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Chapter 1 Soln

This document discusses several physics concepts related to fluid dynamics, including: 1) A formula proposed by Heinrich Blasius in 1908 for wall shear stress in viscous flow past a flat surface, and determining the dimensions of a constant in the formula. 2) Estimating the weight of helium and air inside an approximated blimp geometry at different pressures and temperatures, and that the difference represents the buoyancy or lifting ability. 3) Using a boundary layer approximation formula to calculate wall shear stress and position of half wall shear stress in the boundary layer for helium flow.

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169 views5 pages

Chapter 1 Soln

This document discusses several physics concepts related to fluid dynamics, including: 1) A formula proposed by Heinrich Blasius in 1908 for wall shear stress in viscous flow past a flat surface, and determining the dimensions of a constant in the formula. 2) Estimating the weight of helium and air inside an approximated blimp geometry at different pressures and temperatures, and that the difference represents the buoyancy or lifting ability. 3) Using a boundary layer approximation formula to calculate wall shear stress and position of half wall shear stress in the boundary layer for helium flow.

Uploaded by

cupofsalt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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P1.

21 In 1908, Prandtls student Heinrich Blasius proposed the following formula for the wall shear
stress
w
at a position x in viscous flow at velocity V past a flat surface:
Determine the dimensions of the constant 0.332.
Solution: From Table 1.2 we find the dimensions of each term in the equation:
Use these dimensions in the equation to determine {0.332}:
The constant 0.332 is dimensionless. Blasius was one of the first workers to deduce dimensionally
consistent viscous-flow formulas without empirical constants.
1.32 A blimp is approximated by a prolate spheroid 90 m long and 30 m in diameter. Estimate
the weight of 20C gas within the blimp for (a) helium at 1.1 atm; and (b) air at 1.0 atm. What
might the difference between these two values represent (Chap. 2)?
Solution: Find a handbook. The volume of a prolate spheroid is, for our data,
= =
2 2 3
2 2
LR (90 m)(15 m) 42412 m
3 3
Estimate, from the ideal-gas law, the respective densities of helium and air:
= =
He
helium
3
He
p 1.1(101350) kg
(a) 0.1832 ;
R T 2077(293) m
= =
air
air
3
air
p 101350 kg
(b) 1.205 .
R T 287(293) m
Then the respective gas weights are


= =


3
He He
3 2
kg m
W g 0.1832 9.81 (42412 m ) (a)
m s
Ans. 76000 N
= =
air air
W g (1.205)(9.81)(42412) (b) Ans. 501000 N
2 / 1 2 / 3 2 / 1 2 / 1
332 . 0

= x V
w

} { } { ; } { } { ; } { } { ; } { } { ; } { } {
1 1 1 3 2 1
L x LT V T ML ML T ML
w
= = = = =


. : or , } { } 332 . 0 { } { : up Clean
} { } { } { } { } 332 . 0 { } {
2 2
2 / 1 2 / 3 2 / 1 2 / 1
3 2
Ans
LT
M
LT
M
L
T
L
LT
M
L
M
LT
M
{1} {0.332} = =
=

The difference between these two, 425000 N, is the buoyancy, or lifting ability, of the blimp.
[See Section 2.8 for the principles of buoyancy.]
P1.51 An approximation for the boundary-layer
shape in Figs. 1.6b and P1.51 is the formula
where U is the stream velocity far from the wall
and is the boundary layer thickness, as in Fig. P.151.
If the fluid is helium at 20C and 1 atm, and if U =
10.8 m/s and = 3 mm, use the formula to (a) estimate
the wall shear stress
w
in Pa; and (b) find the position
in the boundary layer where is one-half of
w
.
Solution: From Table A.4, for helium, take R = 2077 m
2
/(s
2
-K) and = 1.97E-5 kg/m-s.
(a) Then the wall shear stress is calculated as
A very small shear stress, but it has a profound effect on the flow pattern.
(b) The variation of shear stress across the boundary layer is a cosine wave, = (du/dy):
_______________________________________________________________________
1.67 A vertical concentric annulus, with outer radius r
o
and inner radius r
i
, is lowered into fluid
of surface tension Y and contact angle < 90. Derive an expression for the capillary rise h in the
annular gap, if the gap is very narrow.

y
y
U y u 0 , )
2
sin( ) (
u(y)
U
y
0
y =
Fig. P1.51
0 0
| ( cos )
2 2 2
(1.97 5 / )(10.8 / )
Nuerical !alues: 0 .( )
2(0.03 )
w y y
w
u y U
U
y
E kg m s m s
Ans a
m


= =

= = =


= = 0. 11 Pa
) .( : or ,
3 2
#$en
2
)
2
cos( )
2
cos(
2
) ( b Ans
y y y U
y
w
w
3
2
y = = = = =

Solution: For the figure above, the force balance on the annular fluid is
( )
+ =
2 2
o i o i
cos (2 2 ) r r Y r r g h
Cancel where possible and the result is
= . Ans
o i
2 cos /{ (r r )} h Y g
1.73 A small submersible moves at velocity V in 20C water at 2-m depth, where ambient
pressure is 131 kPa. Its critical cavitation number is Ca 0.25. At what velocity will cavitation
bubbles form? Will the body cavitate if V = 30 m/s and the water is cold (5C)?
Solution: From Table A-5 at 20C read p
v
= 2.337 kPa. By definition,
.


= = = ( )
a v
crit crit
2 3 2
2(p p ) 2(131000 2337)
Ca 0.25 , solve V a
V (998 kg/m )V
Ans 32.1 m/s
If we decrease water temperature to 5C, the vapor pressure reduces to 863 Pa, and the density
changes slightly, to 1000 kg/m
3
. For this condition, if V = 30 m/s, we compute:

=
2
2(131000 863)
Ca 0.289
(1000)(30)
This is greater than 0.25, therefore the body will not cavitate for these conditions. Ans. (b)
P1.79 %ro &a'le (.3, )$e *ensi)+ o, -l+cerin a) s)an*ar* con*i)ions is a'ou) 12.0 /-/
3
. () a
!er+ $i-$ pressure o, 8000 l'/in
2
, i)s *ensi)+ increases )o appro0ia)el+ 1275 /-/
3
. 1se )$is
*a)a )o es)ia)e )$e spee* o, soun* o, -l+cerin, in ,)/s.
Solution: %or a li2ui*, #e sipli,+ 32. (1.38) )o a pressure4*ensi)+ ra)io, #i)$ou) /no#in- i, )$e
process is isen)ropic or no). &$is s$oul* -i!e sa)is,ac)or+ accurac+:
2 2
2
3 2
(8000 15 / )(.895 / )
| 3..7 .
(1275 12.0) /
3..7 . 1920 / / .
glycerin
lb in Pa psi p m
a E
kg m s
Hence a E m s ft s Ans


= =


6300
&$e accep)e* !alue, in &a'le 9.1, is .100 ,)/s. &$is accurac+ (35) is !er+ -oo*, consi*erin- )$e
sall c$an-e in *ensi)+ (1.25).
C1.3 Two thin flat plates are tilted at an angle and placed in a tank of known surface tension
Y and contact angle , as shown. At the free surface of the liquid in the tank, the two plates are a
distance L apart, and of width b into the paper. (a) What is the total
z-directed force, due to surface tension, acting on the liquid column between plates? (b) If the
liquid density is , find an expression for Y in terms of the other variables.
Solution: (a) Considering the right side of the liquid column, the surface tension acts tangent to
the local surface, that is, along the dashed line at right. This force has magnitude F = Yb, as shown.
Its vertical component is F cos( ), as shown. There are two plates. Therefore, the total z-directed
force on the liquid column is
F
vertical
= 2Yb cos( ) Ans. (a)
(b) The vertical force in (a) above holds up the entire weight of the liquid column between plates,
which is W = g{bh(L h tan)}. Set W equal to F and solve for
= [gh(L h tan)]/[2 cos( )] Ans. (b)

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