mahinda Thera at
Anuradhapura
the
King
visited him at
Mahamegha
Garden. He
was followed
by
the Princess
Anula,
who had
attained
the first
stage
of
sanctification,
attended
by
five hundred ladies. For the second
time, she,
having
heard the exhortations of the
royal Apostle,
requested
the
king
to
permit
her and the retinue to
enter into the
Holy
Order.
Thereupon
the
king
requested
the Maha Thera to ordain them. The
Thera
replied
thus:
"
Great
King,
it is not
permitted
to us to ordain females. In the
city
of
Pataliputta
(Capital
of
India)
there lives
Sanghamitta Theri,
my
younger
sister,
who is
profoundly
learned.
Despatch
a
message
to our
royal
father
begging
that he
may
send
her, bringing
also the
right
branch of the
sacred
Bodhi-tree. When that chief Theri
comes,
she will ordain this
princess
and her retinue."
A few months after the construction of the
Thuparama Dagaba
the devoted
king pondered
over
the above-stated words of the chief Thera and
resolved to send a minister to the
Emperor
Asoka.
The
king inquired
from the minister
Arittha,
who
was his
nephew,
"
my
child,
are
you
able to
repair
to
the court of the
Emperor
of India and escort hither
the
Sanghamitta
Theri and the sacred Bo-branch ?"
The minister
consented, saying,
"
provided
on
my
return I am
permitted
to enter into the
Holy
Order."
The monarch who was much
pleased
with the words
of his
nephew
assented to his wishes.
The Sinhalese minister
having
arrived at the
Capital
of India
conveyed
to the
Emperor
the
joint
30
THE SACRED
BODHI-TRKE,
SANGHAMITTA
THERI,
&C.
message
of Mahinda Thera and
King Devanampiya
Tissa. The
Emperor
was
willing
to
give
the branch
of the Sacred
Tree,
but was reluctant to lose the
presence
of his
daughter, Sanghamitta
Theri. The
Theri,
who had received a
separate message
from her
brother
in
Ceylon, obtaining
an audience with her
father communicated
the orders of her brother.
Then the
Emperor addressing
her with due
respect
said, "My
beloved!
separated
from
you
and
my
children and
grand
children,
what consolation is there
for me to alleviate
my
affliction ?
"
She
rejoined
:
"Great
King!
the
injunction
of
my
brother is im-
perative,
and the females who are to be ordained in
Lanka are
many;
on that account it is
absolutely
essential that I should
go
there."
The
Emperor presented
to the
royal envoy
of
Lanka the
right
branch of the sacred Bodhi-tree that
stood at
Buddha-Gaya
where the
Tathagata
sat at
the time He attained the Buddhahood.
Sanghamitta
Theri with eleven other
priestesses
embarked on board the
ship
in which the branch of
the sacred Bodhi-tree was
deposited
in a valuable
golden
vessel. In a few
days
the
ship
reached the
historic
port Dambakolapatuna.
The
King
of Lanka
after
having
caused the main road to be decorated
from the northern
gate
of the
City
of
Anuradhapura
to the
port, prepared
a
special
hall on the beach.
On the arrival of the
ship, chanting songs
of
joy,
he
rushed into the waves
up
to his neck and
brought
ashore the sacred Bo-branch and
deposited
it in the
grand
hall. The servitors who had been
deputed by
the
Emperor
to attend to the ceremonies connected
with the Sacred Tree also disembarked. The
pries-
tesses and the
right
branch of the sacred Bodhi-tree
were conducted in a
procession,
the
following
description
of which in the Mahawansa
may
be of
interest
:
'
The
sovereign stopping
the
progress
of the
procession
at the entrance of the
village
of the
Brahaman Tivakka as well as at the several aforesaid
X.
THE SACRED
BODHI-TREE,
SANGHAMITTA
THERI,
&C.
31
places,
he carried the Bo-branch
along
the
road,
which was
sprinkled
with white
sand,
and decorated
with
every variety
of
flowers,
and lined with
banners
and
garlands
of flowers
;
and
keeping up offerings,
by night
and
by day uninterruptedly,
on the four-
teenth
day (of
the
month)
he conducted it to the
vicinity
of
Anuradhapura.
At the hour that shadows
are most
extended,
he entered the
superbly
decorated
Capital by
the northern
gate
and
passing
in
procession
out of the southern
gate,
and
entering
the
Mahamegha
Garden hallowed
by
the
presence
of
the last four Buddhas
;
and
arriving,
under the
directions of Sumana Samanera
himself,
at the
delightful
and decorated
spot
at which the former
sacred trees had been
planted."
The sacred Bo-branch
brought
in this manner
was
planted
at the identical
spot,
where it stands
now,
in the afternoon of the
day previous
to the
full-moon
in the month of
unduwap,
236 B.E.
(December,
308
B.C.).
The Sacred
Tree,
whose
age
is
2,215 years,
measures in
height
about
thirty
feet
;
while the
girth
at the base is
eight
feet and two
inches. It is found in the centre of a
raised mound
protected
with a brick wall. The
length
and breadth
of the mound are 71 feet and 57 feet
respectively,
and its
height
is 21 feet from the level of the
ground.
There
are,
within this
wall,
ten other trees of the
same
species.
The chief evidence to
identify
this
oldest tree in the world is the
partly damaged
statue of Buddha
lying
to the east of the
Sacred
Tree. It should be noticed that this
statue is of
brick and denotes that it was made
hurriedly
within a
very
short
time,
during
the
reign
of
King
Devanampiya
Tissa. In ancient times
pilgrims
used
to assemble at the vihara that was built to
contain
this statue and the
offerings.
This
temple
which has
been in
ruins so
long
is now
(1907)
being
recon-
structed at the
expense chiefly
of a
pious
Buddhist
gentleman
of Galle.
32
THE SACRED
BODHI-TKEE,
SANGHAMITTA
THERI,
&C.
The
anniversary
celebration of the
planting
of
the Sacred
Tree has been revived
by
the Maha-Bodhi
Society
on the
suggestion
of the author of this book
and is
being
held
annually
since 1903 A.C.
Besides the Sacred Tree and the other trees on
the mound there are about
fifty
bo-trees in the com-
pound
that is
generally
called
bo-maluwa,
round
which a
rampart
had been built
during
the
reign
of
King
DevanampiyaTissa.
At the time when Kirtisri
Rajasingha
was on the
throne,
A.C. 1 747 1
778,
having
Kandy
as the
Capital
of
Lanka,
the old
rampart
was
utterly damaged by
a herd of wild
elephants.
The
few monks and attendants who lived at bo-maluwa
protected
the
place
from further attacks and the
news was
conveyed
to the
king
at
Kandy.
This
king
found out a
persevering
monk in the
person
of
Ilipengomuwe
Samanera
Unnanse,
under whose
directions the stone
rampart,
now
extant,
was con-
structed.
This
rampart,
whose
height
and thickness
are 12 feet and 7 feet
respectively,
measures 360
feet from south to north and 250 feet from east to
west.
Sir J. E. Tennent writes thus in his
"Ceylon":
"
But that which renders the fallen
city
illustrious
even in
ruins,
is the
possession
of the
Jaya
Sri
Maha
Bodin-wahanse,
"the
Victorious, Illustrious,
Supreme
Lord,
the Sacred
Bo-tree,"
the
planting
of
which forms the
grandest episode
in the sacred
annals of
Ceylon.
The Bo-tree of
Anarajapoora
is,
in all
probability,
the oldest historical tree in the world. It was
planted
288
years
before
Christ,
and hence it is now
2,147
years
old.
Ages varying
from one to five thousand
years
have been
assigned
to the baobabs of
Senegal,
the
eucalyptus
of
Tasmania,
the
dragon-tree
of
Orotava,
the
Wellingtonia
of
California,
and the
chesnut of Mount Etna. But all these estimates
are matters of
conjecture,
and such
calculations,
however
ingenious,
must be
purely inferential;
whereas the
age
of the Bo-tree is matter
of
record,
XL
THE SACRED
BODHI-TRF.E,
SANGHAMITTA
THERI,
&C.
33
its
conservancy
has been an
object
of solicitude to
successive
dynasties,
and the
story
of its vicissitudes
has been
preserved
in a series of continuous
chronicles
amongst
the most authentic that have
been handed down
by
mankind.
Compared
with it the Oak of Ellerslie is but a
sapling;
and the
Conqueror's
Oak in Windsor
Forest,
barely
numbers half its
years.
The
yew-trees
of Fountains
Abbey
are believed to have flourished
there twelve hundred
years ago;
the olives in the
Garden of Gethsemane were full
grown
when the
Saracens were
expelled
from
Jerusalem;
and the
cypress
of
Soma,
in
Lombardy,
is said to have been
a tree in the time of Julius
Caesar;
yet,
the Bo-tree
is older than the oldest of these
by
a
century,
and would almost seem to
verify
the
prophecy
pronounced
when it was
planted,
that it would
"flourish and be
green
for ever."
SANGHAMITTA THERI.
The chief Theri
Sanghamitta
who had also
attained the
highest
sanctification and who was
conducted
along
with the other
priestesses
in the
same
grand procession
above
related,
admitted into
the Order the aforesaid Anula Princess and her
retinue,
all of whom in due time attained the
highest
bliss. Since then thousands of ladies entered the
holy path
and led a life of
perfect righteousness.
This Order of
Priestesses,
established in
Lanka, by
Sanghamitta Theri,
is now
entirely
extinct.
ISURUMUNI VlHARA.
This is the first rock
Temple
mentioned in the
history
of
Ceylon.
On the eastern side of this
rock,
situated at the bund of Tissa
Wewa,
a small room
has been cut in which there are three statues of
Buddha. The sedent statue is hewn out of the rock
and also its seat. The two
standing
statues are
made of wood. The stone roof and the
images
have
34
THE SACRED
BODHI-TREE,
SANGHAMITTA
THERI,
&C.
been
painted
over
by
the
present
incumbent of
the
temple
;
the stone
images
on this account do not
look their
age.
This rock Vihara was
excavated in
the
reign
of that
great
monarch
Devanampiya
Tissa.
The name isurumuni is derived from the incident of
five hundred
"wealthy"
-isurumat
persons
having
been ordained
at this rock
by
Mahinda Thera. The
name Isurumuni
has no connection whatever with
Iswara,
the Hindu
Deity.
To the south of the shrine
room there is a small
cave,
by
name Mihindu
guha,
in which Mahinda Thera is
supposed
to have
spent
his leisure
in meditation.
Thirty-five years ago
this vihara was in an
absolute state of
neglect,
almost hidden
by
the thick
jungle
that had
grow^n
all round
it; and,
according
to
the
story
of Sasanabhiwardhikami
Sangharakkhita
Thera,
the
incumbent,
it was a
"
home of bears."
The construction of the
Dagaba
on the rock and
all other
improvements
of the vihara have been
carried out
by
this
persevering
monk.
Chapter
X.
MIRISAWETI DAGABA AND LOHA MAHA
PRASADAYA.
THE
King Devanampiya
Tissa,
to whose
piety
and munificence the establishment of
shrines,
rooms and cells at
Mihintale,
and
Thuparama,
the Sacred
Tree,
Isurumuni and so forth in the Sacred
City,
is due.
reigned forty years.
His
reign
was one
of universal
peace, prosperity
and
happiness.
He
was succeeded
by
his
younger
brother
Uttiya,
during
whose
reign
Mahinda Thera and
Sanghamitta
Theri attained
parinibbana.
At the demise of
King
Uttiya
his
younger
brother Mahasiva took
up
the
reins of the
kingdom.
On his demise his
younger
brother Suratissa became the
king.
Sena and
Guttika two Malabar
youths
murdered Suratissa
King
and
usurped
the throne. Prince Asela the
ninth son of
King Mutasiva,
putting
the
usurpers
to
death, reigned.
This
king
was killed
by
Elara a Tamil.
When
King
Asela was on the throne his elder brother
Mahanaga
was the
sub-king.
Certain circumstances
having obliged
the
sub-king
to leave
Anuradhapura
he ruled over Rohana
making Mahagama
his
Capital.
On his demise his son Yatthalaka Tissa ruled over
the same division of
Ceylon.
In like manner his son
Gothabhaya
succeeded him. When he died his son
Kavanna Tissa ruled. He was
extremely pious
and so
was his
queen
Viharadevi. Tissamaharama
Dagaba
and
many
other shrines in the southern
province
were
constructed
during
the
reign
of this
king.
He had two
sons; namely,
Gamini
Abhaya
and
Tissa. When these two
princes
had
respectively
attained their twelfth and tenth
years,
the
King,
wishing
to ascertain their
character,
having
entertained thousands of monks at the
palace,
D 2
36
MIRISAWETI DAGABA AND LOHA MAHA PRASADAYA.
gathering
the residue of their food into a
plate,
and
dividing
the same into three
portions placing
it before the
princes
addressed them thus:
"My
children,
eat this
portion, vowing you
will never
do
injury
to the monks."
"
Again
eat this
portion
vowing, you
two brothers will ever live in
amity."
Both of them ate that food
quite willingly.
The
king
then
said,
pointing
out the
remaining portion
in the
plate,
"eat this
vowing
that
you
will never
make war with the Tamils." On
hearing
these
words Tissa
flung
from him his
portion
of food.
Gamini also
spurned away
his
portion,
and
retiring
to his bed laid himself on
it,
with his hands and
feet
gathered up.
The
Queen seeing
Gamini in this
condition
inquired, "My son, why
not stretch
yourself
on
your
bed and lie down
comfortably?"
The
prince
replied
thus:
"My
dear
mother,
confined
by
the
Tamils
beyond
the river
(Mahaweliganga)
and on
the other side
by
the
ocean,
how can
I,
in so confined
a
space,
lie down with out-stretched limbs?"
The
prince,
in due
course,
increasing
in
piety,
prosperity,
wisdom,
strength
and martial
accomplish-
ments,
attained his sixteenth
year.
The Tamils with Elara as their leader were in
possession
of the chief
Capital Anuradhapura.
Though
Elara was
helping
the monks in the
propaga-
tion of Buddhism it was deemed most
dangerous
to
allow non- Buddhists to interfere with
religious
matters.
Prince Gamini was most skilled in the
elephant,
horse,
and bow
exercises,
as well as in
stratagems.
He had ten most
powerful
warriors;
viz:
Nandimitta,
Suranimila, Mahasona, Gothambara,
Theraputta-
bhaya, Bharana, Velusumana,
Khanjadeva,
Phussa-
devaand
Labhiya
Vasabha. One
day
the
prince having
held a review of his
army, consisting
of thousands
of
Sinhalese
youths, proposed
to his
father,
"Let me
wage
war
against
the Tamils." The
king, considering
his son's
personal
safety,
declined
permission.
The
prince
renewed the
proposition
even to the third
XII.
MIRISAWETI DAGABA AND LOUA MA HA PRASADAYA.
37
time. The
king
was determined in his
opposition.
The
disappointed prince
sent to his father a female
trinket, remarking, "Friends, my father,
if he be a
man would not do
so;
let him therefore wear this."
The
king, enraged
at
this,
ordered a
gold
chain to be
made with which to fetter the
prince
and
prevent
him from
entering
into the battle field. The
prince
then fled to another district and lived there until the
death of his father. The
prince
Gamini,
on account of
his
extraordinary
behaviour towards his
father,
was
surnamed "Duttha"
(undutiful)
Gamini.
Fortunately
for Lanka the
opportune
time came
when the
great
Prince returned to his
parents' palace
at
Mahagama, present Magampura,
and assumed the
sovereignty. King
Duttha Gamini
having
enshrined
in the
point
of his
sceptre
a
corporeal
Relic of Lord
Buddha started in the direction of
Anuradhapura.
He was attended
by
the above-named warriors
and a most
powerful
force of thousands of
military
men. Before a
long
time had
elapsed
the Sinhalese
King
was successful in
destroying
all the Tamil
fortresses, forces,
and the leader Elara
himself;
and
he became the sole Monarch of the Island of
Ceylon
in 383
according
to the Buddhist era
(161 B.C.).
The chief
religious
edifices built
during
his
illustrious
reign
are Mirisaweti
Dagaba,
Loha Maha
Prasadaya
and Ruwanweli
Dagaba
which have been
invaluable ornaments of the Sacred
City
of
Anuradhapura.
On the seventh
day
of the re-establishment of
Anuradhapura
as the
Capital
of Lanka the
King
proceeded
to the Tissa Wewa followed
by
a state
retinue to celebrate an
aquatic
festival with
every
description
of
rejoicing,
and to maintain a custom
observed
by
his
predecessors.
The
King's
attire and
other
valuable
things
were
kept
at a
spot
close to the
tank and the
sceptre-bearers deposited
the
imperial
sceptre,
containing
a sacred
Relic,
in an erect
position
on the site where Mirisaweti was
subsequently
erected. The
King having
bathed and
sported
about in
38
MIRISAWETI DAGABA AND LOHA MAHA PRASADAYA.
the
tank,
formed
by
his
royal
ancestor
Devanampiya
Tissa,
put
on his attire and said :
"
Let us
depart, my
men,
take
up
the
sceptre."
The
royal
servants were
unable to move it from where it was
deposited.
It
was a miraculous occurrence due to the sacred Relic
of the Buddha enshrined in the
sceptre.
The
King,
who was
highly delighted
at what took
place,
returned
to the
palace leaving
officers behind to
keep guard
over
the
sceptre.
He, having pondered
over the
matter,
caused to erect a
Dagaba
on that
spot
to
enshrine
the
sceptre
itself. In three
years
the construction
of the
Dagaba
and the additional
buildings
having
been
completed
the
inaugural ceremony
was held in
the
presence
of thousands of monks who had assem-
bled from India and Lanka. For seven
days
the
festival was
kept up
with
great pomp.
Mr.
Dickson,
President of the
Royal
Asiatic
Society Ceylon branch,
while
addressing
a
meeting
in 1884 had
erroneously
said,
"that
King Dutugemunu
slew the Tamil invader Elala in
single combat,
and
he threw down his clothes on the
spot
where the
dagaba
stands and went down into Tissawewa to
bathe. When he came back he made a vow
that,
as
a thank
offering
he would build there a
dagaba"
(The
italics are
ours.)
The circumference of the base of this
Dagaba
is
560 feet. As in the case of
Thuparama Dagaba,
it is surrounded
by
a
compound paved
with stone
slabs,
and therefore called
salapatala maluwa,
which measures 275 feet
square.
There had been
four entrances on the east and
west,
south and
north,
whose traces are still to be found in the beautiful
stone
steps
and so forth laid at each of them.
Around the
salapatala
maluwa there is the weli
maluwa
sandy compound along
which
processions
marched. This edifice has
partly
been restored
by
the
Ceylon
Government at the
expense
of a Siamese
Prince who
placed
Rs.
12,500
in the hands of Sir
Arthur
Gordon,
the Governor of
Ceylon,
in 1888. It
may
be seen
by
the visitor to the
Dagaba
that the
XIII.
MIRISAWETI
DAGABA AND LOHA MAHA PRASADAYA.
39
new work is a failure on account of the
several
cracked
marks found on the structure.
The
following report
to Government
by
Mr.
Burrows
in 1885 will be of interest :
"
A
magnificent
stone
chapel,
or external
shrine,
was
excavated
some
years ago
on the western side of the Mirisweti
Dagaba.
It is
undoubtedly
the finest
thing
of its kind in
Anuradhapura
: it
presents nearly
all the well-known Buddhist
ornaments,
and combines
great
massiveness with
delicacy
of
execution. It was
hoped
that there
might
be similar
chapels
on
the other three sides
;
and the
Royal
Asiatic
Society
subscribed
a considerable sum for the
purpose
of
excavating
them. The
hope
most
unfortunately proved
fallacious. After
cutting
a trench
right
round the
upper part
of the hall of the
dagaba
we
gradually
worked downwards on the eastern side to where the
chapel ought
to have been. But no
chapel,
not even the ruins
of
one,
was to be found. We uncovered a small
pro-naos,
of no
particular
interest,
and some
beautifully preserved plaster
on
two of the tiers of terraces surrounded
by
the base of the bell
;
but it is
plain
that there never was on the east side a
chapel
corresponding
to that on the west
;
and if not on the
east,
it
would be lost labour to search to the north and
south,
especially
as the
appearance
of
the rubble
amply confirms
the
inference
that no
chapel
lies buried there. The work on the
dagaba
was con-
sequently stopped,
and
only
a fraction of the sum subscribed
was
spent." (The
italics are
ours).
We have to
point
out that Mr. Burrows has
misapplied
his
logic,
as
"
chapels
"
have been
discovered on the southern and northern sides
during
the restoration work in 1888 1891.
LOHA MAHA PRASADAYA.
The
King
Duttha Gamini
having
searched for a
record that was said to have been made
by
his
ancestor
King Devanampiya
Tissa,
according
to
the
prophecy
of the chief
Arahat,
Mahinda
Thera,
found in a vase
deposited
in the
royal treasury,
an
inscribed
golden plate,
the
writing
whereof he read
as follows:
"Hereafter,
at the termination of one hundred
and
forty years,
the Monarch Duttha
Gamini,
son
of the
King
Kavanna
Tissa,
will construct such and
such edifices in such manner."
40
MIRISAWKTI DAGABA AND LOHA MAHA PRASADAYA.
The
King, finding
that Loha
Prasadaya
and
Swarnamali
Mahaceti
being specially
mentioned
in the
inscription,
was
highly pleased.
He informed
the monks that he would erect an excellent storied
monastery
and
requested
them to
procure
for him the
plan
of a
palace
of the devas. The
plan
was
supplied
immediately.
The
king having
caused
store-houses
to be built wherein
money, clothes,
and all other
requisites
were
deposited
for the use of the work-
men
;
and materials
having
been
brought
the
process
of construction was
begun
under the
supervision
of
eminent architects. It was a
quadrilateral palace,
being
two hundred feet
long
on each of its sides
and the same in
height.
There were nine
stories,
and in each of them one hundred
apartments
which
were
highly
finished with
silver;
and the cornices
thereof were embellished with
gems.
A
special
hall
was built in the centre of the
palace;
and it was said
to have been
supported
on
golden pillars.
In the
centre of this hall there was a beautiful
ivory throne,
on one side of which there was the emblem of the
sun in
gold;
on
another,
the moon in
silver;
and on
the
third,
the stars in
pearls;
and above the throne
the
imperial canopy glittered.
The roof of this
magnificent palace
was covered with brazen
tiles;
hence it was called the Loha Maha
Prasadaya,
"great
brazen
palace."
All the stories were furnished
with
couches,
chairs and other necessaries of
great
value. Even the laver and its ladle
kept
at the
entrance,
for
washing
the hands and feet of
monks,
were made of
gold.
The
pious King
Duttha Gamini also
styled
Dutu-
gemunu
dedicated the
palace
with all its
belongings
to the
Sangha (Priesthood),
and the dedication
ceremony
was observed in the most
dignified
manner.
The first floor was
occupied by
the monks who had
not achieved
any
state of sanctification or the
highest attainments;
the second
by
those who had
mastered the
Tripitaka,
the whole
body
of Buddha's
Doctrine;
the third
by
those who had attained
XIV.
MIRISAWETI DAGABA AND LOHA MAHA PRASADAYA.
41
Sotapatti,
the first
stage
of sanctification
;
the fourth
by
those who had attained
Sakadagami,
the second
state of
sanctification;
the fifth
by
those monks
who had attained
Anagami,
the third state of
sanctification;
and the
remaining
four stories were
occupied by
the
Arahats,
in other
words,
those who
had attained the
highest
state of sanctification. It is
said that the value attached to the
building
was
three hundred million
gold pieces.
This
unique
edifice
having undergone
destruction
and reconstruction several times is now reduced to the
stone columns that
barely give
an idea of its former
magnificence. During
the
reign
of
King Saddhatissa,
brother of
King Dutugemunu,
this
monastery caught
fire from a
lamp
and was burnt down. The
king
built it
up again
and formed a seven-storied
building.
Its value was then estimated at nine million
gold
pieces. King Sirinaga
I. who ascended the throne in
739 B. E.
(195
A.
c.)
rebuilt the
Prasadaya
and reduced
it to five stories.
King Mahasen,
out of
spite
to the
monks of the
Mahavihara,
razed it to the
ground;
and afterwards he
deeply repented
of his
wrong
act.
His son Siri Mewan who was crowned in 301 A. c.
rebuilt the
palace.
It was for the last time restored
by King
Prakramabahu I. who ascended the throne
in 1748 B. E.
(1204 A.C.).
The collection of monolithic columns of
granite
about
1,600
in number marks the site of that most
remarkable
palatial monastery.
These columns
are
square
and the
largest
measures 8 feet 3 inches
and its
height
is 10 feet. The
ground
covered with
these columns measures 200 feet
square.
All these
rough
columns had been inclosed in the
huge
walls
that were built for the basement of the
palace
when
it consisted of five stories.
Chapter
XL
RUWANWELI DAGABA.
THE
Monarch Duttha Gamini
having
dedicated
the Loha
Prasadaya
to the
Sangha
decided
to construct the Ruwanweli Maha
Cetiya.
The site for the Shrine had been
already
selected
by
that
royal Apostle
Mahinda Thera and marked
by
the
King Devanampiya
Tissa with a colossal
stone column. The
King
Gamini caused it to be
removed and
placed
on the northern side of the
Dagaba.
The same is to be seen there still. Its
height
and
girth
are 22 feet and 12 feet
respectively.
The materials
having
been
collected,
the
King
employed
workmen to
dig
the foundation on the
full-moon
day
in the month of Wesak
May
and it
was excavated one hundred cubits
deep.
For the
purpose
of
making
the foundation as
strong
and
firm as
possible, elephants,
whose feet were
protected
with leathern
boots,
were
employed
to
trample
stones that were laid for the foundation
;
a
plate
of
brass
eight
inches thick and a
plate
of silver seven
inches thick w
r
ere laid over the foundation to ensure
durability.
For seven successive
days
from the
inauguration
of
work,
the
King
entertained thousands
of
Arahats,
who had assembled from India and from
different districts of Lanka for the
great
function.
The construction of the
Dagaba
was most
skilfully
carried on
by
the Sinhalese
architects, who,
though willing
to
give
their services
gratuitously
through
their devotedness to the State
Religion,
were
given
the best remuneration
by
the most
distinguished King.
Six beautiful stone
slabs, eighty
cubits in
length
and breadth and
eight
inches
in
thickness,
were secured for the formation of the
Relic
Receptacle
to be
placed
within the
Dagaba.
XV.
RUWANWELI DAGABA.
43
After the foundation had been
built,
the Arahats
placed
one of the slabs in the centre and on the
four sides
they arranged
four of them in the form
of a
box,
the
remaining
one
being placed
aside to be
afterwards used as the cover.
Along
with the
large
collection of
corporeal
Relics of the Lord
Buddha that were
enshrined,
numerous valuable
offerings
were also
deposited.
The
following
description
of the
things
enshrined as
offerings
to
the Relics will be of interest :
"
Raja
caused to be made an
exquisitely
beautiful
bo-tree out of the
precious things.
The
height
of
the
stem, including
the five
branches,
was
eighteen
cubits,
the root was
coral;
it was fixed on emerald
ground.
The stem was of
pure
silver
;
its leaves
glittered
with
gems.
The faded leaves were of
gold
;
its fruits and tender leaves were of coral. On its
stem there were
representations
of the
eight auspi-
cious
objects (astamangalikaya),
flower
plants,
and
beautiful rows of
quadrupeds
and
"
hansas." Above
this,
around the
edges
of a beautiful cloth
canopy,
there \vas a
fringe
with a
golden
border
tinkling
with
pearls;
and,
in various
parts, garlands
of flowers
were
suspended.
At the four corners of the
canopy,
a bunch
exclusively
of
pearls
was
suspended,
each
of them valued at
900,000
kahavanu : emblems of the
sun, moon,
and
stars,
and the various
species
of
lotuses,
represented
in
gems,
were
appended
to the
canopy.
In the formation of that
canopy
were
spread
out
eight
thousand
pieces
of valuable cloths
of various
descriptions
and of
every
hue. He
surrounded the bo-tree with a low
parapet,
in
different
parts
of which
gems
and
pearls
of the size
of a
"
nelli" were studded. At the foot of the
bo-tree rows of vases filled with the various flowers
represented
in
jewellery,
and with the four kinds of
perfumed waters,
were
arranged.
u
On an
invaluable
golden throne,
erected on the
eastern side of the bo-tree
(which
was
deposited
in
the
receptacle),
the
King placed
a
resplendent
44
RUWANWELI DAGABA.
golden image
of Buddha
(in
the attitude in which
He achieved Buddhahood at the foot of the Bo-tree
at Uruvela in the
Kingdom
of
Magadha).
The
features and members of that
image
were
repre-
sented in their several
appropriate colours,
in
exquisitely resplendent gems.
There
(in
that relic
receptacle,
near the
image
of
Buddha),
stood
(the
figure of) Mahabrahma, bearing
the silver
parasol
of dominion
; Sakka,
the
inaugurator,
with his
"
vijayuttara"
chank
;
Pancasikha with his
harp
in
his hand
; Kalanaga together
with his band of
singers
and dancers
;
the hundred armed Mara
mounted on his
elephant,
and surrounded
by
his
host of attendants."
"
Corresponding
with this altar on the eastern
side,
on the other three sides also
(of
the
receptacle)
altars were
arranged,
each
being
in value a
"
koti."
In the north-eastern direction from the Bo-tree
there was an altar
arrayed,
made of the various
descriptions
of
gems, costing
a
"
koti." The various
acts
performed
at each of the
places
at which
Buddha had tarried for the seven times seven
days* (before
His
public entry
into Barana
si),
he most
fully represented (in
this relic
receptacle)
;
as well as all the
subsequent important
works
of His
mission;
viz: Brahma in the act of
sup-
plicating
Buddha to
expound
His doctrines
;
the
proclamation
of the
sovereign supremacy
of His faith
(at Baranasi) ;
the ordination of Yasa
;
the ordination
of the
Bhaddavaggiya princes ;
the conversion of
the Jatila sect
;
the advance of Bimbisara
(to
meet
Buddha);
His
(Buddha's)
entrance into the
city
Rajagaha ;
the
acceptance
of the Veluvana
temple
(at
Rajagaha);
His
sixty principal disciples;
the
journey
to
Kapilavatthu,
and the
golden
"
chankama"
there;
the ordination of
(His son)
Rahula and of
(His
cousin)
Nanda
;
the
acceptance
of the Jetawana
*
This is a
mistake,
probably, by
the Translator. It
ought
to be
weeks."
XVI.
RUWANWELI DAGABA.
45
temple
(at Savatthi) ;
the miracle of two
opposite
phenomena performed
at the foot of the
gandamba
tree
(at
the
gates
of
Savatthi) ;
His sermon delivered
in the Tavatinsa heavens
(to
His mother
Maya
and
the other inhabitants of those
heavens);
the miracle
performed
unto the devas at His descent
(from
the
heavens,
where He had tarried three months
expounding
the
"
abhidhamma") ;
the
interrogation
of the assembled theras
(at
the
gates
of
Sankapura,
at which He
alighted
on His descent from the
Tavatinsa
heavens,
and where He was received
by
Sariputta
at the head of the
priesthood)
;
the
delivery
of the
"
Mahasamaya"
discourse
(at
Kapilavatthu,
pursuant
to the
example
of all
preceding Buddhas) ;
the
monitory
discourse addressed to
(His son)
Rahula
(at Kapilavatthu
after he entered into
priesthood) ;
the
delivery
of the
Mahamangala
discourse
(at
Savatthi,
also
pursuant
to the
example
of
preceding
Buddhas) ;
the
assembly (to
witness the attack on
Buddha made at
Rajagaha by
the
elephant
Dahana-
pala);
the discourse addressed to Alawaka
(at
Alavipura)
;
the conversion of
Angulimala
;
the
subjection
of the
naga raja Apalala
;
the
(series of)
discourse addressed to the
Parayana
Brahman tribe
(at
Rajagaha);
as also the
relinquishment
of Buddha's
full term of life
(three
months before His
parinib-
bana) ;
the
acceptance
of the
alms-offering prepared
of
hog's
flesh
(presented by
Cunda at
Pava,
which
was the last
repast
Buddha
partook of) ;
and of the
couple
of
"
singivanna"
cloths
(presented
to Buddha
by
the trader Pukkusa on his
journey
to Kusinarato
fulfil His
predicted destiny);
and also of the
draught
of water which became clear
(on
the
disciple
Ananda's
taking
it for Buddha from the river
Kukuta,
the
stream of which was
muddy
when he first
approached
it to draw the
water) ;
His
parinibbana
(at Kusinara) ;
the lamentation of devas and men
(on
the
parinibbana
of
Buddha) ;
the
prostration
at the
feet
(of
Buddha on the funeral
pile)
of the Thera
Maha
Kassapa ;
the
self-ignition
of the
pile (which
46
RUWANWELI DAGABA.
would not take fire before Maha
Kassapa arrived);
the
extinction
of the
fire,
as also the honours
rendered
there;
the
partition
of His Relics
by
the
(Brahman)
Dona.
By
this Monarch of illustrious
descent,
many
of the Jataka stories
(the
former
existences
of
Buddha),
which were the best calculated to turn
the hearts of His
people,
to
conversion,
were also
represented.
He caused Buddha's acts
during
his
existence as Vessantara
Raja
to be
depicted
in
detail
;
as well as his
history
from the
period
of his
descent from
Tusitapura
to his
attaining
Buddha-
hood at the foot of the Bo-tree. At the farthest
point
of the four sides
(of
the Relic
Receptacle)
the
four
great (mythological) kings (Dhatarattha, Virulha,
Virupakkha
and
Vessavana)
were
represented ;
thirty-three
devas and
thirty-two princesses; twenty-
eight
chiefs of
yakkhas
;
above these
again,
devas
bowing
down with
clasped
hands raised over their
heads and so forth."
(Mahavansa Chap. XXX.)
The
pious King
Gamini
having arranged
the Relic
Receptacle
in the manner related above fixed the
day
for the enshrinement of the Relics of Buddha and
it was announced to all the inhabitants of the Island.
Bhikkhus, Bhikkhunis,
Upasakas, Upasikas,
the
King
and his state
retinue,
and millions of others
assembled at the
Dagaba.
The
Monarch, bearing
on
his head the
golden
casket
containing
the
Relics,
making presentation
of
offerings thereto,
marched
in
procession
round the
Dagaba.
After
having
done
so he entered the Relic
Receptacle, deposited
the
casket on the
golden
altar and offered to the Relics
all the
regal
ornaments he had worn. Two Samaneras
novices
among
monks closed the
Receptacle
with the stone slab that had been
kept
aside for the
purpose.
The
large assembly present
made valuable
offerings
to the Relics.
After the enshrinement of
Relics,
the dome
of the
Dagaba
was constructed
;
and when the
construction of the
spire
and the
plastering
of the
Cetiya
alone remained to be
completed,
the
King
fell
XVII.
RUWANWELI DAGABA.
47
ill and on the illness
becoming
severe he summoned
his
younger
brother Saddha Tissa and said to
him,
"
complete
the work still left unfinished at the
Thupa."
The noble Prince
finding
that his brother
was in the last
stage
of his life and as he was
desirous of
exhibiting
the
Dagaba
to the
King
in its
completed
form,
he caused a
covering
to be weaved
and
enveloped
the
Thupa
with it. After the edifice
and the
covering
so made had been
painted,
the
Prince informed the
King
that the
Dagaba
work
was
complete. Whereupon
the Monarch
having
expressed
his desire to see the sacred
edifice,
he
was
brought
in a sivika
royal palanquin
and was
carried round the Shrine.
He,
was
extremely
pleased
at the
appearance
of the
Dagaba, although
it was not
really completed.
In accordance with the
wishes of the
King,
who was
ill,
a
royal carpet
was
spread
at the southern entrance of the
Dagaba.
His
Majesty lying
stretched on it saw on his left
side the
magnificent
Loha
Prasadaya
and on the
right
side the
Dagaba
itself. At this time there
were
present
an immense
gathering
of Arahats and
monks of lower
grades
who recited
gatds.
The
king
was
specially pleased
to see
Theraputtabhaya
Thera,
who had been a warrior under His
Majesty.
The
King
addressed him thus :
11
In times
past supported by you,
one of
my
ten
warriors,
I
engaged
in war
against
those who had
usurped
the
country ;
now
single-handed
I have
begun my struggle
with death. I will not be
able to overcome this
antagonist."
The Thera
replied
in this manner :
"
Great
King, compose yourself.
Without sub-
duing
the dominion of the foe sin the
power
of the
foe death is invincible.
For,
it has been declared
by
our Lord the
Tathagata
that all what is launched
into the world that is
transitory
will most
assuredly
perish ;
therefore
everything
is
perishable.
This
principle
of
dissolution exerts its
power
even over
the Buddha
Call to
your
recollection the
many
acts of
piety
and
charity performed by you."
48
RUWANWKLI DAGABA.
The Monarch on
hearing
this exhortation received
much consolation and ordered his
Secretary
to read
out the
Register
of charitable and meritorious deeds.
When
thopreading
was over His
Majesty
announced
the
following
to the
Sangha
:
"
For four and
twenty years
have I been the
patron
of the
Sangha
;
may
even
my corpse
be
rendered subservient to the
protection
of the
holy
Ministers. Therefore I
pray
that Your
Lordships
would be
pleased
to direct to cremate the
corpse
of
him who has been as submissive as a slave to the
Sangha
at a suitable
spot
within the
yard
of the
Uposatha
hall within
sight
of the Maha
Cetiya."
Having given
utterance to the above His
Majesty
addressed his brother for the last time thus:
"
My
beloved
Tissa,
do thou
complete
in the most
elaborate and
perfect
manner all the
remaining
work
at the
great Dagaba ;
hold
flower-offerings morning
and
evening daily
at this
Shrine;
keep up
three times
a
day
the sacred service with the full band of
musicians at the Shrine. Whatever
may
have been
the
offerings
and duties
prescribed by
me to be made
on account of the noble
Religion
of the
Tathagata,
do
thou,
my child,
keep up
the same without
any
diminution."
The
foregoing sentences,
uttered
by
one of the
most
powerful
monarchs that Lanka
possessed,
quite clearly
re-echo the
highest
veneration and
regard
of the
pious
Buddhists towards Ruwanweli
Dagaba,
the
incomparable Cetiya.
The
King
Duttha
Gamini,
who
expired
imme-
diately
after he had declared the final exhortation to
his
brother,
was
succeeded
by
Saddha Tissa in 137 B.C.
He
completed
the
spire
of the
Dagaba
and the whole
edifice was
plastered
and
painted
in
appropriate
colours. The
top
was crowned with a
golden pinnacle.
The wall round the
Salapatala
Maluwa
(ground
laid
with
slabs)
was built and the same was adorned with
four
hundred
elephant faces,
which
arrangement
XVIII.
RUWANWELI DAGABA.
49
produced
an
impression
of 400
elephants,
one hundred
on each side of the
Dagaba, watching
it.
On the
Salapatala
Maluwa there stand the
statues of the Buddhas and the
supposed
statue of
the
King
Duttha Gamini and also that of
Bhatiya
Tissa. The
inscription
slab deserves
perusal.
The
King Bhatiya Tissa,
who ascended the
throne in 20
B.C.,
on a certain occasion festooned the
Dagaba
from the
pedestal ledge
to the
top
of the
spire
with
fragrant garlands.
On a
subsequent
occasion he
plastered
the whole edifice with a
paste
made of vermilion and made it look as a
bouquet
of
flowers
by studding
it with flowers.
Upon
another
occasion he
heaped up
flowers of
every description
round the
Dagaba
to the
top
of the
pinnacle
and then
raising
water from
Abhaya*
Wewa
by
means of
machinery
he
poured
water over the flowers from
the
very top
of the
Cetiya
whose
height
then had
been 120 cubits. After
having,
in the same
manner,
washed off the colour over the
plaster,
a new colour
was
applied,
after which the
Dagaba
was covered
with a
drapery
net studded with corals. Such were
the
grand
celebrations held at Ruwanweli Maha
Cetiya long long ago.
It
was,
for the last
time,
restored 700
years ago
by
the
King
Prakramabahu the Great who had
established Polonnaruwa as the
Capital.
The circumference at the base of the
Dagaba
is
900 feet and its
height maybe
reckoned as 155
feet;
its
Salapatala
Maluwa is a
square
one
having
480
feet from east to west and south to north.
This edifice of solid brick work has been
partially
wrecked
by
invaders. Naranwita Sumanasara
Priest,
the
present
incumbent of the
Temple,
commenced to
restore this colossal
Dagaba
in 1873 A.C. He has
obtained
support
not
only
from the Buddhist
community
but also from the late Governor Sir
*
This small tank is
just
behind the
Dagaba.
It is called
by
those
ignorant
of
history
"
Basawakkulama
"
!
E
go
RUWANWELI DAGABA.
William
Gregory,
the lover of
archaeology.
In
addition to the financial
support
rendered he had
given
the
following
testimonial :
Anuradhapura,
February
15th,
1876.
I have visited the Ruwanweli
Dagaba
and have been
quite
surprised
at the
progress
made
by
Naranwita Sumanasara
Unnanse in the restoration of this
great
work.
Only
three
years
ago
it was a mere
pile
of fallen bricks. He has now
completely
cleared it and has restored the
greater portion
of the basement.
The
vigour displayed by
Naranwita Sumanasara Unnanse deserves
every encouragement
and I trust it will be
appreciated by
his
countrymen.
I have
myself
contributed to this restoration not
looking
at it as a
religious
work but as the conservation of a
great
national monument.
The best result of Sinhalese art and identified with one of the
most
powerful
and
enlightened Kings
who ever ruled this
country.
W. H.
GREGORY,
Governor.
This
indefatigable priest
has done a
great
deal
of work to restore the
Dagaba.
A
Society
under the
title of
"
Ruwanweli
Mahacetiya
Wardhana Sama-
gama"
was
organized
in the month of
August
in
1902 to
carry
on the restoration. The
Society
deserves warm
support
from
everybody
to
carry
on the most laborious task it has undertaken.
The
following
extracts from the
"
Manual of
North-Central Province
"
would be of interest :
"
In 1853 there was a
great pinkama,
and the
Ruwanweli
Dagaba
was covered with white
cloth,
and the
existing large
bronze or
copper
"kota"
was
placed
on its summit."
'The works at the Ruwanweli
Seya (Dagaba),
under the direction of Naranwita
Unnanse,
have
been
prosecuted
almost without
interruption
since
the commencement of the
year. By
the month of
May
a sufficient show of work had been made to
*
It was thrown down
by
a
strong blowing
six
years ago
and the
present
one was
placed
a
year
after that occurred.
XIX.
RUWANWELI DAGABA.
51
induce the
large
bodies of
pilgrims
to contribute
handsomely
towards the
restoration,
and the small
Government
grant, by
which
pay
lists of limited
amounts
per
mensem have been
met,
has aided in
giving continuity
to the work"
(From
a
Report
to
Government
in
1874).
"
Much that has been done
by
the Government in
clearing
the
jungle, exposing
the
ruins,
and
rendering
Anuradhapura
a
healthy
station,
which it now
is,
by
far the most
important archaeological
discoveries have
been made
by
a
young
Buddhist
priest,*
who,
with
the view of
"gaining
merit,
"t
has devoted himself to
the
clearing
and restoration of the Ruwanweli which
before 1873 was a
huge shapeless
mass of bricks.
These
bricks,
which had fallen from the
top chiefly
through
the action of the roots of trees which till
recently overgrew it,
had so
completely
covered the
basement that here was no indication of the
very
beautiful architectural work which has now been
revealed. The whole of the base was cased with
square
slabs of brilliant
quartz
limestone,
which even
now, although
discoloured,
glitters
in the sun. It
was surrounded
by
tiers of
galleries
or
procession
paths
ornamented with
elephants'
heads of the same
material,
and at each of the
points
of the
compass
is
a
projection commonly
called a
chapel,
but which
Mr. Smither
rightly
considers to be
"
a screen to
the
steps leading upwards
to the
procession paths
round the
dagaba."
These screens are of the most
elaborate
carving,
and some of the
designs
have a
strong
resemblance to the Greek. The ornamen-
tation of
elephants'
heads on these
projections
is
very
curious : one half of the trunks of the
elephant
turn to the left and the other half to the
right.
''The
priest
to whom I have referred undertook
the
apparently hopeless
task of
clearing
and
restoring
this
great
structure. He
began
without
any funds;
he is not even a native of
Anuradhapura.
But such
*
Naramvita Priest
f
Good Karma.
E 2
52
RUWANWELI DAGABA.
was his
energy
and confidence of
success,
that his
countrymen by degrees began
to
contribute,
and I
was able to
strengthen
his
position by
a
private
contribution
at each of
my visits,
and
by
a testimonial
in favour of his
praise-worthy
efforts. He has now
succeeded
in
completely restoring,
or
rather,
I should
say,
in
replacing
the whole of the
base,
and is
proceeding
to the
re-casing
of the
upper part
of the
building.
It is almost incredible the amount of work
he has done in so short a time and with such slender
means. In the course of
clearing, many interesting
objects
came into his hands
rings, ornaments,
coins
all of which he has handed over to the
Government,
and
they
are now in the Museum. Several
important
inscriptions
have been laid
bare, which,
from
having
been so
long
covered and
protected thereby
from
the
weather,
are in
good
condition
;
but much the
most
interesting discovery
is that of four
statues,
among
them that of the
King Bhatiya
Tissa,
who
reigned
20 B.C. These
statues, although
broken
either
by
the fall of the bricks or
by
the hands of
invaders,
are
complete
in their
parts,
and have
just
been restored to their
original position by
Mr.
Smither
"
(From
a letter to the Earl of Carnarvon
by
Sir W.
Gregory
in
1877).
Chapter
XII.
ABHAYAGIRI DAGABA.
VATTAGAMINI
Abhaya
or
Walagambahu,
who
assumed
sovereignty
in 455 B.E.
(89 B.C.),
had
to war
against
the Tamil invaders. When he
was defeated
in a certain battle
fought
to the east
of the
Capital Anuradhapura
he fled on his state
elephant
;
and had to
pass by
the Hindu
temple
that stood at the
spot
where
Abhayagiri Dagaba
was
subsequently
constructed. The chief of that
temple
was named
Giri, by
which
designation
the
Mahant at
Buddha-Gaya
in the Central
India,
is
now known. That man
having
seen the
King
in his
flight
shouted
out,
"
the
great
black Sinhalese is
fleeing."
The
King
heard these
impertinent
words
of Giri and resolved within
himself,
"Whenever
my
wishes are
realised,
I will build a Vihara there." When
at
length victory
crowned his
efforts,
according
to his determination he
pulled
down the
temple
of Giri and erected at the same site this
huge
edifice. As
may
be noticed at other
shrines, image
houses, monasteries,
pirivenas
and libraries were
built round about the
Dagaba.
The
appellation
Abhaya-giri
is derived from the name of the
King
(Vattagamini) Abhaya
and that of the incumbent of
the
destroyed
Hindu
temple,
Giri.
The circumference of this
Dagaba may
be
roughly put
down as
1,150
feet and its
original
height
was 400 feet. This
gigantic
solid work of
bricks had been
plastered
with a thick
coating
of
lime mortar. There are still
parts
of this
plaster
to
be seen over the
Dagaba
at certain
spots.
This
Dagaba
has an extensive
square Salapatala
Maluwa which is 600 ft.
by
600 ft. This raised
ground
laid with slabs is enclosed
by
a half wall on
54
ABHAYAGIRI DAGABA.
all the sides.
There had been a
rampart
around the
Weli
Maluwa that
adjoins
the
platform
;
and the
width of this
compound
is 50 feet. There are four
entrances
where
guard
houses had been
put up,
through
which the
pilgrims
and visitors had to
gain
admission
into the sacred
premises.
The entrance
on the west leads
directly
to the Ruwanweli
Dagaba.
The
following
lines are from the "Manual of the
N. C. P.":
"
Major
Forbes notes that in 1828-29 the whole
of the
Abhayagiri Dagaba
had been cleared of
jungle by
a
priest
whose zeal in this difficult
and
dangerous
task was
nearly recompensed
with
martyrdom
a
fragment
of the
spire having
fallen
on and
severely injured
him. This
Dagaba
is
referred to in the
early
records of British
occupation
as "the Church of
Wagary,"
a
corruption
of the
vulgar pronunciation
"
Byagiri,"
which is still in use."
In about 1882 Mr. Fisher writes: "A
heavy
slip
occurred on the west front of the
Abhayagiri
Dagaba
last
night, damaging
the
square
tower which
has hitherto remained intact."
Upon
this Sir Arthur Gordon minuted:
"This should have been at once
reported,
as I
should have without
delay
instructed the Director of
Public Works to take
steps
to
prevent
further
injury
to what is one of the most remarkable
objects
in
Anuradhapura.
These
great
monuments are
specially
under the Government
Agent's
care. These
slips
are not
only dangerous
to
life,
but are destruc-
tive of the monuments
they
descend
upon."
"
During
a visit to
Anuradhapura
about this
time,
Sir Arthur Gordon decided to
repair
the summits of
both the
Abhayagiri
and
(Mihintale)
Maha
Seya
Dagabas.
In the case of the
former,
the
portion
of
the
spire
which remained was
reported
to be in
danger,
and the work was undertaken to secure its
stability.
At first it was
thought
that it
merely
required
"
under-pining
"
and
"
pointing,"
but as the
work went on more extensive
repairs
were found
XX.
(Supposed) STATUE OF KING DUTUGEMUNU.
ABHAYAGIRI DAGABA.
55
to be
necessary,
and unless these were undertaken
the enormous mass was
likely
to
speedily
fall to
pieces.
A
large piece
of the north-west corner of
the
square,
(Hataras-Kotuwa)
had
already disap-
peared,
and it was here that
operations
commenced
by digging
down
through
the debris to the solid
work and
placing
a concrete foundation.
"
The
square"
was then built
up;
the "Buddhist-rail"
pattern
on the
existing
ancient work was followed
;
and
"
the wheel
"
(chakkra)
on each face of the
square
was restored. Almost the entire
"
square
"
was encased
in thick
masonry upon
a concrete
foundation.
In the restoration of
"
the
square"
and
"
spire
"
the
opportunity
was taken of
forming
a
concealed
spiral
staircase, by
which access is
given
from the base of
"
the
square
"
to the summit of
the
"spire."
The works were carried out
by
the
successive Provincial
Engineers
with
prison
labour,
and were
completed
in
October,
1890."
In 1887 Mr. Dickson's
suggestion,
made in
1884,
was carried out
by
Mr. levers:
"I had
long
been anxious to
carry
out Mr. Dickson's
wish that search should be made in the
Abhayagiri
Dagaba
for the books which tradition asserts were
placed
there. While the work of restoration and
preservation
was
being
carried on at the
summit,
it
seemed a favourable
opportunity
for
commencing
this search.
Accordingly,
with the assent of Gov-
ernment and that of the
chief
Buddhist
authorities,
lay
and ecclesiastical the work
began
in
May.
I
was
guided by
the results of the excavation of the
Menikyala Stupa
(vide Ferguson)
in the method of
procedure:
a tunnel was started 33 ft. above the
level of the
paved courtyard ("
Maluwa
")
and carried
54
yds.
to the centre. From thence a vertical shaft
was sunk to the level of the Maluwa. No valuable
deposit
was
found,
although
a
large
collection was
obtained of articles of
antiquarian
interest,
which
appear
to have been ex voto
offerings
made while
the structure was in
building. (Italics
are
ours).
5
6
ABHAYAGIRI DAGABA.
"
In the
following year
the excavation was con-
tinued
upon
the
following agreement
with the
Anunayaka
Unnanse
:
The Government
Agent
desires to make search
for ancient books or inscribed
plates
said
by
tradition
to have been
placed
in this
stupa;
in
making
this
search all
unnecessary damage
to the structure will
be avoided
;
a narrow
passage
will be cut and
examination
made near the centre for the
objects
placed
there
; any objects
found
will,
after exami-
nation,
be
carefully replaced
and the
passage
closed
up.
The bricks of which the
dagaba
is built were laid
in beautiful
order,
and so
solidly
constructed that it
was
necessary
to cut with chisel and hammer to
form the tunnel to the centre. When this had
advanced 48
yds.
from the outer surface it was
found that the
"
bond
"
of the bricks was
broken,
and on examination Mr.
Wrightson
showed that
at some time after the
original
structure was
completed,
there had been
filling
in of brickwork of
an inferior
description
of work in an
oblique
direction
from the
top
of the bell to the centre. The inference
was that the structure had been
entered,
and that
the
passage
so made had been
subsequently
filled
up.
Upon
the order of Government
(November 8, 1888)
the excavation was discontinued. Later on the
stones, beads, shells, &c.,
found in the course of
the excavation were
replaced by
the
Anunayaka
Unnanse,
and the tunnel was closed
by
brickwork.
The entrance to it was situated in a direct line with
and above the eastern
'
altar."
In close
proximity
to the
Dagaba,
was the
Abhagiri Monastery
about which Fa-Hian Priest
writes thus :
"
They
have also built here a hall
of
Buddha,
which is covered with
gold
and
silver
engraved work, conjoined
with all
precious
substances. In the midst of this hall is a
jasper
figure
of Buddha in
height
about 22 feet. The entire
body glitters
and
sparkles
with the seven
precious
XXI.
ABHAYAGIRI DAGABA.
57
substances,
whilst the various characteristic marks
are so
gloriously portrayed
that no words can
describe the effect. In the
right
hand it holds a
pearl
of inestimable value."
We are inclined to
identify
this most
magnificent
Image
House,
that had been seen
by
the illustrious
Chinese
pilgrim
1,600 years ago,
with the ruins that
lay
in
parallel
line,
towards the
west,
with the
northern entrance of the
Dagaba.
These ruins of
massive brick walls
testify
to the fact that
they
are
merely
the remains of a hall that contained
objects
of
great
value. A stone coffer divided into little
compartments lying
within these walls seems to
have served the
purpose
of both a relic-box and
pedestal
for the Statue.
Chapter
XIII.
J ETAWANARAMA AND LANKARAMA
DAGABAS.
THE
construction of the Jetawanarama was
commenced
by
the
King
Mahasena who
ascended the throne in 809
B.E., (265
A.
c.)
and was
completed by
his son Siri
Meghawanna.
This
Dagaba
stands within the ancient Nandana
pleasure garden
or
Jotiwana,
that had
adjoined
the
political City
of
Anuradhapura.
It w
r
as restored
for the last time
by
that
great King
Prakrama Bahu
700
years ago.
The circumference of this edifice is
about
1,200
feet and its
height
is 249 feet. It
stands,
as all other
Dagabas
do,
on a
platform
called
Salapatala
Maluwa which
appears
to be
square, having
about 580 feet from east to west and
from north to south. This maluwa is surrounded
by
a
sandy compound
Weli Maluwa whose breadth is
125 feet. There had been a half wall round the
platform
and a stone
rampart
round the Weli
Maluwa.
Mr. levers
says
in his
"
Manual of the N.C. P.":
"
In 1886 the north
chapel
of
Jetawanarama,
which was almost
completely
covered
by debris,
was
explored
and the fallen carved stones were
carefully
taken out and laid on the
"
maluwa." A
large
number of
antique
beads were
found,
a small
crystal dagaba-shaped
"
karanduwa,"
and a stone
"
karanduwa." The latter bore an
inscription,
and
was
forwarded,
with a
report by
Mr.
Burrows,
to
the Colombo Museum."
Sir Emerson Tennent's remarks with reference
to this edifice are as follows :
"
The solid mass
of
masonry
in this vast mound is
prodigious.
Its diameter is 360
feet,
and its
present height
XXII.
JETAWANARAMA
AND LANKARAMA DAGABAS.
59
(including
the
pedestal
and
spire)
249 feet
;
so that
the contents of the semicircular dome of brickwork
and the
platform
of stone 720 feet
square
and 15 feet
high,
exceed
twenty
millions of cubic feet. Even
with the facilities which modern invention
supplies
for
economising labour,
the
building
of such a mass
would at
present occupy
500
bricklayers
from six to
seven
years
and would involve an
expenditure
of at
least a million
sterling.
The materials are sufficient
to raise
eight
thousand
houses,
each with
twenty
feet
frontage
and these would form
thirty
streets
half-a-mile in
length. They
would construct a town
the size of
Ipswich
or
Coventry
;
they
would line an
ordinary railway
tunnel
twenty
miles
long,
or form
a wall one foot in thickness and ten feet in
height,
reaching
from London to
Edinburgh.
Such are the
dagabas
of
Anuradhapura."
Mr.
Liesching says
that the same materials are
sufficient to build a wall 97 miles
long,
22 feet
high,
and 2 broad.
Lands around this shrine are full of
ruins,
most
of which are
undoubtedly religious.
Mr.
Bell,
Archaeological Commissioner,
has been
inducing
the
Government to
keep
about 320 acres of land as
reservation. The whole of this land is outside the
limits of the Sacred
City
of
Anuradhapura
former
Mahamegha
Garden. But land where
Dagabas,
Viharas,
Monasteries and other
religious buildings
stood was never the
property
of the Sinhalese
King
or of
any
of the
laity.
LANKARAMA DAGABA.
This edifice is said to have been constructed
by
the
Queen
of Mahasena. This is one of the smallest
of its kind. The beautiful
pillars
with
excellently
sculptured
capitals,
that stand around the remains of
the
shrine,
are some of the
many
that were set
up
to
support
the roof that had been erected over the
Dagaba,
as in the case of
Thuparama.
There are
about 34
pillars
at
present.
Its
circumference is 150
60
J
ETAWANARAMA AND LANKARAMA DAGABAS.
feet and
thg^height
is
only
a few
feet,
the whole of
the
top
and a
greater portion
of the dome
having
fallen down.
Six
years ago
a Bhikkhu of
Siam,
who had been
a recluse for some
time,
lived in the hollow of a
big
palu
tree that stood in the Weli Maluwa of this
Dagaba.
His
presence
there attracted
large
crowds
of Buddhists
daily ;
and the
piety
of the
people
was
so much excited that a Committee was
organized
among
themselves to restore the above edifice. Just
at the
inception
of this laudable
movement,
Mr. L. W.
Booth,
the Government
Agent,
backed
up by
the
Archaeological
Commissioner,
appeared
on the scene
and issued an order on the monk
engaged
in
meditation to
quit
the sacred
premises
at
once,
claiming
the same as the
property
of the Crown.
An account of this deliberate violation of
justice
will be found in the
chapter
entitled
"
Buddhist
Grievances.
"
Chapter
XIV.
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
THE SACRED CITY OF ANURADHAPURA.
WE
have
given
an elaborate account of the
dedication of the
Mahamegha
Garden to the
Sangha
for
religious purposes,
and of the
chief Shrines
therein,
and also of the Jetawanarama
and Lankarama
Dagabas
that stand outside the
Sacred
City.
From the time the British Government com-
menced
operations
in the North-Central Province
every
official and
every
historian had
utterly
failed
to
grasp
the fact that in ancient
days
there had been
two
separate
cities one of which was the
political
City
of
Anuradhapura
where the
King
and
nobility
had lived. We have been
writing
and
lecturing
over
this most
important question
;
but it
appeared
to us
that the authorities did not want to attach
any
importance
to the
subject.
It has been
extremely
fortunate for the millions
of Buddhists who love {heir Sacred
City
that an
enlightened
Governor in the
person
of Sir
Henry
McCallum has declared the truth in
plain
words
while
speaking
in
reply
to the address of the
Anuradhapura
Local Board on the 2nd
December,
1907,
on the occasion of the Durbar held at the
District Court situated in the heart of this most
hallowed
City.
His
Excellency's
words are as
follows :
'
The
City
of
Anuradhapura
in times
gone by
had
consisted of two
portions,
one the Sacred
City
and
the other what I
may
call the Pettah. Now this
Pettah has
completely disappeared leaving
us no
62
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
trace behind and what is left to us now is the Sacred
City"
("Morning
Leader,"
5th
December, 1907.)
When His
Excellency,
who has taken
up
the
administration
of the Island
only
four months
ago,
has been able to arrive at the
just
and most
judicious
verdict over the much vexed
question,
it would not
at all be an
impossibility
to discover the
political
City
of
Anuradhapura
founded
by
that Sinhalese
Monarch
Pandukabhaya
in about 430
B.C.,
if the
archaeological
force were
employed
to clear the
jungle
around Jetawanarama and to its north and
carry
on
regular exploration.
The
following
lines from the Mahawansa would
elucidate the exact situation of these two cities :
1. In the
evening
of the first
day
that Mahinda
Thera the
Royal Apostle
visited
Anuradhapura
he
desired to return to
Mihintale;
then when the
King
Devanampiya
Tissa
requested
him to
stay
at
Nandana Pleasure Garden or
Jotiwana,
the Thera
said :
"
On account
of
its immediate
proximity
to the
City
it is not convenient
"
(Chapter XV).
2. Then the
King
said :
"The
pleasure garden Mahamegha (formed by
myfather)
is neither
very
distant nor
very
near
"
(Chapter XV).
3. The
King
conducted the Thera out
of
the
Southern Gate
of
the Nandana
pleasure garden
into
the
Mahamegha pleasure garden (Chapter XV).
4. There
(on
the Western side of the
spot
where
the Bo-tree was
subsequently planted) furnishing
a
delightful royal palace
with
splendid
beds,
chairs and
other conveniences
(Chapter XV.)
5.
(Account
of the
procession
of the
Right
Collar-bone
Relic).
After that the
elephant
turned back with the
Thera and the
military array,
and entered the
splendid
XXIII.
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
63
City by
the Eastern
Gate,
passing
out
again from
the
City by
its Southern Gate he
proceeded
to the
temple
Pamoja-vatthu,
which was built behind the site
of
the
future
Cetiya of Thuparama. (Chapter XVII).
6.
(Account
of the
procession
of the Sacred
Bodhi-tree)
"
entered the
superbly
decorated
Capital
by
the Northern
Gate,
making offerings
;
and
passing
in
procession
out
of
the Southern
Gate,
entering
the
Mahamegha
Garden
"
(Chapter XIX).
From the above
quotations
our assertion that
the
political
City
was situated to the North of the
Sacred
City
is
fully
confirmed
;
and further for the
information
of
those,
if there be
any,
who
might
hesitate to
accept
the Mahawansa* as
authoritative,
we adduce a
cogent authority
under the title of
"
Buddhist Records of the Western World
"
by
Fa
Hian,
the illustrious Chinese
pilgrim,
who visited
Lanka in the third
century
after Christ.
In it he
says:
7.
"
Seven li to the south
of
the
Capital
is a
Chapel
called Maha Vihara in which there are
3,000
priests."
Every intelligent person
is
bound,
on the merits
of the above
statements,
to
agree
with us that there
had existed two distinct Cities under the common
term
Anuradhapura,
i.e. the
political City
of Anura-
dhapura
and the Sacred
City
of
Anuradhapura;
and
that the former was situated to the North of the
Sacred
City.
Fa Hian Priest's record
brings
much
facility
to decide
upon
the distance. Seven li is
equal
to about one and a half mile. Therefore the
*
In a letter from J. G.
Smither, F.R.I.B.A.,
to His
Excellency
Sir
William
Gregory,
K.C.M.G.,
dated
May
5th, 1877,
the
following
words are
stated: "The translation of the
remaining chapters
of the
Mahawansa,
due to Your
Excellency,
is a work
of
the utmost
importance,
and its value in
elucidating
the
past
history
of
Ceylon
from the 5th
century
is incalculable. I
do not know how far the translations have
proceeded,
but for
Archasological
purposes
it is desirable that certain
chapters
should be translated and
furnished to Government at as
early
a date as
possible.
64
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
distance
from Maha Vihara
(combination
of
Thupa-
rama,
Sacred
Bo-tree and Ruawnweli
Temples)
to the
ruins of the
political City may
be reckoned as one and
a half mile in the northern direction.
Judging
from
this standard it is
quite
manifest that
Jetawanarama,
Lankarama,
Menik Vihara and all other
things
to
the north of
Thuparama
are the
surroundings
and
associations
of the ruins of the
royal palace,
houses
of the
nobility, military
barracks,
and so on.
Those interested in the administration of
justice
are
particularly requested
to re-read
chapter
fifth
and
satisfy
themselves that our
prayer
to the British
Government,
founded on the best of
laws,
that the
Sacred
City
of
Anuradhapura exclusively
set
apart
for
religious purposes
and therefore of the utmost
sanctity
to the Buddhist
world,
should be treated
as such and not be allowed to be desecrated in the
most
despotic
and
reprehensible
manner,
as it
has been since 1873 A.
c.,
deserves immediate
investigation,
which
step,
we are
positive,
would
lead to a
satisfactory
settlement.
THE DEVOTION OF THE BUDDHISTS TO THE
SACRED CITY.
The
following passages
would
prove (1)
that the
Buddhist
pilgrims
have visited the Sacred
City year
after
year
; (2)
that Buddhist monks and the
lay
servitors have been in continuous residence in the
Sacred
City ; (3)
that the Buddhist
public regard
it
with the
highest
reverence
; (4)
that the Buddhists
have been
quite peaceful
and true to the noble cause
until the interference of certain officers and
introduction of arrack
godown, liquor shops
and so
forth.
Dr.
Davy
in his
History says: (Manual,
North-
Central Province
p. 214).
"
Anuradhapura,
so
long Capital
of
Ceylon,
is now
a small mean
village
in the midst of a desert. A
large tank,
numerous stone
pillars,
two or three
XXIV.
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
65
immense tumuli
(probably
old
Dagabas),
are its
principal
remains. It is still considered a Sacred
spot,
and is a
place of pilgrimage.
This information
was collected
partly
from natives and
partly
from
an officer who visited it
during
the rebellion
(1818)."
2.
"Major
Forbes notes that in 182829 the
whole
of
the
Abhayagiri Dag
aba had been cleared
of
jungle by
a
priest
"
(Manual,
N. C. P.
p. 213).
3. Mr.
levers,
M.A.
says
:
"
With the record of these restorations Anura-
dhapura
as a
city
vanishes
practically
from
history.
The date of its actual abandonment is unknown. A
few scattered notices of its name occur in connection
with the
Bo-tree,
around which a
few priests
are said
to have continued in
residence,
much in the same
way
as we found
them,
when in 1833
A.D.,
a small
settlement was made and a resident
European
Officer
camped
in the ruins of the ancient
Capital."
(p. 30).
4. In 1834 Lieutenant
Skinner,
who accom-
panied
Sir R. W. Horton to
Anuradhapura,
records :
'
The road from
Kandy through
Matale and
Dambulla was crowded with
pilgrims
on their
way
to the Sacred
Bo-tree, planted
there about four
hundred and
fifty years
before the Christian era.
When he reached the ruins of the old
City
it was
perfectly
alive with
people" (p. 66).
5. Mr. levers
says:
11
In 1853 there was a
great "pinkama",
and the
Ruwanweli
Dagaba
was covered with white
cloth,
and
the
existing large
bronze or
copper
"Kota" was
placed
on its summit."
(p. 215).
6. Mr. levers in his
chapter
on
"
Revenue and
its Collection
"
says
:
"Writing
in
1854,
Mr. Brodie is
pleased
to be
able to
say
that
"
for the last three
years
there has
66
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
not been a
single
tavern in the district." Soon after
one* was established at
Anuradhapura
and in 1866
67 there were
opened
at
Madawachchi, Mihintale|
and
Maradankadawala,
on the North road. In 1886
87 another was
opened
at
Kekirawa,
on the North
road."
(p.
124).
7, Mr.
Liesching
in his
administration
report
for 1870
says:
"
It
(Sacred Bo-tree]
is still tended with most
scrupulous
care
;
no one is allowed to
pluck
a leaf.
The branches are
carefully propped up
with iron
rods."
(p. 216).
8. Mr.
Liesching
in 1870 has made the
following
record :
"
There is
annually
a
gathering
from all
parts
of
the Island at
Anuradhapura
to visit what are called
the Sacred
places.
I
suppose
about
20,000
people
come
here,
remain for a few
days,
and then leave.
There are no houses for their
reception,
but under
the
grand umbrageous
trees of our
park-like
environs
they
erect their little booths and
picnic
in the
open
air. As the
height
of the festival
approaches
the
place
becomes instinct with
life;
and when there is
no room left to
camp in,
the later comers unceremo-
niously
take
possession
of the verandahs of the
public
buildings.
So
orderly
is their
conduct, however,
that no one thinks of
disturbing
them. The old
kachcheri
stands,
a detached
building
not far from
*
This tavern that was
opened
in the heart of the Sacred
City
is still
there,
and is now the chief store of arrack for the whole Province. It has
been the means of
creating
thousands of drunkards and miserable
people
in
the North-Central Province
during
the last half a
century.
Sober-hearted
men became mischief-makers and the Police had to come in. All these
introductions,
unknown to the Sacred
City
for
twenty-two
centuries,
perhaps
have increased the "revenue" ! It was a most diabolical act to have
introduced this vicious habit
among
the
people
who were
entirely
free
from the
practice ;
and the man who selected the site for the tavern in the
midst of these
holy
Shrines must have been an
ignorant
fool ! Yet it is
allowed to be there ! ! ! And in
addition, three
whisky shops
have been
opened,
of
course,
with the
permission
of the Government.
t
The tavern at Mihintale is not far from the foot of the
holy
rock
and is on the
temple
land now termed Crown
property. Why
on earth
should this have been
opened
there where thousands of
people
assemble
annually
for
religious purposes
?
XXV.
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
67
the bazaar and about one
eighth
of a mile from the
Assistant
Agent's
house. Till
lately
the treasure
used to be
lodged
in a little iron
box,
that a few men
could
easily
run
away with, guarded by
three native
treasury
watchers. There
lay
this sum of
money,
year
after
year,
at the
mercy
of
any
six men who
chose to run with it into the
neighbouring jungle
once
in,
detection was almost
impossible
and
yet
no one ever
supposed
the
attempt
would be made.
These
20,000
people
from all
parts
of the
country
come and
go annually
without a
single policeman
being
here;
and as the
Magistrate
of the
District,
I
can
only say
that
anything
to
surpass
their decorum
and
sobriety of
conduct it is
impossible
to conceive.
Such a
thing
as a row is unheard
of.
That does not
look like a
people among
whom crime of a heinous
nature is
indigenous
! In what
part
of Christendom
would the
money
box be safe?"
(p. 43).
9. Mr. Dickson in 1877 writes:
"
In the other
Provinces,
police
are
required
and
are
paid
for
by
a
special
tax. Here there are no
Police.
In the town of
Anuradhapura
order is maintained
by
one town constable
;
in the rest of the Province
no
police
are
required." (p. 75).
10. From a letter of Sir William
Gregory
to the
Earl of
Carnarvon,
in
1877,
the
following
words are
culled :
"
Much as has been done
by
the Government in
clearing
the
jungle, exposing
the
ruins,
and
rendering
Anuradhapura
a
healthy
station which it now
is,
by
far
the most
important Archceological
discoveries
have been made
by
a
young
Buddhist Priest* who
with the view of
"gaining
merit" has devoted himself
to the
clearing
and restoration of the
Ruwanweli,
which
before 1873 was a
large shapeless
mass of
bricks."
(p. 223).
*
Naranwita
Sumanasara
Swamy
the
present
incumbent of Ruwanweli
Temple.
F 2
68
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
"
ATAMASTHANA COMMITTEE."
44
A
TAMASTHANA"
means
eight
chief
spots
or
/-\
localities. These sacred
spots according
to
the Mahavansa were mentioned
by
the
Mahinda
Thera to the
King Devanampiya
Tissa.
After the dedication to
theSangha
of the
Mahamegha
Garden the Maha Thera marked out the
eight
following spots
for the information of the
King.
These were :
(1)
The
place
where the rites and ceremonies
were
performed by
the monks. The
building
erected hereon was named
"Malaka," being
situated to the south
of the
spot
where the Theras had
lived in the first month in the
Mahamegha
Garden.
(2)
The
spot
where a
pond
was formed for
the monks to bathe. This
spot
was
situated to the north of the
place
where the Theras
passed
the first
night.
(3)
The site of the sacred Bodhi-tree.
(4)
The site of the
Uposatha
Hall.
(5)
The
spot
at which the various
offerings
made to the
priesthood collectively
were divided
by
the assembled monks.
(6)
The
spot
where the
refectory
called the
"
Catussala"
of the monks was
erected.
(7)
The site of the Ruwanweli Maha
Cetiya.
(8)
The
spot by
the side of the Malwatu
Oya
where the chief Thera had
stayed
and
where Tissarama was built.
(See
Mahavansa
chap.
XV.
pages
56
62.)
This does not
signify
that shrines such as
Jetawanarama are not held sacred and
objects
of
reverence;
but
"
Atamasthana" to the
Buddhists,
according
to
history,
means the above
eight places
and
nothing
more.
XXVL
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
69
In all matters connected with the
archaeology
of
Anuradhapura,
the Mahavansa has been the
guide
and in this also it should
be,
if not the
sole,
at
least the
principal guide.
But the
"
Atamasthana,"
as understood
by
Mr. R. W.
levers, M.A.,
of the
Ceylon
Civil
Service,
and as stated in the
"
Manual of the North-Central
Province" is
quite
a different matter. These are :
(1)
Udamalua.
(2)
Jetawanarama.
(3)
Lankarama.
(4) Abhayagiri.
(5)
Sela-Chaitya.
(6)
Thuparama.
(7)
Miriswetiya.
(8)
Lowamahaprasadaya.
On
comparison
with the
"
Atamasthana" of the
Mahavansa it will be noticed that
only
the first is
included in the list of the historical "Atamasthana"
as
recognised by
the learned Buddhists of
Ceylon.
Even that is misnamed
;
it should be called
Bo-maluwa.
It
may
be
expedient
for a
high-handed
official to
bolster
up
his claim with the manufacture of an
arbitrary
"Atmasthana
Committee,"
but to the
pacific
Buddhist it is
apparent
that the whole
thing
is a means to remove the claims of the Buddhists
to the Sacred
City
of
Anuradhapura.
This will be
more evident when we consider the
membership
and
objects
of the Committee. It will also be of
interest to find out the date of the formation of the
so-called Atamasthana Committee.
According
to
historical records there has been no such institution
before
1870,
but since then it
appears
to have come
into existence.
According
to the
"
Manual of the N. C. P."
page
42,
the members of the Committee consists of :
(1)
The head* of Nuwerawewa
family ;
*
He is one of the three
Ratemahatmayas.
70
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
(2)
The three
Ratemahatmayas
of Nuwera-
kalaviya
;
(3)
The seventeen Koralas of the same
district.
When we remember that all these
twenty-one
members are minor Government servants at the
beck and call of the Government
Agent
of the
Province the
power
and
authority
exercised
by
this
bastard "Atamasthana Committee" can be realised.
If the "Atamasthana Committee" were
acting
in
the
capacity
of a local board
looking
after the
places
mentioned,
their
position
can be understood
;
but
the
attempt
to make them the
intermediary, through
which
only
the Buddhists can
approach
the Govern-
ment in matters
religious
connected with the Sacred
City
of the
Buddhists,
can in no
way
be
justified
and
can
only
be looked
upon
as an act of official
blunder.
In the same manual
page
42 also
occur,
"
The
Anunayaka
is chief monk of the Atamasthana."
'
The electors of the
Anunayaka,
were the head
of the Nuwerawewa
family ;
the three Ratemahat-
mayas
and the 17 Koralas. But the Malwatte
fraternity
at one time claimed a
right of interference."
Anunayaka
means vice-chief
priest
and is the
representative
of the Buddhist
High
Priest
residing
at the Malwatte Vihare at
Kandy.
The term connotes
that he owes his
position
to the chief Buddhist
Priest
;
and as such he is
appointed by
the Priest-
hood
presided
over
by
the
Nayaka
or the Chief
Priest. The
laity
have no voice in the election of
an
Anunayaka;
and the
paragraph
"
the electors of
the
Anunayaka
were the head of the Nuwerawewa
family"
etc. can
only
be called a mis-statement
intended to
justify
the
appointment
of an "Atamas-
thana
Committee."
The
passage
which we have italicised if it means
anything,
confirms our
statements,
and shows that
the
just
claims of the Malwatte Vihare
High
Priest
are
passed
over
by
the official element. It must be
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
7
I
emphasized
that the chief Committee of monks under
the
presidency
of the chief
High
Priest of Malwatte
Fraternity appoint
a
High
Priest for the North-
Central Province whose duties
necessarily
include
the
"
Atamasthana" as defined in Mr. levers' Manual
as well as the Atamasthana mentioned in the
Mahavansa. Hence the
High
Priest of the Malwatte
Vihare has
spiritual jurisdiction
not
only
over the
Atamasthana but also over the whole Province.
HIGH-HANDED PROCEEDINGS OF OFFICIALS.
The
following correspondence
and
reports
from
newspapers
would
give
an idea of the manner in
which the Buddhist
rights
to the Sacred
City
of
Anuradhapura
have been
shamefully ignored.
[Copy of
Memorial
of
the
Anuradhapura
Buddhist
Defence
Committee
for
and on
behalf of
the Buddhist
Community
of
Ceylon
dated 10th
March, 1902,
submitted to His
Excellency
the Governor
of Ceylon.]
RESPECTFULLY
SHEWETH,
That this Committee considered what has been
said
by
Your
Excellency
and the Hon'ble the
Colonial
Secretary
in
reply
to the two motions
brought
forward on the 24th October last
by
the
Hon'ble Member
representing
the Sinhalese of
Up-country
in the
Legislative Council,
concerning
the
Chaitya
lands and excavations of
Dagabas, &c.,
in
Anuradhapura.
2. That
copies
of some of the letters of the
Government
Agent
of the North-Central
Province,
whereby
the
rights
and
privileges
of the Buddhists
have
been overlooked and
slighted
and those of
some of the letters of the Buddhists are herewith
enclosed.
Letter No. 1* refers to the land East of the
Ruwanweli
Dagaba
whereon foundation for a
*
The
copy
of this is lost.
72
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
Dharmasala for the use of
pilgrims
was
dug.
In-as-
much-as it is
Chaitya
land,
the incumbent Priest of
the
Ruwanweliseya Temple rightfully
and
religiously
employed people
in
digging
the site for
laying
the
foundations for a
religious edifice,
when he was
disturbed in the continuance of the work
by
the
interference of the Government
Agent,
which has
resulted in the
suspension
of the work ever since.
Letter No. 2 is in reference to that
portion
of
the
"
Kongahamaluwa
"
now enclosed for a flower
garden, notwithstanding
the
protest
of the Revd.
High
Priest of the Atamasthana. The
usurpation
of this
spot by
non-
Buddhists,
which had been
in continuous
possession
of the Buddhists for
over
2,200
years
would be the means of
injuring
the
loyal feelings
of the Buddhists of the whole Island
as well as of those in
Burmah, Siam, &c.,
who hold
the
City
of
Anuradhapura
as a central Shrine.
Letter No. 3 is in reference to the
"
Welimaluwa"
of the Lankarama
Dagaba.
Two
priests having
come from Siam were
living
within the sacred
enclosure of this
Dagaba
and
they
were
ejected by
the order of Mr. L. W.
Booth,
the Government
Agent.
The
high-handed
interference of the
Government
Agent
in
ejecting
ecclesiastics from a
sacred
spot
which
by right belongs
to the
Buddhists,
a
place
set
apart by
Buddhist
Kings
for the use of
Buddhists of all
times,
does not seem to be
appro-
priate ;
and is
against
Buddhist ecclesiastical laws.
To
repudiate
these laws
by
an official of the
position
of a
Government
Agent, petitioners
submit,
is to
ignore
the
Kandyan Treaty
of 1815*
by
which the
British
Government
agreed
to
protect
and maintain
all
places
of
worship.
Letter No. 4 with inclosures relates to a
portion
of
the land called
"
Adahana Maluwa
"
whereon the
Buddhists want to erect a Pirivena for the use of
* "
The
Religion
of Buddha
professed by
the Chiefs and inhabitants of
these
provinces
is declared
inviolable,
and its
rights,
ministers,
and
places
of
worship
are to be
maintained and
protected,"
XXVII.
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
73
Bhikkhus.
The foundation stone was laid for the
same
building
on the 24th December last
(being
the
2,209th Anniversary
of the
planting
of the sacred
Bo-tree
in
Anuradhapura).
The
Secretary
of the
above mentioned Committee
having replied
to letter
A. of the Government
Agent
the
digging
of the
whole foundation was
begun
on the 24th
January
last,
on which
day
letter C. was received from the
Government
Agent.
In
compliance
therewith that
work too has been
suspended.
Enclosures B. and
D. are
copies
of letters which were forwarded in
reply
to the enclosures A. and C.
respectively.
The
2nd and 3rd
paragraphs
of enclosures A. and C.
respectively
indicate the uncalled for interference
with the harmless
proceedings
of the Buddhists
by
directing
the removal of the
sign-board
of the Maha-
Bodhi
Society.
These are some of the
grievances
about the bona
fide
Chaitya
lands in the Sacred
City
of Anuradha-
pura.
3. That the
Anuradhapura
Buddhist Defence
Committee
beg
to state that
they
are
prepared
to
point
out to Your
Excellency
several acts of
vandalism committed
by
officers of the
Archaeologi-
cal
Department
in the destruction of Shrines which
are
objects
of
worship by
a
living
Buddhist nation
and of a
living religion. Experimental exploration
of
these shrines
might
be tolerated if Buddhism was a
dead
religion.
4. That the
loyalty
of the Sinhalese Buddhists
to the British Crown is due
mainly
to the
neutrality
observed
by
the British Government in
regard
to
their
holy Religion ;
and the
present attempt
to
encroach
upon
consecrated
ground
on the
part
of
Government Officials would tend to disturb the
religious feelings
of the
truly loyal
Sinhalese. The
number of
pilgrims
will after the extension of the
Railway
to
Anuradhapura
increase a hundred fold
and our earnest
prayer
is that Your
Excellency
will
take our
present grievances
into Your
Excellency's
74
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
favourable
consideration and redress them to their
satisfaction
and that all future
explorations
be
carried on in accordance with the
principles
of
Buddhist Ecclesiastical Law.
[Sgd.] MEDHANKARA,
President,
A. B. D. C.
(High
Priest of North-Central
Province.)
[Sgd.]
W.
HARISCHANDRA,
Secretary,
A. B. D. C.
No. 2.
[Petition protesting against
the enclosure
of ground.]
To the Government
Agent,
&c., &c., &c.,
North-Central
Province,
Anuradhapura.
The humble
petition
of Sri Sumana
Medhankara
Nayaka
Unnanse of Atamasthana and N. C.
P.
for
and on behalf of the Chief Buddhist
Community
of
Ceylon,
Humbly
Sheweth,
That
your
Honor's Petitioner
humbly begs
leave to submit
that the
esplanade opposite
to the Sacred Bo-tree and Brazen
Palace,
called Maha Maluwa and
recently
"
Kongahamaluwa
"
was left from time immemorial
during
the
past
2,208
years
for
the use of the
pilgrims
or for their benefit when
they
come from
all
parts
of the world on festival
days
for
worshipping
the sacred
places
of
Anuradhapura by
millions and
millions,
and no
King
that ever ruled over this Island made
any
restriction-or
prohibi-
tion for
using
it and it was left for that
purpose mainly,
and was
also used
so,
up
to date without
any prohibition
whatever.
That within a circle of 48 miles there are ruins almost one
adjoining
the
other,
but in this
portion
there are no remains of
any
ruins,
which fact itself shows that it was
purely
left for the
use of the
pilgrims.
The Petitioner is now
given
to understand that a
portion
or
the whole of the said
esplanade (Maha
Maluwa)
is to be fenced
round with
thorny*
iron
wires,
which is a
great
loss and an
inconvenience to the millions of
worshippers
that come from all
parts
of the world
having
no
place
to
stop,
&c.,
and it would be
the main bar to their
coming
for
worship
and is
equal
to an exact
*
Language
of a late
petition-drawer
at
Anuradhapura*-
XXVIII.
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
75
prohibiting
of their
coming
in,
which was never done
during
the
past
so
many years
as aforesaid and was never
expected,
and it
will be a bar to all the
religious
ceremonies,
&c.
(processions)
as
there will be no sufficient
space
for the thousands of men that
are
gathered together
on such
days.
Wherefore
prays
that it
may please your
Honor to
stop
the
putting up
of the said fence and
grant justified
redress.
For which act of
goodness
the
petitioner
as in
duty
bound
will ever
pray,
(Sgd.)
MEDHANKARA,
High
Priest,
N. C. P.
July
7th, 1900,
Anuradhapura.
No. 3.
To the Buddhist Priest
squatting
on Crown Land
near Lankarama
Dagaba, Anuradhapura,
You are
hereby requested
to
quit
before the 30th instant
the Crown Land
occupied by you
without
authority
near Lanka-
rama
Dagaba.
L. W.
BOOTH,
Government
Agent,
N.C.P.
Anuradhapura
Kachcheri,
19th
October,
1901.
No. 4.
[Correspondence
on Adahana Maluwa cremation
ground.]
From the Government
Agent,
N. C. P. To Mr. W. Haris-
chandra,
dated 4th
January,
1902,
Anuradhapura.
SIR,
I have the honour to
request you
to be
good enough
to
explain your
action in
causing
2 Wewarana-trees and 1
Kirikon-tree which stood on Crown Land situated between the
Kuttan Pokuna
road,
and the road
leading
to the Jetawanarama
Dagaba,
to be felled without
my permission.
2. I also
request you
to cause the
Sign-board
"
Maha
Bodhi
Society,"
which has been set
up
on the same land at the
corner where the road to the
Kuttanpokuna
and the Inner Circular
meet,
to be removed.
I
am, Sir,
your
obedient
servant,
L. W.
BOOTH,
Govt.
Agent,
N.C.P.
76
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
B
Office of the
Anuradhapura
Buddhist Defence
Committee.
2445
To the Government
Agent, Anuradhapura,
10th
January, 1Qrt<7
1 \J\J Zt
SIR,
With reference to
your
letter
bearing
No,
T
2
3
4
3
of the
4th
instant,
I have the honour to inform
you,
that the trees
you
referred to stood on
Chatty
a land and not on Crown land. The
object
of
causing
the same to be felled was to clear the site
for a
Seminary Building (Pirivena)
for the Bhikkhus in
your
Province.
I
am, Sir,
your
obedient
servant,
W,
HARISCHANDRA,
Secretary,
A. B. D. C.
From the Government
Agent,
N. C. P, To Mr. W. Haris-
chandra,
Secretary,
Buddhist Defence
Committee,
Anuradhapura:
Dated 24th
January,
1902.
SIR,
With reference to
your
letter No. 20 of 10th
instant,
1 have the honour to state that
your
claim
*
which
you
have not
attempted
to
support
with a tittle of
evidence,
cannot be admitted.
The land is the
property
of the Crown.
2. I reserve to
myself
the
right
to take hereafter
any
such
action as
may
seem
proper
with
respect
to the
trespass
on,
and
damage
to,
Crown
property already
committed
by you,
and I
hereby
warn
you
that
any
further
trespass
or mischief
by you
on
the
same,
or
any
other Crown land will be committed at
your
peril.
3. As
you
have
disregarded my request
to
you
to remove
the
Sign-board
which
you
have set
up
on this
land,
I
hereby
make formal order on
you
to remove it within one week from
this date.
I
am, Sir,
your
obedient
servant,
L.
W, BOOTH,
Govt.
Agent,
N.C.P.
31st
January,
-
To the Govt.
Agent, Anuradhapura.
SIR,
In
compliance
with the intimation in 2nd
paragraph
of
your
letter No.
187,
bearing
date the 24th
instant,
I have
*
Mr. Booth laboured on the
authority
of a
wrong
translation in the
English
Mahavansa which was
pointed
out
by
the author of this work.
Chap.
XX
p.
80
"westward" of the
Thuparama Dagaba ought
to be
"eastward"
according
to Pali and Sinhalese
copies
of the Mahavansa.
Since then the
Government has allotted a
portion
of the Adahana Maluwa
cremation
ground-
for the use of the
monks,
the rest of the land
being
treated
by
officials as Crown land for the
present.
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
77
suspended
proceeding
on with the erection of the Pirivena
pending
result of action
you propose
to initiate towards
securing
a final settlement
of the
question you
raise
touching
the
Chaitya
claim.
In reference to 3rd
paragraph
of
your
letter under
reply,
I
beg
to state that the
Sign-board
is intended to
guide
Buddhists
visiting
Anuradhapura
to the office and school of the Maha-
Bodhi
Society,
and
being planted
on
Chaitya
land known as the
Adahana
Maluwa and outside the
public high
road,
I had no
idea,
that
you
would raise an
objection
of the
present
nature. The
board has been
standing
there since December
last,
and it would
be
only
in deference to
your
wishes as Government
Representa-
tive that I shall
comply
with
your
order if
you
insist in
my giving
effect to the
same,
and
beg respectfully
to submit
my
humble
protest against
this action which
you
seem to have deemed it
necessary
to
adopt
in
raising
the claim
you
now
prefer
to the
land which I have to
point
out to
you
is the bona
fide Chaitya
land,
and not Crown land.
I
am, Sir,
your
obedient
servant,
W.
HARISCHANDRA,
Secretary,
A. B. D. C.
[Reply
from
the Hon. the Colonial
Secretary
to the memorial
of
the
Anuradhapura
Buddhist
Defence
Committee.']
Colonial
Secretary's
Office,
Colombo,
16th
June,
1902.
SIR,
With reference to the Memorial addressed
by you
and the
Secretary
of the
Anuradhapura
Buddhist Defence
Committee,
to His
Excellency
the Governor dated 10th
March, 24451902,
I am directed to inform
you
that the several matters of which
you complain
have been referred to the Government
Agent
for
report.
It
appears
from the Government
Agent's report,
that in
considering any alleged
encroachments on Crown land he has
been
guided by
the decisions of the
Temple
Lands Commission
under Ordinance W
of
1856 as set out in the title
plan
of which
it is understood
you
have a
copy.
I am to inform
you
that Government can
recognise
no claim
to land in
Anuradhapura
outside the limits laid down as
Temple
Lands
by
the
Temple
Lands
Commissioner,
and the Government
yg
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
Agent
has been instructed to resist
any attempts
at encroach-
ment
by ejection
of
persons seeking
to establish title
by taking
occupation
of Crown lands and
by
all other lawful means.
I
am, Sir, &c.,
for Colonial
Secretary,
To Medhankara
High
Priest,
President, Anuradhapura
Buddhist
Defence
Committee,
Anuradhapura.
The Attitude
of
the
Arcluzological
Commissioner towards
Sacred Sites.
The
following appeared
in the
"
Ceylon
Standard"
dated 15th
June,
1903:-
A few
days ago
Mr.
Bell,
Archaeological
Commissioner,
had
allowed the District
Engineer
to remove certain stones* from the
buildings
which are
recognized
as ancient Buddhist
Colleges.
A
complaint regarding
this was made
by
the
High
Priest before
Mr.
Brayne,
Police
Magistrate,
who ordered the work to be
promptly stopped,
but after
communicating
with the A. C. who
said that the
High
Priest had no
right
whatever to the land in
question
or the stones there and that
they
were the
property
of
Government and that he would
personally
hold himself
responsible
for the removal of the stones
presumably
for
mending
roads,
the
District
Engineer
was allowed to resume the removal of
stones,
which was done in such a manner as to cause
annoyance
to
the Buddhist
community.
The stones were broken
up
into small
bits on the
spot
and then removed
by
cartloads. This has
caused
great
dissatisfaction
among
the resident Buddhists as
they
found that
they
were
quite powerless
to check this act
of
vandalism
owing
to the
high official
status
of
the
officers
concerned."
In
January,
1907,
about 125 cartloads of stone relics
were
brought
from the Sacred
City
to the Colombo
Museum. These most
high-handed
actions of the
Archaeological
Commissioner have ever been not
only
tolerated but even
encouraged by
the Government.
In Sir Arthur Gordon's time a moonstone was
being
carried
away
from the
Thuparama grounds
in an
*
See
plate
XLIV. These are some of the stones that were marked to
be reduced to mattle. On account of the interference of the Buddhists the
coolies had to leave the site of Maha Paduma Pirivena
leaving
these stones
where
they
are now.
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
79
elephant
cart. When this stone reached Dambulla
the
good
Governor heard of it and ordered the
same to be taken
back,
with the result that it was
replaced.
It is an act of
outrage
to
attempt
to
devastate the Sacred
City
which has existed as a
place
of
antiquities
for
twenty-two
centuries
;
and
we cannot understand
why
an official of the
type
of
Mr. H. C. P. Bell should be left unchecked
by
the
Government in his vandalistic
proceedings.
"The
Ceylon Morning
Leader" in its editorial of the 14th
September,
1907,
on "The
Archaeological
Commissioner"
says:
"The
Archaeological
Commissioner is in the unfortunate
position
of
having
no restraints of that
kind,
if we exclude the
Buddhists,
who from time to
time,
raise the
cry
in the wilderness that their
sacred sites are
being
unnecessarily
invaded
The work of the
Archaeological
Commissioner has been a
terra
incognita
to the Government and the
public
alike
We want a return for the
expenditure
of over
Rupees 900,000
something
the wide world is
expecting
from this favoured
spot
of
Archaeological
work we want the detailed
report
of the
Archaeologist
with all its invaluable
sidelights
on the
history
of
Ancient
Ceylon."
IMPORTANT CORRESPONDENCE WITH His MAJESTY THE KING.
Greenacre,
U. S.
A.,
24th
July,
"o His GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE KING OF ENGLAND
AND EMPEROR OF INDIA.
YOUR
GRACIOUS
MAJESTY,
The
Sinhalese Buddhists of
Ceylon
are
being
rsecuted
by
the subordinate officers of Your
Majesty's Government,
who in
ignorance
of the
sacred
history
of Buddhism in
Ceylon,
think that
they
could violate the inviolable laws of
Religion.
pe
Itt.
80
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
Two thousand two hundred
years
before the
advent of
Christianity
into
Ceylon
the Buddhists
have had a noble
religion. They
were
taught
not
to
destroy
life,
not to take
liquor,
to make life noble
by
the
study
of their
philosophy, psychology, art,
&c.,
and
by
strenuous exertion to become wise and
holy.
A
religion
of absolute
purity
was their
inheritance,
and in that beautiful Island the Sinhalese
Aryans
lived in
peace, building stupendous tanks,
wonderful shrines
c.,
which stand even
to-day,
showing signs
of a historic
past.
The
ignorant
officials of Your
Majesty's
Govern-
ment in
Ceylon
are
responsible
for
disturbing
that
spirit
of
loyalty
of
nearly
two millions Sinhalese
Buddhists.
It is not wise neither is it
just
to
satisfy
a few
hundred Muhamedan
immigrants
and Jesuitical
Christians,
that the
imperishable
associations of the
holy City
hallowed for
2,200
years
should be violated
and disturbed.
The removal of the
liquor
saloons and butcher
shops
and
foreign
churches from the sacred
precincts
of the historic
City
is what the Buddhists
demand.
May
Your
Majesty
live
long giving happiness
and
contentment to the Buddhist
subjects
of
Ceylon.
I
am,
Your
Majesty,
ANAGARIKA DHARMAPALA.
Hotel
Weimar,
Marienbad, Austria,
SIR, 14,
VIII. 03.
I am commanded
by
the
King
to
acknowledge
the
receipt
of
your
letter of the 24th of
July
and to
inform
you
from
inquiries
which His
Majesty
has
made,
it
appears
that the Buddhists in
Ceylon
are
BUDDHIST
GRIEVANCES.
8 I
on
good
terms with the Government* and that the
fears
you express
are
groundless.
Should
they
wish
to make
any representation
to His
Majesty through
the Government
they
have
every facility
for
doing
so.
I
am, Sir,
Yours
faithfully,
J. M.
PONSONBY.
To ANAGARIKA
DHARMAPALA.
2447
1st
September,
1903
To His GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE KING OF ENGLAND
AND EMPEROR OF INDIA.
YOUR GRACIOUS
MAJESTY,
Since
writing
to Your
Majesty
I have received
further details
regarding
the disturbance of
British subordinate officials at the Sacred
City
of
Anuradhapura.
On the full moon
day
in
June,
the
2,211th
anni-
versary
of the introduction of the
holy Religion
of
the
King
of
Righteousness,
the
City
was full of
innocent
gentle religious
minded Sinhalese from all
parts
of the Island. A Christian subordinate officer
riding through
the crowd assaulted a
woman,
and
got
his
servantsf
to beat the man for
having questioned
his
authority.
The
BuddhistsJ
under
provocation
and in
despair
set fire to the butcher stall and the
Church which were
standing
on sacred
grounds.
*
This after the riots had taken
place. Obviously
His
Majesty
had
been misinformed
by
the Colonial
officials
as to the actual state of affairs.
t
Read his statement in
p.
88.
J
The Government authorities had
charged
even non-Buddhists with
rioting,
&c.,
and
they
were tried
by
the
Judge
and
Jury.
The
confusion,
produced by
the acts of the Government officer as
pointed
out
below,
was
of a most serious nature. This letter contains the individual
impression
that
Anagarika Dharmapala
had after
reading
the
Ceylon newspapers.
G
82
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
The Sinhalese
newspaper,
the Sarasavi Sanda-
resa, published
in
Colombo,
contains full
reports
of
the disturbance. For
nearly
a hundred
years
of
British rule the Sinhalese have been
loyal ;
but
they
resent interference
by
the subordinate officers where
their
holy
historic
Religion
is concerned. For
2,300
years they
were taken care of
by
their own
Kings.
Now, administrators,
who
only
want
revenues,
rule.
Your
Majesty
is the successor of a line of
Aryan
Kings
who came to
Ceylon
from India
2,400
years
ago.
On behalf of the historic race of the
Aryan
Sinhalese I solicit Your
Majesty
to show that
kingly
interest in the Sinhalese race.
Liquor, opium, bhang,
beef are
given
to the
village people by
the administrators. Education is
neglected.
The ancient historic sites at the
City
of
Anuradhapura
are
desecrated,
and the Buddhists
resent this interference.
Anuradhapura
is like
Mecca to the Mohammedans. All Buddhists in
Japan, China, Siam, &c.,
look
up
to
Anuradhapura
as
their Central Shrine. Let not the British subordi-
nate officers interfere with the
holy
historic
Aryan
Religion
of the
Supreme
Buddha.
I
am,
Your
Majesty's devotedly,
ANAGARIKA DHARMAPALA.
(PLEASE
NOTE THAT THE ACCOUNT OF THE
DISTURBANCE IN
1903 is INSERTED FROM p.
86.)
(The
Ceylon Standard,
29th
April,
7P05.)
THE SERIOUS DISTURBANCE AT ANURADHAPURA.
A RESULT OF IMPRUDENT INTERFERENCE.
GOVERNMENT OFFICERS ON THE AGGRESSIVE.
(By
our
Special Representative^)
The
feelings
of the Buddhists and of those
especially
whose
feelings
have been
ruthlessly disregarded
and
outraged by
the
unfortunate incident which occurred on
Monday night,
cannot
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
83
but be
contemplated
with rueful
pity.
The Buddhists and
pilgrims,
who,
as was their
wont,
have for
generations
been
regularly
worshipping
at the Sacred Bo-tree
Temple,
are now on the
verge
of uncomfortable
doubt
engendered by
the
unseemly
conduct of
persons
from whom such behaviour was least
expected
as to
whether
they
are to abandon the sacred shrines of this ancient
City
around which such
glorious religious
traditions and memories
cling,
or submit to such
high-handed illegal
and to the
despicable
treat-
ment of
inflamed
officials. They regard Monday night's
incident as
an indication of a
type
of
oppression they
cannot
very
well
subject
themselves to if the interests of their
religion
are to be
safeguarded
and if their own few wishes are consulted.
It would
appear
that on
Monday night
several hundred
pil-
grims
assembled at the Sacred
Bo-Tree,
which is said to be over
2,000
years
old,
to make their
offerings.
Three tom-tom
beaters,
so essential for all such
ceremonies,
were
engaged
in
supplying
the
necessary
element of music
during
this
worship.
The
Provincial
Engineer,
Mr.
Price,
is
reported
to have been
greatly
disturbed,
and with a more or less reckless
impetuosity
is said to
have mustered a few coolies and
proceeded
to the sacred
Temple,
armed with a
revolver, which,
it is
charitably
conceded,
was
only
meant to terrorise and
eventually bring
the Buddhists into
subjection
to his
self-arrogated power.
The
pilgrims
however
vehemently protested against
this
unseemly display
of
authority
and resisted the endeavours made to
stop
the tom-tom beaters
from
performing
their duties.
Foiled in his
attempts
Mr. Price is said to have
instantly
represented
matters to Mr. C. T. D.
Vigors,
Government
Agent
of the
Province,
and this
gentleman accompanied by
a
Sergt.-Major
and some Constables forthwith
proceeded
to exercise his influence
and
authority
over the
pilgrims
and bid them cease
tom-toming,
on the
plea
that the Provincial
Engineer
and other residents
were unable to
sleep.*
Mr. K. M.
Jayaratna
and Mr.
Kulatunga
objected
to the
aggressive
measure
adopted by
the G.
A.,
when the
Sergt. -Major
and some Constables
over-powered
them. A
slight
disturbance followed and a Constable was
injured, whereupon
the
opportunity
was taken to
severely
assault
Jayaratna,
who
despite
the fact that he was much more
severely
handled than the Con-
stable,
was not sent to
Hospital
for medical
treatment,
nor has
there been
any
medical evidence recorded. The
Constable,
however,
was
promptly
removed to
Hospital,
where doubtless he
was
carefully
attended to. The
exception
taken to the
general
conduct of the Government
officers,
who are
expected
to know
better,
seems
very proper,
inasmuch as it is contended that the
only procedure
to have
adopted
in this case was to have
merely
*
It was
they, who,
a few
years ago,
established themselves in the
midst of Buddhist
Shrines where festivals are maintained since 308 B. c.
An
attempt
to
deprive
the Buddhists of such
rights
and
privileges enjoyed
from time
immemorial
may
be characterised as most uncivilised.
G 2
84
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
asked the tom-tom beaters to cease
playing,
and if the
request
was not
complied
with to have
charged
them the
following
morning
before the Police
Magistrate.
This seems a reasonable
course,
and one which
ought certainly
to have been
taken,
rather
than use force on
people
who were
following
the tenets and
customary
form of
worship
of their
religion.
However the fact
can but be
ill-disguised
that the Government
officers,
who can
be alone
responsible
for
the
grave
condition of unrest that at
present prevails among
all
Buddhists,
be
they closely
or
distantly
associated in this
matter,
committed a serious blunder which
much tact and future acts of kindness can alone atone for.
Anticipating
a
disturbance,
and one of a much more serious
import,
the authorities have deemed it
necessary
to
materially
strengthen
the local Police force
by getting
down detachments
from
Kandy,
This sacred town wears its natural
quiet appear-
ance,
for the
pilgrims,
it must be
remembered,
are noted for their
ways
which are
mild,
and
never,
if
they
can
help
it,
will
they
commit a breach of the law. It is with these
peaceful
and law-
abiding subjects
of the British
Empire
that such harsh measures
are
adopted,
and a rule more or less
of
tyranny
and
oppression
is
exercised over
them,
for no
graver
reason than that
they persist
in
having
the tom-tom whenever
they worship
at their most sacred
shrines. Policemen are
posted
at
regular
intervals of 100
yards,
and it is
really amusing
to see such action on the
part
of Govern-
ment,
who
by
the indiscretion of their officers are
brought
to believe
that these
precautionary
methods must needs be taken.
LATER INTELLIGENCE.
(From
the same
source.}
Counter
charges
for
disturbing religious worship
and
assault,
instituted
by
the Buddhist
party against
Mr.
Vigors,
Government
Agent,
Mr.
Price,
District
Engineer,
and
Sergt. -Major
of the
Police,
were refused entertainment and
process.
Great dissatisfaction
prevails,
and
widespread disappoint-
ment is felt
by
the Buddhist
Community
at the
Magistrate's
decision in
convicting Jayaratna.
In
groundless anticipation
of
imaginary
trouble,
official
bungalows
are
religiously guarded by
the available
Policemen,
although
not the
slightest vestige
of unrest or
any
indication of a
turbulent nature is manifest. The Sacred
City
is deserted
by pilgrims
apparently fearing
molestation at
worship.
Additional
Policemen,
drafted from
Kandy,
are
likely
to be
detained after the Wesak.
(Italics
are
ours.)
XXIX.
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
85
AN INTERVIEW WITH A LEADING BUDDHIST BY A REPRESENTATIVE
OF THE
"
CEYLON STANDARD."
"
Official
Action
Responsible for
the Present Row."
The Buddhist
agitation
which has been carried on for the
past
few
years,
with added
vigour,
is now
passing through
an
important stage.
The Buddhists are
quite prepared
to
justify
their
position
and the
following
interview which a
"
Standard
"
reporter
had
yesterday
with a
leading
and educated Buddhist
fairly portrays
the Buddhist view of the situation. The criticism
of the new Buddhist
Temporalities
Ordinance has
annoyed
the
Buddhists to a considerable extent.
They
are so much
annoyed
that our informant described one of the local
papers
as a
"fanatic
paper"
and another asa "dishonest
paper."
Asked as to the
cause of the
present
trouble he said :
4 '
All this time the Christians
commanded the
respect
of the Buddhists
by setting
an
example
of meekness. But
by
the
long
contact of Buddhists with Christians
in the same land it
appears
that each has imbibed the
qualities
of the other."
Continuing
he said :
"
The Christians have not maintained
the
respect
and
regard they
earned.
They
have fallen in the
estimation of the Buddhists as
exemplars. They
are now
trying
to
fight
the
Buddhists,
while the Buddhists are
making desperate
attempts
to evade the
quarrel.
The Buddhists now
suspect
that
the Christians are determined to
provoke
them to a serious breach
of the
peace."
"
Then don't
you
think that the Buddhists are
playing
into
the hands of the
people
who are said to be
planning
to
put
them
into trouble ?
"
queried
the
"
Standard
"
representative.
"No,"
said
he,
"
the Buddhists are as careful as
possible,
and
they
have avoided serious trouble so far. The unfortunate
occurrences such as the little incident that took
place
at the Bo-
Tree
Temple
are
things
that cannot be
helped. They
are done
at the
impulse
of the moment."
"
What is the sum and substance of the whole
thing
? The
sum and
substance of the whole
thing
is that the Christians have
lost the
respect
and
regard
of the
Buddhists,
who look
upon
them
as
equals
in
every way.
The Buddhists
say
that the Christians
are no
better than themselves."
*'
Now to come to the
present
row. Don't
you
think that the
tom-tom
beating
should have been
stopped
when an order was
given
to that
effect ?
"
asked the
"
Standard
"
interviewer.
Our
informant
replying
said
:
"
I don't think so. No
permis-
sion is
necessary
to
play
tom-tom. The
English
Government have
given
a solemn
pledge
to
protect
Buddhism and maintain
it,
and I
cannot see how
they
could
go
behind that and enforce a
police
regulation.
The
question is,
should
they
observe the Police
Ordinance more
closely
than the
compact
entered into between
86
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
Great
Britain on the one hand and the
Kandyan King
on the other.
The
compact
was between two
sovereign powers
and one
power
had ceased to exist, Therefore the
compact
must exist as
long
as the Island is
governed by
the
King
of
England.
Local
legis-
lation cannot over-ride that
compact.
It must stand there
permanently,
and no man can blot it."
Continuing
he said
:
"The
question
about
tom-toming
has
already
been decided in a case
instituted at
Kandy
and
finally
decided
by
the
Supreme
Court."
"Tom-toming
was carried on at the 'Adahana
Maluwa,'
Kandy,
not
only
at 1 1 o'clock at
night
but
throughout
the whole
night
in
spite
of
peremptory
orders from the authorities of the
place
to
stop
it. The
priest,
who better knew his
rights,
and the
law on the
subject,
than the
priest
in the
present
case,
referred
the authorities to their
legal remedy
the next
day,
and
gave
his
address. The
priest
and the tom-tom beaters were
prosecuted,
and I believe
they
were fined. An
appeal
was taken to the
Supreme
Court,
which set aside the
Kandy judgment
and referred
to the
compact
entered into between the
English
and the
Kandyan King favourably."
"Is
tom-toming necessary
for
your worship?"
asked our
Reporter.
The
reply
was :
"
As
necessary
a
part
as the
organ
and other
concomitants of
singing
in the Christian Church. It is not
absolutely necessary.
I mean it is not
necessary
for salvation
just
as the
organ
is not
necessary.
It is not
enjoined by
the
Buddha,
nor is
singing enjoined by
Jesus Christ. There is a talk
that the row was a
premeditated
one,"
remarked the
"
Standard
"
man.
"
There is no reason for such talk. We never
sought
the row.
It is the Christian Government officials who raided the
temple
premises,"
observed our informant.
In answer to another
question
he said :
"
We are determined
to
get
this
question
about the
tom-toming
settled.
Failing
to do
it here we shall
approach
the
Privy
Council."
THE PERSECUTION OF BUDDHISTS.
As will be seen from what
appears
below,
tbe
9th of
June, 1903,
was a
great day
to the Buddhists
of
Ceylon,
it
being
the
2,211th anniversary
of the
establishment of Buddhism in the Island. On that
day
there had assembled at the Sacred
City
of
Anuradhapura
about
20,000 pilgrims
from all
parts
of the
country.
At about 11 A.M. a disturbance took
place
under the circumstances
as slated
by
different
non-Buddhist
correspondents
of
newspapers.
*
See
p.
72.
XXX.
RUWANWELI
DAGABA WESTERN VIEW,
MUTRAGALA (URINAL STONE.)
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
87
"
The Times
of Ceylon.
"
Anuradhapura,
9th June.
The dissatisfaction of the Buddhists over the
Anuradhapura
sacred sites
question
hecarne acute over the
alleged
removal
of
ancient Buddhist
pillars
for
mending
roads.
People
were
more or less in an excitable state
and,
unfortunately, Mudaliyar
Amarasekera,
when
riding through
the
roads,
which were crowded
with
pilgrims, accidentally
rode over a woman. This set matters
aflame,
and the Roman Catholic Mission and the meat-stall an
abomination to the Buddhists were the sufferers. The church
of the former and the mission house and school room were
wrecked and burnt
;
the meat-stall and the flower
garden,
which
had been laid out
by
Government
opposite
the Bo-tree
temple
were
destroyed.
The Office Assistant to the Government
Agent
and the Police
Magistrate
are
doing everything possible
to
quell
the
disturbance. The Buddhist
Priests,
Ratwatte
Ratemahatmaya
and Mr.
Harischandra,
the
Secretary
of the Local
Society
interested in the sacred land
question, ultimately
succeeded in
producing
a lull
by nightfall.
On this
report,
a
representative
of the
u
Times
"
had an interview with a
leading
Buddhist
gentleman
of
Colombo,
Mr. D. B.
Jayatilaka, Principal
of
Ananda
College.
The
following
words are from
what he said in the interview:
"He did not \vish it to be assumed that the
Buddhist authorities had
any sympathy
with the
riot;
quite
the reverse. He
thought
the out-break
might
be attributed to
temporary
excitement
amongst
the
riff-raff which
always congregates
near the scene
of the
great pilgrimage,
and
following upon
some
unpleasant memories,
together
with the accident to
the
woman,
these
irresponsible
lookers-on must have
got
out of control."
(10th June, 1903.)
"
The
Ceylon
Observer.
"
Anuradhapura,
June 10th.
Between 10 and 11 o'clock as the thick crowds were
passing
up
and down the sacred road with the
everlasting
din of the
tom-toming
and
"
sadus
"
the
Mudaliyar
rode home and an old
woman of about 55 or 60
suddenly
found herself knocked over
by
the animal. She fell on her face and sustained bruises on
her
right
forehead and left cheek and
began
to bleed. She went
off in a
swoon,
and her
equally aged
husband,
believing
her to
88
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
be dead,
rushed after the
Mudaliyar
to
stop
him,
shouting
out
"
mahatmaya, mahatmaya."
He did
this,
he said in
evidence
later
on,
taking
the rider not to be a
gentleman
and the chief
Headman
of the
Province,
but one of the miscellaneous lot who
are not
Sinhalese,
not
English,
but a sort of
nondescript
cross
between
the two. He meant to
stop
him,
get
his name and
prosecute
him for the death
(as
he
imagined)
of his wife. His
story
is that the
Mudaliyar got
off his horse and hurt at
being
called
"
mahatmaya"
took the old man's umbrella and
gave
him
five cuts with
it,
and then with
open
hand struck him on his
nose,
which started
bleeding,
and
dragging
him into his
compound
ordered his servants to tie him
up.
At the trial in the afternoon
(9th
June)
Mr.
Brayne
the
Magistrate
had seated at the
court-house,
and
alongside
of him
Mr! H. C. P.
Bell,
Mr. Meadon
(surveyor),
Mr. Alfred Clark and
one or two other
Europeans
were seated. The court verandahs
were crowded. Mr.
Krisnaratna,
assisted
by
Mr. J. Mendis of
the Colombo
Bar,
appeared
for the
complainants ;
Mr. Solomons
for the accused. After the
evidence,
previously
taken of the
complaint,
had been read over and
they
had been
cross-examined,
Mr. Solomons stated that his client was
prepared
to
plead ouilty
to
having
accidentally
knocked down the old woman. He denied
having
assaulted the old
man,
but said he believed his servants had
inflicted
certain
injuries
on him for which he was not
responsible.
Upon
this the
Magistrate, considering
him much to blame
for riding
along
a
large,
crowded and excitable mass
of religious
devotees and
also
for
the old man
being
struck,
fined
him Rs. 60.
(Italics
are
ours.)
A New
Aspect
of
the Case
Against
the KachcJieri
Mudaliyar.
The
"
Ceylon
Standard
"
13th
June,
19^3.
(Bv TELEGRAPH.)
"The
Magisterial proceedings
in the Anuradha-
pura
Kachcheri
Mudaliyar's
case are with the
Governor.*
They
were
telegraphed
for."
"
Mr.
Amarasekera,
Kachcheri
Mudaliyar,
later
on in his evidence for the defence of
Ratwattet
*
The late Governor too well known in connection with the
Ceylon
pearl fishery.
f
He was at first considered as one of those who
helped
to
quell
the
riot,
and was tried on the same
charges
as
against
the rest of the accused
and was found
guilty
;
but
immediately
after Sir West
Ridgeway, having
pardoned him,
released him from
imprisonment
and inflicted a fine of
Rs. 500.
During
the
regime
of Sir
Henry
Blake a
private enquiry
into
matters
concerning
the riot took
place.
The result was that his fine
was refunded and he was
re-appointed Ratemahatmaya (a high
office in
the
up-country).
XXXI.
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
Ratemahatmaya,
said that he had
anticipated
the
riot and did not drive on the 8th
June.
"In cross-examination he could not
say
how it
was he did not fear
riding
the
following
mining
and
knocking
down
pilgrims
and
assaulting
thrift,"
"In the
Appeal
Court Mr. Justice Grenief*
quashed
the
proceedings
against
Mr. Amarasekera
;
*>
the
Mudaliyar,
who was fined Rs. 60
by^tjheS
Police
Magistrate
of
Anuradhapura
for
knocking
>down
two
women while
riding
about on the
occasion of the
Anuradhapura
riot. His
Lordship
lVoMs,t4^at
the
injuries
to the woman seemed to be
accidental,
and
that the
Mudaliyar
did all* he could for thefn. He
had no
design
in
riding
them down. His
Lordship
thinks the
proceedings
were
irregular,
and the case
is sent back for more
precise
evidence."
(Standard,
22nd
July,
1903.)
The new trial of the case instituted
by
Ukku
Menika and her husband both of Matale
against
the
Kachcheri
Mudaliyar
was taken
up by
Mr.
Brayne,
the same
Magistrate
who tried the case on the 9th
June,
on the 27th
August,
and the result was an
acquittal
!
Mr. Harischandra rendered material assistance
to
quell
the riot that was
brought
about
by
the
careless act of Mr.
Amarasekera, who, though
acquitted,
had told the Court on his first trial that he
was
guilty
of
knocking
down the woman and also
admitted that his servants had inflicted
injuries
on
her husband. In addition to the evidence
already
existing
this was a clear admission of certain facts
of the case
against
him.
On the 13th June Mr. Harischandra was arrested
on the
charges
of
having
aided and abetted
riot,
arson,
and
sacrilege
and
produced
before Mr.
Brayne,
Police
Magistrate,
who had thanked him on the 9th
for
having helped
the Government to
quiet
the mob.
*
He did
nothing.
It was
very
unfortunate that a
Judge
should have
laboured under such an erroneous
impression.
90
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
When the counsel moved for bail the
Magistrate
said :
"
I
regret
that so well known and
respectable
a
man
should be sent to
jail.
The
charge against
him amounts to
being
a mover and
ring-leader
of a
most serious riot. I consider that his
being enlarged
on Ir-iil at the
present stage
of the case
might
seriously prejudice
the efforts of the Police in further
investigation."
**
--i.l.
i
Beforc'Mr.
E. B.
Alexander,
Special Magistrate.}
There were in all 83 accused of whom the
67th,
Mr.
Harischandra,
who had a seat at the
Bar,
wrote
out the
following telegram
and
despatched
it to the
Telegraph
Office after
having
consulted his counsel.
The
telegram
as stated below was addressed to the
"
Sarasavi Sandaresa" to be
published:
"
Parents, friends, relatives,
do not be
sorry
stone
walls do not a
prison
make,
nor iron bars a
cage;
minds innocent and
quiet
take that
for
a
hermitage'''
The
Telegraph
Master,
on
referring
it to the
presiding Magistrate,
was ordered not to transmit
that
message;
and in the
evening
of the 15th when
the counsel
applied
for bail he remarked:
"
I am not
prepared
to allow bail at this
stage
under Section
289. I consider it would be
contrary
to
public policy
"
In the hands of a
Magistrate
of such
principles
Mr. Harischandra was satisfied with the free
quarters
at the
"
bungalow
"
on the Puttalam road
and the free
police
escort of an
extraordinary
nature.
His
quarters
were furnished with a mat of three
cubits of
very rough
texture and a small tin for
any
emergency!
No bed ! No
pillow!
Not the shadow of a
light
at
night!
A man at the threshold
holding
a baton!
Several
policemen
armed with rifles and
bayonets
standing
at a
pace
! Such were the treatment and
honour bestowed on the individual who
performed
the
combined duties of a Judicial
Officer, Policeman,
and
Religious
Preacher for the
purpose
of
quelling
the riot! There he lived a life of solitude for full 17
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
91
days
and 17
nights,
until Sir C. P.
Layard,
the late
Chief
Justice,
ordered the
Magistrate,
who was
troubled
by "public policy,"
to allow Mr. Haris-
chandra stand out on bail.
"
Buddhism,"
a
Magazine
of
Rangoon,
in
p. 149,
September
1903,
states :
"
Disquieting
news is to hand from
Ceylon,
where utter
tactlessness seems to have taken the
place
of the
principle
of
religious
toleration.
"When the
Kandyan
Provinces were ceded to the
English
the latter undertook to
protect
the native
Religion,
and in
particular
to
preserve
inviolate the
sanctity
of certain
lands,
formerly
set
apart
by
the
Kings
of
Ceylon
for
religious
uses.
"
We ourselves have seen carved stone
;
Door
Guardians,'
relics of the wonderful
Temples
that in the
past
were the
glory
of
Ceylon,
set
up
to adorn the houses of Government officials
at
Anuradhapura,
and such
things
do not tend to
promote
a
feeling
of
security
on the
part
of Buddhists in
Ceylon.
"
a new
consignment
of sacred stones
had,
it was
generally reported,
been used for
Railway
work,
and
popular
indignation
over these encroachments reached its
height
when
a Christian
Mudaliyar
assaulted an inoffensive female
pilgrim.
"The Police
came,
it is
said,
with
rifles,
ball
cartridges,
and
bayonets
for His
Majesty's subjects,
but the mob shook broom-
sticks at
them,
and
they
went aw
r
ay.
The Assistant Government
Agent
then
appeared,
sent for a well-known
Monk,
who haran-
gued
the crowd without much
effect;
at last Mr.
Harischandra,
the local
Secretary
of the Maha-Bodhi
Society,
in a few
well-chosen
words,
induced the rioters to
disperse
for which
kind
service,
we have no
doubt,
he will
ultimately
receive the
best thanks of the Government of
Ceylon."
THE TRIAL OF BRAHMACHARI HARISCHANDRA BEFORE THE
SUPREME
COURT, KANDY,
FROM THE STH TO THE
12TH
OCTOBER,
1903.
JUDGE. Mr. Justice J. P. Middleton.
JURY.
Messrs. Chas.
Tarrant, Harrington
Fitz-
patrick,
Thomas
Todd,
H. Clarence
Lancaster,
H. R.
Abeywardene,
W. B. Braine and J.
Harry
Cantrell.
(All Christians.)
CROWN COUNSEL. Mr.
Templar.
92
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
COUNSELS
FOR THE DEFENCE. Messrs. F. Dorn-
horst,
K.C.,
Hector A.
Jayewardene,
C. Batu-
wantudawa and J.
Q. Jayewardene,
instructed
by
Mr. S. D.
Krisnaratne,
Proctor.
There were 50 accused in all before the
Supreme
Court,
the rest
having
been
discharged
in the Court
below.
They
were
charged
with five common
offences;
viz : 1.
Rioting;
2.
Sacrilege;
3.
Causing
grievous
hurt;
4.
Causing damage;
5. Mischief.
Thirteen of them were taken as the first
batch,
and
Mr. Harischandra was numbered 13th. In the
course of the
preliminary arrangements
the
1st,
2nd,
and 5th accused were removed from the dock
and
put
into another batch.
The Crown Counsel in his
opening
address to the
Jury
made the
following
references to the 13th
accused :
"
It
appears
that when the disturbance had commenced
Harischandra was asked if he could not
quiet
the
people.
Imme-
diately they quieted
down
"
I would now take
you
to the
part played hy
the 13th
accused. Some time
ago
he
gave
a certain
amount
of trouble to
the Government
Agent
at
Anuradhapura.
In
May,
1900,
he
pulled
out the
pegs
which were fixed
by
the District
Engineer
on the land selected for the Medical Officer's
quarters.
He then
started a
Society
called the Maria- Bodhi
Society/
1
It
appears,
on the 3rd June
last,
he wrote a
letter!
to
"
Sandaresa,"
a
Sinhalese
newspaper published
in Colombo. That contained
an attack on the Public Works
Department
"There are witnesses who
speak
of the actual
part
taken
by Harischandra,
the 13th
prisoner,
on that
day.
After it was
all over he seems to have convened a
meeting
of the Buddhists.
Two or three witnesses
speak
to what occurred there. Two or
three witnesses
speak
of
encouraging
remarks made
by
him in
one case the actual
speech J.
Mr. L. W.
Booth,
the Government
Agent
of the
North-Central Province in the witness box
*
He was misinformed of the facts. The Maha-Bodhi
Society
was started
in 1891 at Colombo and a branch of the same was formed in
Anuradhapura
in 1900.
t
It
appeared
in the "Sandaresa'' of 9th
June,
the
day
of the riot.
J
He refers to
Krishnasamy's
evidence, the man as shown in
plate
XLIII. The most
amusing reading
in the whole
proceedings
! ! I
XXXII.
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
93
CROWN
COUNSEL. Do
you
know the 13th accused? Yes.
He is a resident of
Anuradhapura
? He is.
And he is the
Manager
of the Maha-Bodhi
Society?
I
believe so.
I take
you
back to Dec. 1901. He
objects
to all
religions
excepting
Buddhism ? Yes. I should mention that I
had
great difficulty
in
ejecting
one Don Juwanis* who
was
squatting
on a
piece
of land in
July,
1900.
(At
this
stage
Mr.
Dornhorst,
the
defending
counsel,
said
that evidence
going
so far back was immaterial to the
case.)
In
December,
1900,
some trees were felled and the
beginning
of a foundation was laid on Crown land which had been
selected for the new Medical Officer's
quarters?
Yes.
At whose instance was it done? At the instance of Mr.
Harischandra.
Did
you
have
any
communication with him ? I did.
Did
you
call
upon
him
personally
? Yes. 1 called
upon
him
to
explain
his action in
felling
trees on Crown land.
Was
anything
done
upon
that ?
Nothingf particular
was
done. We started the
building
I mean the P. W, D.
the new Medical Officer's
quarters.
Mr. Harischandra
j
drove
away
the workmen.
Mr. Dornhorst
interrupting
asked Mr.
Booth,
Were
you
present
? No.
Mr. Dornhorst. You have been a
magistrate
and a
judge
I think he admits
it,
Mr.
Dornhorst,
said the witness.
CROWN COUNSEL. There were certain
representations
made to
Government
by
Harischandra ? Yes. On those re-
presentations
I had to
report.
You
produce February
and December numbers 1900 of the
Maha-Bodhi Journal ? Yes. The December number
contains an account of a
public meeting
at
Anuradha-
pura.
Mr, Dornhorst Is that connected with the
prisoner
?
The
Judge
said that he thinks that there is no connection
between the
report
and the
prisoner
and
referring
to
Mr. Booth : Was it a
meeting
convened
by you
?
No,
my
Lord.
*
He was an
Upasaka attending
to
religious
work at
Thuparama.
His
house,
built about 15
years ago,
was
forcibly pulled
down
by
the Town
Arachchi on the orders of the G. A. without
any authority
from the Court.
Mr.
Harischandra criticised this
illegal
action.
t If he was sure the land and trees were the
property
of the Crown he
should have
instituted a case
against
Mr. Harischandra. The
highest
Official in the Province
drops
an
important
matter and leaves room for
multiplication
of confusions !
J
He,
as
Secretary
of the
Anuradhapura
Buddhist Defence
Committee,
was
perfectly
sure of Buddhist
rights
and knew that he was on the side of
the law.
94
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
C. C. Was it not
brought
to
your
notice ? I
brought
it to
the notice* of Government. 1 considered it
my duty
to let the Government know what was
going
on.
Mr. Booth further stated that the
stonesf
which were
removed were not sacred.
They (the
Public Works
Department
workmen)
removed
only
rubbish.
They always
held
everything
the Buddhists considered sacred in
respect.
Mr. Harischandra
informed me of the
founding
of a Buddhist Defence Committee
:j:
at
Anuradhapura.
He was the
Secretary,
and the
High
Priest
of
Anuradhapura
the President. In
May,
1902,
representations
were made to the Government
by
the
High
Priest and Mr. Haris-
chandra as
representatives
of the
Anuradhapura
Buddhist
Defence Committee.
They
made four
specific complaints:
1.
That I disturbed the
High
Priest of
Ruwanwelisaya
; 2. That I
enclosed
Kongahamaluwa ;
3. That I
ejected
the two
priests
of
Siam. 4. That I removed a
sign-board
from a certain
piece
of
land.
In the cross-examination the
following
facts were elicited:
MR,
DORNHORST : I
suppose you thought
there was treason-
able matter in these
journals?
Not
exactly
treasonable matter. I wanted to let Government
know that an
agitation
was
going
on.
You remember the visit
paid by
the
Acting
Governor Sir
im Thurn in 1902
long
after these
representations
were
made? Yes.
The Maha-Bodhi
Society
received him? Yes.
Among
those
present
on the
platform
were
yourself
and Mr.
Harischandra.
Yes.
Mr. Dornhorst then read a
passage
from Mr. Booth's
speech
delivered on the occasion.
Mr. Booth said that the Buddhists were then
taking
to more
constitutional methods of
voicing
their so-called
grievances
than before
;
therefore he
joined
them.
In answer to Mr. Dornhorst he said that there was
nothing
unconstitutional in the article in the Maha-Bodhi Journal
and said that
they
must not take that letter
by
itself.
*
It was a
very
serious
matter,
of course
;
a certain secret document
being
their
only authority
for the
Government,
the least
agitation
over the
Sacred
City
terrified the Chief of the North-Central Province.
t
See Plate
XLIII. When such
things
take
place
the Buddhists
complain
to the Government. The Government holds no
enquiry except sending
the
petition
to the G. A. for
report!
+
This Committee was
organized
to
protect
the Sacred
City
from
desecration. When the case is so clear it is more than absurd to
attempt
to connect the M. B. S. branch at
Anuradhapura
with the disturbances
caused
by
Government officers.
But he did not
charge
Harischandra for
having
entered into the
so-called Crown land and
having
felled trees and
employed
men to
dig
foundations for a
religious building.
XXXIII.
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
95
Mr. D. This
ground
which has been selected as the Medical
Officer's
quarters
is an ancient Cremation Ground ?
No.*
Mr. Walter Ernest
Wait,
Cadet at the Anu-
radhapura
Kachcheri
In cross-examination
deposed
thus:
Mr,
Harischandra
helped
in
dispersing
the crowd at the
Mudaliyar's
house and he and Mr.
Brayne (Police Magistrate)
left the
Mudaliyar's premises together.
I did not see Mr.
Harischandra at the Roman Catholic Church or at the flower
garden
or at the meat-market. The first incident was at the
Mudaliyar's
house. There was
great
excitement over the
pilgrim
being injured.
Mr. Thomas
Chase,
Superintendent
of Minor
Roads,
N. C.
P.,
said:
"
Mr. Harischandra is a sort of devotee. He was calm and
collected
during
the time of riot."
Mr. C. V.
Brayne,
Police
Magistrate,
was to be
called as a witness in defence of the 13th
prisoner,
but as the evidence led was found sufficient to
prove
his innocence he was not called.
Yet his evidence in the Court below needs be
reproduced
:
1 received information
(9th June)
that there was a riot at the
Kachcheri
Mudaliyar's
house. I sent for the Police and
proceeded
to the
spot.
I told the
people through
the
Interpreter
that I
would
inquire
into the
complaint
that
theMudaliyar
had knocked
down a woman. I started off towards the Court. As the crowd
did not follow me 1 went back. The crowd demanded that the
Mudaliyar
should be
brought
to the Court. Then Mr. Wait and
shortly
after Mr. Balfour
appeared.
A minute or two later I
saw Harischandra. I asked him to
stop
the row because I
knew he was a
leading
Buddhist. He mounted the
Mudaliyar's
carriage
and addressed the
people.
After he had
begun
to
speak
the
people
were
quiet.
After two or three
sentences,
they
cheered not
loudly.
I don't understand Sinhalese. The
*
His
ignorance
of the
history
of the Sacred
City
is well established
by
this answer. For a
portion
of the same land has been
lately
allotted for
cremation since Mr. Booth's
departure
for
good
from the Sacred
City
;
thereby
the
Government
acknowledging
that the land in
question
is
really
the cremation
ground
of the
Sangha.
g6
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
Interpreter*
was
by my
side. He did not
interpret
the
speech.
Harischandra
said that the
people
would be content to
go
to
Court.
I went
straight
to the Court. I asked Harischandra
to
bring
the
complainants
from the Police Station. After H. left
the Court
I received information that the
meat-market was
being
wrecked.
I walked as
quickly
as I could to the meat-market
with the
Interpreter.
There were about a dozen men
attacking
it.
They
were
working just
like a
gang
of
coolies,
systematically
and
leisurely. Finding
I could do
nothing
I went back to the
Court
to
find
Harischandra. Near the Court I met him. I
took
him to the market. About 20
yards
from the market
several
people
told me not to
go
further as it was not safe and
they
said that H. could
stop
it. He went forward and
disappeared
in the crowd.
I was
standing
on the road
I sent for Harischandra and Naranwita Priest to
my
chambers
after
hearing
the case
against
the
Mudaliyar
and
thanked them both
for
what
they
had done to
help
My
idea on the
day
of the riot was that Harischandra was
helping
me.
(Italics
are
ours.)
RENGASAMY
KRISHNASAMY
(see
plate XLIII.),
weeding
contractor under Mr. H. C. P.
Bell,
Archaeologcial
Commissioner,
was the
only
witness
who
deposed
that Mr. Harischandra
presided
over
a
meeting
and instructed those
present
to commit
riot and other mischief. The evidence of this man
was the basis
upon
which the whole case was built.
The
following
is his evidence :
CROWN COUNSEL. You remember the disturbance of June
9th ? Yes.
Were
you
at the Maha-Bodhi
Society's
school on the
day
a
meeting
took
place
? Yes.
What time ? About 3-30 P.M.
*
He,
in his evidence before the Police
Court,
Anuradhapura,
said : "I
heard a
portion
of Harischandra's address. He said that he was
sorry
to
hear that one of the
pilgrims
had met with a
calamity,
and asked the
aggrieved party
to come with him to the Court. He also said that the
Police
Magistrate
had
agreed
to hear the case
against
the
Mudaliyar ;
that
he himself would see that the case is heard in two hours and
justice
done.
He also told the
people
not to be boisterous. He was still
going
on when I
went to the house to
keep
the
Mudaliyar
from
coming
out. The
Mudaliyar
was
very
excited. He wanted to
speak
to the
people
and
explain
the
accident to them. He
appeared
to me to have been
drinking
from his
excited state. I think he smelt of
whisky."
XXXIV.
JENITOR
STONE.
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
97
Who
presided
and what took
place
? Mr. Harischandra.
He
spoke
about his
religion
and said
they
had a flower*
garden
which had been established on sacred land
belonging
to the Buddhists and also a meat market.
They
must be broken
up.
I was there about half an hour.
On the 9th of
June,
the
day
of
disturbance,
where were
you
?
I went to see the
pilgrims.
First there was a distur-
bance at the
Mudaliyar's
house. Mr. Harischandra
came and
got
on the
"dicky"
of a
carriage
that was there
and addressed the
people
and said that he would
get
that case
inquired
into and asked the
people
not to
create a disturbance.
(And
further the witness
pro-
ceeded on to relate the incidents of the
day.)
In the
evening
I went to see the
Dagaba
with
my
wife and
children and I saw Mr. Harischandra on a table at the
junction
where the road leads to the court-house and
Matale. There was a cart decorated.
What did he
say
?
"
Our business is done. You must
get
back and
escape."
And he
preached
on Buddhism.
THE CROSS-EXAMINATION BY MR. DORNHORST. This
preaching
has been
going
on for two or three
years
? From the
time Mr. Harischandra came to
Anuradhapura
he
used to
preach.
He
only preached
about the meat market and flower
garden
?
Not
only
about them.
You were
present
at all these
meetings
? Not
always.
You consider him a
good preacher?
Yes.
You learned a
good
deal from his
preaching?
I used to see
the fun.
You used to
go
there to see the fun ?
Yes,
You
always expected
fun wherever
Mr,
Harischandra was ?
I used to see the fun. Wherever Mr. Harischandra
preached
there was a
large
crowd. When others also
preached
I used to
go
and see. I went to listen to
what
they
said about their
religions.
And when Mr. Harischandra
gathered
a crowd
you
went to
see the fun and not to listen to him ? I went to see
the fun.
Who are the
preachers
to whom
you
listened ? I don't
know their names,
Do
you
remember
anything
of what
they
said ? No.
Now,
for this
meeting
of the Maha-Bodhi
Society
did
you get
notice to attend ? No.
*
It is the
Buddhists who
require
flowers
daily. They
never
object
to
a flower
garden.
In this case Mr.
Booth,
G.
A.,
enclosed the
ground
mala
fide
in order to
strengthen
the claim of the Crown and establish
Police barracks there. Since the disturbance the flower
garden
has
been
properly
laid out and another site has been selected for the Police
quarters.
H
9
8
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
Did
you
ever attend a
meeting
of the Maha-Bodhi
Society
before?
No.
I
suppose
you
heard Mr. Harischandra was
going
to
preach
treason
and went to hear him? No. I went to see the
fun.
My
coolies did not come and I
thought they
would
be there.
Did
you
find them there ? No.
You
went there
by
sheer accident ? Yes.
How
did the
prosecution people
come to hear that
you
were
present.
Did
you
tell
anyone
? No.
Did
you
tell
anybody
that
you
attended the Maha-Bodhi
Society
uninvited and heard treasonable matter? No.
Somebody
has communicated to the
prosecution people
and
you
are asked these
questions?
I was asked and I went
and
gave
evidence.
And
you
swear that
you
never told
anybody
about this ?
Yes.
And
you
said it for the first time in court ? Yes.
You did not hear a sacred book read out in Sinhalese ?
Never.
Can
you
understand when a Sinhalese book is read?
What I could understand I could understand.
What were Harischandra's words when he said
"
Our
business is done ?"
"
Ape
weda
kammutuya,
umbala
berila
palayalla."
You told the
Magistrate
that he said
"
All that was
proposed
has been done
"
? It comes to the same
thing.
Tell me in Sinhalese ?
"
A
pi hitapu
karana
hari,
umbala
berila
palayalla."
Then
you
did not hear him
say
"
Our work is finished ?"-
It comes to the same
thing.
What did he
say
? "All we
proposed
is
done,
you get
back
and
escape."
So he did not use the words
"
Our work is finished ?" No.
You were
hearing
him for half-an-hour ? Yes.
You
brought
home
only
these words ? He
spoke
more
than this
;
but
why
should we remain to hear
every-
thing.
So we went home.
On the sixth
day
after the trial Mr.
Dornhorst,
the chief of the Counsels for the
defence,
delivered
his address to the
jury
for three hours. In the
course of the address the
following
references were
made with
regard
to the 13th
prisoner:
"
Now about Mr. Harischandra's
position.
He
was once
upon
a time a law-student. He has now
taken to what he believes the
great
salvation. It
may
be said of Mr. Harischandra that he has
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
99
persistently
and
consistently
stuck to that work
which he has marked out for himself and
according
to his
thinking. We,
who are
Christians,
may
not
agree
with him. I think he will convince
you
that
he could not have been at the market or at the
flower
garden
to
indulge
either in
suggestive
gesticulations
or in
inflammatory language.
If his
evidence carries that conviction to
your mind,
the
whole
body
of evidence which has been directed
against
him must be discredited. It has
already
received material
support
and corroboration
by
the
evidence which the constable
Nagamani
has
given.
That evidence was
materially helpful
to the case
for the 13th
accused;
and other witnesses called
by
the
prosecution
have
supported
that
story.
There
are materials
put
before
you by
the
prosecution,
which haveone
trend,
that is that Mr.
Harischandra,
consistent to the
principles
of the
religion
which
he
advocates,
was
preaching peace
and not distur-
bance. There have been one or two honest witnesses
called in this case. Mr. Wait was one. Father Roux
was
another,
and so was Mr. Meaden. Mr. Wait's
evidence
supports my
contention that Harischandra
was
doing
all he could to
help
to
quiet
the
angry
mob.
"After the
proceedings
were over Mr. Haris-
chandra was
specially
sent for
by
Mr.
Brayne,
Police
Magistrate,
and thanked for the services he had
rendered,
for the assistance he had
given
in
preventing
the riot from
developing
into more serious
proportions.
"
It has been
proved
to
you
that on the occasion
of the visit of the
Acting
Governor in 1902 he
occupied
a
place
on the
platform
and delivered an
address. Mr.
Booth,
G.
A.,
had the candour to
say
that he
approved
of Mr. Harischandra's
policy
so
far as it related to matters
concerning
education.
It was
attempted by
the Crown to establish that
the
disturbance on the 9th was the result of
Mr.
Harischandra's
preaching.
The evidence which
H 2
100
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
I will call will
entirely disprove
what one or two
witnesses said about Mr. Harischandra's acts.
"
One of the Tamil witnesses seemed to have been
at the
proper places
at the
proper
time to hear
treason
being preached.
It was a
noteworthy
fact
that he heard that and
nothing
more or less. Such
evidence was shameful and a
disgrace.
"
I cannot see what is the case
against
the
13th
prisoner.
I am
really
and
truly handicapped,
perplexed
and embarassed. The officials were
against
him; they thought
that he was
giving
them
no end of trouble. I cannot see
anything
in this
letter written
by
Harischandra to the "Sandaresa.
"
There were worse
things
than that
appearing day
after
day
in the
"
Daily
News,
"
or even the
"Standard" or the
"Independent."
The Crown
attempted
to show that Mr. Harischandra
got up
the riot. The witnesses for the
prosecution
have
not
proved
this in
any way. Respectable gentlemen
present
at the
Anniversary Meeting
of the Maha-
Bodhi
Society
did not hear Mr. Harischandra
speak
anything
treasonable. The evidence of some of the
officials went on to show to what extent he has
tried to
quell
the mob."
The
following
evidence of two of the witnesses called for
the defence
proves
the
falsity
of the statements of the chief
witness of the
prosecution
:
7. H.D.A. Gunasekera : I am the
Inspector
of Vaccination
in the North-Central Province. I was
present
at the last
Anniversary Meeting
of the Maha-Bodhi
Society.
I did not see
there a Tamil
man,
I made a short
speech
on that occasion.
Mr. Harischandra also
spoke
and also Mr. De Alwis of the
Kachcheri. Naranwita
Priest,
incumbent of the
Ruwanwelisaya
Temple, presided.
Mr. Harischandra
spoke
about educational
work. He did not
speak
of vandalism.
2. Naranwita Sumanasara
Priest: I am the chief of the
Ruwanwelisaya Temple.
I was
present
at the
Anniversary
Meeting
of the Maha-Bodhi
Society, Anuradhapura,
and I
presided.
There were about 25
persons present.
1 did not see
a Tamil man. The minutes of that
meeting
were recorded
by
the
Secretary,
Mr.
Rajapakshe, Notary
Public. Mr. Harischandra
also made a
speech.
He
spoke
about educational matters. I
did not hear him
say
that
something
should be
destroyed.
I have
XXXV.
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES. IOI
often heard him
preach
and
speak.
He is a
good
Buddhist,
I know Mr. Gunasekera who
gave
evidence. He was
present
at that
meeting
and he was also a
speaker
there
THE DAY OF JUDGMENT. 12th
October,
1903.
The
"
Ceylon
Standard
"
says
:
'"
Buddhists from
Kandy
and the
adjoining villages
and from
Anuradhapura
mustered in full force.
By
eleven o'clock it was
almost
impossible
to
get
into the court-house
owing
to the
crowd,
and as the
day
wore on the crowd
grew larger.
In the
evening
the
gathering
was so
large
that a force of
fifty
constables was
requisitioned
to
keep
order. The excitement in the afternoon
seemed to have reached a climax. His
Lordship
Justice
Middleton's
charge
to the
Jury
commenced at eleven o'clock and
lasted till 4-30
p.m.
with half an hour's interval for lunch five
hours. The
Jury
took
exactly
two hours to arrive at their verdict."
His
Lordship
said in the course of his address:
"
In the first
place
there is a certain amount of
political significance
in the case. This is a matter
which does not concern me or the
Jury.
Your
duty
is to
find,
to
ascertain,
whether the accused are
guilty
of the
charges
mentioned in the indictment.
You have
got nothing
to do with the
political aspect
of the case as was
pointed
out
by
the Counsel for the
defence.
'
The evidence does not show that the 13th
accused* took
part
in the riot at all. If
you
are
satisfied in
your
minds that he remained in the
assembly, approving
of its common
object,
and that
he
instigated
the other members of the
assembly
to
commit these
acts,
although
he did not do
them,
he
is still
responsible
for the
acts,
for
instance,
the
destruction of the Roman Catholic
Church?-,
If he
1
instigated
others to do it and if he *was
: :
iri
;
that
1
company,
he is as much
responsible"
fon it:
ja
t&?
;
persons
who committed the act. He
;
\vfll b
:
nly
be
responsible
for those acts which were committed in
furtherance of the common
object.
On the other
hand he is
apparently regarded by
the Crown as
the
instigator
of the whole
proceedings,
because in
*
Harischandra.
102 BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
considering
this case
they
would take into their
ken what had been written and the evidence. The
theory
of the
prosecution
in this case is that there
is a
Society
called the Maha-Bodhi
Society
in
Anuradhapura,
that that
Society
was
managed by
the
13th
accused,
and in the course of the administration
of the
Society
the members of the
Society
had
a
great objection
to the
presence
in
Anuradhapura
of
meat
markets, churches,
and also had
objections
to
Government
buildings
on lands devoted from earlier
times to sacred
purposes.
The Crown
puts
it before
you
that he has been
requested by
the members of
the same
Society
to
preach against
these
things.
The Crown
urges
the fact that the destruction of
the flower
garden,
the meat market and the church
on that
particular
9th of June was done in
consequence
of the
feeling
which existed
among
the
members of the
Society.
The Crown also
says
that
the 13th accused as a matter of fact assisted the
rioters to some
extent;
that he
pretended
to be
assisting
to
suppress
the
riot,
but all the time
by
words and
signs
he induced the rioters to
go
on
with the work of
destruction,
and that he
suggested
to them that
they
must
go
on and finish their work
by destroying
the church. The Counsel for the
defence showed that the
Anuradhapura
Maha-Bodhi
Society
was a
perfectly legitimate Society
and
they
did
nothing
else than
express
their
legitimate
views.
There is
nothing
in these
writngs
to which
any
one
can take
exception.
The evidence
says
that he never
went to the scene
except
to
help
Government officials
and when he went with the
peon
to the
police
station. All the time the 13th accused was in the
c<re..rt-house.
r '
His
Lordship
then dealt with each of the other
accused,
and towards the conclusion made the
following
references:
"The Counsel for the
prosecution
referred to the
documents rather
strongly.
The letter G2 dated
6th
March, 1900,
is a letter from
Dharmapala
to
XXXVI.
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
103
Harischandra.
There is
nothing
to which
they
can
take
exception
in that. It is an
expression
of
feeling
by
a
correspondent
to the 13th accused. There is
another letter marked J. There is
nothing
in it
which advocated the use of violence or force. It
indicates
perfectly legitimate agitation.
They object
to the
presence
of beef markets and
churches,
&c. Then comes the letter L. This is also
a letter from
Dharmapala
with
regard
to the
protection
of
Anuradhapura
sacred lands from
further desecration."
His
Lordship
also referred to Mr.
Weerasuriya's
letter and also the letter written
by
the Editor of
the "Sandaresa." Reference was also made to
the extracts from the Maha-Bodhi
Journal,
and
said "that there was
nothing
unconstitutional in
these documents.
' '
Just after 6-30 P. M. the
gentlemen
of the
Jury
returned to their seats after deliberation and
the foreman declared that the 13th
prisoner
Mr. Harischandra was not
guilty
of all the
charges
framed
against
him.
(Italics
are
ours.)
SIR WEST RIDGEWAY'S CONTRADICTORY ORATIONS.
28th
October,
1903.
Sir West
Ridgeway
while
addressing
the Chiefs and
Headmen of the North-Central
Province,
Anuradhapura,
said:
"
There is a
Society
called the Maha-Bodhi
Society,
a branch
of which has
recently
been established here. I have
nothing
to
say against
that
Society.
I believe it has done noble work as
regards education,
and I have not seen that
Society
as a
Society
advance
any extravagant
claims,
but there are members of that
Society
who
very unwisely
and
very foolishly
advance the most
extravagant
claims and
pretensions.
I have a letter now from
Mr.
Dharmapala,
written to me from
America,
in which he
practically
claims the whole of
Anuradhapura
I do not know
for whom but he would
apparently
like to
expel everybody
from it who is not a Buddhist. Such
pretensions
cannot be
listened to
by
the British
Government,
and the educated
people
who advance them must know
perfectly
well that as
long
as the British Government exists there is not a chance of such
ridiculous and absurd
suggestions being successfully
made. The
104
BUDDHIST GRIEVANCES.
recent riots
were,
I am
afraid,
the work of foolish men
duped
by
better-educated men whether
here,
in
Colombo,
or
further
afield,
I do not
know,
but
they
pulled
the
strings."
14th
November,
1903.
Sir West
Ridgeway
while
addressing
the Buddhist
Deputa-
tion at
Queen's
House, Colombo,
said:
"
I never had the remotest idea that
any of you
gentlemen,
that
any of
the
leading
or
enlightened
Buddhists,
were in
any
way
accessory
to those
riots,
or much less that
they instigated
these riots
;
but I did think that certain words careless words which
escaped
them
might
have
encouraged
the more
ignorant part
of
the
popula-
tion to
suppose
that
they
would receive
encouragement,
which
certainly
was not the intention
of
the
speakers
to
give
them
; but,
on
the other
hand,
I
think,
in a letter which I
wrote,
or a
speech
which I made I
forget
which -I alluded to the riots
being
instigated by
more educated men I
forget my
exact words
either in Colombo or further afield. The idea in
my
mind was a
letter which I had received from Mr.
Dharmapala
from
Chicago,
a
very strong
I
might
almost
say
a violent letter in which he
advocated the cause of the rioters and held Government
entirely
to
blame,
and also claimed a most
extravagant, impossible
claim that the whole of
Anuradhapura
should be handed over to
the Buddhists and that all other
religions,
as he called
it,
should be
expelled
from the
place.
That was in
my
mind,
and I
cannot
help thinking,
from
correspondence
which came into
my
possession
at the time of the trials and which I did not think it
desirable to
publish
or
bring
to
light
that these rioters were
encouraged, unintentionally
no
doubt, by
some
enlightened
Buddhists. But I
hope you
understand that I never
suspect
that the
representative
members and educated leaders of this
enlightened
and
important
section of the
community
would
deliberately instigate any
disorder or
opposition
to the law.
(Italics
are
ours.)
Chapter
XV.
THE JOURNEY TO ANURADHAPURA AND
THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE
SHRINES AND RUINS.
THE
extension of the
railway
from
Kurunegala
to
Anuradhapura
was effected in the month of
November,
1904. At
present
there are two
trains that take
passengers
from Colombo to
Anuradhapura,
one in the
morning
and the other in
the afternoon. After
your departure
from Colombo
the first
thing
that will attract
your
attention is
Kelani
river,
which the train crosses about two miles
from the well-known
Temple
of that name. It rises
from Samanala Kanda
("Adam's Peak")
and falls
into the sea at
Colombo;
and its
length
is 90 miles.
After
you pass Ambepussa
station
you
will see on
the
right
side of the
railway,
Maha
Oya
which falls
into the sea at
Negombo;
and its
length
is 78 miles.
The distance from Colombo to
Kurunegala,
the chief town of the North-Western
Province,
is
58
miles,
and from
Kurunegala
to
Anuradhapura
68 miles the total from Colombo to
Anuradhapura
being
126 miles. This distance is traversed in six
hours,
the train
running
at a
speed
of 21 miles
an hour.
At a distance of six miles from
Kurunegala
there lies the first station on the new line
Wellawa. Between these two stations the most
attractive
objects
are the rocks* that lie on the left
*
They
are called
Eta-gala, "Elephant
rock;" Ibbd-gala,
"Tortoise
rock;"
Kuruminiyd-gala,
"
Beetle rock
;"
Anda-gala,
"Eel
rock;"
Eluwa-
gala,
"Goat
rock;"
Kimbuld-gala,
"
Crocodile rock
;"
Ettini-gala,
"She-
Elephant rock;"
Goni-ffaia,
"
Sack rock
;"
and
Yakdessa-gala,
"
Charmer's
rock.
"
Most of these are named
according
to their
respective
resemblance
to animals. For details read the booklet "The
Animal-shaped
Rocks of
Kurunegala," by
Proctor Modder.
106
THE
JOURNEY
TO
ANURADHAPURA.
side. Seven miles further
you
arrive at Ganewatta.
Before
arriving
at this station the train crosses
Deduru
Oya
that flows into the sea at Chilaw. Its
length
is 87 miles. When the train moves on
towards the next station it
may
be of interest to
see the narrow canal on the
right
side of the
railway,
not far from the
platform.
It
brings
water from
Batalagoda
tank,
about five miles
away,
in order
to feed the nice little
pond
on the left side. This
ancient
pond, by
the side of which there is a Buddhist
Temple,
has been restored
by
the
Ceylon Railway
Department
to
supply
its wants. The nearest
important
bazaar from Ganewatta is
Wariapola,
7|
miles off on the
Kurunegala-Anuradhapura
cart
road. You have to travel 14 miles before
you
reach
the third station Maho. On both sides of this
part
of the line
you
will see
mostly jungle ;
and
here and there a few
fields,
small
tanks,
and a few
groups
of cocoanut trees are seen. At a distance of
about two miles from Maho to the east is
Yapahuwa,
an ancient
city
of less
importance. Leaving
Maho the train will take
you through
the
jungle,
interrupted by
the
sight
of a few cocoanut trees and
fields,
another stretch of seven
miles,
and then
you
arrive at
Ambanpola.
The residents of this
village
live
beyond
the
tank,
which is visible at this
point.
Having passed
this station
you
cross Mee
Oya,
and
at a short distance
you
will see the houses of the
village
called
Galgamuwa,
where there is a
bazaar,
a
Government
dispensary
and rest-house.
Though
the station is located at
Arasanwewa,
the name
by
which the
adjoining village
is
known,
it is called
Galgamuwa
after the name of the more
important
village closely
situated. On the left side a small
rock is seen where there are two or three caves
where Buddhist monks lived in former times. Even
at the
present day
now and then some monks are
found
living
there.
(It
is
necessary
that the
Government should
give
strict orders to the
Railway
and P. W. D. authorities not to
destroy
that
part
of
XXXVII.
THE
JOURNEY
TO ANURADHAPURA.
IOJ
the rock where there are
caves.)
The distance
from the last station to
Galgamuwa
is 6 miles.
From this to Talawa is 19
miles,
within which
distance
you
have to cross
Siyabalagamuwa Oya
and
Kala
Oya.
In addition to these two rivulets
you
will
only
see a few detached fields
during
this
longest
stretch. While
moving
on from Talawa
station
you
will see to the
right
side the road to
Wijitapura,
an ancient
important city
where a battle
was
fought
between the Sinhalese and the Tamils
during
the time of Dutu Gemunu. The Tamils
got
the worst of it. In a few seconds
you
will see on the
right
side Talawe
Wewa,
a
production
of the
industry
of the ancient
Sinhalese,
the best tank to be seen on
the
railway. Opposite
to this tank there is a small
Buddhist
Temple.
After some minutes'
journey
you
cross a canal known as Yoda Ela* and then
Malwatu
Oya,
which falls into the sea at Mannar.
Its
length
is 104 miles. And then
you
arrive at
your
destination
Anuradhapura.
The distance from the
station to the Maha
Vihara,
the central
part
of
the Sacred
City,
is one mile. Before
you
enter
this most hallowed
city
of the Buddhists
you
have
to cross
again
Malwatu
Oya
and then
go directly
to
the
place
where
you expect
to
stay.
THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
For the convenience of the visitors and
pilgrims
we have
carefully arranged
the
following descrip-
tions and instructions in order that all the shrines
and ruins within
easy
access
may
be visited within a
limited
time,
without the interference of
unqualified
guides,
who even relate absurd stories in
connection
with some of these
objects
of visit.
In
December, 1887,
water first reached Tissa Wewa after the
restoration.
Subsequently
Sir Arthur
Gordon,
the Governor of
Ceylon
at
that
time,
accompanied
by
Mr.
levers,
Mr.
Wrightson,
and Mr. McDonnel
went in a canoe from Kala Wewa to
Anuradhapura along
this
canal,
a
distance of 56 miles.
108 THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
There are three sections to
go through ;
viz. :
(1)
Maha Vihara
;
(2) Abhayagiri
and Jetawanarama
;
(3)
Mihintale.
It takes five hours for a
person driving
in a
carriage
to
go through
the first
section,
which
includes
Bo-maluwa,
Loha
Prasadaya, Ruwanweli,
Thuparama,
Isurumuni, Vessagiri
and Mirisaweti.
The visitor should
begin operations
from the
Bo-maluwa enclosure of the Sacred Tree. The
only
entrance of the Bo-maluwa faces the road
from the
railway
station,
and here
you
will first see
a
moonstone*,
three
steps,
two
janitor
stones and
two side
wings,
all
bearing
beautiful
carvings.
On
the small
platform
there are 16 stone
pillars,
the
remains of the second
Murage (guard-room).
The
unfinished arch of brick that is here is an innovation
by
the
present
Incumbent of the Bo-Tree
Temple.
On
descending
the four
steps
laid on the other side of
the
platform you
will see a
plain
moonstone. Walk
on
directly
to the second
entrance,
wdiere there are
12 broad
steps
and a
larger
moonstone and two
janitor
stones. On
referring
to
plate
IX.
you
will see
a monk
standing
on the moonstone and over him
a branch of a bo-tree. This branch has
proved
dangerous
to the
pilgrims
on the
great
festival
days
in
April, May, June, July
and
December,
and once it
brought
about the death of an old
man,
who hit his
head
against
it.
Passing through
these
steps you
will arrive at
the third entrance
facing
the east. At the time
when
pilgrims
are
engaged
in their devotion it is
not
right
to walk round the Tree in such a manner
as to cause
any
noise,
or come between the Tree
and the
pilgrim.
On
going up
the
platform you
could see the oldest Tree in the
world,
having
three
chief
branches
;
one to the
north-east,
another to
*
In
Sinhalese it is called
Sanda-kada-pahana
Sanda, moon; kada,
half;
pahana,
stone.
XXXVIII.
THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
109
the north-west and the other to the north. There
is a mark on the
body
of the Sacred Tree
indicating
that there had been another branch. This Tree
is the
right
branch of the
original
Sacred Tree of
Buddha-Gaya,
and was
planted
in
December,
308
B.C., by
the
King
of
Ceylon.
All other trees of
the same
species
have
sprung up
from the seeds
and roots of the Sacred Tree. There is an entrance
on the west also. It is
necessary
to come
up
to
the eastern
entrance,
and on
descending you
will
see the ancient Vihara or the I
mage-
House. The
brick
Image
of the Buddha in a
damaged state,
the work of a few weeks
by
the ancient
Sinhalese,
materially helps
to
identify
the Sacred Tree as it
is
placed
with its back to the Tree in
accordance
with the
arrangement
at
Buddha-Gaya,
the
holy spot
where the Lord Buddha attained
Enlightenment
under the shade of the
original
Bodhi-Tree.
In olden times when this I
mage-
House was in
good
order
pilgrims
had to hold their devotions and
ceremonies in
it,
and
they
were not allowed to
go up
the
top
of the raised
ground,
which is enclosed now
with a new wall. On
coming
back to the
compound
you
will see two broken stone
Images
of the Buddha
and also
pillars
and foundation stones which
indicate that there had been fine
Image-Houses
on
either side of the
path
to the Sacred Tree
(read
pp. 29-33).
Please note that
every
inch of land outside the
rampart
is claimed
unjustly
as Crown
property by
the
Ceylon
Government.
The road that continues from Bo-maluwa to the
north is called the
"
Sacred
Road,"
on the
right
side
of which are the
pillars
of the Loha Maha
Prasadaya.
By reading pages
39,
40 and 41
you
will learn the
whole
account of this
great
monastic
palace
con-
structed
twenty
and a half centuries
ago. Ignorant
people
seem to think that there had been rooms
between these
pillars,
and that a
group
of four
pillars
served the
purpose
of a room. This
assumption
is
HO THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
absurd,
as all these
rough pillars
were inclosed in
the basement of the
huge building.
Here also the
Ceylon
Government claims the land that was once
the
compound
of the
Prasadaya.
After
having
examinedthe
pillars
of the
Prasadaya
you
come to the
junction
of five
roads,
and on the
left side there remains the site of
"
Ransimalakaya."
It is 80 X 63 feet. The whole of this site is termed
the
property
of the Crown ! And to
strengthen
this
claim the officers have built the market
by
its
side
(see plate XXVI.).
The beef stall that was
there,
within the
precincts
of the Sacred
Bodhi-Tree,
was removed to another
spot
on the 1st of
January,
1908,
on account of the
repeated representations
from the Buddhists.
Enter into
your conveyance
and drive on
along
the
"
Sacred Road." The
park
on the left side was made
about fifteen
years ago by levelling
down the ruins
that
projected
above the
ground. Very interesting
ruins are buried here. The
body
of the
King
Dutu
Gemunu was cremated on this land
(see
p. 48),
and his tomb is considered to have been
seriously
damaged by
those who
attempted
to level this
piece
of
ground
for a
park.
The brick basement towards
the west within this
esplanade
is
supposed
to be the
remains of the monument of the
King
Dutu Gemunu.
It measures 22x17 feet. The
large
hall within
sight
on the other side of the
park
is the court-
house,
opposite
to which a few stone
steps
are laid
open.
This
discovery
should
encourage
an
expert
Archaeological
Officer to
carry
on extensive excava-
tions round about the
spot
and unearth all the
valuable ruins therein.
Surely
ancient
things
are
much more valuable than a
play-ground.
Turn to the
right
at the first
junction
next to
Loha Maha
Prasadaya Junction,
and drive on
direct,
when
you
will see on
your right
side a fine
pond
laid with stone slabs. Then turn to the left and
drive
on,
round the Buddhist
Pilgrims'
Rest founded
in
1897
by
Messrs. N. S. Fernando of Colombo and
XXXIX.
THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND
RUINS. 1 I I
H. Simon
De
Zylva
of
Negombo.
Before
you get
to the "Sacred
Road" it is
interesting
to visit the
site of an ancient
dining
hall of the
monks,
discovered
by
the
Archaeological
Commissioner in
about 1903
within
the Government rest-house
garden.
On
examining
the small well
protected
on its inner
sides with stone slabs it is clear that there had been
water
pipes
laid underneath the
ground
for the
purpose
of
getting
water from
Abhaya Wewa,
the
nearest
tank. The
big
canoe was used as a
receptacle
for rice
gruel
and water for the thousands of monks
who must have visited the Danasala. It is a
great pity
that the
Archaeological
Commissioner has
not continued
the
exploration
of the rest of the
ground.
Every
lover of
antiquities
would
certainly
prefer
to see the numerous
things
now under earth
rather than a modern tiled-roof
building
over them.
Drive on to the
"
Sacred
Road,"
and
proceeding
a few
yards
northwards,
on the
right
side of the
road there is a small stone vessel a
"
medicinal
bath
"
used
by
monks in ancient
days. Beyond
that
is a well-built
platform
of an
important building,
in
the centre of which there lies a raised stone slab as
shown
in
plate
XXVII. This is considered as the
site of a
Dhatu-Mandeera,
a hall where Lord Bud-
dha's Relics were
placed.
A certain
European
writer on
Anuradhapura
has called this slab the
couch that illustrious
King
Dutu Gemunu used at
the time of his death ! Sir Emerson Tennent is also
mistaken in his words
;
"
Extended on his couch in
front of the
great Dagaba
which he had erected
He
expired
at the southern entrance of the Ruwan-
weli
Dagaba
and not here
(see
pp. 47, 48).
Now
you
enter
through
the first eastern
guard-
house
(plate XVI.)
into the Ruwanweli
precincts.
This small
building
of brick walls and modern tiled
roof was erected about 50
years ago
at the
very
site
where,
in ancient
days,
there was a better
designed
guard-house.
Walk on to the site of the
second
(plate
XVI I.
),
where there are broad stone
steps
and
I I 2 THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
about 24
pillars.
On
descending
the
steps
on the
opposite
side
you
come to the
compound
called
Gajan
Maluwa,
the name
being
derived from the
excellent
arrangement
of one hundred
elephant
heads on each side of the short wall that faces
this
compound, along
which
processions
marched
in the olden times. It is better to
postpone
for a
while the examination of the
elephant
faces
;
and
enter,
through
the third entrance the
Salapatala*
Maluwa. If the Buddhists are
engaged
in devotion
and
religious
ceremonies at the
great
Shrine
(read
Chapter XL),
be careful not to walk in such a manner
as to cause
any
inconvenience to them.
Keep your
right
to the
Dagaba
and walk
along,
when
you
will
see a small canoe to hold water for
pilgrims
to wash
their hands and flowers. Next to that there is a
standing
slab
having
an
inscription
in Sinhalese
characters 700
years
old. Then
you
see the four
Statues of the last four
Buddhas;
viz.:
Kakusanda,
Konagama, Kassapa
and Gautama. The fifth one is
that of the
King
Duttha Gamini or Dutu
Gemunu,
who constructed this most marvellous edifice
twenty
and a half centuries
ago.
All these statues were
discovered
by
the Incumbent of the Ruwanweli
Temple
at the time when the debris collected around
the edifice was removed. The mounds of earth now
seen on
your
left side had been
burying
the
Dagaba
partly
at the time when this
indefatigable
monk
commenced restoration work. It has been
proposed
to remove the
King's
statue to a more
appropriate
spot
as the
present place
did not
belong
to it
originally.
At the southern entrance there is the
statue of
King Bhatiya
Tissa
(see plate
XXL).
This
is found where it was
placed
in ancient
days.
Towards the northern entrance there is the colossal
pillar,
22 feet in
height,
that had been fixed
by
the
great-grand-father
of Dutu Gemunu to mark the
spot
of the Maha
Cetiya (see page
42).
Now
you
*
Sala stone
;
patala
laid
;
Maluwa
=
compound.
THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
113
have to return to the main entrance on the
east,
where there is the collection-box
kept by
the
Ruwanweli
Dagaba
Restoration
Society
for the most
stupendous
task of
restoring
this most
important
edifice. Read the letters of His
Excellency
William
Gregory
in
pp.
50, 51,
52.
Every
Buddhist and
lover of
antiquities
is
requested
to render all
possible
support
towards this restoration work. Do not
forget
to examine now the remains of the
elephant
faces built into the walls around the
platform
of the
Dagaba,
some of which could be seen on the eastern
wall
facing
the
quarters
of the monks.
Having
done this
you
can
step
into the
premises
of the
monks,
the chief of whom is Naranwita Sumanasara
Unnanse,
who is referred to even
by
Sir W.
Gregory.
He
speaks
besides Sinhalese and Pali
Burmese,
Hindustani,
Malay,
Tamil and a little
English.
You
can walk
through
the
compound
and on
your way
to the
"
Sacred Road
"
there is seen a circular
pond
laid with slabs.
You would be
surprised
to learn that the
ignorant
servants of the Crown want the Buddhists to
acquiesce
in their
silly
statement that even the
first
guard-house you
have
already
seen and as
shown in
plate
XVI. is Crown
property!
Such an
act should be characterised as a heinous crime !
A
very
small
Dagaba
called
"
Kujatissa
Vehera
"
is to be found on the
right
side of the
"
Sacred
Road
"
behind the Government
bungalows facing
Ruwanweli.
After
having
noted all what
you
saw at Ruwan-
weli enter into the
conveyance
and drive on for
about a
minute,
when
you
would come to a
junction
where on the
right
side the Government Civil Hos-
pital
is. Here
you
should turn to the left in the
western
direction,
and on the
right
side of this branch
road there lie a stone bath and basin
(see
plate
XXVIII.).
There had been a bath room at this
spot,
and a
portion
of the foundation stones is still to be
seen. The
bungalow
of modern
type
on this land
114
THE
BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
the
cremation
ground
of the Buddhist Priesthood-
is the
result
of a foolish act of a late Government
Agent,
who, though against
historical facts and the
evidence
of brick and stone
remains in the
land,
to
the
great
annoyance
of the Buddhist
public,
caused
the erection
of this
building.
As the Buddhists
continued
cremation on the same land no officer
lived
in this
bungalow
for some time after its cons-
truction.
At
present
the Medical Officer lives here.
Sir
Henry
Blake's Government has allotted a small
portion
of this extensive cremation
ground
for
crematory
rites,
and that
part may
be seen enclosed
with barbed wire at the
expense
of the Buddhists. At
a distance
of a few feet from the stone bath there
is a small brick
mound,
which is the remains of
Anula
Cetiya,
the monument built in
memory
of
the first Sinhalese
lady
who became a
priestess
immediately
after the advent of
Sanghamitta
Theri
(see p.
33).
On the same side there are three
small tombs built in
memory
of three chief monks
who lived in
Anuradhapura
within the last
century.
Sixteen stone
pillars
that stand to the east of
the
Thupa
are those of the
guard-room
of the
Thuparama.
From the site of this
Murage
or
guard-room you
can see the remains of the
rampart
around the
Dagaba precincts.
It measures 465 feet
from east to west and 310 from north to south.
Entering through
the
Murage
walk
along
the
path,
when
you
would see on
your
left side the site of
the ancient Dalada
Maligawa
or the Tooth- Relic
Palace. There is an
oblong
well
beautifully
laid
with stone slabs
;
and it is evident that it had a
separate
room
although
there is no
protection
whatsoever
now-a-days
around it. The
Maligawa
was an
upstair
one. There are 4 excellent
pillars
having extraordinary carvings
on the
top,
21
pillars
in
good
state and 15 in a
damaged
condition. The
stone door-frame which is still in erect condition
measures
1\
ft. X 3 ft. 4
J
ins. The lower
portion
of
three or four
pillars
has still a
polished
surface.
XL.
DAMAGED STATUE OF BUDDHA-
THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
115
The whole
of the
well-preserved
basement of this
building
measures 70 X 27 feet.
The
steps
of the eastern entrance of the
Thupa-
rama
Dagaba
(read
Chapter VIII.)
have been
misplaced recently by
the Buddhists who restored it.
The carved stone tub at the entrance is intended to
hold water for the use of
pilgrims.
Ascend and
walk
along
the
Salapatala
Maluwa. This is the
first
Dagaba
constructed
by
the Sinhalese nation.
This
being quite
a small structure has never been
left to be in ruins. In ancient
days
this and all other
Dagabas
were crowned with
golden pinnacles.
The
one
you
see now on the
top
is made of brass. On
descending
from the
platform
to the Well Maluwa
or
sandy compound
there is a small mound to the
north within the same
compound,
and it is called
Sanghamitta Cetiya.
It contains the relics of
Sanghamitta
Theri referred to in
pages
30 and 33.
The
junction
of three roads within the sacred
precincts
of
Thuparama
is a new
introduction,
probably
to
pave
the
way
to
usurp
all this
ground.
The road to the north leads to Jetawanarama and
Lankarama
Dagabas,
which come under the second
section. It is a matter for serious consideration on
the
part
of the
Ceylon
Government
why
it has been
allowed to call the
very compound
of this
Dagaba
"
Crown
property."
There are the foundations of the
rampart
on all the four
sides,
and within it there lie
the ruins of Dalada
Maligawa
arid also
Sanghamitta
Cetiya.
In short
every piece
of stone tells the
story
of the
rights
of the Buddhists. In addition to all
these
proofs
there are the most authentic
records,
such as the"
Mahavansa,
Fa-Hian's
'
Buddhist
Records of the Western
World,"
&c. On the face
of these facts an
attempt
to convert the sacred
precincts
of
Thuparama
to Crown land is
nothing
but
outrageous
and mischievous. Mr. L. W.
Booth,
during
whose administration of this
part
of the
country
the
Buddhists suffered
very much,
com-
mitted a most
unjust
act
by driving away
the
I 2
Il6 THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
devotee* who was
attending
to the
daily
duties at
this Shrine and
by getting
his house
pulled
down
without the interference of the Court of Law.
Surely
this is not the characteristic of British Justice so
widely accepted throughout
the world !
Let the
carriage
be taken towards the west and
await
your
arrival on the bund of
Abhaya Wewa,
which is
erroneously
called Basawakkulama. You
may
walk towards the south
along
the
footpath
that
runs between
Maligawa
and the
Dagaba,
when
you
will see to the south-west of the Shrine the site
of
Asiggahaka
Pirivena as shown in
plate
XXIX. In
a
parallel
line with this site towards the south a
few feet distant there is the
Mutragala (plate
XXX.).
This is a
very good proof
of the refined
sanitary arrangements
in the
days
of
antiquity.
Having
seen this
get
back to the
footpath,
and on
proceeding
a few feet to the south
you
will see the
remains of
Cullanaga
Pirivena. The
sculpture
on
the moonstone and other stones at the threshold is
something very
beautiful. In about 1901 the basement
stones of this were in
good
order on all sides
;
since
then the
Archaeological
force of coolies had some
digging
in the centre of the
building
and the
spot
was abandoned
abruptly, leaving things
in a worse
condition. We
hope
the
Archaeological
Commis-
sioner would attend to this and
get
the stones
replaced.
Behind this and towards the road to the
bund of the tank there are two nice stone basins
which had been enclosed with a room of 12 x
9 feet
for monks to wash and
dye
their robes. From here
walk on to the bund of
Abhaya
Wewa,
formed
during
the
reign
of the
King
Panduka
Abhaya,
437-367 B.C.
We are not anxious to
point
out official blunders
;
but it is our
duty
to state that it is
\vrong
to
stamp
this historic tank with a name
foreign
to the
history
of
Anuradhapura.
We have been
pointing
out this
;
but the officials adhere to the false name. It is
*
Read his statements in
page
93.
XLI.
..
THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS. I
17
absolutely
essential that this tank should
go by
its
genuine
name*. This tank was
fully
restored in
1879 and the annual water-rate Government
got
in
1899 was over Rs. 500. The cost of its
restoration,
whose extent is 265
acres,
is laid down as Rs.
60,705-73.
The
height
of its sluice above mean sea
level is 276'45. From the bund of the tank
you
will
get
a western view of Ruwanweli
Dagaba.
In the
midway
between the
Dagaba
and the bund there He
the ruins of
Mahapaduma
and Sunhata Pirivenas or
Oriental
Colleges.
(See plates
XXXI. and XXXII
.)
.
It was from the
precincts
of the former that the
coolies of the Public Works
Department
removed
stones
;
and those shown in
plate
XLIV. are some
that were left unbroken
through
the interference
of the Buddhists.
(See pp.
78, 87).
These were
photographed by
a
representative
of Messrs. F.
Skeen &
Co.,
Colombo,
on the 17th
November, 1907,
at our
request.
From the words of the
Archaeological
Commissioner
in
page
78
you
could
very
well under-
stand the
despotic
attitude this servant of His
Majesty
has assumed. His
authority appears
to be
something higher
than that of the Court of Law !
We know that he is one of the oldest civil
servants;
but it is
gross
violation of British Justice to reduce
these sacred stones to metal and to
say
that the
remains of
religious
edifices in the Sacred
City
do
not
belong
to the Buddhists. If the sacred
precincts
are allowed to be devastated in this
manner,
in a
short time theBuddhists will have
very
little evidence
to maintain their
long enjoyed rights
and
privileges,
and the lovers of
antiquities
who visit this
City
of
Shrines and Ruins will be
disappointed. Surely
the
British Government that is based on the best of laws
should not
legalize
such acts of its servants and thus
suffer the Buddhist world to
get disgusted
with
British administration.
*
The former
"
Ayton
road" is called since a few months
"
Dickson
road,"
in
memory
of that official whose most absurd and anti-historic
plan
of
Anuradhapura
has
brought
about all this confuison and
anxiety
! When
such
changes
are
possible why delay
in other matters ?
Il8
THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
To the south of
Mahapaduma
Pirivena there is a
pond
laid with stone slabs that are now in disorder.
Beyond
this,
within an
enclosure,
is the
bungalow
of
the Police
Magistrate. (See
plate XXXIII.).
The intrusion
upon
Buddhist land
by
officials is
very
manifest from this instance also.
To the west of
Mahapaduma
Pirivena there is a
mound on the
top
of which there had been a small
building
that was used
by
monks as a
place
for
meditation and also for
enjoying
fresh breeze
during
hot hours. The new house next to this is the resi-
dence of the tank
guardian.
From here
you may
drive on to the
junction,
meanwhile
looking
on the
ruins between the tank and the road. The
upstair
building
on the left side at this
junction
is the
Government
Kachcheri,
where the chief office of the
Government
Agent
is. Turn to
your
left and drive
on a few fathoms towards the east when
you
will
see on the left side a small
pond
shown in
plate
XXXV. It measures 70
x
65 feet. This beautiful
pond,
on the bed of which stone slabs are
laid,
had its
supply
of water from
Abhaya
Wewa
by
means of
pipes.
As this was
prepared
for the use of monks
we
conjecture
that there had been a roof over this
nice little
pond.
There is a
bigger
one on
your right
side,
and it is in a most
dilapidated
condition.
Drive on to the
junction
of four
roads,
within
your sight,
and
turning
to the
right go along
the
newly
established bazaar road. On the left side
you
see the
rampart
of the Bo-maluwa
;
after
you
have
passed
the second row of
boutiques you
will
see to the
right
the site of an
important
building
about which Mr. H. C. P.
Bell, Archaeological
Commissioner,
observes thus in his
report,
1894
:
"
The well-known ruin in the heart of the town and close
to the
Anuradhapura-Kurunegala
road known as
"
Mayura
Pirivena
"
a misnomer
commonly
mistranslated
"
Peacock
Palace" was excavated late in the
year,
and those of its
columns which were
prone partially
raised.
"This once beautiful shrine a Vihare
measuring
66 ft.
by
45 ft.
6 in. is of the
type
of the so-called
"
Pavilions
"
west of
XLII.
THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND
RUINS.
119
Ruwanveli
Dagaba
and the Vihare at
Abhayagiriya.
(Section
IV.)
'
The ornate
pillars,
with their
plain squared
shaft and
spreading
capitals,
rose 1 1 feet from floor
level, The
ornamentation
of the
capitals
assimilates to that at the other
vihares of this
special type.
The
makara-topped
balustrade is
exceedingly
well executed. The wide
steps (7
ft. 8
in.)
had
triple
dwarfs and
pilasters
on their
risers,
and at foot a fine
moonstone,
quite plain
save for a central lotus flower carved in relief the
more chaste from its
simplicity.
"
The ruin has
naturally
suffered wholesale
despoiling
from
its convenient
position.
Both
guard-stones
and much of the
stonework of its
portico
are
gone
for
ever,
together
with the
shafts of the inner
columns,
all of which were of limestone.
One balustrade,
one
step,
the
moonstone,
and the
majority
of
the
pillars (originally
twenty-four altogether)
remain
;
but all
need
resetting."
Having
seen the remains of this
building proceed
on and after
you
have crossed the canal that takes
water from Tissa Wewa
you
will see a
Dagaba
in
ruins on the
right
side of the road. Some call this
Elala
Sohona,
the tomb built in
memory
of the Tamil
usurper
Elala or
Elara,
who was defeated
by
the
Sinhalese
King
Dutu
Gemunu,
aboutwhom reference
is made in the first
part
of
Chapter
X. In the
absence of
any proof
whatsoever to
accept
it as such
we are at a loss to understand what has induced the
officials to name a
portion
of this road "Elala Road."
The Local Board is
hereby requested
to correct this
mistake at an
early
date.
Why
not call this
"
Isurumuni Road" Isurumuni
being
the first rock
Temple
formed in Lanka and the most
prominent
object
of visit on this road ?
The notes of the
Archaeological
Commissioner on
the so-called
"
Elala Sohona
"
are as follows :
"
The wide
trenches,
begun
in
1896,
from north and east
into the wooded
hillock,
commonly styled
"
Elala's
Tomb,"
have
been
pushed
on until the brick wall of the ancient
dagaba
has
been struck, Here the
cutting gives
a vertical
height
of 60ft.
"
Progress
is
necessarily
slow, owing
to the
great
amount of
earth to be
removed,
the limited
space
for
working,
the constant
danger
from
falling
talus,
and the
difficulty
of
getting
rid of
'
spoil.' (1879).
120
THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
"
The
deep cutting
into this hillock struck in 1897 the base
of the ancient
dagaba
after the removal of tons of debris.
11
This
year by pushing
excavations
carefully
the outlines
so much as remain of its three concentric ambulatories
(pesadawal)
and of the
garbha (bell-shaped superstructure),
truncated
and much
broken,
have been
approximately
traced.
On the east the ambulatories cannot be fixed : the
collapse
has
been too
complete.
But on the north the
base,
pesadawal,
and
*
bell
'
are
sufficiently
well marked to
give
an
approximation
to the true calculation of their
respective
dimensions. Worked
out from the
partial segment
laid bare the
perimeter
of the base
of the
Dagaba
is about 564
ft.,
whilst the circumference of the
bottom of the
garbha
above the ambulatories is some 100 ft. less.
"
That this
large Dagaba
the
probable
'
Dakshina Vihare'
resembled its fellows
(Ruwanweli, Abhayagiriya,Jetawanarama,
Mirisawetiya)
in
having
at the cardinal faces offset
wings,
or
screens, stone-built,
has been settled
by
the
discovery
in situ of
the ovolo
plinth (24
ft. 8 in.
by
7 ft.
Sin.)
of tfae north
'
chapel
'
and a
portion
of the ornamental stele which flanked it west. No
traces of the east
'
chapel
'
are left. On the south and west
the mound has not been
opened." (1898),
"
At the centre was
exposed
a vertical mass of
brick,
roughly square (38
ft.).
This was
manifestly
the base of the
hatares kotuwa of the
Dagaba.
"
During
the course of work at the foot of
'
Elala Sohona
'
several limestone karandu
('
relic-caskets
')
came to
light
in the
spoil. They
were all
empty." (1899).
When the above statements of the
Archaeological
Commissioner are
directly against
the
popular
talk
of the masses it is
very necessary
that
something
should be done forthwith to remove the
wrong
appellations
to the
Dagaba
and the road.
The visitor has to drive on over the second canal
that takes water from Tissa
Wewa,
and in a few
seconds his attention will be attracted
by
the view
of Isurumuni Vihara situated on the
right
side
by
the
eastern bund of Tissa Wewa.
(Read pp.
33 and 34
and see
plates
XI. and
XII.).
Get the driver to take
the
carriage along
the branch road
improved by
the
Vihara authorities. On both sides are seen
ponds
and
paddy
fields. And now
you
have to walk over
the culvert of the canal that takes water from the
same source and then enter into the sacred
precincts
of the first rock
Temple
founded
by
the
THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS. 121
Sinhalese
during
the
reign
of the
King
Devanam-
piya
Tissa,
300 B.C.
Sangharakkhita
Thera the
elderly
Incumbent is
very
courteous and
always
attentive to his duties
and also
willing
to
help
the visitors and
pilgrims
in
every possible
manner. The ancient
Image-
Room is
just
above the
pond.
The fishes in this and other
ponds
at the
Temple
are not allowed to be
caught.
This
very persevering
monk has
begun
to construct
another
big
I
mage-
House
covering
the cave that
faces the east. After
you
have seen all that is
interesting
it is
necessary
to return to the main road
and drive on
southwardly
when
you
will see on the
left side
Vessagiri Caves,
which had been used
by
priestesses
in ancient
days. (See plate
XXXVI.
).
Besides these caves there had been small
Dagabas,
Viharas and abodes whose sites have
recently
been
excavated
by
the
Archaeological
Commissioner. The
distance from Bo-maluwa to Isurumuni is
j
mile and
from Isurumuni to
Vessagiri
i
mile. The branch
road on the
right
side will lead
you
to the bund
of Tissa Wewa founded
by King Devanampiya
Tissa.
When
you
drive on towards the north for about
two minutes
you
would be able to see
Abhayagiri
and
Jetawanarama
Dagabas
in the north-east direction
and also Isurumuni rock below the bund. The
length
of the bund is
1J
miles;
and the area of this tank is
396 acres. Proceed on over the bund until
you get
to the Puttalam road and
go
to the east. On the
left side there stands Mirisaweti
Dagaba
surrounded
by
various ruins that mark the- sites of ancient
libraries,
abodes of monks and so forth. All these
are now claimed
by
the Crown!
(See plates
XIII.,
XIV.,
and read
pages
37, 38, 39.).
From here
you may
return to the
place
of rest
and whilst
going you
will see on the left the
prison
;
and at a distance of a few
yards
there are three
ponds,
one for
drinking,
the second for
bathing
and
the third for
washing purposes.
Here ends
your
visit
through
the first section.
T22
THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
The second section includes
Abhayagiri,
Jeta-
wanarama and Lankarama. It takes three hours to
go through
this section.
Drive
along
the road to
Mihintale,
and imme-
diately
after
you
have
passed
the Catholic Church
turn to the
left,
and while
proceeding you
will see
ruins both on the
right
and the left. The most
important
site on the
right
side is the
spot
where
stone
railings are,
which deserve close examination.
(See plate
XXXV
III.)
The
following
lines are from
the
reports
of the
Archaeological
Commissioner:
"
Trenching
was commenced round the
'
Buddhist
Railing
'
discovered in
September
near
Abhayagiri Dagaba.
"At the south corner of the east front a
length
of
twenty
feet of basement and
plinth
were unearthed in situ.
Along
the
rest of this face the line of stone had been
removed,
except
at
the north-east corner ; the south face showed
hardly
more
stone in
position,
and,
on
carrying
the excavation across the
Outer Circular road* round the north and west
faces,
the
same
disappearance, except
at the
corners,
was confirmed of all
but short
lengths
of the lower members.
"
Nearly
all the
pieces
of the rail were unearthed inside
the enclosed
site,
some at a
depth
of 8 feet below the surface.
"
The excavation has been so far successful that the follow-
ing
data
may
even now be
postulated
:
(I.)
The
railing
was
rectangular,
140 ft. on its north
and south sides and 110 ft. east and west
approximately.
(II.)
It consisted of seven
members,
together rising
to a
height
of 7 ft. Gin. above
ground.f
with a back-
ing
of brickwork
up
to the bottom of the rail
plinth,
i
e.,
to the level of the
ground
inside.
(III.)
It was
quite
unornamented
except
at the four
entrances.
(IV.)
The entrances
partook
of much of the
plainness
of
the rails. In lieu of the
lofty
toran
(arches)
of
India with their
richly
carved cross
rails,
at the
gateways
stood
guard-stones
morticed to the rail
at back. These
elongated
terminals rise above
the
coping.
In width 1 ft.
\\
in.,
their
tops
are
rounded off at a
height
of 5 ft. In
design they
display
a chaste
simplicity.
The surface orna-
ment is a tall lotus
plant planted
in a bowl-
*
The road has since been diverted so as to clear the ruin.
t
The later
discovery
of a further ovolo
member, making eight
in
all,
raises the
height
to 8 feet.
XLIII.
EX-CONTRACTOR
OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL
COMMISSIONER.
(Chief
witness
in the Anuradhapura
Case.)
THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
123
shaped
vase
(differing
in each
pair),
the stalk
throwing
off leaves on either side and
issuing
in
a full-blown flower or bud.
(V.)
The
railing
was
probably
surrounded
by
a colon-
nade,
some 10 ft. in
width,
of
slight squared
pillars.
(VI.)
Inside the
railing
was an inner
enclosure,
within
which stood further
columns, tall,
with
octagonal
shafts and ornamental
capitals.
(VII.)
Portions of a second moulded stone
basement,
with slabs
"
set" to
carry
brickwork,
belong
either to this inner enclosure or to vestibules to
the railed structure."-
(1890).
"The excavation
of this
site,
within and without the
railing
basement,
was
completely
finished
early
in the
year.
"
The ascertained
data
may
be thus summarized :
(1)
The entire
oblong
site enclosed
by
the stone
railing
measured 138 ft.
(east
and
west) by
112 ft.
(north
and
south).
The
railing proper (3
ft.
10 in. in
height)
consisted of three
members;
plinth,
standards with horizontal
rails,
and
coping.
These stood on a moulded base of five members
(rectangular,
ovolo,
and
stepped) handsomely
designed, rising
3 ft. from the
ground
level
outside,
and
projecting
2 ft. 4 in.
beyond
the rail
plinth.
It was of the true
"
Buddhist
railing" type
as
met with in India
uprights
with lenticular cross
rails
;
but here the whole is
quite
free of orna-
mentation.
(2)
The railed enclosure was entered
by flights
of
steps
on all four sides
;
but whilst the east and west
gateways
were
centrally placed,
those on the
north and south were
equi-distant
with the
western entrance from the north-west and
south-west corners of the
railing,
and therefore
not in the middle of the north and south faces.
This was due to the
elongation
of the
building
towards the front or east.
(3)
The four stairs led on to a broad
open
walk
12 ft,
*
6 in. width
surrounding
a
quadrangular
structure
105 ft. in
length by
80 ft. in breadth. This was
defined
by
a low basement
in limestone
bearing
on its outer face a dado of alternate
elephant
heads and lotus bosses."
(1892).
The visitor would see that such
railings
had been
fixed all round the
building
which
is
supposed
to
have been an
Image-House.
We have seen
railings
124
THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
of similar
style
at
Buddha-Gaya Temple,
in
Bengal,
erected
during
the
reign
of the
Emperor
Asoka.
What
you
see on the left is
Abhayagiri Dagaba,
an account of which is
given
in
Chapter
XII.
(See
plates
XXII. and
XXIII.)
Drive on to the eastern
entrance
by
the
edge
of which this new road runs.
The moonstone is either hidden underneath the road
or removed. The distance from this
spot
to
Malwatu
Oya
is 11
J
chains. You
may go
round the
Dagaba along
the
Salapatala
Maluwa
keeping your
right
to the
edifice,
and at the western entrance
descend and walk a few feet towards north-east.
There is a
very interesting object
of visit situated
in almost
parallel
line with the remains of the
northern
guard-house
of the
Dagaba ;
it is the ruins
of an excellent Vihara or I
mage-
House. The
characteristic reference to this in
"
Buddhist
Records of the Western World"
by
Fa-Hian is
reproduced
in
pages 56,
57.
Having
examined the ancient walls and other
things
of the Vihara that was once a
building
of
immense value
you
should re-enter the
Salapatala
Maluwa and walk on to the eastern entrance. From
there
you
have to drive a few minutes until
you
reach the tw
T
o
grand ponds
now known
by
the name
of
Kuttam-Pokuna,
whose
meaning
in Sinhalese
is
"
pair
of
ponds."
(See plate
XXXIX.)
One
measures 141 X60
feet,
and the other 104 X 60 feet.
Between
Abhayagiri
and these
ponds
there is
situated on the
right
side,
rather close to the
Dagaba,
a
building
covered with calicut tiles for the
accommodation of Buddhist monks who visit the
Shrines. It was built
by Upasaka
S. Pines Fernando
of
Potupitiya
in Kalutara District in 1904 on the land
presented
for the
purpose by Mudaliyar
D.
Godage.
When
you proceed
on a few feet from the
pair-
ponds you
will see a road to the left. It is the
continuation of the "Sacred
Road,"
and is considered
to be the ancient street
along
which the
royal
procession
marched to the Sacred
City.
XLIV.
'CONDEMNED STONES-
THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
125
The next
thing you
would see is the statue of
Buddha,
shown
in
plate XL.,
by
the side of which
the road runs. The
way
in which the road is
constructed
is
objectionable
and there were some
signs
of
abandoning
it
altogether
some time
ago
when
Sir
Henry
Blake was in the Island. At that time
there was a branch road which diverted the traffic
away
from the Statue. This
arrangement
was adhered
to
only
for a short time. It is a
pity
that some of the
officials who had been to
Anuradhapura
were more
inclined to do what hurt the
feelings
of the Buddhist
community
when there was a
possibility
of
doing
things
to
please
them at the same time.
To
get
to the southern entrance of the Jetawana-
rama
you
have to turn to the left at the next
junction.
(Read pages
58, 59,
and see
plate XXIV.)
Drive back and
proceed
on round the
Dagaba
when
you
will see lots of ruins to the north of Jetawana-
rama. It is in this
part
that the
Archaeological
officers should
carry
on
explorations
and excavations
in order to find out the ruins of the
political City
of
Anuradhapura.
After
you
have
passed
the north-
west corner of the Jetawana
rampart you
will see on
the
right
side a raised
basement,
having pillars,
of a
building
of
great prominence.
The moonstone
laid at its entrance is the best
yet
discovered. A
little further from here there stand
eight
most
huge
pillars.
The less
intelligent people say
that the
royal elephant
stable was there and the remains of
that
big building
are these
pillars.
It is an admitted
fact that after the construction of the Jetawanarama
hundreds of monks lived in lands around the
Dagaba ;
and these
pillars may safely
be called some
of those that were utilised for a
very
extensive
building, probably
a Dharmasala
(preaching-hall).
The next
object
of attraction is a canoe
measuring
62 feet. The site where this canoe is
may
be called
that of a
dining-hall.
On the left side there are
some
interesting
ruins that are accessible.
126
THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
Whilst
driving you
will see on the
right
side four
inscription
slabs on the
ground
and other
things.
Of these the chief
object
about which
everybody
queries
is the carved stone
placed
on
pillars.
About
this we
quote
below the words of Mr.
Burrows,
in 1885. He
says:
"
While
carrying
out some mild excavations on the Outer
Circular road near the
'
stone
canoe,'
in November
last,
we had
the
good
fortune to
dig up
a
magnificent
stone,
nearly square,
and
weighing
some four or five
tons,
with sunk
panelled
mouldings
to a
depth
of
1J
ft. As the stone had fallen on its
face,
the delicate lines of
moulding proved
to be almost as
perfect
as on the
day they
were carved. A little further search was
rewarded
by
the
discovery
of two smaller stones of similar
design,
which
exactly
fitted on to either side of the centre
piece,
and it
was then evident that the trio had formed an
oblong canopy
over
some
statue,
or
perhaps
over a throne. The
pillars
were dis-
covered at some little distance from the
canopy,
at a
depth
of
about four feet below the
surface,
and
by degrees
a series of
oblong
slabs were turned
up,
each
bearing
a bold fresco of
peculiar design
which ran
along
and were
keyed
into the
upper
rim of the
canopy. Finally,
the site of the
building
was found
about two feet down. The subsidence of the
ground
had
displaced
some of its
pavement
stones,
but the
general shape
and
the measurements left no doubt of its
identity."
Further
up
on the
right
side there are
interesting
ruins on rather a
high ground.
From here drive
on,
and
turning
to the left
you
will see two small
ponds
on both sides of even
shape
and
equal
size. It is
probable
that these two are the
parts
of one
single
pond.
On the
right
side there is seen a
big
stone
door-frame,
and
you
will drive
by
the side
of the ruins of a brick
building.
Some
portion
of
its ancient chunam
plaster
is
yet
to be found.
And then
you
see on the left a
pond
of vast
dimension, which,
of
course,
in the
days
of the
Sinhalese
Kings,
was full of water
supplied
from
Abhaya
Wevva. Then comes within view a small
rock,
on the
right,
which has a cave. This cave
was
lately
used
by
an
Upasaka,
who was
ultimately
disturbed
by
a certain official. On the same side of
the road there are beautiful
pillars, slabs,
&c.
XLV.
HARISCHANDRA A PRISONER IN 1903.
(From a Photo taken
recently
to publish
in "The Sacred
City
of Anuradhapura.")
THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
127
At last
you
arrive at
Lankarama,
a short
account
of which
is
given
in
Chapter
XIII.
(See plate XXV.)
After
having
seen and examined all the little
things
at this
small
Shrine,
the last
object
of visit in the
second
section,
you
will order the driver to take
you
directly
to
your resting place.
And if
you
wish to
see trees such as
ebony,
satin
wood, &c.,
you may
go
to the
garden
of the Maha-Bodhi
Society
situated
on the continuation
of the "Sacred Road" and to
the north of the cremation
ground
where stone tub
and basin
are,
referred to in
page
113.
Mihintale
comes under the third section. This
historic
rock,
a
description
of which is
given
in
Chapter
IV.,
is situated at a distance of
eight
miles
to the east of the Sacred
City.
It takes about an
hour and a
quarter
to reach the
neighbourhood
of
the rock. The best time to
go
there is
early
in the
morning-
If
you
start at 5 A.M. from
Anuradhapura
you
could return at about 10-30 A.M. On
your way
you
cross Malwatu
Oya,
and at a distance of two
miles from the Sacred
City you
will see Nuwara
Wewa on
your right
side. This should be visited
on
your way
back.
There is a small bazaar at Mihintale and also a
Civil
Hospital
and Government Rest-house. The
carriage
driver will take
you
to the west of the
rock,
where
you get
down and walk
along
the
path
towards
the east until
you
come to the
flight
of
steps
shown
in
plate
I. You now
begin
to ascend. You
have to
pass
over 216
steps.
After
you
have
gone
up you
come to a
"
landing
"
and walk about 40
paces.
This is followed
by
an alternate series of
steps
and
"landings."
The order is thus : 70
steps,
35
paces;
17
steps,
6
paces;
9
steps,
5
paces;
27
steps,
80
paces;
9
steps,
20
paces.
Whilst
walking
over the last stretch of level
ground you
will see on
your
left a
way
that leads to the two
inscription
slabs that are
very
well
preserved.
After
seeing
them
you
have to return and resume
walking on,
128 THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
and
turning
to the north
you
have to ascend 230
steps.
The last
steps
are those shown in
plate
II.
All these
steps
referred to have been made
separately
and laid on the
way.
The most
excellent
and skilful manner in which
they
were
arranged
twenty-two
centuries
ago
can be well
re-called to
one's mind when their
present
condition is seen and
considered.
Having gone through
this
flight
of
steps you
walk
on about 20
paces.
Next
you
have to ascend
upon
62
steps
that are cut out of the rock. Then
you
have to cross 30
steps laid;
120
steps cut,
18 and
again
about 85
steps
that are laid. At last
you
enter
the
top
of
Mihintale,
where
Mahaseya
or Sela
Cetiya
is seen on still a
higher ground. (See
plate III.).
Its
present height
is about 65 feet and the circum-
ference is 340 feet. While
descending
from this
Dagaba precincts
walk to
your right
when
you
will
see a
pool
on the rock and also a cave at the western
extremity
of the
pool.
Then
you
see Ambastala
Dagaba (plate IV.).
There are
forty pillars
on the
Salapatala
Maluwa.
The circumference and
height
of this
Dagaba
are
96 and 30 feet
respectively.
You will see at this
edifice a stone slab laid on the
ground protected
with short iron
railings.
This slab is named
Chandrapasana
on account of an
extraordinarily
bright light
it
produces
at
night
when a candle is
lit over it. It is said that there is no other
stone of this kind in the
Island,
and that this itself had
been
brought
from
Himalaya
Mountain.
Somebody
might point
out to
you
a
jointed up
stone
statue
and
say
that it is
King Devanampiya
Tissa's. It is
absolutely
a
misrepresentation.
To the east of this
edifice there is what is called
Aradhana-gala,
a
big
stone on the rock. It was this stone that
Sumana Samanera mounted to recite words of
invitation to the
gods
to assemble to hear the
Doctrine in the
evening
of the
day
on which the
most
enlightened
Maha Mahinda Thera arrived at
THE BKST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
129
Ambastala.
Walk on to the north-east
along
the
compound
between the two abodes of the
monks,
and
turning
to the east at the second abode formed
partly
of a cave
you
have to descend
gradually along
a
stony
path
and at last
you
will reach what is shown in
plate
XLII. This is a
spot
where Mahinda Thera is
supposed
to have rested. It is
extremely interesting
to see
eastwardly
from this stone seat or
bed,
which
is about seven feet in
length.
The
covering
stone
over it is not a
part
of the same of which the seat
is
formed,
but is
altogether
detached. Pious Bud-
dhists even make
offerings
of
flowers,
incense and
candles at this stone in the
highly
revered name of
the Founder of Buddhism in Lanka.
Having
enjoyed
a distant view of hundreds of miles east-
wardly
over the
jungle
which was once a sea of
paddy
fields
you
should return
along
the same
path
to the
Pilgrims'
Rest at Ambastala
Dagaba.
This
Rest,
whose extent is 44 x 44
feet,
is to be
formally
opened
in this
year (1908).
An active
Upasaka by
the name of Tennakoon
Mudiyanselage Appuhamy
built this useful hall out of the funds he raised
specially
for this work.
There are two
elderly
monks
living
here. Weera-
pokune
Gunaratna
Unnanse,
who is a native of
Kurunegala District,
has been
living
on this sacred
rock 47
years;
and the other
monk,
Kumbukwewe
Rewata Unnanse of
Anuradhapura
District,
estab-
lished himself four
years
later.
It is
pleasant
indeed to find
cocoanut,
mango,
jack, plantain
and other
fruit-bearing
trees well-
grown
on the summit of this
lofty
rock.
(Read
Chapter IV.,
and see
plates
I., II., III., IV.).
While
descending you
should
try
to find out the
Naga-pokuna,
referred to in
page 11,
situated on
the left
side,
and a
boy
in the
Temple may
be
engaged
to take
you
to this beautiful
pond.
After
seeing
it
you
have to
go
down to the
high
road. If
you
wish to see the cave called
Rajaglrilena (plate
V.)
you
should
engage
a man from the Rest-house.
130
THE BEST WAY TO SEE THE SHRINES AND RUINS.
On
your way
back to the Sacred
City you
should
halt at the northern sluice of Nuwara Wewa and
see the most wonderful tank formed
during
the
reign
of the
King
Panduka
Abhaya,
whose name is
identified
with the formation of the first
Municipal
regulations
in
Ceylon,
437-367 B.C.
The sluices of Nuwara Wewa were
repaired
and
partly
renewed
by
the Government at a cost of
Rs.
51,472.
The
height
of its sluice above mean
sea level is
277*18;
and the
length
of its bund is 4
miles.
Having
seen this tank whose area is
2,960
acres
you
have to return to
your resting place.
You have now
gone through
the three sections.
And if
you
feel still inclined to
prolong your stay you
may
take a drive at a leisure hour
along
the road to
the
railway
station,
and on
driving
to the left at the
railway
cross
you
will see
ruins,
some of which are
visible from the
carriage.
Walk on to these sites and
examine them.
Having
finished
site-seeing
here
order the driver to take
you
to
Toluvila,
situated
within about a mile's distance from the bund of
Nuwara Wewa. There
you
will see the site of a
very
extensive
building
and some other ruins. If it
pleases you, you may
refresh
yourself by taking
a
drive over that
grand
bund of Nuwara Wewa and
then return to
your
rest.
XLVI.
Chapter
XVI.
REQUIRED
A COMMISSION.
WE
have
explained
in detail the
origin
of the
Sacred
City
of
Anuradhapura
and the con-
tinuous
enjoyment
of its
rights
and
privileges
by
the Buddhist communities. The reader of the
book from the
beginning
to the end is
necessarily
struck with the
question "Why
is the Government
of
Ceylon interfering
with the
religious rights
and
privileges
of the
people
of the land?"
By perusing
carefully
the letter of His
Majesty
the
King
of
England
and
Emperor
of India in
pages
80 and 81
it could
very
well be understood that even His
Majesty
has been misled. In that letter these
words occur :
"From
inquiries
which His
Majesty
has
made,
it
appears
that
the Buddhists in
Ceylon
are on
good
terms with the Government
and that the
feays
yoii express
are
groundless.
1
"
From this statement in the
royal epistle
it is
quite
manifest that Sir West
Ridgeway's
Govern-
ment have concealed the true state of
things
that
existed between the Government and the Buddhists
with
respect
to the Sacred
City. By reading
the
whole of
Chapter
XIV. it will be seen that the
Ceylon
Government
was,
for certain
purposes,
suppressing
the truth. Therefore it is not safe for
the Buddhists of
Ceylon,
the
great majority
of the
population
in the
Island,
to
depend upon
the
decisions and settlements initiated
by
that Governor.
It
may
be said that the Tamil
King
Elala,
who
had
usurped
this
holy City twenty-and-a-half
centuries
ago, paid special
attention to its
sanctity
;
and the
rights
and
privileges
of the
Buddhists,
as
far as their
religion
was
concerned,
were
respected
by
him and his
ministry.
K 2
132
REQUIRED
A COMMISSION.
In
bringing
this work to an end we
implore
most
earnestly
that His
Majesty King
Edward VII. be
pleased
to
appoint
a
special
Commission to
enquire
into the Buddhist
grievances concerning
the most
hallowed
City
of the
Buddhists,
and
give necessary
aid to restore the same to its former state of
purity.
We are
prepared
to
guarantee
that
large
sums of
money
would be
readily
offered
by
hundreds of
thousands of
pilgrims
who visit this
City annually,
if
they
could feel sure that His
Majesty's
Government
is
acting
as the custodian of their Sacred
City
and
at the same time
helping
them to rebuild the same.
[END.]
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The Sacred
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