DWDM Basics

Contents
Introduction
Definition of DWDM
Why we choose DWDM?
Discrete transmission vs DWDM
Types of Multiplexing
Optical Network components
Optical Fiber
Interfaces to DWDM
ethio telecom UIL Program 2
Introduction
The demand for internet services and the growth of
data traffic has devoured more and more bandwidth.
Multiple forms of traffic place increasingly heavy
burdens on fiber networks, pushing carriers look for
innovative ways to send more data through existing
fiber.
Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is one of
the several key developments that have emerged to
exploit and extend the capability of current fiber optic
systems in significant ways.
Contents
Introduction
Definition of DWDM
Why we choose DWDM?
Optical Fiber
Interfaces to DWDM
Definition of DWDM
Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a
fiber optic transmission technique that employs light
wavelengths to transmit different types of traffic at the
same time through a single fiber line.
introduced in 1995, splits light waves into different
frequencies of infrared light, with each frequency
capable of transmitting data at high speeds.
Many systems in use today have reached 80 different
wavelengths (hence the term 'dense'), per fiber, which
effectively multiplies the capacity of the network by 80
fold.
Current newest equipment splits light waves into as
many as 160 channels, carrying on each channel up to
40 Gb/s of traffic.
Content
Introduction
Definition of DWDM
Why we choose DWDM?
Optical Fiber
Interfaces to DWDM
Why we choose DWDM?
The challenges of Todays Telecom. Network
Requirement of enormous amount of bandwidth
capacity to provide the services demanded by
consumers.
Coping with fiber exhaust in major portions of
networks.
Challenge of deploying and integrating diverse
technologies in one physical infrastructure.
Resolving capacity crisis
One way to alleviate fiber exhaust is to lay more fiber.
The second one is to increase the bit rate using time
division multiplexing (TDM), i.e.
increases the capacity of a fiber by slicing time into
smaller intervals so that more bits (data) can be
transmitted per second ( STM1, STM4, STM 64)
The third choice to solve the problem is dense
wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM).
which increases the capacity of embedded fiber by first
assigning incoming optical signals to specific
frequencies (wavelength, lambda) within a designated
frequency band and then multiplexing the resulting
signals out onto one fiber.
DWDM combines multiple optical signals so that they
can be amplified as a group and transported over a
single fiber to increase capacity. Each signal carried
can be at a different rate (STM-1, STM-4, STM-16, etc.)
and in a different format (SDH, ATM, data, etc.)
Consider a highway analogy where one fiber can be
thought of as a multilane highway.
Traditional TDM systems use a single lane of this
highway and increase capacity by moving faster on this
single lane.
DWDM is analogous to accessing the unused lanes on
the highway
Capacity Expansion Potential
Using DWDM service providers can establish a grow-
as-you-go infrastructure
gives service providers the flexibility to expand capacity
in any portion of their networks - an advantage no other
technology can offer.
Incremental growth
DWDM provides a graceful network evolution for
service providers who seek to address their customers'
ever-increasing capacity demands.
service providers to reduce their initial costs
significantly while deploying the network
infrastructure (DWDM) that will serve them in the
long run.
Content
Introduction
Definition of DWDM
Why we choose DWDM?
Optical Fiber
Interfaces to DWDM
Discrete Transmission vs DWDM
Traditional SDH, TCP/IP, ATM, and voice over
Internet Protocol (VoIP) are transmitted over discrete
channels, each requiring a fiber pair between the end
points.
This traditional SDH method requires n regenerators
to condition the signals across each fiber path between
each of the m nodes, a total of m x n regenerators.
Discrete transmission
DWDM
Dense wavelength division multiplexing systems
allow many discrete transport channels to be carried
over a single fiber pair.
Service Provider Advantages
The service provider uses an existing installed fiber
plant more effectively by incorporating DWDM
systems.
The service provider reduces the cost per bit sent and
received over the network by reducing the number of
regenerators.
DWDM infrastructure can carry multi-service traffic of
all types over a single fiber line
Content
Introduction
Definition of DWDM
Why we choose DWDM?
Optical Fiber
Interfaces to DWDM
Multiplexing is sending multiple signals or streams of
information through a circuit at the same time in the
form of a single, complex signal and then recovering
the separate signals at the receiving end.
FDM
TDM
WDM
Time Division Multiplexing
It is a method of combining multiple independent
data streams into a single data stream by merging the
signals according to a defined sequence.
Each independent data stream is reassembled at the
receiving end based on the sequence and timing.
SDH, ATM, IP are based on TDM
TDM
Time Division multiplexing
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
WDM combines multiple optical TDM data streams
onto one fiber through the use of multiple wavelengths
of light.
Each individual TDM data stream is sent over an
individual laser transmitting a unique wavelength of
light.
WDM
Wavelength Division multiplexing
Types of WDM
CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
CWDM typical uses 20 nm spacing and multiplexes up
to 18 channels
It is used for lower bit rate short distance metropolitan
area application (50 Km)
It uses range of wavelengths specified in ITU-T Reco.
G.694.2
ITU-T G.694.2
DWDM
DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
It multiplexes up to 160 wavelengths with 0.4 nm
channel spacing
It is used for high bit rate long distance back bone
transmission
It uses range of wave lengths stipulated in the ITU-T
Recom. G.692
ITU-T G.692
No. Central Frequency (THz) Wavelength (nm)
1 192.1 1560.61
2 192.2 1559.79
3 192.3 1558.98
4 192.4 1558.17
5 192.5 1557.36
6 192.6 1556.55
7 192.7 1555.75
8 192.8 1554.94
9 192.9 1554.13
10 193.0 1553.33
11 193.1 1552.52
12 193.2 1551.72
13 193.3 1550.92
14 193.4 1550.12
15 193.5 1549.32
16 193.6 1548.51
17 193.7 1547.72
18 193.8 1546.92
19 193.9 1546.12
20 194.0 1545.32
21 194.1 1544.53
22 194.2 1543.73
23 194.3 1542.94
24 194.4 1542.14
25 194.5 1541.35
26 194.6 1540.56
27 194.7 1539.77
28 194.8 1538.98
29 194.9 1538.19
30 195.0 1537.40
31 195.1 1536.61
32 195.2 1535.82
33 195.3 1535.04
34 195.4 1534.25
35 195.5 1533.47
36 195.6 1532.68
37 195.7 1531.90
38 195.8 1531.12
39 195.9 1530.33
40 196.0 1529.55
ethio telecom UIL
Program 34
Integrated
O
M
U
G.692
Open
O
T
U
G.692
155MSDH
622MSDH
2.5G SDH
10G SDH
PDH
IP
ATM
155MSDH
622MSDH
2.5G SDH
10G SDH
PDH
IP
ATM
Integrated vs Open DWDM System
OTU: Optical Transponder Unit
OMU: Optical Multiplexing Unit
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Wavelength (nm)
Loss (dB/km)
~140THz
~50THz
OH- absorption peak
OH- absorption
peak
OH- absorption
peak
O E
S
C L
Operating wavelength range
Operating windows
O Band Original 1260-1360 nm
E Band Extended 1360-1460 nm
S Band Short 1460-1530 nm
C Band Conventional 1530-1565 nm
L Band Long 1565-1625 nm
U Band Ultralong 1625-1675 nm
C Band: 1530nm~1565nm
L Band: 1565nm~1625nm
Working wavelength in 1550 nm window
40 DWDM System
Working wavelength range: C band (1530 nm ~ 1565 nm)
Frequency range: 192.1 THz ~ 196.0 THz
Channel interval: 100 GHz
Central frequency offset: 20 GHz (at rate lower than 2.5
Gbit/s); 12.5 GHz (at rate 10 Gbit/s)
80 DWDM System
Frequency range: C band (192.1 THz ~ 196.0 THz)
Central frequency offset: 5 GHz
160 DWDM System
+ L band (1565 nm ~ 1625 nm)
Frequency range: C band (192.1 THz ~ 196.0 THz) + L
band (190.90 THz ~ 186.95 THz)
Central frequency offset: 5 GHz
Content
Introduction
Definition of DWDM
Why we choose DWDM?
Components of optical Network
Optical Fiber
Interfaces to DWDM
Components of Optical networks
Components of Optical networks
Transmitter (Transmit transponder)
Multiplexer/de-multiplexer
Amplifiers
Optical fiber (media)
Receiver (receive transponder)
Transmitter and receivers
Light emitters and light detectors are active devices at
opposite ends of an optical transmission network.
Light detectors perform the opposite function of light
emitters. They are receive-side opto-electronic devices
that convert light pulses into electrical signals.
Optical multiplexing/de-multiplexing
Optical multiplexer takes optical wavelengths from
multiple light sources and converges them into one
beam.
De-multiplexers separate the received beam into its
wavelength components and coupling them to
individual light detectors.
Optical Multiplexing/De-multiplexing Techniques
A simple form of multiplexing or de-multiplexing of light can be done using a prism.
Another technology is based on the principles of diffraction and of optical
interference.
Arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) are also based on diffraction principles.
A different technology uses interference filters in devices called thin film filters or
multilayer interference filters.
Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
An optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM) performs drop or
insert of one or more wavelengths at some point along the
transmission span, rather than combining or separating all
wavelengths, the OADM can drop some while passing
others on.
OADMs are similar in many respects to SDH ADM, except
that only optical wavelengths are added and dropped, and
no conversion of the signal from optical to electrical takes
place.
OADM
Optical Amplifier (OA)
The OA has made it possible to amplify all the
wavelengths at once and without optical-electrical-
optical (OEO) conversion.
Optical amplifiers also can be used to boost signal
power after multiplexing or before de-multiplexing
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
Erbium is a rare-earth element that, when excited, emits light
around 1.54 micrometersthe low-loss wavelength for optical
fibers used in DWDM.
A weak signal enters the erbium-doped fiber, into which light
at 980 nm or 1480 nm is injected using a pump laser.
This injected light stimulates the erbium atoms to release
their stored energy as additional 1550-nm light.
As a result down the fiber the signal strength grows stronger.
EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier)
Content
Introduction
Definition of DWDM
Why we choose DWDM?
Optical Fiber
Interfaces to DWDM
Optical Fiber
The main job of optical fibers is to guide light waves
with a minimum of attenuation (loss of signal).
Optical fibers are composed of fine threads of glass in
layers, called the core and cladding that can transmit
light at about two-thirds the speed of light in a
vacuum.
Optical Fiber
Coat i ng
Cl addi ng
Cor e
n2
n1
n1: refractive index of core
n2: refractive index of cladding
n1>n2
Propagation of light through fiber
The transmission of light in optical fiber is commonly
explained using the principle of total internal
reflection.
Light is either reflected (it bounces back) or refracted
(its angle is altered while passing through a different
medium) depending upon the angle of incidence (the
angle at which light strikes the interface between an
optically denser and optically thinner material).
Total Internal Reflection
Total internal reflection happens when the following
conditions are met:
Beams pass from a more dense to a less dense material.
The incident angle is less than the critical angle (the
critical angle is the angle of incidence at which light stops being refracted
and is instead totally reflected).
Reflection vs Refraction
Principle of Total Internal reflection
Multimode and single-mode fiber
Multimode fiber, has a larger core than single-
mode. It gets its name from the fact that
numerous modes, or light rays, can be carried
simultaneously through the waveguide.
single-mode, has a much smaller core that allows only
one mode of light at a time through the core
As a result, the fidelity of the signal is better retained over
longer distances, and modal dispersion is greatly
reduced.
Types of single mode fiber
Non-dispersion-shifted fiber (NDSF), G.652
Dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF), G.653
Non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZ-DSF), G.655
Transmission Challenges
Transmission of light in optical fiber presents several
challenges that must be dealt with. These fall into the
following three broad categories:
Attenuationdecay of signal strength or loss of light power,
as the signal propagates through the fiber
Chromatic dispersionspreading of light pulses as they
travel down the fiber
Nonlinearitiescumulative effects from the interaction of
light with the material through which it travels
Attenuation
Dispersion
Dispersion is the spreading of light pulses as they
travel down optical fiber.
Chromatic Dispersion
Chromatic dispersion occurs because different
wavelengths propagate at different speeds.
chromatic dispersion has two components, material
dispersion and waveguide dispersion.
Chromatic Dispersion
Polarization mode Dispersion
Most single-mode fibers support two perpendicular polarization modes,
a vertical one and a horizontal one.
Due to geometrical and pressure asymmetry, two polarization modes
have different transmission rates, resulting in delay and PMD.
PMD is generally not a problem at speeds below 10 Gb/s (STM-64).
Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is caused by non circular
(oval) shape of the fiber during manufacturing or from
external stressors.
Non-Linear Effects
Nonlinear effects tend to manifest themselves when
optical power is goes beyond some level.
The most important types of nonlinear effects are
stimulated Brillouin scattering,
stimulated Raman scattering,
self-phase modulation, and
four-wave mixing.
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
Input Power
O
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t
p
u
t

P
o
w
e
r
S
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
n
g

P
o
w
e
r
Stimulated Raman scattering
SRS affect results in attenuation of signals with short
wavelength and reinforcement of signals with long
wavelength.
Input Output
P
P
Self Phase Modulation (SPM)
Due to dependency relationship
between refractive index and light
intensity, refractive index changes
during optical pulse continuance,
with pulse peak phase delayed for
both front and rear edges. With
more transmission distance, phase
shift is accumulated continuously
and represents large phase
modulation upon certain distance.
As a result, spectrum spreading
results in pulse spreading, which is
called SPM.
Intensity
Pulse width before
transmission
Pulse width after
transmission
Optical spectrum
before transmission
Optical spectrum after
transmission
Intensity
ethio telecom UIL
Program 75
Four wave Mixing (FWM)
FWM refers to a physical process of energy exchange between
multiple optical carriers caused by the non-linear effect of fiber,
when multiple frequencies of optical carriers with high power are
simultaneously transmitted in the fiber.
FWM results in optical signal energy attenuation in multiplexing
channels and channel crosstalk.
Content
Introduction
Definition of DWDM
Why we choose DWDM?
Optical Fiber
Interfaces to DWDM
Interfaces to DWDM
DWDM systems support
Standard SDH/SONET
IP
ATM signals
By converting incoming optical signals into the precise
ITU-standard wavelengths to be multiplexed, transponders
are currently a key determinant of the openness of DWDM
systems.
Integrated vs Open DWDM sys.
Integrated DWDM system
Within the DWDM system a transponder converts the
client optical signal from optical back to an electrical
signal and converts its client's signal to ITU-T standard
stable wavelength to be multiplexed optically.
Integrated Intfc
O
M
U
G.692
Open (Passive Intfc.)
O
T
U
G.692
155MSDH
622MSDH
2.5G SDH
10G SDH
PDH
IP
ATM
155MSDH
622MSDH
2.5G SDH
10G SDH
PDH
IP
ATM
Integrated vs Open DWDM sys.
Open DWDM System
Open DWDM system designs include passive interfaces,
which accept the ITU-compliant light directly from an
attached switch or router with an optical interface without
being interfaced the transponder interface.

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