Lab 2 - Flow Over Weirs

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The document discusses determining water flow rates using rectangular and V-notch weirs by measuring the time taken for a fixed volume of water to pass at different head heights. The coefficient of discharge and its relationship to head can be estimated from these measurements and empirical formulas.

The experiments show that the discharge is directly proportional to the head - as head increases, discharge also increases.

The coefficient of discharge can be determined either from experimental data by calculating the average Cd values, or graphically by plotting log Q against log H and determining the slope and intercept.

CALCULATION

The formula of the discharge over the rectangular notch is:





Where, Q = discharge over rectangular weir
C
d
= coefficient of discharge
b = width of notch
g = pull of gravity
H = head of the weir

a) Find actual volumetric flow:






For,
H = 0.01 m, Q
1
= 0.003 m
3
/ 26.35 s
= 0.000114 m
3
/s
H = 0.02 m, Q
2
= 0.003 m
3
/ 17.55 s
= 0.000171 m
3
/s
H = 0.03 m, Q
3
= 0.003 m
3
/ 8.52 s
= 0.000352 m
3
/s
H = 0.04 m, Q
4
= 0.003 m
3
/ 5.34 s
= 0.000562 m
3
/s
H = 0.05 m, Q
5
= 0.003 m
3
/ 1.17 s
= 0.002564 m
3
/s



b) Find coefficient of discharge and theoretical flow rate
From the plot of the graph of the log Q versus the log H, the slope and y-intercept can be obtained
in the form of:
y = nx + b
y = 2.1361x + (-0.69009)


= 1.93


graph 1.1
Where x = slope.
Placed the value of slope in the empirical formula,
Q = k x H
n

Q = k x H
1.93
Where b is the y-intercept, hence

Q = -0.69009 x H
1.93




y = 2.1361x-0.69009
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
L
o
g

Q

Log H
Log Q versus Log H
Log Q
Linear (Log Q)
Theoretically,


Equate the empirical equation with theoretical equation,



Where 1.93 3/2
Then, value of C
d
is 7.7898
For,
Q
1
=

x 7.7898 x 0.03 x x 0.01


3/2

= 6.9009 x 10
-4
m
3
/s
Q
2
=

x 7.7898 x 0.03 x x 0.02


3/2

= 1.9519 x 10
-3
m
3
/s
Q
3
=

x 7.7898 x 0.03 x x 0.03


3/2

= 3.5858 x 10
-3
m
3
/s
Q
4
=

x 7.7898 x 0.03 x x 0.04


3/2

= 5.5207 x 10
-3
m
3
/s
Q
5
=

x 7.7898 x 0.03 x x 0.05


3/2

= 7.7154 x 10
-3
m
3
/s







c) Find the actual coefficient of discharge, C
d

]


Since, g = 9.81 ms
-2
; therefore,


For,
H
1
= 0.01 m, C
d1
= 3(1.139 x 10
-4
) / 0.266 (0.01)
3/2

= 1.286

H
2
= 0.02 m

, C
d2
= 0.682
H
3
= 0.03 m, C
d3

= 0.765
H
4
= 0.04 m, C
d4
= 0.793
H
5
= 0.05 m, C
d5
= 2.589

Average

value =


= 1.223







The formula of the discharge over v-notch is:


Where, Q = discharge over rectangular weir
C
d
= coefficient of discharge
g = pull of gravity
H = head of the weir

d) Find actual volumetric flow :





For,
H = 0.01 m, Q
1
= 0.003 m
3
/ 36.53 s
= 0.0000821 m
3
/s
H = 0.02 m, Q
2
= 0.003 m
3
/ 12.85 s
= 0.000234 m
3
/s
H = 0.03 m, Q
3
= 0.003 m
3
/ 7.52 s
= 0.000399 m
3
/s
H = 0.04 m, Q
4
= 0.003 m
3
/ 3.27 s
= 0.000917 m
3
/s








e) Find coefficient of discharge and theoretical flow rate

From the plot of the graph of the Q
2/5
versus t H, the slope and y-intercept can be obtained in
the form of:
y = nx + b
y = 2.4968x - 0.04


graph 1.2
Where x = slope.
Plug in the value of slope in the empirical formula,
Q = k x H
n

Q = k x H
2.486
Where b is the y-intercept, hence
Q = -0.01035 x H
2.486




y = 1.563x -0.01035
0.0150
0.0250
0.0350
0.0450
0.0550
0.0650
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Q

^

(
2
/
5
)

Height (m)
Q^2/5 vs H
Q^2/5 vs H Linear (Q^2/5 vs H)
Theoretically,


Equate the empirical equation with theoretical equation,


Where 2.486 5/2
Then, value of C
d
is 0.0044
For,
Q
1
=

x 0.0044 x x tan 45 x 0.01


5/2

= 1.039 x 10
-7
m
3
/s
Q
2
=

x 0.0044 x x tan 45 x 0.02


5/2

= 5.88x 10
-7
m
3
/s
Q
3
=

x 0.0044 x x tan 45 x 0.03


5/2

= 1.620 x 10
-6
m
3
/s
Q
4
=

x 0.0044 x x tan 45 x 0.04


5/2

= 3.326 x 10
-6
m
3
/s










DISCUSSION
The main objectives of this experiment is to determine the flow of water and the
coefficient of discharge in a triangular notch and rectangular notch weirs. Besides that, it also
to determine the relationship between the head H of the weir and the discharge of water over
the weir and the objectives are achieved.
In this experiment, v-notch and rectangular notch are used as hydraulic bench to
determine the flow rate of water with different heights by adjusted the vernier gauge.
Throughout this experiment, we find that different height gives different flow rate of water. In
order to get the reading, the tip of vernier gauge must be touch the surface of water and
stabilised the water flow rate. After that, the time taken of 3 litres of water elevation are
recorded by using stopwatch for each height.
Based on the experiment of rectangular notch, the data of flow rate, heights, calculation
of Q
2/3
, log H, log Q and H/B

are recorded in a table. From the calculation, we found that the
value of C
d
is not constant for each and every heights. The coefficient of discharges values of
rectangular notch were calculated using two different method, first is calculated using the
values of C
d
obtained from the recorded and calculated data and the values of average C
d
was
determined graph and second method was calculated using the of log H (height of water)
against log Q (flow rate).
Through the second method, Q is directly proportional with H when the value of k and
n are constant by relation of Q and H can be described by an empirical formula Q = kH
n
. The
value of k can be determine from the intersection of graph while for value of n get from the
slope of graph. From graph 1.1, the value of k = 0.69009 and the value of n = 1.93.






From the calculation, the average value of C
d
is 1.223. We found that there is
absolutely different between average C
d
values and the graphical C
d
value. The experimental
value is 1.223 and the graphical value obtained is 7.79. So we can conclude that there are
some errors in handling the experiment.
For the experiment of v-notch, data of flow rates, height, values of Q
2/5
and C
d
have
been tabulated clearly in a table. After plotting the graph of Q
2/5
against H, the value of C
d
can
be determined from the slope. It is shown that the value of C
d
is 0.01035. Unfortunately, the
experimental C
d
value is not constant in each head due to some errors occur during
experiment,. Theoretically, when the head increases, the discharge flow increases too.

CONCLUSION
The smooth flow to and over the weir is essential to the determination of accurate rates of flow
since resist the friction of the surface of the notch over the weirs. The limitation of the theory is, it has
to be at constant level so the only force on the water is gravity. Besides, there have to be a constant
flow and constant pressure. It was also noted that the head affects the flow of water. The relationship
between the head of the weir and the discharge of the water over the weir is directly proportional.
Moreover, geometry of the weir such as rectangular notch and v-notch will also affect the flow rate of
water.


APPENDICES


Rectangular notch and V- notch are used as weirs to determine their flow rate


The time taken of 3 liters of water elevation has been recorded

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