[G.R. No. 140033. January 25, 2002.

]
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee, vs. ROGELIO MORENO y REG, accused-appellant.
The Solicitor General for plaintiff-appellee.
Public Attorney's Office for accused-appellant.
SYNOPSIS
Having been found guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the special complex crime of robbery with rape
aggravated by nocturnity, appellant was sentenced to death. Hence, this appeal. EaSCAH
Marites was walking along a commercial complex when appellant suddenly put his arms around her and
pointed a fan-knife at her neck. As Marites had already seen appellant several times before the incident,
she was able to recognize appellant who then dragged her to a vacant space behind a car and there
forced himself inside her. Afterwards, he snatched her shoulder bag and ran away. That same night,
police were called and Marites joined in the search for appellant around the vicinity of the incident.
After a while, the victim saw appellant and identified him as her violator. Thereafter, Marites underwent
police investigation and submitted herself to physical examination. Considering all these, the Court was
convinced that appellant is guilty of rape with the use of force and intimidation. However, two separate
crimes were committed, rape and theft. The initial plan of appellant was satisfying his lust followed by
the snatching of the victim's shoulder bag. Further, nocturnity cannot be appreciated as it was not
alleged in the information and there was no evidence that the same was deliberately sought to
accomplish the crime.
SYLLABUS
1. CRIMINAL LAW; RAPE; USE OF FORCE AND INTIMIDATION, APPRECIATED; PHYSICAL RESISTANCE
NEED NOT BE ESTABLISHED WHEN INTIMIDATION IS EXERCISED UPON THE VICTIM. We are convinced
beyond any shadow of doubt that ROGELIO succeeded in having carnal knowledge of MARITES with the
use of force and intimidation. When he first put his arms around her, he had a fan-knife in his possession
directed towards her neck. As he was on top of her, his hand was on her throat and he threatened to
stab and kill her should she create a noise. Fear of further injury overpowered and stifled her attempt to
resist the sexual assault. MARITES might have failed to resist ROGELIO's advances, but such failure was a
manifestation of involuntary submission, not of consent. In any event, force or intimidation itself is
sufficient justification for a woman's failure to offer resistance. It is well settled that physical resistance
need not be established in rape when intimidation is exercised upon the victim and the latter submits
herself against her will to the rapist's advances because of fear for her life and personal safety. Thus, the
law does not impose a burden on the rape victim to prove resistance. What needs only to be proved by
the prosecution is the use of force or intimidation by the accused in having sexual intercourse with the
victim.
2. ID.; ID.; PRESENT IN CASE AT BAR. This court has frequently held that in rape cases, the
conduct of a woman immediately following the alleged assault is of utmost importance. In this case,
MARITES immediately reported the incident to the police, accompanied them in looking for her
assailant, and upon seeing him she immediately identified him as her rapist. Thereafter, she underwent
police investigation and submitted to a physical examination of her private parts by a medico-legal
officer. Her conduct negated fabrication or prevarication on her part.
3. ID.; SPECIAL COMPLEX CRIME OF ROBBERY WITH RAPE; ELUCIDATED. The special complex
crime of robbery with rape defined in Article 293 in relation to paragraph 2 of Article 294 of the Revised
Penal Code, as amended, employs the clause "when the robbery shall have been accompanied with
rape." In other words, to be liable for such crime, the offender must have the intent to take the personal
property of another under circumstances that makes the taking one of robbery, and such intent must
precede the rape. If the original plan was to commit rape, but the accused after committing the rape
also committed robbery when the opportunity presented itself, the robbery should be viewed as a
separate and distinct crime.
4. ID.; RAPE AND THEFT; TWO SEPARATE CRIMES COMMITTED IN CASE AT BAR. A painstaking
assessment of the evidence in this case convinces us that ROGELIO committed two separate offenses of
rape and theft, and not the special complex crime of robbery with rape. Immediately after ROGELIO put
his arms around MARITES and directed the knife at her neck, he dragged MARITES to the vacant space in
ABC Commercial Complex and removed her clothes. These acts clearly showed that ROGELIO had in
mind sexual gratification. This intent was further established by the fact that when MARITES offered to
give her ring to ROGELIO, the latter did not take it and instead replied, "Mamaya na iyan" "That will
come later on because I will give it back to you but you have to follow me first." Again, when ROGELIO
removed his pants, MARITES told him to get her bag if he needed money; but ROGELIO replied "I do not
need money." After giving vent to his lustful desire, he snatched the victim's shoulder bag, which was
then on her right foot, and then he ran away. Clearly then, the taking of personal property was not the
original evil plan of ROGELIO. It was an afterthought following the rape. Significantly, the constitutive
element of violence or intimidation against persons in robbery was not present at the time of the
snatching of the shoulder bag of MARITES. The force or intimidation exerted by ROGELIO against the
victim was for a reason foreign to the fact of the taking of the bag. It was for the purpose of
accomplishing his lustful desire. Hence, it cannot be considered for the purpose of classifying the crime
as robbery. Accused-appellant may thus be held liable for simple theft only, in addition to the crime of
rape. DTAHSI
5. REMEDIAL LAW; EVIDENCE; ALIBI AND DENIAL; CANNOT PREVAIL OVER POSITIVE
IDENTIFICATION OF ACCUSED. The alibi and denial of ROGELIO cannot prevail over the testimony of
MARITES positively identifying him. MARITES had an adequate look at ROGELIO's features during the
assault. She deliberately looked at ROGELIO's face while he was pumping on top of her. She was
determined to never forget his face and to make him pay for the crime he has done. MARITES even
emphasized in her testimony that she had the occasion to see the tattoos in ROGELIO's arms, his
pimpled face and the triple V prints on his shirt, which was later found in ROGELIO's knapsack. She
recognized him as one who would pass by the Burger Machine outlet in Guadalupe twice a week.
Indeed, it is the most natural reaction for victims of criminal violence to strive to see the looks and faces
of their assailants and observe the manner in which the crime was committed. Most often the face and
body movements of the assailant create lasting impressions which cannot be easily erased from the
victim's memory. It is doctrinally settled that alibi and denial are worthless and cannot prevail over
positive identification that is categorical, consistent and without any showing of ill-motive on the part of
the witness. Accused's bare denial amounted to nothing more than negative and self-serving evidence
unworthy of weight in law. His defense of alibi will not prosper either for his failure to prove that he was
at some other place at the time the crime was committed and that it was physically impossible for him
to be at the locus criminis at the time. He claimed he was sleeping in Laperal Compound which is just a
5-minute walk from the locus criminis. It was not therefore impossible for him to be at the crime scene
at the time the crime was committed.
6. CRIMINAL LAW; AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES; NOCTURNITY; NOT APPRECIATED AS IT WAS
NOT ALLEGED IN THE INFORMATION AND THERE IS NO EVIDENCE THAT THE SAME WAS DELIBERATELY
SOUGHT TO ACCOMPLISH THE CRIME. For nocturnity to be properly appreciated, it must be shown
that it facilitated the commission of the crime and that it was purposely sought for by the offender. By
and of itself, nighttime is not an aggravating circumstance. In the instant case, no sufficient evidence
was offered to prove that ROGELIO deliberately sought the cover of darkness to accomplish his criminal
design. . . . Moreover, the aggravating circumstance of nocturnity was not alleged in the information.
Section 8 of Rule 110 of the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, which took effect on 1 December
2000, requires that the complaint or information must specify the qualifying and aggravating
circumstances attending the commission of the crime charged. This provision being favorable to the
accused may be given retroactive effect.
7. REMEDIAL LAW; CRIMINAL PROCEDURE; RIGHT OF ACCUSED TO BE INFORMED OF HIS
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS; ALLEGED VIOLATION THEREOF NOT SUBSTANTIATED. The issue of failure
by the arresting officers to inform ROGELIO of his constitutional rights and to afford him the benefit of
counsel during the custodial investigation requires strong and convincing evidence because of the
presumption that the law enforces acted in the regular performance of their official duties. Besides,
even granting arguendo that the constitutional requirements were not observed, the same is of no
significance because it does not appear that ROGELIO executed a statement or confession. Then, too, as
correctly pointed out by the OSG, the conviction of ROGELIO was not on the basis of any extrajudicial
confession but on the testimony of MARITES and other evidence.
8. CRIMINAL LAW; RAPE; PROPER PENALTY. For the crime of rape, now punished under Article
266-A of the Revised Penal, as amended by R.A. No. 8353 otherwise known as the Anti-Rape Law, which
is the governing law in this case, the penalty is reclusion perpetua. As to the civil aspect of the case, the
trial court's award of P200,000 as moral damages should be reduced to P50,000 conformably with the
current jurisprudence. In rape cases, moral damages are awarded without need of proof of the victim's
mental, physical, and psychological sufferings, for these are too obvious to still require their recital at
the trial by the victim. MARITES is also entitled to an award of P50,000 as indemnity ex delicto.
9. ID.; ID.; THEFT; PROPER PENALTY. For the crime of theft, the penalty shall be based on the
value of the thing stolen. Except for the money in the amount of P200, no evidence was presented by
the prosecution as regards the value of the other stolen personal properties. Hence, the basis of the
penalty is P200. Under Article 309(4) of the Revised Penal Code, any person guilty of theft shall be
punished by arresto mayor in its medium period to prision correccional in its minimum period if the
value of the property stolen is over P50 but does not exceed P200. Since there are neither mitigating nor
aggravating circumstances, we shall impose the penalty in its medium period, which is arresto mayor in
its maximum period whose duration is four (4) months and one (1) day to six (6) months. As to the
award of P1,000 representing the value of the personal properties taken from MARITES, the same
should be reduced to P200 representing the actual cash contained in the stolen bag MARITES, there
being no sufficient proof as regards the actual value of the other stolen personal properties. ICAcHE
D E C I S I O N
DAVIDE, JR., C. J p:
Before us for automatic review 1 is the Decision 2 of 9 August 1999 of the Regional Trial Court, Branch
138, Makati City, in Criminal Case No. 99-026 finding accused-appellant Rogelio Moreno y Reg (hereafter
ROGELIO) guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the special complex crime of robbery with rape and
sentencing him to suffer the penalty of death and to pay the amounts of P200,000 as moral damages
and P1,000 representing the value of the personal property taken from the victim Marites Felix
(hereafter MARITES).
The accusatory portion of the Information 3 reads as follows:
That on or about the 8th day of January 1999 in the City of Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines, a place
within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused, armed with a bladed weapon,
with intent to gain and by means of violence and intimidation, did then and there willfully, unlawfully
rob, take and divest Marites Felix y Tacadena of one (1) gold ring, black bag containing one (1) ATM card,
one (1) white Burger Machine T-shirt, 30 copies of Burger Machine coupons, one (1) pocket book, a
bible, toothbrush, toothpaste and cash money in the amount of P200.00, all belonging to Marites Felix y
Tacadena, to the latter's damage and prejudice and the on the occasion of the said robbery and by using
force and intimidation, accused did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously have carnal
knowledge of the complainant Marites Felix y Tacadena against her will and consent.
CONTRARY TO LAW.
Upon arraignment on 25 January 1999, ROGELIO, with the assistance of counsel de oficio, entered a plea
of not guilty.
At the pre-trial, the only fact the parties could agree on was that ROGELIO was wearing a Burger
Machine T-shirt at the time he was arrested. Thereafter trial ensued.
The victim, 20-year-old MARITES, testified that at about 12:45 A.M. of 8 January 1999, as she was
walking along ABC Commercial Complex, Makati, after her duty as service crew of the Burger Machine
outlet located at Guadalupe Nuevo, Makati, she noticed a man behind her. Suddenly, the man put his
arms around her and pointed a fan-knife at her neck. Since the place was illuminated by streetlights and
lights coming from the ABC Commercial Complex, MARITES noticed the tattoos in his arms and
recognized him to be accused-appellant ROGELIO. Prior to 8 January 1999, ROGELIO would pass by their
Burger Machine outlet twice a week, but there was never an occasion that he bought something from
Burger Machine. 4
ROGELIO dragged MARITES and at the same time ordered her to follow him to the side of ABC Complex,
which is about five arms-length away from EDSA. MARITES removed her ring from her bag and gave it to
ROGELIO. 5 The latter told her, "Mamaya na iyan." 6 "[T]hat will come later on because I will give it back
to you but you have to follow me first." 7
ROGELIO grabbed MARITES's long-sleeved shirt, unbuttoned it, and pushed her to the vacant space
behind the car then parked on the side of ABC Complex. He again pointed his knife at her throat and
pulled down her pants. To her plea for mercy, he replied "Huwag kang maingay kundi papatayin kita."
ROGELIO then removed his pants and again uttered "Huwag kang maingay kundi sasaksakin kita." Still,
she told him that he could get her bag if he needed money, but he replied, "I do not need money." 8
ROGELIO ordered MARITES to open her legs apart or else he would kill her. MARITES was forced to obey
him. ROGELIO then went on top of her with his right hand holding her throat, inserted his sexual organ
into hers, and kept on pumping. After he was through, ROGELIO went again on top of MARITES and
ordered her to put his organ inside her vagina. MARITES said, "Ayoko." At this point, she heard someone
nearby running. ROGELIO forthwith put on his shorts and snatched the shoulder bag of MARITES, which
contained her ATM card, P200 cash, a small Bible, coupons of Burger Machine and T-shirt with Burger
Machine markings. He then ran away towards the direction of the other side of EDSA. 9
The vendors who saw MARITES crying as she was walking inquired about what happened to her. They
brought her back to the Burger Machine outlet and called the police. MARITES joined the police in the
search for ROGELIO around the vicinity and to the place where the incident happened. One of the two
policemen saw her ring in said place. They continued to search the vicinity until they reached Laperal
Compound. As they were approaching Guadalupe Bridge, several persons who were talking to each
other scampered away upon seeing MARITES and the police officers. One of them was ROGELIO, who
immediately went inside a house and turned off its lights. With the assistance of the barangay tanod,
the police went to the back portion of the house and saw ROGELIO, who at the time was wearing a hat
and a blue jacket with his head bowed down. 10
Upon seeing ROGELIO, MARITES exclaimed: "He is the one." ROGELIO refused to remove his hat when
she tried to remove it. After finally succeeding in removing his hat, MARITES confirmed: "He [was] the
one who raped me." She then removed his jacket and saw under it her T-shirt with Burger Machine
prints at the left sleeve and catsup stains in the front and upper parts of the shirt. This was the shirt she
used in working at their Burger Machine outlet. 11
The police brought ROGELIO and MARITES to the police station where MARITES was investigated. At
9:00 A.M. of the following day, MARITES was examined by Dr. Aurea P. Villena, a medico-legal officer of
the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI). 12
Dr. Aurea P. Villena testified that she conducted an examination on MARITES and found that MARITES
sustained contusions on her breasts. She also noted the following:
2) Hymen, intact but distensible and its orifice wide (2.5 cm in diameter) as to allow complete
penetration of an average-sized adult Filipino male organ in full erection without producing any genital
injury;
3) Semenology positive for human spermatozoa which is highly indicative of recent sexual
intercourse with [a] man. 13
SPO3 Quillano Molmisa of the Makati Police Station corroborated the testimony of MARITES that upon
receiving her complaint for rape, he, together with the latter and SPO4 Alejandro Alisangco, proceeded
to the Laperal Compound in Guadalupe, which was known to the police officers as a hiding place of
criminals in that area. ROGELIO ran away upon seeing MARITES and the police officers. ROGELIO was
later found hiding in a kneeling position in Laperal Compound. MARITES was hysterical as she positively
identified ROGELIO. SPO3 Molmisa brought ROGELIO to the Ospital ng Makati for medical examination
before bringing him to the police station. 14
Accused-appellant ROGELIO, 19 years old and a resident of Laperal Compound, Guadalupe Viejo, Makati
City, put up the defense of alibi. He testified that on or about 12:45 A.M. of 8 January 1999, he was
sleeping in a folding bed located outside the house owned by his uncle, with whom he had been living.
ROGELIO was roused from sleep by the police. MARITES approached him, took off his hat and was
hysterical when she pointed to him saying, "Iyan nga po iyon, iyan nga po iyon." "Ikaw ang nangholdap
sa akin at nang rape." Then the policemen tied his hands and brought him to the Ospital ng Makati,
together with MARITES. 15
ROGELIO did not deny the fact that he was wearing a T-shirt with Burger Machine prints at the time of
his arrest. According to him it had been with him for almost a year prior to the incident. It was given to
him as a souvenir by a friend who worked at the Burger Machine. 16
Zaldy Carino, a 17-year-old neighbor and friend of ROGELIO for three years prior to the incident,
testified that between 5:00 and 8:00 P.M. of 7 January 1999 he was playing basketball with ROGELIO
and the latter's friends. ROGELIO was wearing a Burger Machine T-shirt the whole time that they were
playing basketball. After winning the game, ROGELIO bought some merienda for his playmates, since he
was the one who placed the bet. They stayed in ROGELIO's house until about 10:00 P.M. when ROGELIO
told them that he was going to sleep. After Zaldy and his friends left, ROGELIO slept in a folding bed
located outside the house of his uncle. 17
Between 2:00 and 3:00 A.M. of the following day, Zaldy was awakened when he heard noises. He went
out of the house and went to the place where the noise was coming from. He found out that it came
from the place where ROGELIO was sleeping, and he saw ROGELIO being beaten up by four persons,
including a barangay tanod. Zaldy also saw MARITES shouting, crying and claiming that the T-shirt worn
by ROGELIO was hers. ROGELIO and another person by the name of Inteng were taken away. 18
After evaluating the evidence offered by the parties, the trial court gave full faith and credit to the
version of the prosecution, convicted ROGELIO of robbery with rape and appreciated against him the
aggravating circumstance of nocturnity. It disregarded ROGELIO's defenses of denial and alibi in view of
his positive identification by MARITES as her assailant. Accordingly, in its Decision of 9 August 1999, the
trial court decreed as follows:
FOR THE REASONS GIVEN, the Court finds accused Rogelio Moreno y Reg, guilty beyond reasonable
doubt of having committed the special complex crime of robbery with rape, defined and penalized
under Articles 293 and 294 of the Revised Penal Code as amended by Republic Act No. 7659. Applying
Article 63 of the Revised Penal Code, considering the attendance of the aggravating circumstance of
nocturnity and absent any mitigating circumstance, the Court imposes the penalty of death upon said
accused. Accused is ordered to pay the complainant P200,000.00 as and for moral damages plus
P1,000.00 representing the value of the personal properties taken but not recovered. 19
In his Appellant's Brief, ROGELIO claims that the trial court committed the following errors:
I. . . . IN FINDING THAT THE GUILT OF THE ACCUSED-APPELLANT FOR THE CRIME CHARGE HAS
BEEN PROVEN BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT.
II. . . . IN NOT DECLARING THAT THE ACCUSED-APPELLANT'S CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT WAS
VIOLATED WHEN HE WAS ARRESTED AND BROUGHT TO THE POLICE STATION FOR CUSTODIAL
INVESTIGATION WITHOUT THE ASSISTANCE OF AN INDEPENDENT AND COMPETENT COUNSEL OF HIS
CHOICE.
III. . . . IN APPRECIATING THE AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCE OF NOCTURNITY IN THE
COMMISSION OF THE CRIME CHARGED.
As to the first assigned error, ROGELIO banks on the alleged absence of resistance and struggle by
MARITES as evidenced by the absence of injuries on her person. He likewise argues that it was improper
to charge him with robbery with rape, since the taking of the victim's property was a mere afterthought
and an independent act from the alleged commission of the crime of rape.
Anent the second assigned error, ROGELIO alleges that when he was arrested, he was not informed of
his right to remain silent, and when he was forced by the policemen to undress and admit the crime, he
was not assisted by an independent and competent counsel.
Finally, on the third assigned error, ROGELIO maintains that the trial court erred in appreciating against
him the aggravating circumstance of nocturnity because the place where the rape took place was not
covered with darkness, and there is no evidence that nighttime was deliberately sought after by him to
carry out a criminal intent.
In the Appellee's Brief, the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG) argues that ROGELIO's conviction was
based on the direct testimony of MARITES and not on his alleged admission; in fact, no evidence on his
alleged admission was presented by the prosecution. The OSG supports the trial court in convicting him
of robbery with rape, as the law does not differentiate whether rape is committed before, during or
after the robbery, it being enough that rape accompanied robbery.
The OSG also agrees on the existence of the aggravating circumstance of nighttime, since ROGELIO
waited until 12:45 A.M. of the day in question to accomplish his evil design. It further asserts that even if
the rape and robbery were considered independently, ROGELIO's sentence for the rape would still be
death because such crime was committed with the use of deadly weapon and attended by nocturnity.
Hence, it prays that the challenged decision of the trial court be affirmed. It, however, recommends that
compensatory damages in the amount of P75,000 be awarded to MARITES and the moral damages be
reduced to P50,000.
We are convinced beyond any shadow of doubt that ROGELIO succeeded in having carnal knowledge of
MARITES with the use of force and intimidation. When he first put his arms around her, he had a fan-
knife in his possession directed towards her neck. As he was on top of her, his hand was on her throat
and he threatened to stab and kill her should she create a noise. Fear of further injury overpowered and
stifled her attempt to resist the sexual assault. MARITES might have failed to resist ROGELIO's advances,
but such failure was a manifestation of involuntary submission, not of consent. In any event, force or
intimidation itself is sufficient justification for a woman's failure to offer resistance. It is well settled that
physical resistance need not be established in rape when intimidation is exercised upon the victim and
the latter submits herself against her will to the rapist's advances because of fear for her life and
personal safety. 20 Thus, the law does not impose a burden on the rape victim to prove resistance.
What needs only to be proved by the prosecution is the use of force or intimidation by the accused in
having sexual intercourse with the victim. 21
This court has frequently held that in rape cases, the conduct of a woman immediately following the
alleged assault is of utmost importance. In this case, MARITES immediately reported the incident to the
police, accompanied them in looking for her assailant, and upon seeing him she immediately identified
him as her rapist. Thereafter, she underwent police investigation and submitted to a physical
examination of her private parts by a medico-legal officer. Her conduct negated fabrication or
prevarication on her part. 22
We cannot, however, sustain ROGELIO's conviction of robbery with rape.
The special complex crime of robbery with rape defined in Article 293 in relation to paragraph 2 of
Article 294 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended, employs the clause "when the robbery shall have
been accompanied with rape." In other words, to be liable for such crime, the offender must have the
intent to take the personal property of another under circumstances that makes the taking one of
robbery, and such intent must precede the rape. 23 If the original plan was to commit rape, but the
accused after committing the rape also committed robbery when the opportunity presented itself, the
robbery should be viewed as a separate and distinct crime. 24
A painstaking assessment of the evidence in this case convinces us that ROGELIO committed two
separate offenses of rape and theft, and not the special complex crime of robbery with rape.
Immediately after ROGELIO put his arms around MARITES and directed the knife at her neck, he dragged
MARITES to the vacant space in ABC Commercial Complex and removed her clothes. These acts clearly
showed that ROGELIO had in mind sexual gratification. This intent was further established by the fact
that when MARITES offered to give her ring to ROGELIO, the latter did not take it and instead replied,
"Mamaya na iyan"; 25 "That will come later on because I will give it back to you but you have to follow
me first." 26 Again, when ROGELIO removed his pants, MARITES told him to get her bag if he needed
money; but ROGELIO replied "I do not need money." 27 After giving vent to his lustful desire, he
snatched the victim's shoulder bag, which was then on her right foot, and then he ran away. 28 Clearly
then, the taking of personal property was not the original evil plan of ROGELIO. It was an afterthought
following the rape.
Significantly, the constitutive element of violence or intimidation against persons in robbery was not
present at the time of the snatching of the shoulder bag of MARITES. The force or intimidation exerted
by ROGELIO against the victim was for a reason foreign to the fact of the taking of the bag. 29 It was for
the purpose of accomplishing his lustful desire. Hence, it cannot be considered for the purpose of
classifying the crime as robbery. Accused-appellant may thus be held liable for simple theft only, in
addition to the crime of rape.
The alibi and denial of ROGELIO cannot prevail over the testimony of MARITES positively identifying him.
MARITES had an adequate look at ROGELIO's features during the assault. She deliberately looked at
ROGELIO's face while he was pumping on top of her. She was determined to never forget his face and to
make him pay for the crime he has done. MARITES even emphasized in her testimony that she had the
occasion to see the tattoos in ROGELIO's arms, his pimpled face and the triple V prints on his shirt, which
was later found in ROGELIO's knapsack. She recognized him as one who would pass by the Burger
Machine outlet in Guadalupe twice a week. Indeed, it is the most natural reaction for victims of criminal
violence to strive to see the looks and faces of their assailants and observe the manner in which the
crime was committed. Most often the face and body movements of the assailant create lasting
impressions which cannot be easily erased from the victim's memory. 30
It is doctrinally settled that alibi and denial are worthless and cannot prevail over positive identification
that is categorical, consistent and without any showing of ill-motive on the part of the witness. 31
Accused's bare denial amounted to nothing more than negative and self-serving evidence unworthy of
weight in law. 32 His defense of alibi will not prosper either for his failure to prove that he was at some
other place at the time the crime was committed and that it was physically impossible for him to be at
the locus criminis at the time. 33 He claimed he was sleeping in Laperal Compound which is just a 5-
minute walk from the locus criminis. It was not therefore impossible for him to be at the crime scene at
the time the crime was committed.
However, the trial court erred in appreciating the aggravating circumstance of nocturnity or nighttime.
For nocturnity to be properly appreciated, it must be shown that it facilitated the commission of the
crime and that it was purposely sought for by the offender. By and of itself, nighttime is not an
aggravating circumstance. In the instant case, no sufficient evidence was offered to prove that ROGELIO
deliberately sought the cover of darkness to accomplish his criminal design. In fact, the victim testified
that there were streetlights and lights from the ABC Commercial Complex. 34 That the crime scene was
dark is negated by the victim's testimony that he was able to see the face of the accused and even the
"marking NFC and the nos. 555" in his dark shirt. 35 Moreover, the aggravating circumstance of
nocturnity was not alleged in the information. 36 Section 8 of Rule 110 of the Revised Rules of Criminal
Procedure, which took effect on 1 December 2000, requires that the complaint or information must
specify the qualifying and aggravating circumstances attending the commission of the crime charged.
This provision being favorable to the accused may be given retroactive effect. 37
We do not subscribe to the assertion of the OSG that should rape be considered as a separate offense, it
would be qualified by the circumstance of "use of a deadly weapon" in the commission thereof. A
reading of the information discloses no allegation that the rape was committed with the use of a deadly
weapon. The circumstance "armed with a bladed weapon" alleged in the information refers to the
robbery. Hence, it cannot serve to qualify the crime of rape.
The issue of failure by the arresting officers to inform ROGELIO of his constitutional rights and to afford
him the benefit of counsel during the custodial investigation requires strong and convincing evidence
because of the presumption that the law enforcers acted in the regular performance of their official
duties. 38 Besides, even granting arguendo that the constitutional requirements were not observed, the
same is of no significance because it does not appear that ROGELIO executed a statement or confession.
39 Then, too, as correctly pointed out by the OSG, the conviction of ROGELIO was not on the basis of any
extrajudicial confession but on the testimony of MARITES and other evidence.
Now, on the penalty.
For the crime of rape, now punished under Article 266-A of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by R.A.
No. 8353 otherwise known as the Anti-Rape Law, which is the governing law in this case, the penalty is
reclusion perpetua. As to the civil aspect of the case, the trial court's award of P200,000 as moral
damages should be reduced to P50,000 conformably with the current jurisprudence. In rape cases,
moral damages are awarded without need of proof of the victim's mental, physical, and psychological
sufferings, for these are too obvious to still require their recital at the trial by the victim. 40 MARITES is
also entitled to an award of P50,000 as indemnity ex delicto.
For the crime of theft, the penalty shall be based on the value of the thing stolen. Except for the money
in the amount of P200, no evidence was presented by the prosecution as regards the value of the other
stolen personal properties. Hence, the basis of the penalty is P200. 41 Under Article 309(4) of the
Revised Penal Code, any person guilty of theft shall be punished by arresto mayor in its medium period
to prision correccional in its minimum period if the value of the property stolen is over P50 but does not
exceed P200. Since there are neither mitigating nor aggravating circumstance, we shall impose the
penalty in its medium period, 42 which is arresto mayor in its maximum period whose duration is four
(4) months and one (1) day to six (6) months. As to the award of P1,000 representing the value of the
personal properties taken from MARITES, the same should be reduced to P200 representing the actual
cash contained in the stolen bag MARITES, there being no sufficient proof as regards the actual value of
the other stolen personal properties.
ACCORDINGLY, the 9 August 1999 Decision of the Regional Trial Court of Makati City, Branch 138, in
Criminal Case No. 99-026 is hereby AFFIRMED with MODIFICATIONS. As modified, accused-appellant
ROGELIO MORENO y REG is hereby declared guilty beyond reasonable doubt of two separate crimes of
rape and of theft and is hereby sentenced as follows:
1. For the crime of rape, to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua and pay complainant MARITES
FELIX the amounts of P50,000 as civil indemnity and P50,000 as moral damages; and
2. For the crime of theft, to suffer the penalty of six (6) months of arresto mayor and pay the
victim the sum of P200.
No costs.
SO ORDERED.
Bellosillo, Melo, Puno, Vitug, Kapunan, Mendoza, Panganiban, Quisumbing, Pardo, Buena, Ynares-
Santiago, De Leon, Jr., Sandoval-Gutierrez and Carpio, JJ., concur.
Footnotes
1. Pursuant to Article 47 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by Section 22 of R.A. No. 7659,
entitled "An Act to Impose the Death Penalty on Certain Heinous Crimes, Amending for that Purpose the
Revised Penal Code, as Amended, Other Special Penal Laws, and for Other Purposes," which took effect
on 31 December 1993. (People v. Simon, 234 SCRA 555 [1994]).
2. Original Record (OR), 463-480; Rollo, 18-35. Per Judge Sixto Marella, Jr.
3. OR, 1; Rollo, 1.
4. TSN, 8 February 1999, 2-5, 17-20.
5. TSN, 8 February 1999, 4-5.
6. Exhibit "A," OR, 7.
7. TSN, 8 February 1999, 5.
8. Id., 5-7.
9. Id., 7-10.
10. TSN, 8 February 1999, 9-12.
11. Id., 12-13.
12. Id., 13-14.
13. Exhibit "E", OR, 62.
14. TSN, 22 March 1999, 24-33, 46.
15. TSN, 11 May 1999, 5, 8-13.
16. Id., 9.
17. TSN, 8 June 1999, 4-8.
18. Id., 8-11.
19. Id., 17-18.
20. People v. Prades, 293 SCRA 411, 423 [1998]; People v. Bartolome, 296 SCRA 615, 629 [1998].
21. People v. Dinola, 183 SCRA 493, 501 [1990].
22. People v. Cruz, 203 SCRA 682, 694 [1991].
23. People v. Cruz, supra, at 697.
24. People v. Dinola, supra note 21, at 503; People v. Faigano, 254 SCRA 10, 16 [1996]; People v.
Candelario, 311 SCRA 475, 494 [1999].
25. Exhibit "A", OR, 7.
26. TSN, 8 February 1999, 5.
27. Id., 7.
28. TSN, 8 February 1999, 9.
29. See U.S. v. Birueda, 4 Phil. 229, 230 [1905].
30. People v. Dolar, 231 SCRA 414, 423 [1994].
31. People v. Macaliag, 337 SCRA 502, 516 [2000].
32. People v. Molina, 336 SCRA 400, 414 [2000].
33. People v. Mansueto, 336 SCRA 735 [2000].
34. TSN, 8 February 4, 17.
35. Id., 7-8, 24.
36. People v. Dizon, 320 SCRA 513, 524-525 [1999].
37. People v. Arrojado, G.R. No. 130492, 31 January 2001.
38. People v. Sy Bing Yok, 309 SCRA 28, 41 [2000]; Dizon v. Court of Appeals, 311 SCRA 1, 13 [2000];
People v. Uy, 327 SCRA 335, 350 [2000].
39. See also People v. Lucero, G.R. Nos. 102407-08, 26 March 2001.
40. People v. Docena, 322 SCRA 820, 833 [2000].
41. See People v. Concepcion, G.R. No. 131477, 20 April 2001.
42. Article 64 (1), Revised Penal Code.

C o p y r i g h t 2 0 0 2 C D T e c h n o l o g i e s A s i a, I n c.