Topic : PROBABILITY

Level_1: EASY
An event-is a subset of the sample space. An event is a set of outcomes that satisfy certain
specific conditions.
Probability-If S is a sample space consisting of n equally likely outcomes, then the probability of
event E, ritten as P !E " , is defined as
P ( E ) =
" !
" !
S n
E n
Probability of an event#
$
% " ! E P
Example_1
Alia has a set of eight cards numbered % to &. A card is dran randomly from the set of cards.
'ind the probability that the number dran is
!a". &
!b". not &
Answe:
!a". S ( ) %,*,+,,,-,.,/,&0
E ()&0
1ot E,
E
( ) %,*,+,,,-,.,/0
P !E" (
&
%
" !
" !
=
S n
E n
!b". P ! " E (
" !
" !
S n
E n
(
&
/
PER!"TATIO# A#$ %O!BI#ATIO#
Permutation
1umber of permutations of arranging n different ob2ects in a line is
n
n
P o n&
Example_'
In ho many ays can . letters A( B( %( $( E( ) be arranged3
Answe:
.
.
p ( n4 ( /*$
1umber of permutations for r ob2ects from
n
different ob2ects is
%
r
n
P =
"4 !
4
r n
n

Example_*
'ind the number of permutations of selecting to letters from four different letters A(B(% an+ $,
Answe: 1umber of permutations =
*
,
P
=
"4 * , !
4 ,

= %*
Combination
T-e n.m/e o0 com/ina1ions o0 o/2ec1s 0om n +i00een1 o/2ec1s is
r
n
C w-ee
r
n
C =
"4 ! 4
4
r n r
n

Example_3
5hree letters are randomly selected from the ord 6 IS!AIL4RO"P7
!a". 8o many ords of three letters can be formed3
!b". 'ind the probability that all three letters chosen are consonant3
Answe:
!a". %.-
+
%%
= C
!b".
++
,
+
%%
+
.
=
c
C
"se0.l In0oma1ion
%. P ! A 9 : " ( P! A " ; P ! : " < P ! A = : "
*. P ! A " ( P ! A = : " ; P ! A = :
>
"
+. P ! A
>
" ( % < P ! A "
,. P ! A
>
= :
>
" ( % < P ! A 9 : "
-. P ! A ?: " (
" !
" !
B P
B A P
.. P ! A : " ( $ for mutually e@clusive events
/. P ! A : " ( P ! A " .P ! : " for mutually independent events.
Example_3
*
5o events A and B are not independent , and their respective probabilities of occuring are
given by P ! A " ( $.. and P ! B " ( $./. It is also given that P ! A B " ( $.C-.
Dalculate#
!a". P ! A B " E
!b". P ! B ?A " and
!c". P ! A B
>
"

Answe:
!a". P ! A B " ( P ! A " ; P ! B " < P ! A B "
( $.. ; $./ < $.C-
( $.+-
!b". P ! B ?A " (
" !
" !
X P
Y X P
(
.$ . $
+- . $
( $.-&+
!c ". P ! A B
>
" ( P ! A " ; P ! B
>
" < P ! A B
>
"
( P ! A " ; % < P ! B " < P ! A " ; P ! A B "
( $.+ ; $.+-
( $..-
Execise_1
5hree balls are selected at random from one blue ball, three red balls and si@ hite balls. 'ind the
probability that all three balls selected are of the same colour.
F+mG
Execise_'
5here are eight parking bays in a ro at a ta@i stand. If one blue ta@i , to red ta@is and five
yello ta@is are parked there, find the probability that to red ta@is are parked ne@t to each other.
FAssume that a ta@i may be parked at any of the parking bays G
F+mG
Execise_*
5o events A and : are such that P ! A " (
&
+
, P !:" (
,
%
and P ! A?:" ( .
.
%
Sho that the
events A and : are neither independent nor mutually e@clusive.
F*mG
Execise_3
5here are %* toels , to of hich are red. If five toels are chosen at random, find the
probability that at least one is red.
+
F,mG
Execise_5
5o digits are chosen ithout replacement from the set ) %,*,+,,,-,.,/,& 0.
!a". 'ind the probability that both digits are greater than -.
F+mG
!b". Sho that the probability that the sum of the digits ill be equal to - is the same as the
probability that their sum ill e@ceed %+.
F+mG
Execise_6
A school committee is to be formed by choosing to boys and three girls out of a group of five
boys and si@ girls. Hetermine the probability that a particular boy named Ali and a particular girl
named :etty are selected to the committee.
F,mG
Execise_7
:ag A contains five red balls and four yello balls. :ag : has si@ red balls and three yello balls.
All balls are identical e@cept in colours. A ball is selected at random from bag A and its colour is
noted and then put into bag :. A second ball is dran from bag : at random. Hetermine the
probability that
!a". the second ball is red F*mG

!b". the to balls dran have different colours F*mG
!c". the second ball is yello given that first ball is red F*mG
Sc-eme:
%. P ! same colour " ( P ! III " or P ! JJJ"
(
+
+
+
%$
C
C
;
+
%$
+
.
C
C
( $.%/-
*. 1umber of arrangement ith to red ta@is are ne@t to each other

,*
4 -
4 /
=
---F :%G
Probability (
" !
,*
4 - 4 *
4 &
---
F K%G
(
,
%
---FA%G
+. Since P ! A?:"
" ! A P
, A and : are not independent ---F:%G
Since P ! A
= " B
P ! A?:". P !:"
, $
A and : are not mutually [email protected]:%G
,
,. Met @ be the number of sets hich are red.
" $ ! P = X
(
%$
-
%*
-
D
D
! use
%*
-
D " :%
! strict " K%
(
/
**
or $.+%&
P! A N % " ( % $.+%& K%
( $..&* or $..&%& or
%-
**
A%
-. !a".n !S" ( *&
*
&
= C K%
Met A ( event that both digits are greater than -
n ! A " ( +
*
+
= C :%
P !A" (
*&
+
A%
!b".Met : ( event that the sum of the digits ill be equal to -
D ( event that their sum ill e@ceed %+
: ( ) ! %,,", !*,+"0
n ! : " (*
P ! : " (
%,
%
*&
*
= :%
D ( )!., & ", !/,&"0
n !D"( *
P ! D " (
%,
%
*&
*
= :%
" ! " ! C P B P =
A%
.. 1umber of ays of selecting the * boys ( % A
%
,
C :%
1umber of ays of selecting the three girls(% A
*
-
C :%
Probability (
+
.
*
-
*
-
%
,
C C
C C

K%
( $.* A%
-
/. !a". P !second ball is red " (

%$
.
C
,
%$
/
C
-

K%
(
C$
-C
A%
!b". P !different colours " ( +

%$
+
C
-

%$
.
C
,

K%
(
C$
+C
A%
!c". P !B
" !
" !
"
%
% *
% *
R P
R Y P
R

=
(

C
-
%$
+
C
-
K%
(
%$
+
A%
.
/