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SQL Queries Select Statement

SQL queries can use the SELECT statement to retrieve data from database tables. The SELECT statement specifies which columns to retrieve and from which table. It allows filtering rows using WHERE conditions and logical/membership operators. NULL conditions like IS NULL test for empty or unknown values. LIKE conditions support pattern matching on string columns, using wildcard characters like % to match multiple characters.

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42 views

SQL Queries Select Statement

SQL queries can use the SELECT statement to retrieve data from database tables. The SELECT statement specifies which columns to retrieve and from which table. It allows filtering rows using WHERE conditions and logical/membership operators. NULL conditions like IS NULL test for empty or unknown values. LIKE conditions support pattern matching on string columns, using wildcard characters like % to match multiple characters.

Uploaded by

mkumarshahi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Queries, SELECT Statement

Use a SELECT statement or subquery to retrieve data from one or more tables, object tables,
views, object views, or materialized views
For example to retrieve all rows from emp table.
SQL> select empno, ename, sal from emp;

Or (if you want to see all the columns values
You can also give * which means all columns)

SQL> select * from emp;

Suppose you want to see only employee names and their salaries then you can type
the following statement

SQL> select name, sal from emp;

Filtering Information using Where Conditions

You can filter information using where conditions like suppose you want to
see only those employees whose salary is above 5000 then you can type the following
query with where condition

SQL>select * from emp where sal > 5000;
To see those employees whose salary is less than 5000 then the query will be
SQL> select * from emp where sal < 5000;
Logical Conditions
A logical condition combines the results of two component conditions to produce a
single result based on them or to invert the result of a single condition. Table below
lists logical conditions.
Condition Operation Example
Condition Operation Example
NOT

Returns TRUE if the following condition is FALSE.
ReturnsFALSE if it is TRUE. If it is UNKNOWN, it
remains UNKNOWN.
SELECT *
FROM emp
WHERE NOT (sal IS
NULL);
SELECT *
FROM emp
WHERE NOT
(salary BETWEEN 1000
AND 2000);

AND

Returns TRUE if both component conditions are TRUE.
Returns FALSE if either is FALSE. Otherwise
returnsUNKNOWN.
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE ename ='SAMI'
AND sal=3000;

OR

Returns TRUE if either component condition is TRUE.
ReturnsFALSE if both are FALSE. Otherwise
returns UNKNOWN.
SELECT *
FROM emp
WHERE ename = 'SAMI'
OR sal >= 1000;

Membership Conditions
A membership condition tests for membership in a list or subquery
The following table lists the membership conditions.
Condition Operation Example
IN

"Equal to any member of" test. Equivalent to
"= ANY".
SELECT * FROM emp
WHERE deptno IN
Condition Operation Example
(10,20);
SELECT * FROM emp
WHERE deptno IN (SELECT deptno
FROM dept WHERE city=HYD)

NOT IN


Equivalent to "!=ALL". Evaluates
to FALSEif any member of the set is NULL.
SELECT * FROM emp
WHERE ename NOT IN ('SCOTT',
'SMITH');


Null Conditions
A NULL condition tests for nulls.
What is null?
If a column is empty or no value has been inserted in it then it is called null.
Remember 0 is not null and blank string is also not null.
The following example lists the null conditions.

Condition Operation Example
IS [NOT]
NULL

Tests for nulls. This is the only condition that you
should use to test for nulls.


SELECT ename
FROM emp
WHERE deptno
IS NULL;

SELECT * FROM emp WHERE
ename IS NOT NULL;

EXISTS Conditions
An EXISTS condition tests for existence of rows in a subquery.
The following example shows the EXISTS condition.
Condition Operation Example
EXISTS

TRUE if a subquery returns at least one row. SELECT deptno
FROM dept d
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT * FROM emp e
WHERE d.deptno
= e.deptno);


LIKE Conditions
The LIKE conditions specify a test involving pattern matching. Whereas the equality
operator (=) exactly matches one character value to another, the LIKE conditions match
a portion of one character value to another by searching the first value for the pattern
specified by the second. LIKE calculates strings using characters as defined by the
input character set.
For example you want to see all employees whose name starts with S char. Then you can use
LIKE condition as follows
SQL> select * from emp where ename like S% ;
Similarly you want to see all employees whose name ends with d
SQL>select * from emp where ename like %d;
You want to see all employees whose name starts with A and ends with d like Abid,
Adward, Arnold.
SQL>select * from emp where ename like A%d;
You want to see those employees whose name contains character a anywhere in the string.
SQL> select * from emp where ename like %a%;
To see those employees whose name contains a in second position.
SQL>select * from emp where ename like _a%;
To see those employees whose name contains a as last second character.
SQL>select * from emp where ename like %a_;
To see those employees whose name contain % sign. i.e. % sign has to be used as literal not
as wild char.
SQL> select * from emp where ename like %\%% escape \;

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