Physics-XII

1
1. Write the expression for the work done on an
electric dipole of dipole moment p in turning it
from its position of stable equilibrium to a
position of unstable equilibrium in a uniform
electric field E.
2. Is the steady electric current the only source of
magnetic field? Justify your answer.
3. When is H

line of the Balmer series in the

emissionspectrumof hydrogenatomobtained?
4. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the
situation described in the figure.
5. Why is the core of a transformer laminated?
6. Show on a plot the nature of variation of
photoelectric current with the intensity of
radiationincident ona photosensitive surface.
7. Where on the surface of earth is the
vertical component of earth's
magnetic field zero?
8. Two charges 2C and 2 C are placed
at points A and B, 5 cm apart. Depict
an equipotential surface of the
system.
9. Write a relation between current and
drift velocity of electrons in a
conductor. Use this relation to
explain how the resistance of a
conductor changes with the rise in
temperature.
10. A coil of Nturns and radius R carries a
current I. It is unwound and rewound
to make a square coil of side a having
same number of turns (N). Keeping
the current I same, find the ratio of the
magnetic moments of the square coil
and the circular coil.
Time : 3 hrs Max. Marks : 70
Examination Paper
Physics-XII
2013
CBSE
(Compartment)
S N
C
S N
G
All questions are compulsory.
G
There are 29 questions in total. Questions 1 to 8 are very short answer questions and carry one mark each.
G
Questions 9 to 16 carry two marks each, questions 17 to 25 carry three marks each, question 26 is value based carry four
marks and questions 27 to 29 carry five marks each.
G
There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two marks, one question of
three marks andall three questions of five marks each. You have to attempt only one of the given choices in such questions.
G
Use of calculator is not permitted. However, you may use log tables if necessary.
G
You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary c 3 10
8
ms
1
, h

6.63 10
34
Js,
e

1.6 10
19
C,
0
7
4 10

TmA
1
, 1/4
0
9
9 10 Nm
2
-C
2
, m
e
9.1

10
31
kg, Mass of neutron


1675 10
27
. kg, Mass of proton

1673 10
27
. kg
Physics-XII
2
11. Assuming that
the two diodes
D
1
and D
2
used
in the electric
circuit shown in
the figure are
ideal, find out
the value of the current flowing through 1
resistor.
12. In the ground state of hydrogen atom, its Bohr
radius is given as 5 3 10
11
.

m. The atom is
excited such that the radius becomes
21 2 10
11
.

m . Find (i) the value of the
principal quantum number and (ii) the total
energy of the atom in this excited state.
13. Draw a schematic arrangement of a reflecting
telescope (Cassegrain) showing how rays
coming from a distant object are received at the
eye-piece. Write its two important advantages
over a refracting telescope.
14. Amessage signal of frequency 10 kHz and peak
voltage 10 V is used to modulate a carrier of
frequency 1 MHz and peak voltage 20 V.
Determine
(i) the modulation index,
(ii) the side bands produced.
15. (i) How are electromagnetic waves produced?
(ii) How do you convince yourself that
electromagnetic waves carry energy and
momentum?
Or
(i) Arrange the following electromagnetic waves
in the descending order of their wavelengths.
(a) Microwaves (b) Infrared rays
(c) Ultraviolet radiation (d) Gamma rays
(ii) Write one use each of any two of them.
16. Use Kirchhoff s
rules to determine
the value of the
current I
1
flowing in
the circuit shown in
the figure.
17. Draw a labelled schematic diagram of a van de
Graaff generator. State its working principle.
Describe briefly how it is used to generate high
voltages.
18. Starting from the expression for the
energy W LI
1
2
2
, stored in a solenoid of
self-inductance L to build up the current
I, obtain the expression for the magnetic
energy in terms of the magnetic field B,
area A and length l of the solenoid
having n number of turns per unit
length. Hence show that the energy
density is given by B
2
/2
0
.
19. (i) When an AC source is connected to an
ideal capacitor show that the average
power supplied by the source over a
complete cycle is zero.
(ii) A lamp is connected in series with a
capacitor. Predict your observations
when the system is connected first
across a DC and then an AC source.
What happens in each case if the
capacitance of the capacitor is
reduced?
20. A small bulb (assumed to be a point
source) is placed at the bottom of a tank
containing water to a depth of 80 cm.
Find out the area of the surface of water
through which light from the bulb can
emerge. Take the value of the refractive
index of water to be 4/3.
21. What is meant by detection of a
modulated signal? Draw block diagram
of a detector for AM waves and state
briefly, showing the waveforms, how the
original message signal is obtained.
Or
Write the function of each of the
following used in communication
system.
(i) Transducer (ii) Repeater
(iii) Transmitter
22. (i) Define electric flux. Write its SI
units.
(ii) Consider a uniform electric field
E i 3 10
3
$
N/C. Calculate the flux
of this field through a square surface
of area10 cm
2
, when
(a) its plane is parallel to the y-z plane,
and
(b) the normal to its plane makes a 60
angle with the x-axis.
CBSE Solved Paper
D
1
D
2
2
2
1
+
6 V
20
80 V
30
20 V
I
2
I
2 20
I
3
I
1
I
1
Physics-XII
3
23. (i) The number of nuclei of a given
radioactive sample at time t 0 and
t T are N
0
and N n
0
/ respectively.
Obtain an expression for the half-life
(
/
T
1 2
) of the nucleus in terms of n and T.
(ii) Write the basic nuclear process
underlying

decay of a given
radioactive nucleus.
24. (i) State three important properties of
photons which describe the particle
picture of electromagnetic radiation.
(ii) Use Einsteins photoelectric equation
to define the terms
(a) stopping potential and
(b) threshold frequency.
25. State the underlying principle of a
potentiometer. Write two factors on which
the sensitivity of a potentiometer
depends.
In the potentiometer circuit shown in the
figure, the balance point is at X. State,
giving reason, how the balance point is
shifted when (i) resistance R is increased
(ii) resistance S is increased, keeping R
constant?
26. Amits uncle was finding great difficulty
in reading a book placed at normal place.
He was not going to the doctor because
he could not afford the cost. When Amit
came to knowof it, he took his uncle to the
doctor. After thoroughly checking his
eyes, the doctor prescribed the proper
lenses for him. Amit bought the
spectacles for his uncle from his pocket
money. By using spectacles he could now
read with great ease. For this, he
expressed his gratitude to his nephew.
Based on the above paragraph, answer
the following
(i) (a) Why does least distance of distinct
vision increase with age?
(b) What type of lens is required to correct
this defect?
(ii) What, according to you, are the two values
displayed by Amit towards his uncle?
27. (i) Why is the base region of a transistor thin and
lightly doped?
(ii) Draw the circuit diagram for studying the
characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in
common emitter configuration.
Sketch the typical (a) input and (b) output
characteristics in this configuration.
(iii) Describe briefly how the output
characteristics can be used to obtain the
current gain in the transistor?
Or
(i) How is a depletion region formed in p-n
junction?
(ii) With the help of a labelled circuit diagram,
explain how a junction diode is used as a full
wave rectifier. Draw its input, output
waveforms.
(iii) How do you obtain steady DC output from
the pulsating voltage?
28. (i) Describe briefly how an unpolarised light
gets linearly polarised when it passes
through a polaroid.
(ii) Three identical polaroid sheets P P
1 2
, and P
3
are oriented so that the pass axis of P
2
and P
3
are inclined at angles of 60 and 90
respectively with respect to the pass axis of
P
1
. A monochromatic source S of unpolarised
light of intensity I
0
is kept in front of the
polaroid sheet P
1
as shown in the figure.
Determine the intensities of light as observed
by the observers O
1
, O
2
and O
3
as shown.
Or
(i) Use Huygens geometrical construction to
show how a plane wavefront at t 0
propagates and produces a wavefront at a
later time.
(ii) Verify, using Huygens principle, Snell's law
of refraction of a plane wave propagating
from a denser to a rarer medium.
(iii) When monochromatic light is incident on a
surface separating two media, the reflected
and refracted light both have the same
frequency. Explain why?
CBSE Solved Paper
A B
G
P
+
X
Q
+
R
S
O
1
O
2
O
3
P
1
P
2
P
3
S
29. State Biot-Savarts law, expressing it in the
vector form. Use it to obtain the expression
for the magnetic field at an axial point,
distance d fromthe centre of a circular coil of
radius a carrying current I. Also find the
ratio of the magnitudes of the magnetic field
of this coil at the centre and at an axial point
for which d a 3.
Or
(i) Draw the magnetic field lines due to a
current carrying loop.
(ii) State using a suitable diagram, the
working principle of a moving coil
galvanometer. What is the function of a
radial magnetic field and the soft iron core
used in it?
(iii) For converting a galvanometer into an
ammeter, a shunt resistance of small value
is used in parallel, whereas in the case of a
voltmeter a resistance of large value is
used in series. Explain why?
1. Work done W pE [cos cos ]
2 1
For stable,
1
0
For unstable,
2
90
(Work done W pE pE (cos cos ) ( 90 0 1)
W pE
2. Yes. The net magnetic force acting on a wire carrying
a steady (constant) electric current I in an external
magnetic field B and is given
F d B I l
3. When H

line of the Balmer series in the emission

spectrum of hydrogen atom is obtained in visible
region.
4. In the given figure, the induced current is in
anti-clockwise when seen from left side and its
direction is in clockwise when seen from right side.
Thus, the direction of induced current is in
clockwise sense.
5. The core of a transformer is laminated because of
preventing eddy current being produced in the core.
6. Graph of variation of photoelectric current with the
intensity of radiation incident on a photosensitive
surface is given below
7. At equator.
8. Given, q
A


2 2 10
6
C C
q
B


2 2 10
6
C C
r 5 cm
Potential V
x x

2 10
4 10
2 10
4 5 10
6
2
6
0
2

0
( )

2 10
4 10
6
0
2

2 10
4 5 10
6
0
2

( ) x
[QV 0]
x x 5
x 2 5 .
9. Relation between current and drift velocity of
electrons in a conductor is given by
I Ane v
d
where I current,
A area of conductor,
n number density of electrons and
v
d
drift velocity.
With the increase in temperature of a metallic
conductor, resistance increases and hence drift
velocity decreases.
10. Ratio of the magnetic moments
M
M
NA
NA
s
c
s
c

2 I
I

2
2 1
2
2
R
R

_
,

2
( )
11. According to the question
R
AB
+ 2 1 3
1 1
2
1
3
3 2
6
5
6
+
+

R
6
5
I
EF
V
R

6
6 5
5
/
A
Physics-XII
4
CBSE Solved Paper
1
1
1
1
1
V
1
1
x
A B
5 cm
1
1
1
2
D
1
D
2
2
2
1
+
6 V
A
D
E
B
C
F
1
SOLUTIONS
1
Physics-XII
5
12. (i) We know that r n
2
r
r
n
n
1
2
1
2
2
2

1 5 3 10
21 2 10
2
2
11
11
n

.
.
n
2
2
4
n
2
2
(ii) We know that E
n

136
2
.

136
4
34
.
. eV
13. Diagram of a reflecting telescope (Cassegrain) is
shown below
Advantages of reflecting telescope over a refracting
telescope are
(i) A reflecting telescope reflects all wavelengths of
light at the same angle, so there are no colour
halos.
(ii) A mirror has only one surface to figured, so it is
easier to control the shape.
(iii) A mirror reflects the light, so the material that is
made from does not have to be transparent, and
infrared and ultraviolet light reflects equally well.
14. (i) Modulation index,
E
E
m
c
10
20
0 5 .
(ii) Side band frequencies f f
c m
t
f
m
10 kHz
f
c
1MHz 1000 kHz
Side band frequencies t 1000 10
1010 kHz, 990 kHz
15. (i) A changing electric field produces a magnetic
field and a changing magnetic field produces an
electric field (Faradays law), the result is a wave
of electric and magnetic fields that can propagate
through space. These propagating fields are
called as electromagnetic waves.
(ii) According to the quantum theory,
electromagnetic radiation is made up of massless
particles called photons. It is expressed as
p
E
c

where p momentum, E energy and

c speed of light.
Thus, I am convinced that electromagnetic wave
carry energy and momentum.
Or
(i) The decreasing order of electromagnetic wave
are
Microwaves >Infrared <Ultraviolet >Gamma
rays
(ii) Microwaves They are used in radar devices.
Gamma rays It is used in radiotherapy.
16. According to the question,
Applying Kirchhoffs junction rule at F
I I I
3 1 2
+ ...(i)
Applying Kirchhoffs second rule in loop ABCF,
+ 30 20 20 0
1 3
I I
3 20 2
1 2
I I + ...(ii)
In loop ABDE,
+ 30 20 80 0
1 2
I I
+ 3 2 8
1 2
I I ... (iii)
Solving Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
4 10
2
I I
2
5
2
A
Substituting value of I
2
in Eq. (ii), we get
3 5 2
1
I +
3 3
1
I
I
1
1 A
17. The labelled schematic diagram of a van de Graaff
generator is shown below
CBSE Solved Paper
1
1
Secondary
mirror
Objective
mirror
Eye-piece
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
A
20
B
C F
80 V
30
E D
20 V
I
2
I
1
I
3
I
2 20
1
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
HTB
+
Ion source
Insulating belt
to carry and
deliver charge
Insulating
pillar
Spray comb
B
1
Collector
comb
B
2
Metal shell, S
Grounded
metal base
Target
P
1
P
2
1
Working of the generator is based on two principles
(i) Discharging action of sharp points, i.e., electric
discharge takes place in air or gases readily, at
pointed conductors.
(ii) If the charged conductor bring into internal
contact with a hollow conductor, all of its charge
transfers to the surface of the hollow conductor
no matter howhigh the potential of the latter may
be.
A simple van de Graaff generator consists of a belt of
silk, or a similar flexible dielectric material, running
over two pulleys, one of which is surrounded by a
hollow metal sphere. Two electrodes in the form of
comb-shaped rows of sharp metal point are
positioned respectively near to the bottom of the
pulley and inside the sphere. One electrode is
connected to the sphere, and a high DC potential
(with respect to earth) is applied to the other
electrode; a positive potential in this example.
The high voltage ionises the air at the tip of second
electrode, repelling (spraying) positive charges onto
the belt, which then carries them up and inside the
sphere. This positive charge induces a negative
charge to the electrode and a positive charge to the
sphere (to which electrode is connected). The high
potential difference ionises the air inside the sphere,
and negative charges are repelled from brush and
onto the belt, discharging it. As a result, of the
Faraday caqe effect, positive charge on electrode
migrates to the sphere regardless of the spheres
existing voltage. As the belt continues to move, a
constant charging current travels via the belt, and the
sphere continues to accumulate positive charge until
the rate that charge is being lost (through leakage
and corona discharges) equals the charging current.
The larger the sphere and the farther it is from
ground, the higher will be its final potential.
18. Energy stored in the magnetic field
W L
1
2
2
I

1
2
0
2 2 2
0
2 2

N A
L
B L
N
.

0
2
0
2
2
( ) AL QL
N A
B
N
L

1
]
1

0
2
0
l
,
I
We know that energy density, u
B

Energy
Volume

B
2
0
2
[ ] QB AL
Hence proved.
19. (i) When a source of AC is connected to a capacitor
of capacitance C
1
, the charge on it grows from
zero to maximum steady value Q
0
.
The energy stored in a capacitor is E CV
1
2
0
2
where V
0
is maximum potential difference across
the plates of the capacitor.
The alternating voltage applied is
E E
0
sint
and the current leads the emf by a phase angle of
/ 2.
I I
0
sin

t +

_
,

2
I
0
cos t
Work done over a complete cycle is
W E dt E t t dt
T T


I I ( sin ) ( cos )
0 0
0 0

E
t t dt
T
0 0
0
2
2
I
sin cos

E
t dt
T
0 0
0
2
2
I
sin

E t
T
0 0
0
2
2
2
0
I

cos

(ii) When DC source is connected, the condenser is

charged but no current flows in the circuit.
Therefore, the lamp does not glow. No change
occurs even when capacitance of capacitor is
reduced.
When AC source is connected, the capacitor
offers capacitative reactance X
C
C

1

. The
current flows in the circuit and the lamp glows.
On reducing C
1
, X
C
increases. Therefore, glow of
the bulb reduces.
20. Actual depth of the bulb in water, d
1
80 m 08 . m
Refractive index of water
4
3
1 33 .
Since the bulb is a point source, the emergent light
can be considered as a circle of radius,
R
AC
AO OB
2
Using Snells law

sin
sin
r
i
sin
sin
i
r

sin
.
90
1 33
i 48 75 .
Physics-XII
6
CBSE Solved Paper
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
A C 90 O
i i
i
80 cm
B (Bulb)
1
1
From the figure, tani
OC
OB
R
d

1
R tan . . . 48 75 0 8 091m
Area of the surface of water R
2 2
091 ( . )
2 61
2
. m
21. The transmitted messages get attenuated in
propagating through the channel. The receiving
antenna is to be followed by an amplifiers and a
detector. Detection is the process of recovering the
modulating signal fromthe modulated carrier wave.
The block diagram of a detector for AM waves are
shown below
The modulated signal of the form given in Fig. (a) is
passed through a rectifier to produce the output
shown in Fig. (b). This enveloped of signal Fig. (c) is
the message signal. In order to retrieve m(t), the
signal is passed through an envelope detector.
Or
(i) Transducer A transducer is a device that converts
a signal in one form of energy to another form of
energy. Energy types include electrical,
mechanical, electromagnetic, chemical, acoustic
or thermal energy. It also commonly implies the
use of a sensor/detector.
(ii) Repeater A repeater is an electronic device that
receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher
level or higher power, or onto the other side of an
obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer
distances.
(iii) Transmitter A transmitter is an electronic device
which produce radiowaves. The transmitter itself
generates a radio frequency alternating current,
which is applied to the antenna.
22. (i) Electric flux over an area in an electric field
represents the total number of electric field lines
clossing this area.
Its SI unit is Nm / C
2
.
(ii) Given, E 3 10
3
N/C, A 10 cm
2
10 10
4

m 10 m
2 3 2

(a) When the plane is parallel to y-z plane,

0
3

EA cos cos 10 10 0
3 3
3Nm / C
2
(b) When normal to the plane makes an angle of
60 with x-axis, then 60

EAcos 3 10 10 cos60
3
2
1.5 Nm / C
3 3
2
23. (i) According to the law of radioactive decay,
N N e
t

N N n
0
/ and t T

N
n
N e
T 0
0

n e
T

log( ) n
T
Half-life T
T
n
1 2
0 6931 0 693
/
. .
log ( )

(ii) In

decay process, a nuclei emits a negative

charge from the nucleus. A neutron is converted
to a proton, causing the nuclides atomic number
to increase by one, but the atomic mass remains
the same.
Example
6
14
7
14
C N + +

e
c

24. (i) The three important properties of photon are

(a) A photon is massless, has no electric charge
and is stable.
(b) Photons are emitted in many natural
processes.
(c) The photon also carries spin angular
momentum that does not depend on its
frequency.
(ii) Einsteins photoelectric equation is given by
eV h
0 0
( )
(a) Stopping potential The minimum negative
potential given to plate w.r.t. cathode, at
which no photoelectron reaches the plate is
called stopping potential. It is represented by
V
0
.
(b) Threshold frequency The minimum
frequency of incident radiation which is
required for photoelectric effect or the
ejection of photoelectrons frommetal surface.
It is represented by
0
.
25. The potentiometer works on the principle that
potential difference across any two points of uniform
current carrying conductor is directly proportional to
the length between the two points.
Physics-XII
7
CBSE Solved Paper
1
1
time
(a)
AM input wave
AM Wave
Rectifier
Envelope
Detector
m(t)
Output
(c)
(b)
time time
Rectified wave Output
(without RF component)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
The two factors on which the sensitivity of a
potentiometer depends on are
(i) the value of potential gradient (k).
(ii) by increasing the length of potentiometer
wire.
From the circuit diagram,
(i) If R is increased, the current through the
potentiometer wire will decrease. Due to it,
the potential gradiant of potentiometer wire
will also decrease. Thus, the position of J will
shift towards B.
(ii) If S is increased, keeping R constant, the
position of J will shift towards A.
26. (i) (a) The least distance of distinct vision increase
with age because either the focal length of
the eye-lens is too great or the eye-ball
becomes too short.
(b) Convex lens is used to correct this defect.
(ii) The values are
(a) Financial status does not effect relationship.
(b) Presence of mind, help and caring for others.
27. (i) The base region is very thin and lightly doped
with electrons, so although some electron-hole
pairs are formed, many holes are left in the base
region.
(ii) Circuit diagram of common emitter
configuration
(a) Input characteristic curve
(b) Output characteristic curve
(iii) Output characteristic curve and current
gain The current gain, can be obtained by
drawing a line parallel to I
C
axis at given V
CE
.
Finding the change in collector current ( ) I
C
corresponding to two given values of I
B
and
hence, find I
B
.
Thus,

_
,

I
I
C
B
V
CE
constant
Or
(i) With the formation of p-n junction, the holes
from p-region diffuse into the n-region and
electrons fromn- region diffuse into p-region and
electron-hole pair combine and get annihilated.
This in turn, produces potential barrier, V
B
across
the junction which opposes the further diffusion
through the junction. Thus, small region forms in
the vicinity of the junction which is depleted of
free charge carrier and has only immotile ions is
called the depletion region.
(ii) The circuit diagram of full wave rectifier is shown
below
Physics-XII
8
CBSE Solved Paper
1
1
2
2
1
A
V
BE
V
BE
I
B
I
E
I
C
V
CC
mA
V
CC
1
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
100
80
60
40
20
V
EE
I
B
0
V
CC
= 4 V
V
CE
= 10 V
Base to emitter voltage ( ) in volts V
BE
B
a
s
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
)
I
B
Input characteristics of CE n-p-n
transistor
1
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
12.5
10
7.5
5
2.5
0
60 mA
Collector to emitter voltage ( ) in volts V
CE
C
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
)
i
n
m
A
I
C
50 mA
40 mA
30 mA
20 mA
10 mA
I
B
= 0
A
Base current ( ) I
B
Output characteristics of CE n-p-n transistor
1
1
1
Output
S
1
S
2
+

P
1
P
2

+
D
1
D
2
Output
S
1
S
2
+

P
1
P
2

+
D
1
D
2
R
R
1
The input and output waveforms have been
given below
Its working based on the principle that junction
diode offer very low resistance in forward bias
and very high resistance in reverse bias.
(iii) A full wave bridge rectifier using four diodes (full
wave bridge rectifier) gives a continuous,
unidirectional but pulsating output voltage
(or current). The rectified output is passed
through a filter circuit which removes the ripple
and an almost steady DC voltage (or current) is
obtained.
28. (i) When an unpolarised light beam is incident on a
polaroid then only those vibration of electric
vector which are parallel to crystallographic axis
of polaroid are transmitted through polaroid and
other vibrations are being absorbed by it. This
selective absorption of electric field vector which
are not parallel to axis, is termed as dichroism
and hence plane polarised light is produced by
polaroid.
(ii) We know that
I I
0
2
cos
Intensity at O
1
I I
0
2
cos
Intensity at O
2
I I
1
2
cos
1
I
0
2 2
60 cos cos [Q
1
60 ]
I
I
1
0
2
4

cos
Intensity at O
3
I I
2 1
2
2
cos

I
0
2
2
4
90
cos
cos

[Q
2
90 ]
0
Or
(i) Consider a plane wave moving through free
space as shown in figure. At t 0, the wavefront
is indicated by the plane labelled AA. In
Huygenss construction, each point on this
wavefront is considered a point source. For
clearity, only three point sources on AA are
shown. With these sources for the wavelets, we
drawcircular arcs, each of radius c t , where c is
the speed of light in vacuum and t is some time
interval during which the wave propagates. The
surface drawn target to these wavelets is the
plane BB, which is the wavefront at a later time
and is parallel to AA.
(ii) Consider ray 1 strikes the surface and the
subsequent time interval ray 2 strikes the surface
as shown in the given figure. During time
interval, the wave at A sends out a Huygens
wavelet (the light brown are passing through D)
and the light refracts into the material, making an
angle
2
with the normal to the surface. In the
same time interval, the wave at B sends out a
Huygens wavelet (the light brown are passing
through C) and the light continues to propagate in
the same direction. The radius of the wavelet
from A is AD v
2
t, where v
2
is the wave speed
in the second medium. The radius of the wavelet
fromB is BC v t
1
, wherev
1
is the wave speed in
the original medium.
From S, ABC and ADC, we find that
sin
1
1

BC
AC
v t
AC

(i)
and sin
2
2

AD
AC
v t
AC

(ii)
Physics-XII
9
CBSE Solved Paper
1
1
1
1
O
1
O
2
O
3
P
1
P
2
P
3
S
1
1
1
1
1
c t
A B
A B
Old wave front New wavefront
1
1
Time I
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
O
Time
O
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
O
Due to
D
1
Due to
D
2
Due to
D
1
Due to
D
2

2
D

2
A
C
B
2
ray1
Dividing the Eq. (i) by the Eq. (ii), we get
sin
sin

1
2

v
v
1
2
We know that v
c
n
1
1
and v
c
n
2
2

Therefore,
sin
sin
/
/

2
1 1
2
2
1

c n
c n
n
n
and n n
1 1 2 2
sin sin
Which is Snellss law of refraction.
(iii) The reflection and refraction phenomenon occur
due to interaction of corpuscles of incident light
and the atoms of matter on receiving light energy,
the atoms are forced to oscillate about their mean
positions with the same frequency as incident
light. According to Maxwell's classical theory,
the frequency of light emitted by a charged
oscillator is same as its frequency of oscillation.
Thus, the frequency of reflected and refracted
light is same as the incident frequency.
29. Biot-Savarts law
This law states that, the strength of magnetic field dB
due to a small current element Ids carrying a current
I at a point distant r from the element is directly
proportional to I, ds, sin and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance ( r
2
), where is the angle
between ds and r. It is expressed in vector form as
d
d
r
B
sr

0
4
2
I
Consider a circular coil of radius a with centre O. Let
the plane of the coil be perpendicular to the plane of
the paper and current I be flowing in the coil at a
distance d from its centre O. Clearly, OP d.
Consider two small elements of the coil each of
length dl at C and D. Which are situated at
diametrically opposite edges.
Then PC PD r a d +
2 2
Let CPO DPO
According to Bio-Savart's law,
dB
d
r

0
4
90
2
I l sin
[ Qa is small, 90]

+

0 0
4 4
2 2 2
I I d
r
d
a d
l l
....(i)
Similarly the magnitude of magnetic field induction
at P due to current element of length dl at D is given
by
dB
d
r
d
a d

0 0
4
90
4
2 2 2
.
sin
( )
I I l l
...(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
dB dB
d
a x


( + )
0
I l
4
2 2
Resolving dB and dB in two components, we have
(i) dB cos along PY and dB sin acts along PY,
(ii) dB cos acts along PY ad dB sin acts
along PX.
Thus, total magnetic field induction at P due to
current through the whole circular coil is given by
B dB

sin

0
Id
a d
l sin
( ) 4
2 2

0
2 2
4
I
( )
sin
a d
dI

+ +

0
2 2 2 2
4
2
I a
a d a x
a
( )
[Qsin ,
+

a
a d
d a
2 2
2 I ]
B
a
a d

( + )
0
2
4
2
2
2 2
I
3/
Magnetic field induction at the centre of the circular
coil carrying current is
B
a
2
4
2

0
I
B
a
a d
1
2
2 2 3 2
4
2

0
I
( )
/
B
B
a a
a d
a
a d
1
2
2
2 2 3 2
3
2 2 3 2

+

+ ( ) ( )
/ /
[Qd a 3]

+
a
a a
3
2 2 3 2
3 ( )
/
B
B
1
2
1
8

Or
(i) Magnetic field lines due to a current carraying
loop are
Physics-XII
10
CBSE Solved Paper
1
1
1
a
d
P
M
r a
2 2
+
dl
dl
L
I
C
I

dB
dB
Q
Q
dB sin
dB sin
dB cos
d
B
c
o
s

1
1
1
1
N
1
(ii) Principle
Its working is based on the fact that when a
current carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field,
it experiences a net torque.
Working
Suppose the coil PQRS is suspended freely in the
magnetic field.
Let, l length PQ and RS of the coil
b breadth QR or SP of the coil
n number of turns in the coil
Area of each turn of the coil, A b l
Let, B strength of the magnetic field in which coil is
suspended
I current passing through the coil in the
direction of PQRS
Let at any instant of time, be the angle which the
normal drawn to the plane of the coil makes with the
direction of magnetic field. The rectangular current
carrying coil when placed in the magnetic field
experiences a torque whose magnitude is given by,
n BA l sin
Due to this torque, the coil rotates and suspension
wire gets twisted. A restoring torque is set up in the
suspension wire.
Let be the twist produced in the phosphor bronze
strip due to rotation of the coil and k be the restoring
torque per unit twist of the phosphor bronze strip.
Then,
Total restoring torque produced k
In equilibrium position of the coil,
Deflecting torque Restoring torque
NIBA k or I
k
NBA
G
where
k
NBA
G a
[Constant for a galvanometer]
It is known as galvanometer constant.
Current sensitivity of the galvanometer is the
deflection per unit current.

I
NAB
k

Voltage sensitivity is the deflection per unit

voltage.

V
NAB
k V
NAB
k R

_
,

1 1
[QV IR ]
The uniformradial magnetic field keeps the plane
of the coil always parallel to the direction of the
magnetic field. That is, the angle between the
plane of the coil and the magnetic field is zero for
all the orientations of the coil.
(iii) A moving coil galvanometer of range I
g
and
resistance G can be converted into ammeter by
connected very low resistance shunt in parallel
with galvanometer.
Q To convert a galvanometer into an ammeter,
shunt resistance is connected in parallel with the
galvanometer, so the potential difference across
the combination is same.
PD across galvanometer PD across shunt S
I I
g s
G S
But I I I
s g
+
I I I
s g
I I I
g g
G S ( )
S
G
g
g

I
I I
The shunt resistance S to be connected to convert
galvanometer into an ammeter.
Physics-XII
11
CBSE Solved Paper
L
S N
P
M
Q R
T
1
T
2
H
Phosphor
bronze
strip
cone
1
1
1
G
S
B A I
g
( ) I I
g
( ) I I
g
Ammeter
I I
1