Line Model and Performances

Syed Mohd Firdaus bin Syed Mohd Fuzi

EC11098
University Malaysia Pahang
Abstract
Transmission lines are represented
by an equivalent model with appropriate
circuit parameters on a "per-phase" basis.
The terminal voltages are expressed from
one line to neutral, the current for one phase
and, thus, the three-phase system is reduced
to an equivalent single-phase system. The
model used to calculate voltages, currents,
and power flows depends on the length of
the line. In this chapter the circuit
parameters and voltage and current relations
are first developed for "short" and "medium"
lines. Problems relating to the regulation and
losses of lines and their operation under
conditions of fixed terminal voltages are
then considered.
Introduction
The transmission lines are categorized as
three types-
1) Short transmission line the line length
is up to 80 km.
2) Medium transmission line the line
length is between 80km to 160 km.
3) Long transmission line the line
length is more than 160 km.
Whatever may be the category of
transmission line, the main aim is to transmit
power from one end to another. Like other
electrical system, the transmission network
also will have some power loss and voltage
drop during transmitting power from
sending end to receiving end.
A short line is defined as a line in which
the effect of capacitive current can be
neglected. Figure 1 represents a single phase
line and Figure 2 represents the associated
phasor diagram where R and X are the
resistance and inductive reactance of the
loop circuit respectively.


IS represents the sending end current
which will be equal in magnitude to the load
current IR. VR represents the receiving end
voltage whilst VS represents the sending end
voltage which is given by the phasor sum of
the receiving end voltage and the voltage
drop due to the line impedance. The phasor
diagram is constructed by drawing a
reference phasor to represent the load
current IR. If the load is operating at a
lagging power factor the phasor representing
the receiving end voltage VR is drawn to a
suitable scale leading the current phasor by
an angle R (the cosine of which represents
the load power factor).
By scribing arcs representing the sending
end voltage VS, and the line voltage drop Vd
(drawn to the same scale as the receiving
end voltage) the phasor diagram can be
completed. The voltage drop due to the line
resistance is drawn in phase (i.e. parallel
to) with the current IR. The voltage drop due
to the line reactance is drawn leading the
current IR by 90, and hence the effective
values of line resistance and reactance can
be estimated for a particular value of load
current. Having determined the line
parameters for a particular load current,
calculation of the voltage drops may be
carried out to confirm the experimental
results.
Using the results obtained the line
regulation can be determined. This is
defined as the percentage rise in voltage at
the receiving end when full load is thrown
off, the sending end voltage remaining at a
constant value. It is therefore given by:

Transmission efficiency may also be
determined from:

For medium line, certain lengths of line
the capacitive charging current cannot be
neglected, and its effect must be taken into
consideration. Two methods have been
evolved to determine the characteristics of
such lines.
The Nominal T Method
In this method the total line capacitance
is placed (i.e. lumped) at the midpoint of the
line, and half the total line resistance and
inductive reactance placed at each end of the
line (Figure 3).

The phasor diagram, as shown in Figure
4, is constructed using load current IR as the
referenced phasor. If the load is operating at
a lagging power factor the phasor
representing the receiving end voltage VR is
drawn leading the current phasor by an
angle R (the cosine of which represents the
load power factor). The phasor representing
the voltage drop at the receiving end of the
line due to line resistance (IR R/2) is drawn
in phase (i.e. parallel to) with the current IR.
The phasor representing the voltage drop at
the receiving end of the line due to line
inductive reactance (IR X/2) is drawn
leading the current IR by 90. By
completing the figure formed by the three
voltage phasors the voltage across the line
capacitance (VC) can be determined.

The line charging current IC due to line
capacitance is calculated from:
IC = 2 f C VC (3)
and drawn at an angle of 90 to the
phasor representing the voltage VC, it is then
transposed to the end of the current phasor
IR to enable the phasor representing the
sending end current IS to be drawn. The
phasor representing the voltage drop at the
sending end of the line due to line resistance
(IS.R/2) is drawn in phase with the current
IS. The phasor representing the voltage drop
at the sending end of the line due to line
inductive resistance (IS.X/2) is drawn
leading the current IS by 90. By completing
the figure formed by the three voltage
phasors the sending end voltage VS can be
determined. The sending end power factor is
given by the cosine of the angle S.
The Nominal Method
In this method the total line resistance
and inductive reactance is placed (i.e.
lumped) at the midpoint of the line, and half
the total line capacitance placed at each end
of the line (Figure 5).

The phasor diagram (Figure 6) is
constructed using load current IR as
reference phasor. If the load is operating at a
lagging power factor the phasor representing
the receiving end voltage VR is drawn
leading the current phasor by an angle (the
cosine of which represents the load power
factor). The capacitor at the receiving end of
the line IC1 is calculated from:
IC1 = f C1 VR (4)
The phasor representing this current is
drawn leading the receiving end voltage by
90. By completing the figure formed by the
current phasors, the current through the line
resistance and reactance can be determined,
and hence the voltage drops due to the line
resistance (IRR) and line reactance (IRX).
The capacitor current at the sending end of
the line IC2 is calculated from:
IC2 = f C2 VS (5)
The phasor representing this current is
drawn leading the sending end voltage VS
by 90. By completing the Figure formed by
the current phasors IC1 and IC2 the sending
end current IS may be determined.

The sending end power factor is given by
the cosine of the angle S.


















Experiment Details
EXPERIMENT 1 :
SHORT LINE REPRESENTATION
PROCEDURE

a. Resistive Load
1. The circuit is connected as shown
in Appendix A, but only 100%
resistive load (L1) is selected
2. CB1 (at the secondary of the
supply transformer) and CB2 (at
the 'send' end of the single phase
line) are shut. The power is
connected to the line with a
current of roughly 5 Ampere.
3. The analogue voltmeter is used to
measure the voltage drop (Vd)
across the line impedance. The
multifunction meters is used to
measure the sending and
receiving voltages, currents and
power. These meters can also be
used to show power factor, but for
good practice, equation 6 is used
to calculate the power factor for
each end of the line. The sending
end voltage is remained fairly
constant - determined by local
mains and cables.

4. The results are recorded in Table
1.

b. Resistive and Inductive Load
1. Procedure a is repeated, but a
50% inductive load is used in
parallel with the resistive load
(shown by dotted lines of the
connection diagram in Appendix
A).



















EXPERIMENT 2 :
SINGLE PHASE LINE - MEDIUM OR
LONG LINE INVESTIGATION
(NOMINAL T METHOD)
PROCEDURE

a. 10F Shunt
1. The circuit is connected as shown
in Appendix B. A 100% resistive
and 50% inductive load are
selected.
2. CB1 (at the secondary of the
supply transformer) and CB2 (at
the 'send' end of the single phase
line) are shut. The power is
connected to the line.
3. The right-hand analogue
voltmeter is used to measure the
voltage drop (Vd1) across the two
inductances at the sending end,
and the voltage drop (Vd2) across
the two inductances at the
receiving end. In Appendix B, the
right-hand dotted line shows wire
to move to make this connection.
The multifunction meters is used
to measure the sending and
receiving voltages, currents and
power. These meters can also be
used to show power factor, but for
good practice, equation 6 is used
to calculate the power factor for
each end of the line. The sending
end voltage is remained fairly
constant - determined by local
mains and cables.
4. The results are recorded in Table
2.

b. 20F Shunt
1. Procedure a is repeated but the 20
F line capacitor is connected (
shown by the dotted lines of the
connection in Appendix B).
















EXPERIMENT 3 :
SINGLE PHASE LINE - MEDIUM OR
LONG LINE INVESTIGATION
(NOMINAL PI METHOD)
PROCEDURE

a. 5F + 5F
1. The circuit is connected as shown
in Appendix C. A 100% resistive
and 50% inductive load are
selected.
2. CB1 (at the secondary of the
supply transformer) and CB2 (at
the 'send' end of the single phase
line) are shut. The power is
connected to the line. CB4 is
closed to connect the multi-
function meter in the lower panel
correctly and complete the line.
3. The left-hand analogue voltmeter
is used to measure the voltage
drop (Vd) across the inductances
of the line. Analog ammeters is
used to measure the capacitor
currents.. The multifunction
meters is used to measure the line
currents, sending and receiving
voltages, currents and power.
These meters can also be used to
show power factor, but for good
practice, equation 6 is used to
calculate the power factor for
each end of the line. The sending
end voltage is remained fairly
constant - determined by local
mains and cables.
4. The results are recorded in Table
3.

b. 10F + 10F
1. Experiment is repeated with two
10 F line capacitors (shown by
the dotted lines of the connection
in Appendix C).
















Results:

Table 1: Blank table for Experiment 1

Voltages,
Currents
and Powers
100%
Resistive
Load
100%
Resisti
ve
Load +
50%
Inducti
ve
Load
Sending
Voltage (Vs) 129.7 V 129.8 V
Sending
Current (Is)
5113.8
mA
5193.2
mA
Sending
Power (Ws) 635.88 W
520.5
W
Receiving
Voltage
(VR) 119.6 V 105.9 V
Receiving
Current (IR)
5128.8
mA
5179.7
mA
Receiving
Power (WR) 612.54 W
493.98
W
Line Volt
Drop (Vd) 35 V 34 V













Table 2: Blank table for Experiment 2











Table 3: Blank table for Experiment 3

Voltages,
Currents and
Powers
10 F
Shunt
20 F
Shunt
Sending Voltage
(Vs)
129.3
V
129.4
V
Sending Current
(Is)
4079.9
mA
3968.7
mA
Sending Power
(Ws)
373.98
W
388.02
W
Receiving
Voltage (VR) 87.2 V 89.5 V
Receiving
Current (IR)
4281.6
mA
4367.5
mA
Receiving
Power (WR)
336.76
W
352.74
W
Line Volt Drop
(Vd1) 28 V 27 V
Line Volt Drop
(Vd2) 29 V 30 V
Capacitor
Voltage (Vc) 108 V 110 V
Capacitor
Current (Ic) 0.34 A 0.67 A
Voltages,
Currents and
Powers
5 F +
5 F
10 F
+ 10
F
Sending
Voltage (Vs)
129.4
V
129.4
V
Sending
Current (Is)
3661.7
mA
3537.5
mA
Sending Power
(Ws)
316.74
W
325.22
W
Sending End
Capacitor
Current (Ic1) 0.2 A 0.4 A
Receiving
Voltage (VR) 79.4 V 80.3 V
Receiving
Current (IR)
3868.7
mA
3915.5
mA
Receiving
Power (WR)
278.04
W
284.88
W
Receiving End
Capacitor
Current (Ic2) 0.15 A 0.26 A
Line Volt Drop
(Vd) 68 V 68 V
Line Current
(I
Line
)
3.685
A
3.547
A











Discussions
Experiment 1: Short Line
Representation

Procedure A - Resistive Load
1) Use your results to find the power
factor, line regulation and
transmission efficiency.

Power Factor:

pF =

Sending end :

pF =

()()
= 0.9587

Receiving end :

pF =

()()
= 0.9986

Line Regulation:

V.R =

x 100

V.R =

x 100 = 8.44%

Transmission Efficiency:

Efficiency =


x 100

Efficiency =

x 100 = 96.33%
2) From the phasor diagram as shown
in Figure 2, find the effective values
of line resistance and reactance (I
R
R
and I
R
X) for your recorded load
current (receive end).


cos R =

sin R =

X = VR cos R
Y = VR sin R

cos S =

IRR = VS cos S - X
IRR = VS cos S - VR cos R
IRR = (129.7 x 0.9587) - (119.6 x
0.9986)
IRR = 4.91V


sin S =

IRX = VS sin S - Y
IRX = VS sin S - VR sin R
IRX = (129.7 x sin 16.52) - (119.6 x
sin 3.03)
IRX = 30.56V

3) Use your results to calculate the
actual value of resistance and
inductance and compare it with the
values written next to the inductors
of the single phase line.
R =

R =

= 0.96

X =

X =

= j5.96

X = jwL
X = J2fL
L =

L =

L =

()
= 18.97mH
Compare to original L = 11.46mH x
2 = 22.92mH

4) Verify and validate the value of
sending voltage and current by using
the equation that you have learned in
the class in terms of ABCD
parameters for the short transmission
line.
VS = VR + ZIR
Z = R + X
Z = 0.96 + j5.96
VS = 119.6 + (0.96 +
j5.96)(5128.8m)
VS = 128.22<13.79 V

IS = IR
IS = 5128.8mA

Procedure B - Resistive and Inductive
Load
1) Use your results to find the power
factor, line regulation and
transmission efficiency.

Power Factor:

pF =

Sending end :

pF =

()()
= 0.7722

Receiving end :

pF =

()()
= 0.9006

Line Regulation:

V.R =

x 100

V.R =

x 100 = 25.57%

Transmission Efficiency:

Efficiency =


x 100

Efficiency =

x 100 = 94.90%

2) From the phasor diagram as shown
in Figure 2, find the effective values
of line resistance and reactance (I
R
R
and I
R
X) for your recorded load
current (receive end).

cos R =

sin R =

X = VR cos R
Y = VR sin R

cos S =

IRR = VS cos S - X
IRR = VS cos S - VR cos R
IRR = (129.8 x 0.7722) - (105.9 x
0.9006)
IRR = 4.86V

sin S =

IRX = VS sin S - Y
IRX = VS sin S - VR sin R
IRX = (129.8 x sin 39.45) - (105.9 x
sin 25.76)
IRX = 36.45 V

3) Use your results to calculate the
actual value of resistance and
inductance and compare it with the
values written next to the inductors
of the single phase line.

R =

R =

= 0.94

X =

X =

= j7.04

X = jwL
X = j2fL
L =

L =

L =

()
= 22.41mH
Compare to original L = 11.46mH x
2 = 22.92mH

4) Verify and validate the value of
sending voltage and current by using
the equation that you have learned in
the class in terms of ABCD
parameters for the short transmission
line.

VS = VR + ZIR
Z = R + X
Z = 0.94 + j7.04
VS = 105.9 + (0.94 +
j7.04)(5179.7m)
VS = 116.62<18.22 V

IS = IR
IS = 5179.7mA


Experiment 2: Single Phase Line -
Medium or Long Line Investigation
(Nominal T Method)

Procedure A - 10F Shunt
1) Use your results to find the power
factor, line regulation and
transmission efficiency.

Power Factor:

pF =

Sending end :

pF =

()()
= 0.7089

Receiving end :

pF =

()()
= 0.9020

Line Regulation:

V.R =

x 100

V.R =

x 100 = 48.28%

Transmission Efficiency:

Efficiency =


x 100

Efficiency =

x 100 = 90.05%

2) From the phasor diagram as shown
in Figure 2, find the effective values
of line resistance and reactance (I
R
R
and I
R
X) for your recorded load
current (receive end).

cos R =

sin R =

X = VR cos R Y = VR sin R

Apply KVL to find the equation of
Vc

VC = IR (

) + VR
IR (

) = VC - VR
From phasor diagram we get,
VR = X + jY
VR = VR cos R + jVR sin R

IR (

) = VC - (VR cos R + jVR
sin R)
IR (

) = VC - VR cos R - jVR sin
R)
IR (

) = IR(

+ j

)
IR (

) = VC - VR cos R
IR (

) = 108 - (87.2)(0.9020)
IR (

) = 29.35V

IR (

) = jVR sin R
IR (

) = j(87.2)(sin 25.58)
IR (

) = j37.65

3) Use your results to calculate the
actual value of resistance and
inductance and compare it with the
values written next to the inductors
of the single phase line.

=
(

= 6.85
R = 13.7

=
(

= j8.79
X = j17.58

= jwL

= j2fL
L =

L =

()
= 27.98mH
Compare to original L = 11.46mH x
2 = 22.92mH

4) Verify and validate the value of
sending voltage and current by using
the equation that you have learned in
the class in terms of ABCD
parameters for the medium
transmission line.
Y = g + jXc
Y = 0 + j(2 x 50 x 10)
Y = j3.14mS

Z = R +jXL
Z = 13.7 + j17.58

A = D = 1 +

A = D = 1 +
()( )

A = D = 0.97 + j0.02

B = Z(

)
B =
(
)(
()( )

)
B = 13.32 + j17.48

C = Y
C = j3.14m

VS = AVR + BIR
VS = (0.97 + j0.02)(87.2) + (13.32 +
j17.48)(4281.6m)
VS = 161 < 28.4 V

IS = CVR + DIR
IS = (j3.14m)(87.2) + (0.97 +
j0.02)(4281.6m)
IS = 4.15 A


Procedure B - 20F Shunt
1) Use your results to find the power factor,
line regulation and transmission
efficiency.

Power Factor:

pF =

Sending end :

pF =

()()
= 0.7556

Receiving end :

pF =

()()
= 0.9024


Line Regulation:

V.R =

x 100

V.R =

x 100 = 44.58%

Transmission Efficiency:

Efficiency =


x 100

Efficiency =

x 100 = 90.91%

2) From the phasor diagram as shown in
Figure 2, find the effective values of line
resistance and reactance (I
R
R and I
R
X)
for your recorded load current (receive
end).








cos R =

sin R =

X = VR cos R Y = VR sin R

Apply KVL to find the equation of Vc

VC = IR (

) + VR
IR (

) = VC - VR
From phasor diagram we get,
VR = X + jY
VR = VR cos R + jVR sin R

IR (

) = VC - (VR cos R + jVR sin R)
IR (

) = VC - VR cos R - jVR sin R)
IR (

) = IR(

+ j

)
IR (

) = VC - VR cos R
IR (

) = 110 - (89.5)(0.9024)
IR (

) = 29.24V

IR (

) = jVR sin R
IR (

) = j(89.5)(sin 25.52)
IR (

) = j38.56

3) Use your results to calculate the actual
value of resistance and inductance and
compare it with thevalues written next to
the inductors of the single phase line.

=
(

= 6.69
R = 13.38

=
(

= j8.82
X = j17.64

= jwL

= j2fL
L =

L =

()
= 28.07mH
Compare to original L = 11.46mH x 2 =
22.92mH

4) Verify and validate the value of sending
voltage and current by using the
equation that you have learned in the
class in terms of ABCD parameters for
the medium transmission line.

Y = g + jXc
Y = 0 + j(2 x 50 x 20)
Y = j6.28mS

Z = R +jXL
Z = 13.38 + j17.64

A = D = 1 +

A = D = 1 +
()( )

A = D = 0.94 + j0.04

B = Z(

)
B =
(
)(
()( )

)
B = 12.64 + j17.43

C = Y
C = j6.28m

VS = AVR + BIR
VS = (0.94 + j0.04)(89.5) + (12.64 +
j17.43)(4367.5m)
VS = 160.52 < 29.77 V

IS = CVR + DIR
IS = (j6.28m)(89.5) + (0.94 +
j0.04)(4367.5m)
IS = 4.11 A




Experiment 3: Single Phase Line -
Medium or Long Line Investigation
(Nominal Pi Method)

Procedure A - 5F + 5F
1) Use your results to find the power factor,
line regulation and transmission
efficiency.

Power Factor:

pF =

Sending end :

pF =

()()
= 0.6685

Receiving end :

pF =

()()
= 0.9052

Line Regulation:

V.R =

x 100

V.R =

x 100 = 62.97%

Transmission Efficiency:

Efficiency =


x 100

Efficiency =

x 100 = 87.78%
2) From the phasor diagram as shown in
Figure 2, use it to find the effective
values of line resistance and reactance
(I
R
R and I
R
X) for your recorded load
current (receive end).

cos R =

sin R =

X = VR cos R Y = VR sin R

Apply KVL to find the equation of
VS

VS = ILZ + VR
ILZ = VS - VR
From phasor diagram we get,
VR = X + jY
VR = VR cos R + jVR sin R

ILZ= VS - (VR cos R + jVR sin
R)
ILZ= VS - VR cos R - jVR sin R)
ILZ = IL(R + jX)

ILR = VS - VR cos R
ILR = 129.4 - (79.4)(0.9052)
ILR = 57.53V

jILX= jVR sin R
jILX = j(79.4)(sin 25.15)
jILX = j33.74

R =

R =

= 15.61
IRR = (3868.7m)(15.61)
IRR = 60.39V

X =

X =

= j9.16
IRX = (3868.7m)(j9.16)
IRX = 35.44V

3) Use your results to calculate the actual
value of resistance and inductance and
compare it with the values written next
to the inductors of the single phase line.

R =

= 15.61
X =

= j9.16

X= jwL
X = j2fL
L =

L =

()
= 29.16mH
Compare to original L = 11.46mH x
2 = 22.92mH


4) Verify and validate the value of sending
voltage and current by using the
equation that you have learned in the
class in terms of ABCD parameters for
the medium transmission line.

Y = g + jXc
Y = 0 + j(2 x 50 x 5)
Y = j1.57mS

Z = R +jXL
Z = 15.61 + j9.16

A = D = 1 +

A = D = 1 +
()( )

A = D = 0.99 + j0.01

B = Z
B = 15.61 + j9.16

C = Y(

)
C = (j1.57m)(
()( )

)
C = -9.62 + j1.56m

VS = AVR + BIR
VS = (0.99 + j0.01)(79.4) + (15.61 +
j9.16)(3868.7m)
VS = 143.64 < 14.61 V

IS = CVR + DIR
IS = (-9.62 + j1.56m)(79.4) + (0.99 +
j0.01)(3868.7m)
IS = 3.83 A

Procedure B 10F + 10F
1) Use your results to find the power factor,
line regulation and transmission
efficiency.

Power Factor:

pF =

Sending end :

pF =

()()
= 0.7105

Receiving end :

pF =

()()
= 0.9061


Line Regulation:

V.R =

x 100

V.R =

x 100 = 61.15%

Transmission Efficiency:

Efficiency =


x 100

Efficiency =

x 100 = 96.33%

2) From the phasor diagram as shown in
Figure 2, use it to find the effective
values of line resistance and reactance
(I
R
R and I
R
X) for your recorded load
current (receive end).

cos R =

sin R =

X = VR cos R Y = VR sin R

Apply KVL to find the equation of VS

VS = ILZ + VR
ILZ = VS - VR
From phasor diagram we get,
VR = X + jY
VR = VR cos R + jVR sin R

ILZ= VS - (VR cos R + jVR sin R)
ILZ= VS - VR cos R - jVR sin R)
ILZ = IL(R + jX)

ILR = VS - VR cos R
ILR = 129.4 - (80.3)(0.9061)
ILR = 56.64V

jILX= jVR sin R
jILX = j(80.3)(sin 25.03)
jILX = j33.97

R =

R =

= 15.97
IRR = (3915.5m)(15.97)
IRR = 62.53V

X =

X =

= j9.58
IRX = (3915.5m)(j9.58)
IRX = 37.51V

3) Use your results to calculate the actual
value of resistance and inductance and
compare it with the values written next
to the inductors of the single phase line.

R =

= 15.97
X =

= j9.58

X= jwL
X = j2fL
L =

L =

()
= 30.49mH
Compare to original L = 11.46mH x 2 =
22.92mH

4) Verify and validate the value of sending
voltage and current by using the
equation that you have learned in the
class in terms of ABCD parameters for
the medium transmission line.

Y = g + jXc
Y = 0 + j(2 x 50 x 10)
Y = j3.14mS

Z = R +jXL
Z = 15.97 + j9.58

A = D = 1 +

A = D = 1 +
()( )

A = D = 0.98 + j0.03

B = Z
B = 15.97 + j9.58

C = Y(

)
C = (j3.14m)(
()( )

)
C = -39.36 + j3.12m

VS = AVR + BIR
VS = (0.98 + j0.03)(80.3) + (15.97 +
j9.58)(3915.5m)
VS = 146.76 < 15.78 V

IS = CVR + DIR
IS = (-39.36 + j3.12m)(80.3) + (0.98 +
j0.03)(3915.5m)
IS = 3.83 A
Conclusion
From this experiment, we have
learned a lot regarding the line model and
performances in transmission line. We
have been able to find the regulation and
transmission of a simple inductive line
without shunt capacitance, and construct
the relevant phasor diagram. We also
have successfully find the regulation and
transmission efficiency of a longer line
with shunt capacitance, represented by
the nominal T circuit, and construct the
relevant phasor diagram. Lastly, we have
been able to find the regulation and
transmission efficiency of a longer line
with shunt capacitance, represented by
the nominal pi circuit, and construct the
relevant phasor diagram. For the
conclusion, we have successfully done
this experiment and have archived all the
goals.

References
1. Mohd. Redzuan Ahmad, Ruhaizad
Ishak. (2011) Teaching Module
Electrical Power System
Pahang; Universiti Malaysia Pahang.