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Integration PDF

This document provides an overview of key concepts in integral calculus including: 1) Definitions of indefinite integrals, antiderivatives, and the fundamental theorem of calculus. 2) Formulas and properties for evaluating indefinite integrals of common functions like polynomials, trigonometric functions, and exponentials. 3) Techniques for evaluating definite integrals using properties like the Riemann sum, trapezoidal rule, and the second fundamental theorem of calculus. 4) Applications of integrals to calculate volumes, averages, growth/decay, and areas under curves.

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498 views8 pages

Integration PDF

This document provides an overview of key concepts in integral calculus including: 1) Definitions of indefinite integrals, antiderivatives, and the fundamental theorem of calculus. 2) Formulas and properties for evaluating indefinite integrals of common functions like polynomials, trigonometric functions, and exponentials. 3) Techniques for evaluating definite integrals using properties like the Riemann sum, trapezoidal rule, and the second fundamental theorem of calculus. 4) Applications of integrals to calculate volumes, averages, growth/decay, and areas under curves.

Uploaded by

Are Peace El Manana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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In the following formulas, let a, b, c, n be constants, and

General Formulas
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Integration by parts
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Trigonometric Functions
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Hyperbolic Functions
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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
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Integral Calculus
Indefinite Integrals
Definition: A function F(x) is the antiderivative of a function (x) if for all x in the
domain of ,
F'(x) = (x)
(x) dx =F(x) +C, where C is a constant.
Basic Integration Formulas
General and Logarithmic Integrals
1. k (x) dx =k (x) dx
2. [ (x) g(x)] dx = (x) dx g(x) dx
3. k dx =kx +C
4. xn dx = +C, n -1
5. ex dx =ex +C
6. ax dx = +C, a 0, a 1
7. =ln |x| +C

Trigonometric Integrals
1. sin x dx =-cos x +C 2. cos x dx =sin x +C
3. sec2 x dx =tan x +C 4. csc2 x dx =-cot x +C
5. sec x tan x dx =sec x +C 6. csc x cot x dx =-csc x +C
7. tan x dx =-ln |cos x| +C 8. cot x dx =ln |sin x| +C
9. sec x dx =ln |sec x +tan x| +C 10. csc x dx =-ln |csc x +cot x| +C
11.
12.
13.

Integration by Substitution
(g(x))g'(x) dx =F(g(x)) +C
If u =g(x), then du =g'(x) dx and (u) du =F(u) +C
Integration by Parts
u dv =uv - v du
Distance, Velocity, and Acceleration (on Earth)
a(t) =s''(t) =-32 ft/sec2
v(t) =s'(t) = s''(t) dt = -32 dt =-32t +C1
at t =0, v0 =v(0) =(-32)(0) +C1 =C1
s(t) = v(t) dt = (-32t +v0) dt =-16t2 +v0t +C2
Separable Differential Equations
It is sometimes possible to separate variables and write a differential equation in the form
(y) dy +g(x) dx =0 by integrating:
(y) dy + g(x) dx =C
Exercise:
Solve for

2x dx +y dy =0

x2 + =C
Applications to Growth and Decay
Often, the rate of change or a variable y is proportional to the variable itself.
=ky
separate the variables
=k dt
integrate both sides
ln |y| =kt +C1
y =Cekt Law of Exponential Growth and Decay
Exponential growth when k 0
Exponential decay when k 0
Definition of the Definite Integral
The definite integral is the limit of the Riemann sum of on the interval [a, b]
(x) dx
Properties of Definite Integrals
1. [ (x) +g(x)] dx = (x) dx + g(x) dx
2. k (x) dx +k (x) dx
3. (x) dx =0
4. (x) dx =- (x) dx
5. (x) dx + (x) dx = (x) dx
6. If (x) g(x) on [a, b], then (x) dx g(x) dx
Approximations to the Definite Integral
Riemann Sums
(x)dx =Sn =
Trapezoidal Rule
(x)dx [ (x0) + (x1) + (x2) +... + (xn-1) + (xn)]
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If is continuous on [a, b] and if F' = , then
(x) dx =F(b) - F(a)
The Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If is continuous on an open interval I containing a, then for every x in the interval,
(t) dt = (x)
Area Under a Curve
If (x) 0 on [a, b]
A = (x) dx
If (x) 0 on [a, b]
A =- (x) dx
If (x) 0 on [a, c] and
A = (x) dx - (x) dx
(x) 0 on [c, b]
Exercise The area enclosed by the graphs of y =2x2 and y =4x +6 is:
(A) 76/3
(B) 32/3
(C) 80/3
(D) 64/3
(E) 68/3

The answer is
D.
Intersection of graphs: 2x2 =4x +6
2x2 - 4x +6 =0
x =-1, 3

A = 4x +6 - 2x2

=(2x2 +6x - )
=18 +18 - 18 - (2 - 6 +2/3)
=64/3
Average Value of a Function on an Interval
(x) dx
Volumes of Solids with Known Cross Sections
1. For cross sections of area A(x), taken perpendicular to the x-axis:
V = A(x) dx
2. For cross sections of area A(y), taken perpendicular to the y-axis:
V = A(y) dy
Volumes of Solids of Revolution: Disk Method
V = r2 dx

Rotated about the x-axis:
V = [ (x)]2 dx
Rotated about the y-axis:
V = [ (y)]2 dy
Volumes of Solids of Revolution: Washer Method
V = (ro2 dx - ri2 ) dx

Rotated about the x-axis:
V = [( 1(x))2 - ( 2(x))2] dx
Rotated about the y-axis:
V = [( 1(y))2 - ( 2(y))2] dy
Exercise: Find the volume of the region bounded by the y-axis, y =4, and y =x2
if it is rotated about the line y =6.


[(x2 - 6)2 - (4 - 6)2 ]dx

= cubic units
Volumes of Solids of Revolution: Cylindrical Shell Method
V = 2 rh dr

Rotated about the x-axis:
V =2 x (x) dx
Rotated about the y-axis:
V =2 y (y) dy

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