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Introduction

In contemporary global politics, international organizations play an enormous role. To most of the world, they
symbolize the hope for international peace and security through global cooperation and mutual economic
development.
Examples of international organizations include the United Nations (UN), the World Bank (International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development), the International Committee of the Red Cross, and Greenpeace.
Most international organizations operate as part of one or more international regimes. An international regime
is a set of rules, standards, and procedures that govern national behavior in a particular area. Examples of
international regimes include arms control, foreign trade, and Antarctic exploration. International organizations
are often central to the functioning of an international regime, giving structure and procedures to the rules of
the game by which nations must play. For example, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and the European Union (EU) are key organizations that define
the international trade regime.
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Meaning and Nature of International Organization

In general, international organization stands for membership group that operates across national borders for
specific purposes. The idea of international organization reflects the cooperative arrangement instituted among
states, usually by a basic agreement, to perform some mutually advantageous functions implemented through
periodic meetings and staff activities. The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations defines international
organization as formal institutional structures transcending national boundaries which are created by
multilateral agreement among nation states. Their purpose is to foster international cooperation in areas such as
security, law, economic and social matters, and diplomacy.
However, in the modern sense, an international organization, or more formally
intergovernmental organization (IGO), is an organization, such as the United Nations,
European Community or the WTO, with sovereign states or other IGOs as members. Such
organizations function according to the principles of inters governmentalism, which means
that unanimity is required. The European Union is however an exception to this rule in some
areas. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are private organizations that can also be
international in scope. Generally and correctly used, however, the term international
organization is reserved for intergovernmental organizations only. It is in this sense that the

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term international organization is used in this lesson. Bennett identifies the characteristics
of international organization that include:

1. a permanent organization to carry on a continuing set of function
2. voluntary membership of eligible parties
3. a basic instrument stating goals, structure, and methods of operation
4. a permanent secretariat to carry on continuous administrative, research, and
information functions.
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Legally speaking, the nature of an international organization is different from other
organisations in the sense that the former must be established by a treaty providing it with
legal recognition, and usually, in order to safeguard state sovereignty, operates at the level of
consent, recommendation, and cooperation rather than through compulsion or enforcement.
International organizations so established are subjects of international law, capable of
entering into agreements among themselves or with states. Thus international organizations in
a legal sense are distinguished from mere groupings of states, such as theG-8 and the G-77,
neither of which have been founded by treaty, though in non-legal contexts these are
sometimes referred to as international organizations as well. International organizations must
also be distinguished from treaties; while all international organizations are founded on a
treaty, many treaties (e.g., the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)) do not
establish an international organization and rely purely on the parties for their administration.












2
LeRoy Bennett, International Organisations: Principles and Issues, NewJersey: Prentice Hall Inc., 19982)

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Scope and Functions of International
Organizations

International organizations also differ in its scope of functions, membership and membership
criteria. In terms of scope, international organizations perform a varied number of useful
functions within the state system. Their chief function is to provide the means of cooperation
among states in areas in which cooperation provides advantages for all or large number of
nations. They not only work as a platform to take cooperative decisions but also the
administrative tool for translating the decisions into action. They also provide multiple
channels of communication among governments so that areas of accommodation may be
explored and easy access will be available when problem arise .In conflict situations, if states
are willing to explore the possibilities of accommodation and compromise, modern
international organizations have made available a new dimension beyond the previously
existing channels of diplomacy and peaceful settlement. The United Nations, the Specialized
Agencies, and regional organizations provide multiple and continuous contact points through
which accommodation can be reached. We must note that international organizations
generally have no independent means of carrying out coercion. But states, needing to
minimize the effects of conflict, find the many and diverse agencies of international
organization useful for that end. The United Nations, for example, provides several major
organs whose functions include there solution of conflict. In other situations not involving
conflict, as in some of the technical work of international organizations, cooperation is
facilitated by the existence of these organizations for reaching agreements that have mutual
advantages for all state concerned. The fundamental idea and reality underlying modern
international organizations involve diplomacy, treaties, conferences, rules of warfare, the
regulation of the use of force, peaceful settlement of disputes, the development of
international law, international trade, international economic cooperation, international social
cooperation, cultural relationship, world travel, world communications, cosmopolitanism,
universalism, peace movements, the formation of leagues and federations, international
administration, collective security, and movements for world government. The role of
international organizations in the contemporary world order depends on their legal
recognition by the international community. In other words, the organization is a subject of
international laws and capable of enforcing them by bringing international claims. It can
make treaties; it can coordinate with other organizations to avoid unsound competition or
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duplication of efforts. To perform their functions effectively, international organizations are
endowed with certain privilege and immunities. The agents and servants who perform the
functions of international organizations also possess privilege and immunities. International
organizations are also entitled to the grant of privileges and immunities for their asset,
properties and representatives. Privileges for the representatives may include from personal
arrest or detention and from seizer of their personal baggage, and in respect of words written
or spoken and all acts done by them in their capacity as representatives; immunity from legal
process of every kind; inviolability for all papers and documents; the rights to use codes and
to receive papers or correspondence by courier or in sealed bags; freedom from direct taxes;
and immunity from jurisdiction.
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Kalpana Rajaram (ed.), International Organizations, Conferences and Treaties New
Delhi: Spectrum Books, 2005.3)

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Kinds of International Organizations

Modern International organizations may be classified, broadly, into two main categories:
intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and international nongovernmental
organizations(INGOs).

1 Intergovernmental organization:

Intergovernmental organizations have national governments as members. Hundreds of
IGOs operate in all parts of the world. Member nations have created each of these
organizations to serve a purpose that those nations find useful. Membership can range
from as few as two member nations to virtually all nations. The UN and its various
agencies are IGOs. So are most of the worlds economic coordinating institutions, such as
the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) seeks to coordinate the production and pricing
policies of its 12 member states. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) seeks
to regulate the flow of nuclear technology to developing nations. The WTO helps
negotiate and monitor agreements among 128 nations to lower trade barriers. Military
alliances, such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Southeast Asia
Treaty Organization (SEATO), and political groupings, such as the Arab League, and the
African Union are also IGOs. In general, regional IGOs have experienced more success
than global ones, and those with specific purposes have worked better than those with
broad aims.

2 International Nongovernmental organizations:

International Nongovernmental organizations are private organizations whose
memberships and activities are international in scope. NGOs do not possess the legal
status of national governments. However, the UN and other international forums
recognize many NGOs as important political institutions. Examples of NGOs include the
Roman Catholic Church, Greenpeace, the International Olympic Committee, and the
International Committee of the Red Cross. Although multinational corporations (MNCs)
share many characteristics of NGOs, they are not international organizations because they
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do not coordinate the actions of members for mutual gain. The IGOs can be further
categories on the basis of the nature of their functioning, global and regional membership,
membership criteria, and cultural or historical links. Membership of some organizations
(global organizations) is open to all the nations of the world. This category includes the
United Nations and its specialized agencies and the World Trade Organization. Other
organizations are only open to members from particular region or continent of the world,
like European Union, African Union, and ASEAN and so on. Finally, some organizations
base their membership on other criteria: cultural or historical links (the Commonwealth of
Nations, La Francophone, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, the Latin
Union), level of economic development or type of economy (Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD), Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries
(OPEC), or religion (Organization of the Islamic Conference).
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Examples of International Organizations

1 Global organizations:


United Nations, its specialized agencies, and associated Organization
INTERPOL
International Hydrographic Organization
World Trade Organization
Universal Postal Union
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

2 Regional organizations:

Europe:
European Union (EU)
Council of Europe (COE)
Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
European Space Agency (ESA)

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European Patent Organization

Asia
Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
East Asian Summit (EAS)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
Gulf Cooperation Council
Colombo Plan

Eurasia
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
Eurasian Economic Community
Central Asian Cooperation Organization
TRACECA
GUAM
Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)

Africa
African Union
Conseil de l'Entente
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
Southern African Development Community (SADC)
Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)

Rio Group
NAFTA
Cooperation System of the American Air Forces(SICOFAA)

Trans-atlantics
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
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Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

3 Organizations with Various Membership Criteria:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Commonwealth of Nations
La Francophonie
Comunidade dos pases de lngua portuguesa (CPLP)
Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI)
Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
Unin Latina
Non-Aligned Movement
Arab League
Organization of the Islamic Conference
Advisory Centre on WTO Law

4 Financial International Organizations:
Bank for International Settlements
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
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LeRoy Bennett, International Organizations: Principles and Issues, New Jersey: Prentice
Hall Inc., 19982)


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Functions and powers of various
International organization
UNITED NATION :
Established in 1945 under the Charter of the United Nations, the General Assembly occupies
a central position as the chief deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the
United Nations. Comprising all 193 Members of the United Nations, it provides a unique
forum for multilateral discussion of the full spectrum of international issues covered by the
Charter. It also plays a significant role in the process of standard-setting and the codification
of international law. The Assembly meets in regular session intensively from September to
December each year, and thereafter as required.
Functions and powers of the General Assembly
The Assembly has initiated actions political, economic, humanitarian, social and legal
which have affected the lives of millions of people throughout the world.
Consider and approve the United Nations budget and establish the financial
assessments of Member States;
Elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council and the members of other
United Nations councils and organs and, on the recommendation of the Security
Council, appoint the Secretary-General;
Consider and make recommendations on the general principles of cooperation for
maintaining international peace and security, including disarmament;
Discuss any question relating to international peace and security and, except where a
dispute or situation is currently being discussed by the Security Council, make
recommendations on it;
Discuss, with the same exception, and make recommendations on any questions
within the scope of the Charter or affecting the powers and functions of any organ of
the United Nations;
Initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political
cooperation, the development and codification of international law, the realization of
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human rights and fundamental freedoms, and international collaboration in the
economic, social, humanitarian, cultural, educational and health fields;
Make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of any situation that might impair
friendly relations among nations;
Consider reports from the Security Council and other United Nations organs.
The Assembly may also take action in cases of a threat to the peace, breach of peace or act of
aggression, when the Security Council has failed to act owing to the negative vote of a
permanent member. In such instances, according to its Uniting for Peace resolution of
November 1950 (resolution 377 (V)) the Assembly may consider the matter immediately and
recommend to its Members collective measures to maintain or restore international peace and
security
The search for consensus
Each of the 193 Member States in the Assembly has one vote. Votes taken on designated
important issues such as recommendations on peace and security, the election of Security
Council and Economic and Social Council members, and budgetary questions require a
two-thirds majority of Member States, but other questions are decided by simple majority.
In recent years, an effort has been made to achieve consensus on issues, rather than deciding
by a formal vote, thus strengthening support for the Assemblys decisions. The President,
after having consulted and reached agreement with delegations, can propose that a resolution
be adopted without a vote
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functions and powers of the Security Council :
to maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and
purposes of the United Nations;
to investigate any dispute or situation which mightlead to international friction;
to recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement;
to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments;
to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to
recommend what action should be taken;
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to call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the
use of force to prevent or stop aggression;
to take military action against an aggressor;
to recommend the admission of new Members;
to exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in "strategic areas";
to recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary-General
and, together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of the International Court of
Justice
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EUROPEAN UNION:
The European Union has seven institutions: the European Parliament, the Council of the
European Union, the European Commission, the European Council, the European Central
Bank, the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Auditors.
Competencies in scrutinising and amending legislation are divided between the European
Parliament and the Council of the European Union while executive tasks are carried out by
the European Commission and in a limited capacity by the European Council
The monetary policy of the eurozone is governed by the European Central Bank. The
interpretation and the application of EU law and the treaties are ensured by the Court of
Justice of the European Union. The EU budget is scrutinised by the European Court of
Auditors. There are also a number of ancillary bodies which advise the EU or operate in a
specific area.
The European Council gives direction to the EU, and convenes at least four times a year. It
comprises the President of the European Council, the President of the European Commission
and one representative per member state; either its head of state or head of government. The
European Council has been described by some as the Union's "supreme political authority". It
is actively involved in the negotiation of the treaty changes and defines the EU's policy
agenda and strategies.
The European Council uses its leadership role to sort out disputes between member states and
the institutions, and to resolve political crises and disagreements over controversial issues and

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policies. It acts externally as a "collective head of state" and ratifies important documents (for
example, international agreements and treaties).
The European Commission acts as the EU's executive arm and is responsible for initiating
legislation and the day-to-day running of the EU. The Commission is also seen as the motor
of European integration. It operates as a cabinet government, with 28 Commissioners for
different areas of policy, one from each member state, though Commissioners are bound to
represent the interests of the EU as a whole rather than their home state
EU member states retain all powers not explicitly handed to the European Union. In some
areas the EU enjoys exclusive competence. These are areas in which member states have
renounced any capacity to enact legislation. In other areas the EU and its member states share
the competence to legislate. While both can legislate, member states can only legislate to the
extent to which the EU has not. In other policy areas the EU can only co-ordinate, support
and supplement member state action but cannot enact legislation with the aim of harmonising
national laws.
That a particular policy area falls into a certain category of competence is not necessarily
indicative of what legislative procedure is used for enacting legislation within that policy
area. Different legislative procedures are used within the same category of competence, and
even with the same policy area. The distribution of competences in various policy areas
between Member States and the Union is divided in the following three categories:
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As outlined in Part I, Title I of the consolidated Treaty on the Functioning of the European
Union:
Exclusive competence: "The Union has exclusive competence to make directives and
conclude international agreements when provided for in a Union legislative act."
the customs union
the establishing of the competition rules necessary for the functioning of the internal
market
monetary policy for the Member States whose currency is the euro
the conservation of marine biological resources under the common fisheries policy
common commercial policy

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conclusion of certain international agreements
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Shared competence: "Member States cannot exercise competence in areas where the Union
has done so." "Union exercise of competence shall not result in Member States being
prevented from exercising theirs in:"
the internal market
social policy, for the aspects defined in this Treaty
economic, social and territorial cohesion
agriculture and fisheries, excluding the conservation of marine biological resources
environment
consumer protection, transport, trans-European networks, energy
the area of freedom, security and justice
common safety concerns in public health matters, for the aspects defined in this
Treaty
research, technological development and space
development cooperation, humanitarian aid
"The Union coordinates Member States policies or implements supplemental to theirs
common policies, not covered elsewhere"
coordination of economic, employment and social policies
common foreign, security and defence policies
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WORLD TRADE ORANIZATION:
The former GATT was not really an organisation; it was merely a legal arrangement. On the
other hand, the WTO is a new international organisation set up as a permanent body. It is
designed to play the role of a watchdog in the spheres of trade in goods, trade in services,
foreign investment, intellectual property rights, etc. Article III has set out the following five
functions of WTO;

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(i) The WTO shall facilitate the implementation, administration and operation and further the
objectives of this Agreement and of the Multilateral Trade Agreements, and shall also
provide the frame work for the implementation, administration and operation of the
plurilateral Trade Agreements.
(ii) The WTO shall provide the forum for negotiations among its members concerning their
multilateral trade relations in matters dealt with under the Agreement in the Annexes to this
Agreement.
(iii) The WTO shall administer the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the
Settlement of Disputes.
(iv) The WTO shall administer Trade Policy Review Mechanism.
(v) With a view to achieving greater coherence in global economic policy making, the WTO
shall cooperate, as appropriate, with the international Monetary Fund (IMF) and with the
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and its affiliated agencies.
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Objectives of WTO
Important objectives of WTO are mentioned below:
(i) to implement the new world trade system as visualised in the Agreement;
(ii) to promote World Trade in a manner that benefits every country;
(iii) to ensure that developing countries secure a better balance in the sharing of the
advantages resulting from the expansion of international trade corresponding to their
developmental needs;
(iv) to demolish all hurdles to an open world trading system and usher in international
economic renaissance because the world trade is an effective instrument to foster economic
growth;
(v) to enhance competitiveness among all trading partners so as to benefit consumers and
help in global integration;
(vi) to increase the level of production and productivity with a view to ensuring level of
employment in the world;

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(viii) to improve the level of living for the global population and speed up economic
development of the member nations.
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INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION:
The ILO supports member States to strengthen machinery for labour disputes settlement, in
line with international labour standards and in consultation with the social partners, by:
Establishing legal and regulatory frameworks;
Building effective dispute resolution systems and services within the labour
administration and by independent statutory institutions and specialised labour courts;
Capacity building through specialised training focused on negotiation skills and
conciliation / mediation skills, as well as on international labour standards;
Sharing knowledge and raising awareness in respect of the advantages of voluntary
conciliation, mediation and arbitration mechanisms; and
Sharing experiences of labour court judges on issues of common interest and concern.
The objective of the program is to support the establishment or revitalization of voluntary,
free-of-charge and expeditious mechanisms for labour disputes settlement to help employers
and workers and their organizations resolve their disputes through conciliation and arbitration
and where necessary provide recourse to specialised labour courts. To support these
objectives, the ILO provides a range of services to governments, workers' and employers'
organizations:
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Technical advisory services
Assisting constituents with the drafting or reform of labour legislation that regulates
the mechanisms and procedures of labour dispute settlement; and
Supporting the development of voluntary, effective and financially viable systems for
the prevention and settlement of labour disputes through mediation, conciliation and
arbitration
Training and capacity building

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Together with the International Training Centre of the ILO , providing training that can equip
social partners and government officials with skills and knowledge of effective methods for
preventing and resolving labour disputes.
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The changing economic and technological patterns of the last decade as well as the
globalization of the economy have lead to an increase in international trade between countries
with different levels of social and labour protection. It is against this changing background
that the role of labour law has been called in question, especially from the standpoint of the
relationship between workers protection and international cooperation.

It is now increasingly accepted that a regulatory framework is essential if globalization is to
be both socially and economically sustainable in the long term. Such a framework must
include, as a minimum, all the rights and principles laid out in the ILO fundamental
Conventions but the content and scope of the other work-related rules remain open to
question. The Office is frequently called upon to provide advice on the basis of international
and comparative labour law in order to help to cast light on the debate at the national level.

Various forms of ILO intervention in the field of labour law
The labour law assistance provided by the Office can take different forms, including the
following:
Advice on the revision of the labour law;
Assessment of the existing law enforcement machinery and procedures, including
recommendations for improvements;
Technical information on a wide range of labour law subjects;
Training of national officials support for the development of national competency
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CONCLUSION
While there are less than 200 governments in the global system, there are approximately300
intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), such as the UN, NATO, the European Union, or the
International Coffee Organization; and 5800 international nongovernmental organizations
(INGOs), such as Amnesty International, the Baptist World Alliance, the International
Chamber of Shipping, or the International Red Cross, plus a similar number of less-well-
established international caucuses and networks of NGOs. All these IGOs and INGOs play a
regular part in global politics and transnational socio-economic activities. However, the
importance of international organizations has increased in the present inter-connected and
inter-dependent world. The increasing interdependence forced the modern state to search the
areas of mutual advantage such as trade, communications, economic development, and world
peace. Since the states must, in so many areas, cooperate, adjust, accommodate, and
compromise to promote their common welfare, to solve problems not limited to national
boundaries, and to lessen conflict, it is entirely logical for them to create elaborate agencies
of international organizations for these ends. It is also logical to assume that they will
continue to be used by states as indispensable though limited tools for a wide variety of
purposes. Since the trend of world events is toward increased contacts and a growing
diversity of problems, we may reasonably expect international organizations to also become
increasingly diverse in number and purposes rather than to diminish in significance. One sign
of the important role of international organizations is how they have endured as international
power relations shift. In 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved and the Cold War between the
Soviet Union and the United States ended. At this time, one might have expected the NATO
military alliance to Russia and other formerly Communist countries in Eastern Europe ceased
to pose a threat to the capitalist democracies of Western Europe. One might have expected
NATO, which defended Western European nations, to go out of business, but it did not.
Similarly, the creation of the WTO did not cause smaller free-trade associations such as
NAFTA to end. Instead, the mosaic of International Organizations continues to expand,
particularly as new communications and information-processing technologies make
international groups more practical and effective. The interdependence of nations in the
modern world means that no single nation can dictate the outcome of international conflicts.
Nor can private groups and individuals rely on national governments to solve major world
problems. Therefore, both governments and individuals will continue to turn to International
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Organizations as an important way to address these problems and to protect their own
interests .As the world shrinks, the line between domestic and international problems
becomes increasingly blurred. International events have their international implications. In
this situation, the international organizations may serve as useful tools of the states for their
mutual cooperation.


















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BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS:
LeRoy Bennett, International Organizations: Principles and Issues , New Jersey:
Prentice Hall Inc., 19982)

Kalpana Rajaram (ed.), International Organizations, Conferences and Treaties
New Delhi: Spectrum Books, 2005.3)


Jean E. Krasno (ed.), The United Nations: Confronting the Challenges of a Global
Society, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 20044)

John Baylis and Steve Smith,The Globalisation of World Politics: An Introduction
to International Relations New York: Oxford University Press,2001


I NTERNET:

http://ilo.org/ifpdial/areas-of-work/labour-law/lang--en/index.htm

eur-lex.europa.eu EUROPA EU law and publications

http://www.un.org/en/

www.wto.org

www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Government/.../ECTreaty














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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The writing a project has one of the most significant academic challenges I have ever faced.
Any attempt at any level can't be satisfactorily completed without the support and guidance
of learned people. Gratitude is a noble response of ones soul to kindness or help generously
rendered by another and its acknowledgement is the duty and joyance. I am overwhelmed in
all humbleness and gratefulness to acknowledge our depth to all those who have helped us to
put these ideas, well above the level of simplicity and into something concrete effectively and
moreover on time.
My first obligation, irredeemable by the verbal expression, is to our subject teacher
Dr.P.P.Rao who has given me his valuable help in myriad way from the start to the very end.
He was always there to show us the right track when we needed his help. He lent his valuable
suggestions, guidance and encouragement, in different matters regarding the topic. He had
been very kind and patient while suggesting me the outlines of this project and correcting my
doubts. I thank him for his overall supports with the help of which I was able to perform this
project work.
I would also like to thank my colleagues, who often helped and gave me support at critical
junctures during the making to this project. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my
friends who helped a lot in gathering different information, collecting data and guiding each
other from time to time in making this project.
ANUKRITI SHAIL
5
th
Semester





PUBLI C I NTERNATI ONAL LAW

Introduction
Scope and Functions of International Organizations
Kinds of International Organizations
Functions and powers of various International
organization
UNITED NATION
EUROPEAN UNION
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
INTERNATIONALLABOUR ORGANIZATION
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY










PUBLI C I NTERNATI ONAL LAW
A AI IM MS S A AN ND D O OB BJ JE EC CT TI IV VE E- -
The aim of researcher, in doing the research work is to understand the meaning and
nature of international organization, The project will further analyse the functions of various
international organizations.

R RE ES SE EA AR RC CH H M ME ET TH HO OD DO OL LO OG GY Y: :
As whole research work for this work is confined to the library and books and no field
work has been done hence researcher in his research work has opted the doctrinal
methodology of research. Researcher has also followed the uniform mode of citation
throughout the project work.

S SO OU UR RC CE ES S O OF F D DA AT TA A: :- -
For doing the research work various sources has been used. Researcher in the research
work has relied upon the sources like many books of the International law, Articles, and
Journals. The online materials have been remained as a trustworthy and helpful source for the
research.